1
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Yu X, Zhu Y, Xu J, Song X. Successful complementary therapy with traditional Chinese medicine in a patient with Qi and Jin deficiency symptoms from adult-onset Still's disease: A case report. Explore (NY) 2024; 20:256-260. [PMID: 37612160 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare yet well-documented polygenic and systemic autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent spiking fever, transient skin rash, arthralgia, and sore throat. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) holds a significant role in complementary and alternative medicine. This study presents a unique case of a female AOSD patient with concurrent Qi and fluid deficiency syndrome who received combined treatment with formulated Zhu Ye Shi Gao Decoction (ZYSGD). CASE PRESENTATION In this case, a 28-year-old female patient presented with a 15-day history of fever and skin rash accompanied by sore throat, fatigue, myalgia, and arthralgia. Additionally, leucocytosis, aminotransferase abnormalities, and elevated inflammatory factor levels were observed. Infectious diseases, solid tumors, and hematological disorders were all ruled out. Anti-infective treatments proved ineffective, leading to the final diagnosis of AOSD. Glucocorticoid therapy provided only partial relief. Consequently, formulated ZYSGD and hepatoprotective drugs were added to the glucocorticoid treatment. Subsequently, the patient's symptoms and inflammatory biomarkers showed improvement. After discharge, the patient's condition remained stable while continuing the formulated ZYSGD in combination with 4 mg of Medrolol (qd) during a 10-month follow-up period. CONCLUSION This case report suggests that formulated ZYSGD could be a viable option for complementary and alternative therapy for late-stage AOSD, especially in cases involving both Qi and body fluid imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Yu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- The First Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Junmiao Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xinwei Song
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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2
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Elfaky MA. Unveiling the hidden language of bacteria: anti-quorum sensing strategies for gram-negative bacteria infection control. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:124. [PMID: 38409503 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication mechanism employed by many bacteria to regulate gene expression in a population density-dependent manner. It plays a crucial role in coordinating various bacterial behaviors, including biofilm formation, virulence factor production, and antibiotic resistance. However, the dysregulation of QS can lead to detrimental effects, making it an attractive target for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Anti-QS approaches aim to interfere with QS signaling pathways, inhibiting the communication between bacteria, and disrupting their coordinated activities. Various strategies have been explored to achieve this goal. Advances in understanding QS mechanisms and the discovery of new targets have paved the way for the development of innovative anti-QS approaches. Combining multiple anti-QS strategies or utilizing them in combination with traditional antibiotics holds great promise for combating bacterial infections and addressing the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance. Anti-QS approaches offer a diverse range of strategies including natural compounds, antibody-mediated quorum quenching (QQ), computer-aided drug design for QQ, repurposing of Drugs approved by FDA as anti-QS agents and modulating quorum-sensing molecules which were discussed in detail in this review. This review, comprehensively and for the first time, sheds light on the significance of diverse anti-QS strategies in solving antimicrobial resistance problem in Gram-negative microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Elfaky
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Bano S, Hassan N, Rafiq M, Hassan F, Rehman M, Iqbal N, Ali H, Hasan F, Kang YQ. Biofilms as Battlefield Armor for Bacteria against Antibiotics: Challenges and Combating Strategies. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2595. [PMID: 37894253 PMCID: PMC10609369 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities, which are encased in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Notably, bacteria in biofilms display a set of 'emergent properties' that vary considerably from free-living bacterial cells. Biofilms help bacteria to survive under multiple stressful conditions such as providing immunity against antibiotics. Apart from the provision of multi-layered defense for enabling poor antibiotic absorption and adaptive persistor cells, biofilms utilize their extracellular components, e.g., extracellular DNA (eDNA), chemical-like catalase, various genes and their regulators to combat antibiotics. The response of biofilms depends on the type of antibiotic that comes into contact with biofilms. For example, excessive production of eDNA exerts resistance against cell wall and DNA targeting antibiotics and the release of antagonist chemicals neutralizes cell membrane inhibitors, whereas the induction of protein and folic acid antibiotics inside cells is lowered by mutating genes and their regulators. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of biofilm-based resistance to various antibiotic classes in bacteria and genes responsible for biofilm development, and the key role of quorum sensing in developing biofilms and antibiotic resistance is also discussed. In this review, we also highlight new and modified techniques such as CRISPR/Cas, nanotechnology and bacteriophage therapy. These technologies might be useful to eliminate pathogens residing in biofilms by combating biofilm-induced antibiotic resistance and making this world free of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bano
- Applied Environmental and Geomicrobiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Noor Hassan
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Farwa Hassan
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Maliha Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology & Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
- The Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Hazrat Ali
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Hasan
- Applied Environmental and Geomicrobiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ying-Qian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
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4
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Naga NG, Zaki AA, El-Badan DE, Rateb HS, Ghanem KM, Shaaban MI. Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing by methyl gallate from Mangifera indica. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17942. [PMID: 37864035 PMCID: PMC10589227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipathogenic drugs are a potential source of therapeutics, particularly following the emergence of multiple drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms in the last decade. The inhibition of quorum sensing (QS) is an advanced antipathogenic approach for suppression of bacterial virulence and dissemination. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of some Egyptian medicinal plants on the QS signaling system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the tested plants, Mangifera indica exhibited the highest quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) activity against Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472. Four pure compounds were extracted and identified; of these, methyl gallate (MG) showed the most potent QSI. MG had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 512 g/mL against P. aeruginosa strains PAO1, PA14, Pa21, Pa22, Pa23, Pa24, and PAO-JP2. The virulence factors of PAO1, PA14, Pa21, Pa22, Pa23, and Pa24 were significantly inhibited by MG at 1/4 and 1/2 sub-MICs without affecting bacterial viability. Computational insights were performed by docking the MG compound on the LasR receptor, and the QSI behavior of MG was found to be mediated by three hydrogen bonds: Trp60, Arg61, and Thr75. This study indicates the importance of M. indica and MG in the inhibition and modulation of QS and QS-related virulence factors in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan G Naga
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Zaki
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, El Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dalia E El-Badan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Heba S Rateb
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Ghanem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona I Shaaban
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, El Mansoura, Egypt.
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5
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He Z, Xu X, Wang C, Li Y, Dong B, Li S, Zeng J. Effect of Panax quinquefolius extract on Mycobacterium abscessus biofilm formation. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:24-35. [PMID: 36644897 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2166405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) can exist either as planktonic bacteria or as a biofilm. Biofilm formation is one of the important causes of conversion to resistance to antibiotics of bacteria that were previously sensitive when in their planktonic form, resulting in infections difficult to manage. Panax quinquefolius and its active ingredient ginsenosides have the potential ability in fighting pathogenic infections. In this study, the P. quinquefolius extract (PQE) showed good antibacterial/bactericidal activity against the M. abscessus planktonic cells. The extract reduced the biomass, thickness, and number of M. abscessus in the biofilm and altered its morphological characteristics as well as the spatial distribution of dead/alive bacteria. Moreover, the ginsenoside CK monomer had a similar inhibitory effect on M. abscessus planktonic bacteria and biofilm formation. Therefore, PQE and its monomer CK might be potential novel antimicrobial agents for the clinical prevention and treatment of M. abscessus, including biofilms in chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqun He
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Baoyu Dong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jumei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061239. [PMID: 35744757 PMCID: PMC9228545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono- or multi-species cultures of bacteria/fungi embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the microorganisms. Biofilm formation is, among others, regulated by quorum sensing (QS) which is an interbacterial communication system usually composed of two-component systems (TCSs) of secreted autoinducer compounds that activate signal transduction pathways through interaction with their respective receptors. Embedded in the biofilms, the bacteria are protected from environmental stress stimuli, and they often show reduced responses to antibiotics, making it difficult to eradicate the bacterial infection. Besides reduced penetration of antibiotics through the intricate structure of the biofilms, the sessile biofilm-embedded bacteria show reduced metabolic activity making them intrinsically less sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, they frequently express elevated levels of efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics, thereby reducing their intracellular levels. Some efflux pumps are involved in the secretion of QS compounds and biofilm-related materials, besides being important for removing toxic substances from the bacteria. Some efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been shown to both prevent biofilm formation and sensitize the bacteria to antibiotics, suggesting a relationship between these processes. Additionally, QS inhibitors or quenchers may affect antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, targeting elements that regulate QS and biofilm formation might be a promising approach to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilm-related bacterial infections.
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7
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Chipofya M, Tayara H, Chong KT. Drug Therapeutic-Use Class Prediction and Repurposing Using Graph Convolutional Networks. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1906. [PMID: 34834320 PMCID: PMC8622176 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important stage in the process of discovering new drugs is when candidate molecules are tested of their efficacy. It is reported that testing drug efficacy empirically costs billions of dollars in the drug discovery pipeline. As a mechanism of expediting this process, researchers have resorted to using computational methods to predict the action of molecules in silico. Here, we present a way of predicting the therapeutic-use class of drugs from chemical structures only using graph convolutional networks. In comparison with existing methods which use fingerprints or images as training samples, our approach has yielded better results in all metrics under consideration. In particular, validation accuracy increased from 83-88% to 86-90% for single label tasks. Similarly, the model achieved an accuracy of over 88% on new test data. Finally, our multi-label classification model made new predictions which indicated that some of the drugs could have other therapeutic uses other than those indicated in the dataset. We performed a literature-based evaluation of these predictions and found evidence that validates them. This renders the model a potential tool to be used in search of drugs that are candidates for repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mapopa Chipofya
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Hilal Tayara
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kil To Chong
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
- Advanced Electronics and Information Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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8
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Abstract
Microbes are hardly seen as planktonic species and are most commonly found as biofilm communities in cases of chronic infections. Biofilms are regarded as a biological condition, where a large group of microorganisms gets adhered to a biotic or abiotic surface. In this context, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative nosocomial pathogen is the main causative organism responsible for life-threatening and persistent infections in individuals affected with cystic fibrosis and other lung ailments. The bacteria can form a strong biofilm structure when it adheres to a surface suitable for the development of a biofilm matrix. These bacterial biofilms pose higher natural resistance to conventional antibiotic therapy due to their multiple tolerance mechanisms. This prevailing condition has led to an increasing rate of treatment failures associated with P. aeruginosa biofilm infections. A better understanding of the effect of a diverse group of antibiotics on established biofilms would be necessary to avoid inappropriate treatment strategies. Hence, the search for other alternative strategies as effective biofilm treatment options has become a growing area of research. The current review aims to give an overview of the mechanisms governing biofilm formation and the different strategies employed so far in the control of biofilm infections caused by P. aeruginosa. Moreover, this review can also help researchers to search for new antibiofilm agents to tackle the effect of biofilm infections that are currently imprudent to conventional antibiotics.
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9
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Alsayari A, Muhsinah AB, Almaghaslah D, Annadurai S, Wahab S. Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134095. [PMID: 34279434 PMCID: PMC8271507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are underestimated, as they are mild and generally not incapacitating. In clinical medicine, however, these infections are considered a prevalent problem. By 2030, the third most comprehensive reason for death worldwide will be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to the World Health Organization. The current arsenal of anti-inflammatory drugs shows little or no benefits against COPD. For thousands of years, herbal drugs have been used to cure numerous illnesses; they exhibit promising results and enhance physical performance. Ginseng is one such herbal medicine, known to alleviate pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) formed by macrophages and epithelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of ginsenoside are still not fully understood. Various clinical trials of ginseng have exhibited a reduction of repeated colds and the flu. In this review, ginseng’s structural features, the pathogenicity of microbial infections, and the immunomodulatory, antiviral, and anti-bacterial effects of ginseng were discussed. The focus was on the latest animal studies and human clinical trials that corroborate ginseng’s role as a therapy for treating respiratory tract infections. The article concluded with future directions and significant challenges. This review would be a valuable addition to the knowledge base for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in treating respiratory tract infections. Further analysis needs to be re-focused on clinical trials to study ginseng’s efficacy and safety in treating pathogenic infections and in determining ginseng-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sivakumar Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: or
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10
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Khan J, Tarar SM, Gul I, Nawaz U, Arshad M. Challenges of antibiotic resistance biofilms and potential combating strategies: a review. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:169. [PMID: 33816046 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this modern era, medicine is facing many alarming challenges. Among different challenges, antibiotics are gaining importance. Recent years have seen unprecedented increase in knowledge and understanding of various factors that are root cause of the spread and development of resistance in microbes against antibiotics. The infection results in the formation of microbial colonies which are termed as biofilms. However, it has been found that a multiple factors contribute in the formation of antimicrobial resistance. Due to higher dose of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) as well as of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), a large batch of antibiotics available today are of no use as they are ineffective against infections. Therefore, to control infections, there is dire need to adopt alternative treatment for biofilm infection other than antibiotics. This review highlights the latest techniques that are being used to cure the menace of biofilm infections. A wide range of mechanisms has been examined with particular attention towards avenues which can be proved fruitful in the treatment of biofilms. Besides, newer strategies, i.e., matrix centered are also discussed as alternative therapeutic techniques including modulating microbial metabolism, matrix degrading enzyme, photodynamic therapy, natural compounds quorum sensing and nanotechnology which are being used to disrupt extra polymeric substances (EPS) matrix of desired bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javairia Khan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Mudassar Tarar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iram Gul
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Uzam Nawaz
- Department of Statistics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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11
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Hemmati F, Salehi R, Ghotaslou R, Samadi Kafil H, Hasani A, Gholizadeh P, Nouri R, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M. Quorum Quenching: A Potential Target for Antipseudomonal Therapy. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2989-3005. [PMID: 32922047 PMCID: PMC7457774 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s263196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been excessive rate of use of antibiotics to fight Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infections worldwide, which has consequently caused the increased resistance to multiple antibiotics in this pathogen. Due to the widespread resistance and the current poor effect of antibiotics consumed to treat P. aeruginosa infections, finding some novel alternative therapeutic methods are necessary for the treatment of infections. The P. aeruginosa biofilms can cause severe infections leading to the increased antibiotic resistance and mortality rate among the patients. In this regard, there are no approaches that can efficiently manage these infections; therefore, novel and effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents are needed to control and treat these bacterial infections. Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) or quorum quenchings (QQs) are now considered as potential therapeutic alternatives and/or adjuvants to the current failing antibiotics, which can control the virulence traits of the pathogens, so as a result, the host immune system can quickly eliminate bacteria. Thus, the aims of this review article were presenting a brief explanation of the research reports on the natural and synthetic QSIs of P. aeruginosa, and the assessment of the current understanding on the QS mechanisms and various QQ strategies in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hemmati
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Ghotaslou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pourya Gholizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Nouri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Landry KS, Morey JM, Bharat B, Haney NM, Panesar SS. Biofilms-Impacts on Human Health and Its Relevance to Space Travel. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070998. [PMID: 32635371 PMCID: PMC7409192 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the world looks towards the stars, the impacts of endogenous and exogenous microorganisms on human health during long-duration space flight are subjects of increased interest within the space community. The presence and continued growth of bacterial biofilms about spacecraft has been documented for decades; however, the impact on crew health is in its infancy. The impacts of biofilms are well known in the medical, agricultural, commercial, and industrial spaces. It less known that biofilms are undermining many facets of space travel and that their effects need to be understood and addressed for future space missions. Biofilms can damage space crew health and spoil limited food supply. Yet, at the same time, they can benefit plant systems for food growth, nutrient development, and other biological systems that are being explored for use in space travel. Various biofilm removal techniques have been studied to mitigate the hazards posed by biofilm persistence during space travel. Because the presence of biofilms can advance or hinder humanity’s space exploration efforts, an understanding of their impacts over the duration of space flights is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Landry
- Liberty Biosecurity, Expeditionary and Special Programs Division, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jose M Morey
- Liberty Biosecurity, Expeditionary and Special Programs Division, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
| | - Bharat Bharat
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33620, USA;
| | - Nora M Haney
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
| | - Sandip S Panesar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
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13
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Iqbal H, Rhee DK. Ginseng alleviates microbial infections of the respiratory tract: a review. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:194-204. [PMID: 32148400 PMCID: PMC7031735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The detrimental impact of air pollution as a result of frequent exposure to fine particles posed a global public health risk mainly to the pulmonary disorders in pediatric and geriatric population. Here, we reviewed the current literature regarding the role of ginseng and/or its components as antimicrobials, especially against pathogens that cause respiratory infections in animal and in vitro models. Some of the possible mechanisms for ginseng-mediated viral inhibition suggested are improvements in systemic and mucosa-specific antibody responses, serum hemagglutinin inhibition, lymphocyte proliferation, cell survival rate, and viral clearance in the lungs. In addition, ginseng reduces the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) and chemokines produced by airway epithelial cells and macrophages, thus preventing weight loss. In case of bacterial infections, ginseng acts by alleviating inflammatory cytokine production, increasing survival rates, and activating phagocytes and natural killer cells. In addition, ginseng inhibits biofilm formation and induces the dispersion and dissolution of mature biofilms. Most clinical trials revealed that ginseng, at various dosages, is a safe and effective method of seasonal prophylaxis, relieving the symptoms and reducing the risk and duration of colds and flu. Taken together, these findings support the efficacy of ginseng as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for respiratory infections.
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Key Words
- ARI, acute respiratory illness
- Bacteria
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Clinical trials
- GSLS, ginseng stem–leaf saponins
- Ginseng
- HRV, human rhinovirus
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- PD, protopanaxadiol
- PT, protopanaxatriol
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RSV, respiratory syncytial virus
- RTIs, respiratory tract infections
- Respiratory tract infections
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- Virus
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Gupta K, Daroch P, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Parallels among natural and synthetically modified quorum-quenching strategies as convoy to future therapy. Microbiology (Reading) 2019; 165:1265-1281. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kshitiz Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Priya Daroch
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Mechesso AF, Quah Y, Park SC. Ginsenoside Rg3 reduces the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Ginseng Res 2019; 45:75-85. [PMID: 33437159 PMCID: PMC7790883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive infections due to foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, are prevalent and life-threatening. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) on the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium. Methods The impacts of Rg3 on bacterial growth and host cell viability were determined using the time kill and the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays, respectively. Gentamicin assay and confocal microscopic examination were undertaken to determine the effects of Rg3 on the adhesive and invasive abilities of S. Typhimurium to Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess the expression of genes correlated with the adhesion, invasion, and virulence of S. Typhimurium. Results Subinhibitory concentrations of Rg3 significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium. Rg3 considerably reduced (p < 0.05) the bacterial motility as well as the release of nitrite from infected macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of genes related to the adhesion, invasion, quorum sensing, and virulence of S. Typhimurium including cheY, hilA, OmpD, PrgK, rsgE, SdiA, and SipB was significantly reduced after Rg3 treatment. Besides, the compound downregulated rac-1 and Cdc-42 that are essential for actin remodeling and membrane ruffling, thereby facilitating Salmonella entry into host cells. This report is the first to describe the effects of Rg3 on "trigger" entry mechanism and intracellular survival S. Typhimurium. Conclusion Rg3 could be considered as a supplement agent to prevent S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham F Mechesso
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yixian Quah
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Cho DY, Skinner D, Zhang S, Lazrak A, Lim DJ, Weeks CG, Banks CG, Han CK, Kim SK, Tearney GJ, Matalon S, Rowe SM, Woodworth BA. Korean Red Ginseng aqueous extract improves markers of mucociliary clearance by stimulating chloride secretion. J Ginseng Res 2019; 45:66-74. [PMID: 33437158 PMCID: PMC7790903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal chloride (Cl-) transport has a detrimental impact on mucociliary clearance in both cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF chronic rhinosinusitis. Ginseng is a medicinal plant noted to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The present study aims to assess the capability of red ginseng aqueous extract (RGAE) to promote transepithelial Cl- secretion in nasal epithelium. Methods Primary murine nasal septal epithelial (MNSE) [wild-type (WT) and transgenic CFTR-/-], fisher-rat-thyroid (FRT) cells expressing human WT CFTR, and TMEM16A-expressing human embryonic kidney cultures were utilized for the present experiments. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and airway surface liquid (ASL) depth measurements were performed using micro-optical coherence tomography (μOCT). Mechanisms underlying transepithelial Cl- transport were determined using pharmacologic manipulation in Ussing chambers and whole-cell patch clamp analysis. Results RGAE (at 30μg/mL of ginsenosides) significantly increased Cl- transport [measured as change in short-circuit current (ΔISC = μA/cm2)] when compared with control in WT and CFTR-/- MNSE (WT vs control = 49.8±2.6 vs 0.1+/-0.2, CFTR-/- = 33.5±1.5 vs 0.2±0.3, p < 0.0001). In FRT cells, the CFTR-mediated ΔISC attributed to RGAE was small (6.8 ± 2.5 vs control, 0.03 ± 0.01, p < 0.05). In patch clamp, TMEM16A-mediated currents were markedly improved with co-administration of RGAE and uridine 5-triphosphate (8406.3 +/- 807.7 pA) over uridine 5-triphosphate (3524.1 +/- 292.4 pA) or RGAE alone (465.2 +/- 90.7 pA) (p < 0.0001). ASL and CBF were significantly greater with RGAE (6.2+/-0.3 μm vs control, 3.9+/-0.09 μm; 10.4+/-0.3 Hz vs control, 7.3 ± 0.2 Hz; p < 0.0001) in MNSE. Conclusion RGAE augments ASL depth and CBF by stimulating Cl- secretion through CaCC, which suggests therapeutic potential in both CF and non-CF chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Daniel Skinner
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Ahmed Lazrak
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Dong Jin Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Christopher G Weeks
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Catherine G Banks
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Chang Kyun Han
- Korea Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Kwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Bradford A Woodworth
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States.,Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:871-883. [PMID: 31407196 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been traditionally used as an herbal nutritional supplement in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Japan, and Vietnam for several millennia. Most studies have focused on the role of ginseng on anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Recently, modulator activities of ginseng on the immune responses during pathogenic bacterial and viral infections and beneficial effects of ginseng in infectious diseases have been elucidated. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed the potential of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides Rg1, Rg3, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, compound K, Re, Rd, Rh2 for treatment of several infectious diseases. The molecular mechanisms of these effects mainly involve inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-10), apoptotic pathway (bcl-2, bcl-xL), PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPKs pathway, JAK2/STAT5, NF-κB pathway, and the inflammasome. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng in the immune responses during the infections and its bioactivities on the prevention of infectious diseases as well as its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of ginseng as an anti-bacterial and anti-viral medication and vaccine adjuvant will be discussed as well.
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Sharma D, Misba L, Khan AU. Antibiotics versus biofilm: an emerging battleground in microbial communities. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:76. [PMID: 31131107 PMCID: PMC6524306 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is a complex structure of microbiome having different bacterial colonies or single type of cells in a group; adhere to the surface. These cells are embedded in extracellular polymeric substances, a matrix which is generally composed of eDNA, proteins and polysaccharides, showed high resistance to antibiotics. It is one of the major causes of infection persistence especially in nosocomial settings through indwelling devices. Quorum sensing plays an important role in regulating the biofilm formation. There are many approaches being used to control infections by suppressing its formation but CRISPR-CAS (gene editing technique) and photo dynamic therapy (PDT) are proposed to be used as therapeutic approaches to subside bacterial biofim infections, especially caused by deadly drug resistant bad bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divakar Sharma
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Lama Misba
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
| | - Asad U. Khan
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India
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Cao X, Ye Q, Fan M, Liu C. Antimicrobial effects of the ginsenoside Rh2 on monospecies and multispecies cariogenic biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:740-751. [PMID: 30556937 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of the ginsenoside Rh2 on monospecies and multispecies cariogenic biofilms and explore the mechanism of the antibiofilm effect of Rh2 in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus sanguinis were chosen to form the monospecies or multispecies biofilms. Crystal violet staining and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to observe the effect of Rh2 on biofilms in vitro. Cytotoxicity was examined by the Cell Counting Kit-8. The effects of Rh2 on bacterial membranes were observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) method were used to profile the common differentially expressed proteins. Gene expression was analysed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In general, the treatment of cariogenic biofilms with Rh2 significantly decreased biomass accumulation by inhibiting bacterial growth and extracellular polysaccharide synthesis without any cytotoxic effects. TEM imaging showed that Rh2 could disrupt the cell membranes of these bacteria. The iTRAQ results indicated that the levels of mannose-specific IIC/D and acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase were substantially down-regulated, while the mRNA expression of the corresponding genes were significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed a potential application for Rh2 in the protection against dental caries via the inhibition of cariogenic biofilms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study describes the first application of a ginsenoside against multispecies cariogenic biofilms. Rh2 may serve as an alternative agent to prevent dental caries by effectively modulating the pathogenic potentials of oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Q Ye
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - M Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - C Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Tian L, Shi S, Ma L, Zhou X, Luo S, Zhang J, Lu B, Tian C. The effect of Glomus intraradices on the physiological properties of Panax ginseng and on rhizospheric microbial diversity. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:77-85. [PMID: 30662296 PMCID: PMC6323239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomus intraradices is a species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that, as an obligate endomycorrhiza, can form mutually beneficial associations with plants. Panax ginseng is a popular traditional Chinese medicine; however, problems associated with ginseng planting, such as pesticide residues, reduce the ginseng quality. METHODS In this experiment, we studied the effect of inoculating G. intraradices on several physiological properties and microbial communities of ginseng. UV-Visible Spectrum method was used to detect physical properties. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis method was used to analyze microbial communities. RESULTS The results indicated that inoculation with G. intraradices can improve the colonization rate of lateral ginseng roots, increase the levels of monomeric and total ginsenosides, and improve root activity as well as polyphenol oxidase and catalase activities. We also studied the bacterial and fungal communities in ginseng rhizospheric soil. In our study, G. intraradices inoculation improved the abundance and Shannon diversity of bacteria, whereas fungi showed a reciprocal effect. Furthermore, we found that G. intraradices inoculation might increase some beneficial bacterial species and decreased pathogenic fungi in rhizospheric soil of ginseng. CONCLUSION Our results showed that G. intraradices can benefit ginseng planting which may have some instructive and practical significance for planting ginseng in farmland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shasha Luo
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Baohui Lu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunjie Tian
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-known traditional herbal medicine that plays a protective role against microbial attack. Several studies have revealed its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory effects. Ginseng contains several components that vary according to the year of cultivation and the processing method used, such as heating, drying, and steaming, which induce different degrees of pharmacological activities. This review discusses the antibacterial effects of ginseng against pathogenic bacterial infections. We describe how ginseng regulates pathogenic factors that are harmful to the host and discuss the therapeutic potential of ginseng as a natural antibacterial drug to combat bacterial infectious disease, which is a global public health challenge. The components of ginseng could be novel alternatives to solve the growing problem of antibiotic resistance and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ram Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea; Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04673, S. Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, S. Korea; Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04673, S. Korea
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Bouyahya A, Dakka N, Et-Touys A, Abrini J, Bakri Y. Medicinal plant products targeting quorum sensing for combating bacterial infections. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:729-743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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A Strategy for Simultaneous Isolation of Less Polar Ginsenosides, Including a Pair of New 20-Methoxyl Isomers, from Flower Buds of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030442. [PMID: 28287442 PMCID: PMC6155238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to simultaneously isolate the less polar ginsenosides from the flower buds of Panax ginseng (FBPG). Five ginsenosides, including a pair of new 20-methoxyl isomers, were extracted from FBPG and purified through a five-step integrated strategy, by combining ultrasonic extraction, Diaion Hp-20 macroporous resin column enrichment, solid phase extraction (SPE), reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis and preparation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The quantification of the five ginsenosides was also discussed by a developed method with validations within acceptable limits. Ginsenoside Rg5 showed content of about 1% in FBPG. The results indicated that FBPG might have many different ginsenosides with diverse chemical structures, and the less polar ginsenosides were also important to the quality control and standardization of FBPG.
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Azithromycin-Ciprofloxacin-Impregnated Urinary Catheters Avert Bacterial Colonization, Biofilm Formation, and Inflammation in a Murine Model of Foreign-Body-Associated Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01906-16. [PMID: 28031194 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01906-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multifaceted pathogen causing a variety of biofilm-mediated infections, including catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). The high prevalence of CAUTIs in hospitals, their clinical manifestations, such as urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, meningitis, urosepsis, and death, and the associated economic challenges underscore the need for management of these infections. Biomaterial modification of urinary catheters with two drugs seems an interesting approach to combat CAUTIs by inhibiting biofilm. Previously, we demonstrated the in vitro efficacy of urinary catheters impregnated with azithromycin (AZM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) against P. aeruginosa Here, we report how these coated catheters impact the course of CAUTI induced by P. aeruginosa in a murine model. CAUTI was established in female LACA mice with uncoated or AZM-CIP-coated silicone implants in the bladder, followed by transurethral inoculation of 108 CFU/ml of biofilm cells of P. aeruginosa PAO1. AZM-CIP-coated implants (i) prevented biofilm formation on the implant's surface (P ≤ 0.01), (ii) restricted bacterial colonization in the bladder and kidney (P < 0.0001), (iii) averted bacteriuria (P < 0.0001), and (iv) exhibited no major histopathological changes for 28 days in comparison to uncoated implants, which showed persistent CAUTI. Antibiotic implants also overcame implant-mediated inflammation, as characterized by trivial levels of inflammatory markers such as malondialdehyde (P < 0.001), myeloperoxidase (P < 0.05), reactive oxygen species (P ≤ 0.001), and reactive nitrogen intermediates (P < 0.01) in comparison to those in uncoated implants. Further, AZM-CIP-coated implants showed immunomodulation by manipulating the release of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10 to the benefit of the host. Overall, the study demonstrates long-term in vivo effectiveness of AZM-CIP-impregnated catheters, which may possibly be a key to success in preventing CAUTIs.
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Borges A, Abreu AC, Dias C, Saavedra MJ, Borges F, Simões M. New Perspectives on the Use of Phytochemicals as an Emergent Strategy to Control Bacterial Infections Including Biofilms. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070877. [PMID: 27399652 PMCID: PMC6274140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of current infectious diseases are almost untreatable by conventional antibiotic therapy given the advent of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The degree of severity and the persistence of infections are worsened when microorganisms form biofilms. Therefore, efforts are being applied to develop new drugs not as vulnerable as the current ones to bacterial resistance mechanisms, and also able to target bacteria in biofilms. Natural products, especially those obtained from plants, have proven to be outstanding compounds with unique properties, making them perfect candidates for these much-needed therapeutics. This review presents the current knowledge on the potentialities of plant products as antibiotic adjuvants to restore the therapeutic activity of drugs. Further, the difficulties associated with the use of the existing antibiotics in the treatment of biofilm-related infections are described. To counteract the biofilm resistance problems, innovative strategies are suggested based on literature data. Among the proposed strategies, the use of phytochemicals to inhibit or eradicate biofilms is highlighted. An overview on the use of phytochemicals to interfere with bacterial quorum sensing (QS) signaling pathways and underlying phenotypes is provided. The use of phytochemicals as chelating agents and efflux pump inhibitors is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Borges
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
- CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cristina Abreu
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.
| | - Carla Dias
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.
| | - Maria José Saavedra
- CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
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Abstract
Ginseng is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic and an adaptogen to reduce fatigue and boost the immune system. In recent years, ginseng extracts are shown to have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions and seem to exert their effects by several mechanisms, including disruption of biofilms, inhibition of quorum-sensing and virulence factors, and altering motility. Also, ginseng extracts are shown to have antifungal properties as demonstrated by their ability to inhibit the growth of several mold and yeast species. Extracts from ginseng root have a strong antiviral activity against the RNA viruses in cell cultures and animal models. In addition to the antimicrobial activities, ginseng extracts are shown to possess immunomodulatory properties involved in the amelioration of infections. The present paper describes the antimicrobial effects of ginseng and its extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kachur
- a Department of Biology , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Zacharias E Suntres
- a Department of Biology , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1.,b Medical Sciences Division , Northern Ontario School of Medicine , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1
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Nguyen CT, Luong TT, Lee SY, Kim GL, Kwon H, Lee HG, Park CK, Rhee DK. Panax ginseng aqueous extract prevents pneumococcal sepsis in vivo by potentiating cell survival and diminishing inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1055-1061. [PMID: 26407948 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 50% of sepsis cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and hospital mortality related to sepsis comprises 52% of all hospital deaths. Therefore, sepsis is a medical emergency, and any treatment against the agent that produces it, is welcome. PURPOSE The role of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) aqueous extract in bacterial infection in vivo is not well understood. Here, the protective effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract against pneumococcal infection and sepsis was elucidated. STUDY DESIGN In this study, mice were administrated KRG (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) for 15 days, and then infected with a lethal S. pneumoniae strain. Survival rate, body weight, and colonization were determined. METHODS The RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were infected with S. pneumoniae and cell viability was assessed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Inflammation was examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining while gene expression was determined using western blotting. RESULTS KRG-pre-treated mice (100 mg/kg of KRG) had significantly higher survival rates and body weights than those of the non-treated controls; KRG-pre-treated mice had lower bacterial number and morbidity than those of the non-treated controls. 100 mg/kg of KRG administration decreased cytokine levels including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (897 and 623 pg/ml, control and KRG groups, respectively, P < 0.05) and interleukin (IL)-1β (175 and 127 pg/ml, control and KRG groups, respectively, P = 0.051), nitric oxide level (149 and 81 nM, control and KRG groups, respectively, P < 0.05), and neutrophil infiltration 48 h post-infection, in vivo. In pneumococcal infection, KRG pre-treatment downregulated toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TNF-ɑ expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and increased cell survival by activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. CONCLUSION Taken together, 100 mg/kg of KRG appeared to protect host cells from lethal pneumococcal sepsis by inhibiting inflammation as well as by enhancing bacterial clearance thereby reinforcing cell survival against pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Truc Thanh Luong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogyoung Kwon
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gyun Lee
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Co., Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyu Park
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Co., Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Helliwell RM, ShioukHuey CO, Dhuna K, Molero JC, Ye JM, Xue CC, Stokes L. Selected ginsenosides of the protopanaxdiol series are novel positive allosteric modulators of P2X7 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3326-40. [PMID: 25752193 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated ion channel predominantly expressed in immune cells and plays a key role in inflammatory processes. Ginseng is a well-known Chinese herb with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and many of its actions have been ascribed to constituent ginsenosides. We screened a number of ginsenoside compounds for pharmacological activity at P2X7 receptors, that might contribute to the reported immunomodulatory actions of ginseng. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used several assays to measure responses of P2X7 receptors, ATP-mediated dye uptake, intracellular calcium measurement and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. HEK-293 cells stably expressing human P2X7 receptors were used in addition to mouse macrophages endogenously expressing P2X7 receptors. KEY RESULTS Four ginsenosides of the protopanaxdiol series, Rb1, Rh2, Rd and the metabolite compound K (CK) potentiated the dye uptake responses of P2X7 receptors, whereas other ginsenosides tested were ineffective (1-10 μM). The potentiation was rapid in onset, required a threshold concentration of ATP (>50 μM) and had an EC50 of 1.08 μM. CK markedly enhanced ATP-activated P2X7 currents, probably via an extracellular site of action. One of the consequences of this potentiation effect is a sustained rise in intracellular Ca(2+) that could account for the decrease in cell viability in mouse macrophages after a combination of 500 μM ATP and 10 μM CK that are non-toxic when applied alone. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study identifies selected ginsenosides as novel potent allosteric modulators of P2X7 channels that may account for some of the reported immune modulatory actions of protopanaxdiol ginsenosides in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Helliwell
- School of Health Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C O ShioukHuey
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Dhuna
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J C Molero
- School of Health Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J-M Ye
- School of Health Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C C Xue
- School of Health Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Stokes
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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McCarthy R, O'Gara F. The impact of phytochemicals present in the diet on microbial signalling in the human gut. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Wu H, Moser C, Wang HZ, Høiby N, Song ZJ. Strategies for combating bacterial biofilm infections. Int J Oral Sci 2015; 7:1-7. [PMID: 25504208 PMCID: PMC4817533 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2014.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of biofilm is a survival strategy for bacteria and fungi to adapt to their living environment, especially in the hostile environment. Under the protection of biofilm, microbial cells in biofilm become tolerant and resistant to antibiotics and the immune responses, which increases the difficulties for the clinical treatment of biofilm infections. Clinical and laboratory investigations demonstrated a perspicuous correlation between biofilm infection and medical foreign bodies or indwelling devices. Clinical observations and experimental studies indicated clearly that antibiotic treatment alone is in most cases insufficient to eradicate biofilm infections. Therefore, to effectively treat biofilm infections with currently available antibiotics and evaluate the outcomes become important and urgent for clinicians. The review summarizes the latest progress in treatment of clinical biofilm infections and scientific investigations, discusses the diagnosis and treatment of different biofilm infections and introduces the promising laboratory progress, which may contribute to prevention or cure of biofilm infections. We conclude that, an efficient treatment of biofilm infections needs a well-established multidisciplinary collaboration, which includes removal of the infected foreign bodies, selection of biofilm-active, sensitive and well-penetrating antibiotics, systemic or topical antibiotic administration in high dosage and combinations, and administration of anti-quorum sensing or biofilm dispersal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- 1] Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Department of International Health, Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heng-Zhuang Wang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- 1] Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Department of International Health, Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhi-Jun Song
- 1] Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
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Shi HQ, Sun FJ, Chen JH, Yong XL, Ou QY, Feng W, Xia PY. Opposite effects of cefoperazone and ceftazidime on S‑ribosylhomocysteine lyase/autoinducer-2 quorum sensing and biofilm formation by an Escherichia coli clinical isolate. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2334-40. [PMID: 25189202 PMCID: PMC4214345 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of subminimum inhibitory concentrations of cephalosporins on bacterial biofilm formation, the biofilm production of 52 Escherichia (E.) coli strains was examined following treatment with cephalosporin compounds at 1/4 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Ceftazidime (CAZ) inhibited biofilm formation in seven isolates, while cefoperazone (CFP) enhanced biofilm formation in 18 isolates. Biofilm formation of E. coli E42 was inhibited by CAZ and induced by CFP. Therefore, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the expression of the biofilm-modulating genes of this isolate was investigated. To monitor the production of the autoinducer of quorum sensing in E. coli, autoinducer-2 (AI-2) production was detected by measuring the bioluminescence response of Vibrio harveyi BB170. Antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) targeting S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase (luxS) inhibited the expression of the luxS gene in E. coli. CAZ at 1/4 MIC reduced luxS mRNA levels and the production of AI-2, whereas CFP at 1/4 MIC had the opposite effect. AS-ODNs targeting luxS significantly decreased the aforementioned inhibitory effects of CAZ and the induction effects of CFP on E. coli biofilm formation. Therefore, biofilm formation by the E. coli clinical isolate E42 was evoked by CFP but attenuated by CAZ at sub-MICs, via a luxS/AI-2-based quorum sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qing Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Jun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lan Yong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Yi Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Wu H, Høiby N, Yang L, Givskov M, Song Z. Effects of radix ginseng on microbial infections: a narrative review. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:227-33. [PMID: 24783938 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(14)60083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarized the antimicrobial-like effects of Radix Ginseng, which provide important information to the relevant researchers and clinicians, and will benefit the clinical treatment of infectious diseases. METHODS PubMed and Google were used to search for and collect scientific publications related to Radix Ginseng and microbial infections. The authors read, classified, and discussed the associated scientific results or evidences, and summarized the corresponding results. RESULTS In this review, recent studies on the beneficial effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on microbial and biofilm infections were reviewed. The importance and significance of Radix Ginseng's beneficial effects are discussed. Evidence for the favorable effects of Radix Ginseng extracts on viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections and the possible underlying mechanisms are summarized. CONCLUSION Radix Ginseng might be a promising supplemental remedy for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Choi HS, Seo HS, Kim SR, Choi YK, Shin YC, Ko SG. Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effect of herbal medicines (APR) in RAW264.7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1569-74. [PMID: 24626965 PMCID: PMC4020494 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of a mixture of medicinal plants [Angelica gigas Nakai, Panax ginseng and Rhus verniciflua Stokes (APR)] on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Cells were treated with APR and LPS at various concentrations and indicated times. WST assay, trypan blue assay and quantification of activated cells demonstrated that APR suppressed cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. APR induced G1 cell cycle arrest and inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) and necrosis factor κB (NF-κB). APR also suppressed nitric oxide synthase isoform (iNOS) and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (Cox-2) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression induced by LPS. Furthermore, APR decreased LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as induced PARP and caspase-3 cleavage, suggesting that APR causes apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study indicated that APR may be advantageous in treating inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Seok Choi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sook Seo
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Re Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyung Choi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Applying insights from biofilm biology to drug development — can a new approach be developed? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:791-808. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Song Z, Borgwardt L, Høiby N, Wu H, Sørensen TS, Borgwardt A. Prosthesis infections after orthopedic joint replacement: the possible role of bacterial biofilms. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2013; 5:65-71. [PMID: 23888204 PMCID: PMC3718238 DOI: 10.4081/or.2013.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthesis-related infection is a serious complication for patients after orthopedic joint replacement, which is currently difficult to treat with antibiotic therapy. Consequently, in most cases, removal of the infected prosthesis is the only solution to cure the infection. It is, therefore, important to understand the comprehensive interaction between the microbiological situation and the host immune responses that lead to prosthesis infections. Evidence indicates that prosthesis infections are actually biofilm-correlated infections that are highly resistant to antibiotic treatment and the host immune responses. The authors reviewed the related literature in the context of their clinical experience, and discussed the possible etiology and mechanism leading to the infections, especially problems related to bacterial biofilm, and prophylaxis and treatment of infection, including both microbiological and surgical measures. Recent progress in research into bacterial biofilm and possible future treatment options of prosthesis-related infections are discussed.
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Kang S, Min H. Ginseng, the 'Immunity Boost': The Effects of Panax ginseng on Immune System. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:354-68. [PMID: 23717137 PMCID: PMC3659612 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of literatures have described the diverse role of ginseng in physiological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, insulin resistance, and hypertension. In particular, ginseng has been extensively reported to maintain homeostasis of the immune system and to enhance resistance to illness or microbial attacks through the regulation of immune system. Immune system comprises of different types of cells fulfilling their own specialized functions, and each type of the immune cells is differentially influenced and may be simultaneously controlled by ginseng treatment. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng on immune system. We discuss how ginseng regulates each type of immune cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. We also describe how ginseng exhibits beneficial effects on controlling inflammatory diseases and microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soowon Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Koh CL, Sam CK, Yin WF, Tan LY, Krishnan T, Chong YM, Chan KG. Plant-derived natural products as sources of anti-quorum sensing compounds. SENSORS 2013; 13:6217-28. [PMID: 23669710 PMCID: PMC3690052 DOI: 10.3390/s130506217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing is a system of stimuli and responses in relation to bacterial cell population density that regulates gene expression, including virulence determinants. Consequently, quorum sensing has been an attractive target for the development of novel anti-infective measures that do not rely on the use of antibiotics. Anti-quorum sensing has been a promising strategy to combat bacterial infections as it is unlikely to develop multidrug resistant pathogens since it does not impose any selection pressure. A number of anti-quorum sensing approaches have been documented and plant-based natural products have been extensively studied in this context. Plant matter is one of the major sources of chemicals in use today in various industries, ranging from the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food biotechnology to the textile industries. Just like animals and humans, plants are constantly exposed to bacterial infections, it is therefore logical to expect that plants have developed sophisticated of chemical mechanisms to combat pathogens. In this review, we have surveyed the various types of plant-based natural products that exhibit anti-quorum sensing properties and their anti-quorum sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Lek Koh
- Natural Sciences and Science Education AG, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616, Singapore; E-Mails: (C.-L.K.); (C.-K.S.)
| | - Choon-Kook Sam
- Natural Sciences and Science Education AG, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616, Singapore; E-Mails: (C.-L.K.); (C.-K.S.)
| | - Wai-Fong Yin
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; E-Mails: (W.-F.Y.); (L.Y.T.); (T.K.); (Y.M.C.)
| | - Li Ying Tan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; E-Mails: (W.-F.Y.); (L.Y.T.); (T.K.); (Y.M.C.)
| | - Thiba Krishnan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; E-Mails: (W.-F.Y.); (L.Y.T.); (T.K.); (Y.M.C.)
| | - Yee Meng Chong
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; E-Mails: (W.-F.Y.); (L.Y.T.); (T.K.); (Y.M.C.)
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; E-Mails: (W.-F.Y.); (L.Y.T.); (T.K.); (Y.M.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +603-7967-5162; Fax: +603-7967-4509
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Zhao ZG, Yan SS, Yu YM, Mi N, Zhang LX, Liu J, Li XL, Liu F, Xu JF, Yang WQ, Li GM. An aqueous extract of Yunnan Baiyao inhibits the quorum-sensing-related virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Microbiol 2013; 51:207-12. [PMID: 23625222 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yunnan Baiyao is a famous Chinese medicine that has long been directly applied to wounds to reduce bleeding, pain, and swelling without causing infection. However, little is known about its ability to prevent infection. The present study aimed to assess in vitro the anti-virulence activity of an aqueous extract of Yunnan Baiyao (YBX) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a pathogenic model. We found that a sub-MIC (2.5 mg/ml) of YBX can efficiently interfere with the quorum-sensing (QS) signaling circuit. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that a sub-MIC of YBX down-regulated the transcriptions of lasR, lasI, rhlR, and rhlI, which resulted in global attenuation of QS-regulated virulence activities, such as biofilm formation, and secretion of LasA protease, LasB elastase and pyocyanin. Further, YBX reduced the motility of P. aeruginosa related to QS, and impaired the formation of biofilms. These results suggest that YBX may possess global inhibitory activity against the virulence of P. aeruginosa and that YBX may also exhibit antimicrobial activity in vivo. The present study suggests that Yunnan Baiyao represents a potential source for isolating novel, safe, and efficacious antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Guo Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524023, P. R. China
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Wang Z, Meng J, Xia Y, Meng Y, Du L, Zhang Z, Wang E, Shan F. Maturation of murine bone marrow dendritic cells induced by acidic Ginseng polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 53:93-100. [PMID: 23164755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report that a acidic polysaccharide (AGP) isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb, named Ginseng (Panax giseng C.A. Meyer), induces maturation of bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) via concrete changes both inside and outside BMDCs. The impacts of AGP on BMDCs were assessed with use of conventional scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) for morphology, flow cytometry (FCM) for key surface molecules, cytochemistry assay, FITC-dextran, bio-assay for phagocytosis and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for production of cytokines. Our results elucidated that PPS promoted maturation of BMDCs via changes as reflected by the down-regulation of acid phosphatase (ACP) activity inside the BMDCs, which occurs when phagocytosis of BMDCs to antigen decreased, while antigen presentation increased upon maturation, higher expression of key surface molecules of MHC II, CD80, CD86, CD83, and CD40, and releasing higher level of cytokines IL-12 and low level of TNF-α. Our study suggest that AGP play marked immunostimulating role on the maturation of murine BMDCs through precise regulation of phagocytosis and enzyme activities inside the BMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuozhou Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 92, North Second Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China
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Karami A, Christianus A, Ishak Z, Shamsuddin ZH, Masoumian M, Courtenay SC. Use of intestinal Pseudomonas aeruginosa in fish to detect the environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 215-216:108-114. [PMID: 22417397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa abundance in the intestines of fish as an indicator of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). P. aeruginosa populations were enumerated in juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) injected intramuscularly three days previous with 0, 10, 30, 40, 50 or 70mg/kg of BaP. Hepatic EROD and GST activities and biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) 1-OH BaP, 3-OH BaP, 7,8-D BaP and BaP were quantified to investigate agreements between the new indicator and established fish biomarkers. The shape of bacterial population (logarithm of colony-forming unit) dose-response curve generally matched those of biliary FACs concentrations. Conversely, the EROD and GST dose-response curves were generally the mirror images of the bacterial population curve. Changes in intestinal P. aeruginosa population appear to be an indirect effect of BaP exposure because exposure to 0-100μg/ml BaP had no effect on P. aeruginosa populations grown on agar plates containing BaP. Using intestinal P. aeruginosa population of fish as a universal indicator of BaP pollution in aquatic environments is discussed.Conversely, the EROD and GST dose-response curves were generally the mirror images of the bacterial population curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karami
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia.
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Trammell RA, Cox L, Pikora J, Murphy LL, Toth LA. Evaluation of an extract of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) in Candida albicans-infected complement-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:414-421. [PMID: 22138349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng is a widely consumed aromatic herb that is purported to have health benefits. Several studies report a beneficial impact of ginseng or its derivatives on Candida albicans infection in mice and suggest that its immune-modulatory properties contribute to this effect. However, these studies generally administered ginseng to experimental animals by injection, whereas people typically ingest ginseng. Furthermore, although disseminated candiasis is typically a disease of immune-impaired hosts, previous studies have generally used immune competent host species in the assessments. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the efficacy of an ingested extract of ginseng against Candida albicans infection in DBA/2J mice, which are highly susceptible to Candida albicans infection. A ginseng extract was added to the drinking water for two days before and for the remainder of the study after intravenous inoculation of mice with Candida albicans. Mice were evaluated for morbidity, mortality, Candida albicans titers, and concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. RESULTS Ingestion of the ginseng extract did not significantly affect overall morbidity or mortality. However, ingestion of the extract was associated with significantly lower renal titers of Candida albicans and with significantly lower concentrations of some inflammatory cytokines in kidney and/or serum. CONCLUSIONS Assessment of morbidity, mortality, inflammatory markers, and renal titers after spontaneous ingestion of ginseng by susceptible hosts represents a comprehensive approach to characterizations of therapeutic efficacy against infectious agents. Our findings extend previous reports of the efficacy of ginseng against Candida albicans by demonstrating significant reductions in infectious load and some markers of inflammation in susceptible mice. Our data therefore support further assessment of the immune-modulatory properties of this widely consumed herb and its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Trammell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, United States
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Alipour M, Omri A, Suntres ZE. Ginseng aqueous extract attenuates the production of virulence factors, stimulates twitching and adhesion, and eradicates biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89:419-27. [PMID: 21815782 DOI: 10.1139/y11-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract of Panax quinquefolius from North American ginseng (NAGE) root against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The minimum inhibitory concentrations of reference and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were measured by a standard agar-dilution method. At subinhibitory NAGE concentrations, the secretion of virulence factors, motility on agar, and adhesion to 96-well microplates were studied on the nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa O1 strain. At suprainhibitory concentrations, the activity of NAGE against mature biofilm complexes formed in the Calgary Biofilm Device and the Stovall flow cell were assessed. NAGE possessed an antibacterial activity against all the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains at 1.25%-2.5% w/v. NAGE also significantly attenuated pyocyanin, pyoverdine, and lipase concentrations, stimulated twitching, and attenuated swarming and swimming motility. At 1.25% w/v, NAGE augmented adhesion, and at 5% w/v detached 1-day-old biofilms in microplates. The extract also eradicated 6-day-old mature biofilms (5% w/v), and fluorescence microscopy displayed a reduction of live cells and biofilm complexes compared with nontreated biofilms. These data suggest that the aqueous extract from North American ginseng possesses antimicrobial activities in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misagh Alipour
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
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Indole production promotes Escherichia coli mixed-culture growth with Pseudomonas aeruginosa by inhibiting quorum signaling. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:411-9. [PMID: 22101045 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06396-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole production by Escherichia coli, discovered in the early 20th century, has been used as a diagnostic marker for distinguishing E. coli from other enteric bacteria. By using transcriptional profiling and competition studies with defined mutants, we show that cyclic AMP (cAMP)-regulated indole formation is a major factor that enables E. coli growth in mixed biofilm and planktonic populations with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mutants deficient in cAMP production (cyaA) or the cAMP receptor gene (crp), as well as indole production (tnaA), were not competitive in coculture with P. aeruginosa but could be restored to wild-type competitiveness by supplementation with a physiologically relevant indole concentration. E. coli sdiA mutants, which lacked the receptor for both indole and N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), showed no change in competitive fitness, suggesting that indole acted directly on P. aeruginosa. An E. coli tnaA mutant strain regained wild-type competiveness if grown with P. aeruginosa AHL synthase (rhlI and rhlI lasI) mutants. In contrast to the wild type, P. aeruginosa AHL synthase mutants were unable to degrade indole. Indole produced during mixed-culture growth inhibited pyocyanin production and other AHL-regulated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. Mixed-culture growth with P. aeruginosa stimulated indole formation in E. coli cpdA, which is unable to regulate cAMP levels, suggesting the potential for mixed-culture gene activation via cAMP. These findings illustrate how indole, an early described feature of E. coli central metabolism, can play a significant role in mixed-culture survival by inhibiting quorum-regulated competition factors in P. aeruginosa.
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Wu H, Lee B, Yang L, Wang H, Givskov M, Molin S, Høiby N, Song Z. Effects of ginseng on Pseudomonas aeruginosa motility and biofilm formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:49-56. [PMID: 21303421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-associated chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis are virtually impossible to eradicate with antibiotics because biofilm-growing bacteria are highly tolerant to antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. Previously, we found that ginseng treatments protected animal models from developing chronic lung infection by P. aeruginosa. In the present study, the effects of ginseng on the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilms were further investigated in vitro and in vivo. Ginseng aqueous extract at concentrations of 0.5-2.0% did not inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa, but significantly prevented P. aeruginosa from forming biofilm. Exposure to 0.5% ginseng aqueous extract for 24 h destroyed most 7-day-old mature biofilms formed by both mucoid and nonmucoid P. aeruginosa strains. Ginseng treatment enhanced swimming and twitching motility, but reduced swarming of P. aeruginosa at concentrations as low as 0.25%. Oral administration of ginseng extracts in mice promoted phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by airway phagocytes, but did not affect phagocytosis of a PAO1-filM mutant. Our study suggests that ginseng treatment may help to eradicate the biofilm-associated chronic infections caused by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Murugan K, Selvanayaki K, Al-Sohaibani S. Antibiofilm activity of Andrographis paniculata against cystic fibrosis clinical isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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