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Carollo A, Zhang P, Yin P, Jawed A, Dimitriou D, Esposito G, Mangar S. Sleep Profiles in Eating Disorders: A Scientometric Study on 50 Years of Clinical Research. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2090. [PMID: 37510531 PMCID: PMC10379413 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and diet are essential for maintaining physical and mental health. These two factors are closely intertwined and affect each other in both timing and quality. Eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are often accompanied by different sleep problems. In modern society, an increasing number of studies are being conducted on the relationship between eating disorders and sleep. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of this field and highlight influential papers as well as the main research domains in this area, a scientometric approach was used to review 727 publications from 1971 to 2023. All documents were retrieved from Scopus through the following string "TITLE-ABS (("sleep" OR "insomnia") AND ("anorexia nervosa" OR "bulimia nervosa" OR "binge eating" OR "eating disorder*") AND NOT "obes*") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English"))". A document co-citation analysis was applied to map the relationship between relevant articles and their cited references as well as the gaps in the literature. Nine publications on sleep and eating disorders were frequently cited, with an article by Vetrugno and colleagues on nocturnal eating being the most impactful in the network. The results also indicated a total of seven major thematic research clusters. The qualitative inspection of clusters strongly highlights the reciprocal influence of disordered eating and sleeping patterns. Researchers have modelled this reciprocal influence by taking into account the role played by pharmacological (e.g., zolpidem, topiramate), hormonal (e.g., ghrelin), and psychological (e.g., anxiety, depression) factors, pharmacological triggers, and treatments for eating disorders and sleep problems. The use of scientometric perspectives provides valuable insights into the field related to sleep and eating disorders, which can guide future research directions and foster a more comprehensive understanding of this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carollo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Peiying Yin
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Aisha Jawed
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Dagmara Dimitriou
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Stephen Mangar
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
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Effect of Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Ketogenesis Metabolic Stimulation and Regulation of NLRP3 Ubiquitination in Obese Saudi Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040820. [PMID: 36839178 PMCID: PMC9958539 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) on anthropometric indices, the lipid profile, and the benefits of the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) as an inhibitor of the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in obese women were investigated in this study. From January to March 2021, 23 obese adult women (n = 23) with an average age of 35.30 years and BMI of 33.96 kg/m2 followed a KD. Instructions for the KD were given to eligible participants, with a typical plan and a menu for all the main meals, snacks, and drinks permitted over seven days. They were also free to change meals according to their preferences provided that they followed the plan. The participants attended six times throughout the intervention for measurements of their anthropometric indices, BHB levels, interleukin-1beta (1L-1β) levels, and completion of a questionnaire (pre-intervention, mid-intervention, and post-intervention). Following the KD caused significant weight loss, a reduction in waist circumference and BHB levels, as well as a reduction in BMI and appetite. Cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased slightly. However, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum increased significantly (p < 0.05), and 1L-1β decreased significantly (p < 0.0001). The results show that the KD effectively encouraged weight loss and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. Based on the questionnaire results, it was found that a variety of physical symptoms, including overall energy, physical activity, mood, sleep, focus, skin conditions, and menstruation, had significantly improved.
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Liu Y, Bharmal SH, Kimita W, Petrov MS. Effect of d-β-Hydroxybutyrate-(R)-1,3 Butanediol on Appetite Regulation in People with Prediabetes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200615. [PMID: 36565045 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The main aim of the present study is to study the effect of acute ketosis on parameters of appetite regulation in prediabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS This is a randomized controlled trial registered under ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03889210. After an overnight fast, 18 adults with prediabetes are assigned to consume a ketone monoester (d-β-hydroxybutyrate-(R)-1,3 butanediol) drink and a placebo drink in cross-over fashion. Blood samples are collected every 30 min, from baseline to 150 min. Paired t test is used to compare the total area under the curve (AUC) for the changes in parameters of appetite regulation (acylated ghrelin, peptide YY [PYY], and hunger) following both drinks. Significant elevation in blood β-hydroxybutyrate from 0.2 to 3.5 mmol L-1 (p < 0.001) is achieved within 30 min. Acute ketosis does not result in statistically significant differences in the AUCs for ghrelin, PYY, and hunger. CONCLUSION Acute ketosis consistently does not affect both objective and subjective parameters of appetite regulation in prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Liu
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Sakina H Bharmal
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Wandia Kimita
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Maxim S Petrov
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
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Watson S, O’Hara H, Reveendran D, Cardwell C, Murphy KG, Benson T, Dean M, Woodside JV. The Power of Suggestion: Subjective Satiety Is Affected by Nutrient and Health-Focused Food Labelling with No Effect on Physiological Gut Hormone Release. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235100. [PMID: 36501128 PMCID: PMC9740488 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Health claims on food labelling can influence peoples' perception of food without them actually eating it, for example driving a belief that a particular food will make them feel fuller. The aim of this study was to investigate whether nutrient and health claims on food labelling can influence self-reported, and physiological indicators of, satiation. A total of 50 participants attended two visits where they were asked to consume a 380 kcal breakfast (granola and yogurt) labelled as a 500 kcal 'indulgent' breakfast at one visit and as a 250 kcal 'sensible' breakfast at the other. The order of the breakfast descriptions was randomly allocated. Participants were unaware that the two breakfasts were the same product and that only the food labels differed. At each visit blood samples were collected to measure gut hormone levels (acylated ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine and glucagon-like peptide-1) at three time points: 20 min after arrival (baseline), after 60 min (anticipatory, immediately prior to consumption) and after 90 min (post-consumption). Visual analogue scales measuring appetite (hunger, satiety, fullness, quantity and desire to eat) were completed prior to each sample. Between 60 and 90 min, participants consumed the breakfast and rated its sensory appeal. Participants reported a higher mean change in self-reported fullness for the 'indulgent' than the 'sensible' breakfast from anticipatory to post-consumption (mean difference: 7.19 [95% CI: 0.73, 13.6]; p = 0.030). This change was not observed for the other appetite measures at the other time points or gut hormone levels. This study suggests that nutrient and health claims on food labels may influence satiation as measured by self-reported fullness. It also suggests that the observed differences in satiety scores are not due to changes in the main appetite regulating gut hormones, but are more likely centrally mediated. More high-quality trials are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Watson
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Hannah O’Hara
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Dharsshini Reveendran
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Christopher Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Kevin G. Murphy
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tony Benson
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Moira Dean
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Jayne V. Woodside
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
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Desdentado L, Navarrete J, Folgado-Alufre M, de Blas A, Navarro-Siurana J, Ponce F, Molinari G, Jimeno-Martínez A, Rupérez AI, Bueno-Lozano G, Cuenca-Royo A, Corbella E, Agüera Z, Baños RM, Álvarez-Pitti J. Are Peripheral Biomarkers Determinants of Eating Styles in Childhood and Adolescence Obesity? A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:305. [PMID: 35057485 PMCID: PMC8780085 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in eating behaviors have been widely related to obesity. However, little is known about the role of obesity-related biomarkers in shaping habitual patterns of eating behaviors (i.e., eating styles) in childhood. The objective of the present study was to explore the relationships between several biomarkers crucially involved in obesity (ghrelin, insulin resistance, and leptin/adiponectin ratio) and eating styles in children and adolescents with obesity. Seventy participants aged between 8 and 16 (56.2% men) fulfilled the Spanish version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Children to measure external, emotional, and restrained eating styles. In addition, concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and glucose were obtained through a blood test. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for age and sex were computed for each eating style. Results indicated that individuals with higher ghrelin concentration levels showed lower scores in restrained eating (β = -0.61, p < 0.001). The total model explained 32% of the variance of the restrained pattern. No other relationships between obesity-related biomarkers and eating behaviors were found. This study highlights that one of the obesity-risk factors, namely lower plasma ghrelin levels, is substantially involved in a well-known maladaptive eating style, restraint eating, in childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Desdentado
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, Calle Serpis, 29, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.N.); (M.F.-A.); (J.N.-S.)
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Navarrete
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, Calle Serpis, 29, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.N.); (M.F.-A.); (J.N.-S.)
| | - María Folgado-Alufre
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, Calle Serpis, 29, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.N.); (M.F.-A.); (J.N.-S.)
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana de Blas
- Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Avda. Tres Cruces, 2, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Jéssica Navarro-Siurana
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, Calle Serpis, 29, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.N.); (M.F.-A.); (J.N.-S.)
| | - Francisco Ponce
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
- Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Avda. Tres Cruces, 2, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Guadalupe Molinari
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Andrea Jimeno-Martínez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Azahara I. Rupérez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gloria Bueno-Lozano
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Clinical Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Avda. San Juan Bosco, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aida Cuenca-Royo
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emili Corbella
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
- Cardiovascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Bellvitge University Hospital—IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, Health Sciences Campus Bellvitge, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Baños
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, Calle Serpis, 29, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.N.); (M.F.-A.); (J.N.-S.)
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Álvarez-Pitti
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (F.P.); (G.M.); (A.J.-M.); (A.I.R.); (G.B.-L.); (A.C.-R.); (E.C.); (Z.A.); (R.M.B.)
- Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Avda. Tres Cruces, 2, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
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Nunez‐Salces M, Li H, Feinle‐Bisset C, Young RL, Page AJ. The regulation of gastric ghrelin secretion. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13588. [PMID: 33249751 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric hormone with multiple physiological functions, including the stimulation of food intake and adiposity. It is well established that circulating ghrelin levels are closely associated with feeding patterns, rising strongly before a meal and lowering upon food intake. However, the mechanisms underlying the modulation of ghrelin secretion are not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to discuss current knowledge on the circadian oscillation of circulating ghrelin levels, the neural mechanisms stimulating fasting ghrelin levels and peripheral mechanisms modulating postprandial ghrelin levels. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of targeting the ghrelin pathway is discussed in the context of the treatment of various metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, diabetic gastroparesis and Prader-Willi syndrome. Moreover, eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nunez‐Salces
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Christine Feinle‐Bisset
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Richard L. Young
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
- Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Amanda J. Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Adelaide SA Australia
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Leow S, Beer NJ, Dimmock JA, Jackson B, Alderson JA, Clarke MW, Guelfi KJ. The effect of antecedent exercise on the acute stress response and subsequent food consumption: a preliminary investigation. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113256. [PMID: 33221392 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity has been shown to be protective against many of the deleterious consequences of stress; however, the effects of exercise on stress-induced food consumption are unclear. This study examined the effect of an acute bout of exercise prior to exposure to an acute stressor on subsequent eating behavior, together with the physiological (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, salivary cortisol) and psychological (e.g., mood, perceived stress) responses to stress. Twenty-three men and women completed four experimental conditions (control, exercise only, stress only, and exercise prior to stress) conducted in a counterbalanced order using a within-subjects repeated measures design. Ad libitum energy intake from a laboratory test meal was assessed at each trial, together with monitoring of physiological and psychological responses. No difference in total energy intake (p = 0.146) or energy intake from 'unhealthy' foods was noted between conditions (p = 0.783), despite lower circulating ghrelin when antecedent exercise was performed compared with stress alone (p < 0.05). Exposure to an acute stressor is not necessarily associated with alterations in subsequent food intake, nor does antecedent exercise prior to stress exposure affect food choices, despite transient alterations in the hunger hormone ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shina Leow
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Natalya J Beer
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - James A Dimmock
- Department of Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Ben Jackson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacqueline A Alderson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Minderoo Tech & Policy Lab, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; SPRINZ, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael W Clarke
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kym J Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Park C, Pagnini F, Langer E. Glucose metabolism responds to perceived sugar intake more than actual sugar intake. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15633. [PMID: 32973226 PMCID: PMC7515886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors examine study participants who have Type 2 diabetes to determine whether cognition affects glucose levels in contrast to widely held suppositions. Thirty participants who have type 2 diabetes consume beverages that have identical ingredients but have deceptive nutrition facts labels. Blood glucose levels measured four times before and after beverage consumption show that blood glucose levels increase when participants believe the beverage has high sugar content as portrayed on the labels. Also, individual eating behaviors and nutritional satisfaction are linked to changes in blood glucose levels. The study results support the concept of anticipatory budgeting on glucose metabolism. The findings provide pressing evidence for the psychobiological model of chronic disease, suggesting that psychological intervention programs may be important for diabetes management, beyond current programs in which type 2 diabetes is managed through diet, exercise, and medications only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanmo Park
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Francesco Pagnini
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Ellen Langer
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Stojiljkovic-Drobnjak S, Fischer S, Arnold M, Langhans W, Ehlert U. Menopause is associated with decreased postprandial ghrelin, whereas a history of anorexia nervosa is associated with increased total ghrelin. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12661. [PMID: 30447166 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Middle age has been linked with various dysfunctional eating patterns in women. The hormone ghrelin is related to food intake, with plasma levels rising before eating and decreasing immediately afterwards. Animal research has shown that oestradiol is an antagonist of ghrelin. Given that both menopause and anorexia nervosa (AN) are states characterised by reduced oestradiol, the present study aimed to investigate for the first time whether menopausal status and a history of AN are linked with altered ghrelin levels in middle-aged women. Based on previous research, we hypothesised that (i) post-menopausal women would demonstrate comparably increased ghrelin after food intake and (ii) women with a history of AN would exhibit increased total ghrelin levels. Healthy, middle-aged women (n = 57) were recruited. Of the women, 31 were post-menopausal and 27 had a history of AN. Plasma ghrelin was repeatedly collected before and after a meal standardised in terms of caloric content. Areas under the curves were calculated to indicate total (AUCg) and postprandial ghrelin (AUCi). Menopausal status was linked with postprandial ghrelin (AUCi -1.6 ± 2.2 vs -2.9 ± 2.6; P = 0.058), whereas a history of AN was linked with total ghrelin (AUCg 36.2 ± 5.6 vs 39.0 ± 3.7; P = 0.050). There were no interaction effects (both P > 0.466). A closer examination of the effects revealed that post-menopausal women showed marginally greater decreases in ghrelin immediately after food intake (P = 0.064) and marginally greater re-increases after 60 minutes (P = 0.084) compared to pre-menopausal women. Women with a history of AN had significantly higher total ghrelin compared to women without a history of AN (P = 0.042). Post-menopause was linked with higher sensitivity of ghrelin to food intake (trend), whereas a history of AN was related to greater total ghrelin. Future research should investigate to what extent the observed alterations in ghrelin may affect dysfunctional eating behaviour during middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Fischer
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Laessle R, Hilterscheid E. Stress-Induced Release of Eating-Related Hormones in Young Women Classified as Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters. Neuropsychobiology 2019; 78:27-30. [PMID: 30893705 DOI: 10.1159/000498866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Restrained eating has been linked to binge eating under disinhibited circumstances and is therefore considered a risk factor to develop clinical eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. The present study investigated the release of gastrointestinal peptides such as ghrelin and PYY after stress, as well as cortisol in young females classified as restrained and unrestrained eaters. METHODS The study was done in the laboratory of the Department for Biological and Clinical Psychology at the University of Trier. The sample consisted of 48 females, and the stressor was the Trier Social Stress Test. Blood samples for peptides and salivary cortisol were taken. RESULTS Higher ghrelin, but lower cortisol after stress was obtained for restrained eaters; no stress-related changes for PYY were observed. CONCLUSION Restrained eaters suffer from a possible stress-related biological dysregulation of eating, posing them at risk for eating and weight disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Laessle
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany,
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11
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Effect of A Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet on Food and Alcohol Cravings, Physical and Sexual Activity, Sleep Disturbances, and Quality of Life in Obese Patients. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101348. [PMID: 30241426 PMCID: PMC6213862 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological well-being and hunger and food control are two relevant factors involved in the success of weight-loss therapy in treating obesity. Thus, this study aims to evaluate food and alcohol cravings, physical and sexual activity, sleep, and life quality (QoL) in obese patients following a very low-calorie ketogenic (VLCK) diet, as well as the role of weight lost and ketosis on these parameters. A battery of psychological test was performed in twenty obese patients (12 females, 47.2 ± 10.2 year and BMI of 35.5 ± 4.4) through the course of a 4-month VLCK diet on four subsequent visits: baseline, maximum ketosis, reduced ketosis, and endpoint. Each subject acted as their own control. Relevantly, the dietary-induced changes in body composition (7.7 units of BMI lost, 18 kg of fat mass (1.2 kg of visceral fat mass)) were associated with a statistically significant improvement in food craving scores, physical activity, sleepiness, and female sexual function. Overall, these results also translated in a notable enhancement in QoL of the treated obese patients. Therefore, the rapid and sustained weight and fat mass (FM) loss induced by the VLCK diet is associated with good food control and improvements in the psychological well-being parameters in obese subjects, which could contribute to the long-term success of this therapy.
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12
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Painchaud Guérard G, Lemieux S, Doucet É, Pomerleau S, Provencher V. Influence of Nutrition Claims on Appetite Sensations according to Sex, Weight Status, and Restrained Eating. J Obes 2016; 2016:9475476. [PMID: 27725885 PMCID: PMC5048035 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9475476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition claims may help people to adopt healthier eating habits, but little is known about the potential cognitive effects of such claims on appetite sensations. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of nutrition claims and individual factors on perceived appetite sensations. According to a three ("healthy" versus "diet" (i.e., satiating) versus "hedonic") by two (restrained or not restrained) by two (normal-weight or overweight/obese) by two (men versus women) factorial design, 164 males and 188 females aged 18-65 were invited to taste an oatmeal-raisin snack in a blinded and ad libitum context. Visual analog scales (150 mm) were used to evaluate appetite sensations before and over 1 h after consumption period. BMI and Restraint Scale were used to categorize participants according to their weight and restraint status. No main condition effect was observed for any of the four appetite sensations. However, subgroups analysis revealed significant differences among specific subgroups. A main effect of sex was also observed for all appetite sensations with men reporting higher levels of desire to eat, hunger and prospective food consumption, and lower levels of fullness than women. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual characteristics in interaction when studying appetite sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Painchaud Guérard
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, 2440 Boulevard, Hochelaga, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Simone Lemieux
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, 2440 Boulevard, Hochelaga, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Éric Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Ave East, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Sonia Pomerleau
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, 2440 Boulevard, Hochelaga, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Véronique Provencher
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, 2440 Boulevard, Hochelaga, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- *Véronique Provencher:
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Hilterscheid E, Laessle R. Stress-induced release of GUT peptides in young women classified as restrained or unrestrained eaters. Eat Weight Disord 2015; 20:435-9. [PMID: 25782999 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-015-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal release of GUT peptides has been found to be altered in restrained eaters. Stress-induced secretion, however, has not yet been described, but could be a biological basis of overeating that exposes restrained eaters to a higher risk of becoming obese. The aim of the present study was to compare restrained and unrestrained eaters with respect to stress-induced release of the GUT peptides ghrelin and PYY. 46 young women were studied. Blood sampling for peptides was done before and after the Trier Social Stress Test. Ghrelin secretion after stress was significantly elevated in the restrained eaters, whereas no significant differences were detected for PYY. Stress-induced release of GUT peptides can be interpreted as a cause as well as a consequence of restrained eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hilterscheid
- Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Trier, 54286, Trier, Germany
| | - Reinhold Laessle
- Department of Clinical and Physiological Psychology, University of Trier, 54286, Trier, Germany.
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Basit KA, Fawwad A, Munir MA, Siddiqui IA, Siddiqui S, Basit A. Differences in various biochemical and clinical parameters with respect to family history of Non Communicable Diseases in fourth year MBBS students of Karachi, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31:965-9. [PMID: 26430439 PMCID: PMC4590368 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.314.7021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To observe the differences of various biochemical and clinical parameters with respect to Family History (FH) of Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) in fourth year Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) students. Methods: This observational study was conducted at Baqai Institute of Diabetology & Endocrinology from December 2013 to January 2014. Total 50 medical students from Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS) participated in the study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13 was used to analyze the data. For cross tabulation and mean comparison z-test and t test were applied. Results: Out of 50 subjects, there were 26 (52%) females. Mean age of the study population was 21.56 ± 0.90 years. Mean serum cholesterol levels with positive FH of NCDs was significantly higher than negative FH of NCDs (p=0.005). Mean value of low density lipoprotein (LDL) of positive family history of NCDs was found higher than those with negative FH (p=0.006) being statistically significant. The insulin levels in subjects with positive FH of NCDs were higher than subjects with negative FH of NCDs (p=0.685). However, serum leptin and plasma renin showed no significant difference with the negative FH of NCDs being higher compared to positive FH of NCDs (p=0.068) and (p=0.884) respectively. However, Waist circumference, Body mass index and central obesity in subjects with positive FH of NCDs shows increasing trend but no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed. Conclusion: In our study of various biochemical and clinical parameters with respect to FH of NCDs, Serum Cholesterol and LDL levels were observed higher and statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Abdul Basit
- Khalid Abdul Basit, Student, MBBS, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asher Fawwad
- Asher Fawwad, M.phil. Assistant Prof., Senior Research Scientist, Research Department, Baqai Medical University, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Plot No. 1-2, II-B, Nazimabad No.2, Karachi-74600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asadullah Munir
- Asher Fawwad, M.phil. Assistant Prof., Senior Research Scientist, Research Department, Baqai Medical University, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Plot No. 1-2, II-B, Nazimabad No.2, Karachi-74600, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmed Siddiqui
- Iftikhar Ahmed Siddiqui, PhD. Chairman & Professor of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Siddiqui
- Sidra Siddiqui, M.Sc. Statistician, Research Department, Baqai Medical University, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Plot No. 1-2, II-B, Nazimabad No.2, Karachi-74600, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Basit
- Abdul Basit, F.R.C.P. Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baqai Medical University, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Plot No. 1-2, II-B, Nazimabad No.2, Karachi-74600, Pakistan
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Urbanek JK, Metzgar CJ, Hsiao PY, Piehowski KE, Nickols-Richardson SM. Increase in cognitive eating restraint predicts weight loss and change in other anthropometric measurements in overweight/obese premenopausal women. Appetite 2015; 87:244-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wittekind DA, Kluge M. Ghrelin in psychiatric disorders - A review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 52:176-94. [PMID: 25459900 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide hormone, first described in 1999 and broadly expressed in the organism. As the only known orexigenic hormone secreted in the periphery, it increases hunger and appetite, promoting food intake. Ghrelin has also been shown to be involved in various physiological processes being regulated in the central nervous system such as sleep, mood, memory and reward. Accordingly, it has been implicated in a series of psychiatric disorders, making it subject of increasing investigation, with knowledge rapidly accumulating. This review aims at providing a concise yet comprehensive overview of the role of ghrelin in psychiatric disorders. Ghrelin was consistently shown to exert neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects and alleviated psychopathology in animal models of dementia. Few human studies show a disruption of the ghrelin system in dementia. It was also shown to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of addictive disorders, promoting drug reward, enhancing drug seeking behavior and increasing craving in both animals and humans. Ghrelin's exact role in depression and anxiety is still being debated, as it was shown to both promote and alleviate depressive and anxiety-behavior in animal studies, with an overweight of evidence suggesting antidepressant effects. Not surprisingly, the ghrelin system is also implicated in eating disorders, however its exact role remains to be elucidated. Its widespread involvement has made the ghrelin system a promising target for future therapies, with encouraging findings in recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Myhre R, Kratz M, Goldberg J, Polivy J, Melhorn S, Buchwald D, Cummings DE, Schur EA. A twin study of differences in the response of plasma ghrelin to a milkshake preload in restrained eaters. Physiol Behav 2014; 129:50-6. [PMID: 24534168 PMCID: PMC4026196 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic, physiological, and psychological factors can affect food intake, but twin studies can distinguish inherited from environmental contributors. We examined the influence of attempted cognitive control of eating ("restrained eating") on levels of appetite-regulating hormones. METHODS Sixteen female, monozygotic twin pairs, discordant for Restraint Scale score (i.e., one twin a restrained eater with score>15 whereas the co-twin was unrestrained), were selected from the University of Washington Twin Registry. Serial plasma ghrelin concentrations were monitored during meals and a preload study paradigm involving intake of a milkshake followed by an ad libitum ice cream "taste test." RESULTS Body weight, body mass index, resting energy expenditure, and fasting leptin levels were very similar between restrained and unrestrained twins. In a preload study, twins ate similar amounts of ice cream shortly after drinking identical milkshakes (mean±SD; restrained 239±158 vs. unrestrained 228±132kcal; P=0.83). However, ghrelin concentrations during the preload study were significantly higher (P=0.03) in restrained twins than in their unrestrained co-twins. Regardless of restraint status, ghrelin levels prior to the preload study were prospectively and positively associated with ice cream intake (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared to their unrestrained co-twins, restrained twins had higher endogenous ghrelin levels during a preload study, but ate similar amounts. This finding is consistent with exertion of cognitive control relative to the state of physiologic appetite stimulation. Moreover, these findings in twins suggest that higher ghrelin levels result from restrained eating behavior and not from genetic predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Myhre
- Nutritional Sciences Program, University of Washington, School of Public Health, 305 Raitt Hall, Box 353410, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Mario Kratz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N. P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
| | - Jack Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Vietnam Era Twin Registry, VA Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, 1600S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
| | - Janet Polivy
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississaugua, 3359 Mississaugua Road N. Mississaugua, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Susan Melhorn
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 Ninth Ave 359780, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - David E Cummings
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St Box 356426, Seattle, WA 98195-6426, USA.
| | - Ellen A Schur
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 325 Ninth Ave 359780, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Jastreboff AM, Gaiser EC, Gu P, Sinha R. Sex differences in the association between dietary restraint, insulin resistance and obesity. Eat Behav 2014; 15:286-90. [PMID: 24854820 PMCID: PMC4032476 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Restrained food consumption may alter metabolic function and contribute to eventual weight gain; however, sex differences in these relationships have not been assessed. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between restrained eating and insulin resistance and the influence of body mass index and sex on this relationship in a large community sample of both men and women. We hypothesized that restrained eating would be related to insulin resistance and this relationship would be influenced by sex and body mass index. METHODS In this cross-sectional, observational study, we studied 487 individuals from the community (men N = 222, women N = 265), who ranged from lean (body mass index 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2), N = 173), overweight (body mass index 25-29.9 kg/m(2), N = 159) to obese (body mass index >30 kg/m(2), N = 155) weight categories. We assessed restrained eating using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire and obtained fasting morning plasma insulin and glucose on all subjects. RESULTS In men, but not in women, restrained eating was related to homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, HOMA-IR was significantly higher in men who were high- versus low-restrained eaters (p = 0.0006). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report sex differences with regard to the relationship between restrained eating and insulin resistance. Our results suggest that high restrained eating is associated with insulin resistance in men but not in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania M Jastreboff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, 333 Cedar Street, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 333 Cedar Street, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - Edward C Gaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Stress Center, 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - Peihua Gu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Stress Center, 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Stress Center, 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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Crujeiras AB, Díaz-Lagares A, Abete I, Goyenechea E, Amil M, Martínez JA, Casanueva FF. Pre-treatment circulating leptin/ghrelin ratio as a non-invasive marker to identify patients likely to regain the lost weight after an energy restriction treatment. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:119-26. [PMID: 24497210 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-013-0004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin and ghrelin appear to play a role in weight regain after a successful weight loss. The pre-treatment plasma levels of leptin/ghrelin ratio (L/G) could have power to predict this clinically relevant issue in the obesity treatment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of the L/G as a non-invasive tool for the early discrimination of obese patients who are more likely to regain weight after an energy restriction program (regainers) from those who maintain the lost weight (non-regainers). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fasting leptin and ghrelin levels were evaluated in 88 overweight/obese patients who followed an 8-week hypocaloric diet program and were categorized as regainers (≥10 % weight-lost regain) and non-regainers (<10 % weight-lost regain) 6 months (32 weeks) after finishing the dietary treatment. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was employed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the L/G ratio and to establish a cut-off point to differentiate regainers from non-regainers. RESULTS Regainers showed a statistically higher baseline (week 0) and after treatment (week 8) L/G ratio than non-regainers. The baseline L/G ratio was associated with an increased risk for weight regain (odds ratio 1.051; p = 0.008). Using the area under the ROC curve (AUC), the L/G ratio significantly identified female (AUC = 0.69; p = 0.040) and male regainers (AUC = 0.68; p = 0.030). The maximum combination of sensitivity and specificity was shown at the cut-off point of 26.0 for women and 9.5 for men. CONCLUSIONS The pre-intervention fasting leptin/ghrelin ratio could be a useful non-invasive approach to personalize obesity therapy and avoid unsuccessful treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Crujeiras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), C/Choupana, s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,
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Hill BR, Rolls BJ, Roe LS, De Souza MJ, Williams NI. Ghrelin and peptide YY increase with weight loss during a 12-month intervention to reduce dietary energy density in obese women. Peptides 2013; 49:138-44. [PMID: 24076434 PMCID: PMC4218742 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reducing dietary energy density (ED) promotes weight loss; however, underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if low-ED diets facilitate weight loss through actions on ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY), independent of influences of psychosocial measures. Seventy-one obese women (BMI 30-40 kg/m(2)) ages 22-60 years received counseling to reduce ED. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for total ghrelin and total PYY by radioimmunoassay at months 0, 3, 6, and 12. Restraint, disinhibition, and hunger were assessed by the Eating Inventory. Body weight (-7.8 ± 0.5 kg), BMI (-2.9 ± 0.2 kg/m(2)), body fat (-3.0 ± 0.3%), and ED (-0.47 ± 0.05 kcal/g or -1.97 ± 0.21 kJ/g) decreased from months 0 to 6 (p<0.05) after which no change occurred from months 6 to 12. Ghrelin increased in a curvilinear fashion (month 0: 973 ± 39, month 3: 1024 ± 37, month 6: 1109 ± 44, and month 12: 1063 ± 45 pg/ml, p<0.001) and PYY increased linearly (month 0: 74.2 ± 3.1, month 3: 76.4 ± 3.2, month 6: 77.2 ± 3.0, month 12: 82.8 ± 3.2 pg/ml, p<0.001). ED, body weight, and hunger predicted ghrelin, with ED being the strongest predictor (ghrelin = 2674.8+291.6 × ED-19.2 × BW-15 × H; p<0.05). There was a trend toward a significant association between ED and PYY (PYY = 115.0-43.1 × ED; p = 0.05). Reductions in ED may promote weight loss and weight loss maintenance by opposing increases in ghrelin and promoting increases in PYY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna R Hill
- Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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Scheid J, Birch L, Williams N, Rolls B, De Souza M. Postprandial peptide YY is lower in young college-aged women with high dietary cognitive restraint. Physiol Behav 2013; 120:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Why Disrupt Homeostasis? Reasons Given for Not Eating When Hungry and Not Stopping When Full. Holist Nurs Pract 2013; 27:239-45. [DOI: 10.1097/hnp.0b013e318294e715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bryant E, Caudwell P, Hopkins M, King N, Blundell J. Psycho-markers of weight loss. The roles of TFEQ Disinhibition and Restraint in exercise-induced weight management. Appetite 2012; 58:234-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schur EA, Kleinhans NM, Goldberg J, Buchwald DS, Polivy J, Del Parigi A, Maravilla KR. Acquired differences in brain responses among monozygotic twins discordant for restrained eating. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:560-7. [PMID: 21945867 PMCID: PMC4151510 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied whether self-reported intent to exert cognitive control over eating was associated with differences in brain response to food cues, independent of genetic background. Subjects were ten pairs of identical twins in which one twin was a restrained eater and the co-twin was unrestrained, as classified by the Herman and Polivy Restraint Scale. Before and after ingestion of a milkshake, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain response to photographs of objects, "fattening" food, and "non-fattening" food. At baseline, restrained eaters had greater activation in the left amygdala and the right thalamus in response to fattening food cues than did their unrestrained co-twins. When restrained eaters drank a milkshake, activation in response to fattening food photographs decreased across multiple brain areas, whereas activation induced by non-fattening food photographs increased. As compared to their unrestrained co-twins, restrained eaters who drank a milkshake had greater decreases in activation by fattening food images in the left amygdala and occipital lobe, and greater increases in activation by non-fattening food images in the medial orbitofrontal cortex. Because of the discordant monozygotic twin study design, the findings provide a rigorous level of support for the hypothesis that adopting an intention to restrain eating alters brain response to food cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Schur
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
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Abstract
The clinical outcomes achieved by bariatric surgery have been impressive. However, the physiologic mechanisms and complex metabolic effects of bariatric surgery are only now beginning to be understood. Ongoing research has contributed a large amount of data and shed new light on the science behind obesity and its treatment, and this article reviews the current understanding of metabolic and bariatric surgery physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan W Park
- Duke Endosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University, DUMC 3351, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA
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Ghrelin levels are associated with hunger as measured by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire in healthy young adults. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:373-7. [PMID: 21536060 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Weight gain and appetite regulation are complex interplays between internal and external cues. Our aim was to investigate the association of eating behaviors with ghrelin taking into account lifestyle. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis in a sample of first-year university students at the Université de Sherbrooke. We collected medical history, anthropometric measurements, vital signs, fitness index, and fasting blood samples. Questionnaires included a lifestyle questionnaire and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) estimating dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. We recruited 308 participants aged 20.7±3.2 years and a mean BMI of 23.3±3.4 kg/m(2). Hunger score was significantly associated with ghrelin levels (r=0.11, P<0.05). In women, this association was independent of age, BMI, dietary and lifestyle factors (P=0.02). The association between ghrelin level and hunger score was observable in leaner individuals (r=0.28, p<0.0001) but not in heavier individuals (r=-0.08, p=0.34; stratified by BMI < vs > 22.6 kg/m(2)). Restraint (R) and disinhibition (D) were not associated with ghrelin levels. The three eating behaviors demonstrated expected correlations with lifestyle supporting the validity of the TFEQ in this cohort. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ghrelin, a biological marker, is associated with self-reported perception of hunger, independently of anthropometric measures and lifestyle.
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Koç F, Tokaç M, Kocabaş V, Kaya C, Büyükbaş S, Erdem S, Karabağ T, Demir K, Alihanoğlu Y, Kaya A. Ghrelin, Resistin and Leptin Levels in
Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Crujeiras AB, Goyenechea E, Abete I, Lage M, Carreira MC, Martínez JA, Casanueva FF. Weight regain after a diet-induced loss is predicted by higher baseline leptin and lower ghrelin plasma levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:5037-44. [PMID: 20719836 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Appetite-related hormones may play an important role in weight regain after obesity therapy. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the potential involvement of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin plasma levels in weight regain after a therapeutic hypocaloric diet. DESIGN A group of obese/overweight volunteers (49 women and 55 men; 35 ± 7 yr; 30.7 ± 2.4 kg/m(2)) followed an 8-wk hypocaloric diet (-30% energy expenditure) and were evaluated again 32 wk after treatment. Body weight as well as plasma fasting ghrelin, leptin, and insulin concentrations were measured at three points (wk 0, 8, and 32). RESULTS After the 8-wk hypocaloric diet, the average weight loss was -5.0 ± 2.2% (P < 0.001). Plasma leptin and insulin concentrations decreased significantly, whereas ghrelin levels did not markedly change. In the group regaining more than 10% of the weight loss, leptin levels were higher (P < 0.01), whereas ghrelin levels were lower (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in insulin levels. Weight regain at wk 32 was negatively correlated with ghrelin and positively associated with leptin levels at baseline (wk 0) and endpoint (wk 8). These outcomes showed a gender-specific influence, being statistically significant among men for ghrelin and between women for leptin. Moreover, a decrease in ghrelin after an 8-wk hypocaloric diet was related to an increased risk for weight regain (odds ratio = 3.109; P = 0.008) whereas a greater reduction in leptin (odds ratio = 0.141; P = 0.001) was related to weight-loss maintenance. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with higher plasma leptin and lower ghrelin levels at baseline could be more prone to regain lost weight, and hormones levels could be proposed as biomarkers for predicting obesity-treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Crujeiras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigació n Sanitaria, Complejo Hospitalario de Santiago and Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Raspopow K, Abizaid A, Matheson K, Anisman H. Psychosocial stressor effects on cortisol and ghrelin in emotional and non-emotional eaters: influence of anger and shame. Horm Behav 2010; 58:677-84. [PMID: 20540943 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Food consumption in stressful situations vary as a function of individual difference factors (e.g., emotional vs. non-emotional eating), and may be related to hormonal responses elicited by the stressful event. These hormonal responses may be tied to specific emotions elicited by the stressful event. The present investigation examined the emotional and hormonal (cortisol, ghrelin) responses of high and low emotional eaters following a laboratory stressor (Trier Social Stress Test; TSST). Women (n=48) either high or low in emotional eating status were tested in a TSST or served as controls during which blood samples were taken for analysis of cortisol and ghrelin, both of which have been implicated in eating and in response to stressors. The TSST promoted elevated cortisol levels, being somewhat more pronounced in emotional than in non-emotional eaters. Both shame and anger were provoked by the TSST, and although both these emotions were correlated with cortisol levels, only anger significantly mediated the relationship between the stressor and cortisol levels. As well, baseline ghrelin levels in low emotional eaters exceeded that of high emotional eaters, and increased moderately in response to the stressor situation, irrespective of emotional eating status. Interestingly, when provided with food, ghrelin levels declined in the non-emotional eaters, but not in emotional eaters. The possibility is offered that the lack of a decline of ghrelin in emotional eaters may sustain eating in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Raspopow
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Appelhans BM. Circulating leptin moderates the effect of stress on snack intake independent of body mass. Eat Behav 2010; 11:152-5. [PMID: 20434061 PMCID: PMC2864773 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated influences of leptin on hunger and satiety, the processing of food reward, and taste and palatability perception. This pilot study tested whether leptin accounts for variability in stress-induced changes in snack intake, and explored potential mechanisms underlying this effect. Thirty-four normal weight and class I obese women were exposed to a 30-minute mental stressor and a non-stressful control task in counterbalanced order on consecutive days. Higher serum leptin concentrations predicted decreases in snack intake following the stressor relative to the control condition. Leptin was not a significant predictor of overall hunger or stress-induced changes in hunger, but was associated with greater perceived palatability of one of the four snacks. Overall, findings suggest that leptin may moderate the effect of stress on energy intake through non-homeostatic mechanisms.
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Impact of restraint and disinhibition on PYY plasma levels and subjective feelings of appetite. Appetite 2010; 55:208-13. [PMID: 20541573 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of eating behaviours on circulating levels of appetite-regulating hormones remains largely unknown. The aims of this study were to assess the role of restraint and disinhibition on fasting/postprandial peptide YY (PYY) plasma levels and subjective feelings of appetite in normal-weight individuals and to determine whether the effect was energy load dependent. 33 participants (12 men) were classified as restrained/unrestrained and low/high in disinhibition based on Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-18R and Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. The impact of restraint/disinhibition on PYY plasma levels and feelings of appetite was measured, after a 500kcal and 1000kcal breakfast, using a randomised crossover design. Restraint did not impact on either fasting or postprandial PYY plasma levels, but participants with high disinhibition had a tendency towards a blunted postprandial PYY response. Moreover, restrained eaters reported lower ratings of prospective food consumption postprandially, and a tendency towards higher fullness/lower hunger. In conclusion, circulating PYY is unaffected by restrained eating behaviour, despite being associated with increased fullness and reduced hunger in the fed state. High levels of disinhibition tend to be associated with a blunted PYY response and this may contribute towards the susceptibility to overconsumption and increased risk of weight gain characteristic of this trait.
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Abstract
As obesity rates continue to rise, it is clear that more holistic and homeostasis-friendly alternatives to dieting are needed. Dieting and restraint disrupt homeostasis and cause physical, emotional, and spiritual distress. Intuitive eating is an alternative that focuses on body's internal cues of hunger and fullness to guide how much to eat.
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Schur E, Noonan C, Polivy J, Goldberg J, Buchwald D. Genetic and environmental influences on restrained eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord 2009; 42:765-72. [PMID: 19658171 PMCID: PMC2784007 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to restrained eating. METHOD Restrained eating was assessed by the Restraint Scale in a survey mailed to all twins enrolled in the University of Washington Twin Registry. We used structural equation modeling to estimate genetic and nongenetic contributions to restrained eating. RESULTS 1,196 monozygotic (MZ), 456 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins, and 447 opposite-sex twins were included in analyses. Restraint Scale scores were more closely correlated in MZ twins (r(male) = .55, r(female) = .55) than in same-sex DZ twins (r(male) = .31, r(female) = .19). Based on structural equation modeling, the estimated heritability for restrained eating, adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and sex, was 43% (95% confidence interval 35-50%). There was little evidence for common environmental effects. DISCUSSION These results indicate an inherited component to restrained eating. Genes could influence restrained eating directly or through inherited mediators such as personality factors or tendencies to gain weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Schur
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Carolyn Noonan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Janet Polivy
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississaugua, Toronto, ON
| | - Jack Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington & Vietnam Era Twin Registry, Seattle, WA
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin decreases the secretion of LH probably by suppressing the release of hypothalamic GnRH. So far however, there is no evidence that ghrelin affects also the secretion of FSH in humans, the other gonadotrophin regulated by GnRH. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study the effect of ghrelin on secretion of FSH in humans. DESIGN/STUDY SUBJECTS: Nocturnal (20:00-07:00 h) secretion profiles of FSH were measured in 10 healthy males (25.3 +/- 3.2 years) twice, receiving 50 microg ghrelin or placebo at 22:00, 23:00, 24:00, and 01:00 h, in this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study. RESULTS Mean FSH plasma levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower with ghrelin than placebo between 01:00 and 02:20. Consistently, a significant decrease from baseline was only observed in the ghrelin but not in the placebo condition. CONCLUSION This study provides first evidence that ghrelin suppresses the secretion of FSH in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kluge
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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Effects of restrained eating behaviour on insulin sensitivity in normal-weight individuals. Physiol Behav 2009; 96:703-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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