Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal function and increases BDNF in the serum of young adult males

Brain-Derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory biomarkers are unaffected by acute and chronic intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure in geriatric patients: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Animal and human studies have shown that exposure to hypoxia can increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein transcription and reduce systematic inflammatory cytokine response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure (IHHE) prior to aerobic exercise on BDNF, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) blood levels in geriatric patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Twenty-five geriatric patients (83.1 ± 5.0 yrs, 71.1 ± 10.0 kg, 1.8 ± 0.9 m) participated in a placebo-controlled, single-blinded trial and were randomly assigned to either an intervention (IG) or control group (CG) performing an aerobic cycling training (17 sessions, 20 min·session-1, 3 sessions·week-1). Prior to aerobic cycling exercise, the IG was additionally exposed to IHHE for 30 min, whereas the CG received continuous normoxic air. Blood samples were taken immediately before (pre-exercise) and 10 min (post-exercise) after the first session as well as 48 h (post-training) after the last session to determine serum (BDNFS) and plasma BDNF (BDNFP), IL-6, and CRP levels. Intervention effects were analyzed using a 2 x 2 analysis of covariance with repeated measures. Results were interpreted based on effect sizes with a medium effect considered as meaningful (ηp2 ≥ 0.06, d ≥ 0.5).

RESULTS

CRP was moderately higher (d = 0.51) in the CG compared to the IG at baseline. IHHE had no acute effect on BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.01), BDNFP (ηp2 < 0.01), BDNF serum/plasma-ratio (ηp2 < 0.01), IL-6 (ηp2 < 0.01), or CRP (ηp2 = 0.04). After the 6-week intervention, an interaction was found for BDNF serum/plasma-ratio (ηp2 = 0.06) but not for BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.04), BDNFP (ηp2 < 0.01), IL-6 (ηp2 < 0.01), or CRP (ηp2 < 0.01). BDNF serum/plasma-ratio increased from pre-exercise to post-training (d = 0.67) in the CG compared to the IG (d = 0.51). A main effect of time was found for BDNFP (ηp2 = 0.09) but not for BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.02). Within-group post-hoc analyses revealed a training-related reduction in BDNFP in the IG and CG by 46.1% (d = 0.73) and 24.7% (d = 0.57), respectively.

CONCLUSION

The addition of 30 min IHHE prior to 20 min aerobic cycling seems not to be effective to increase BDNFS and BDNFP or to reduce IL-6 and CRP levels in geriatric patients after a 6-week intervention.The study was retrospectively registered at drks.de (DRKS-ID: DRKS00025130).

Neural underpinnings of fine motor skills under stress and anxiety: A review

This review offers a comprehensive examination of how stress and anxiety affect motor behavior, particularly focusing on fine motor skills and gait adaptability. We explore the role of several neurochemicals, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine, in modulating neural plasticity and motor control under these affective states. The review highlights the importance of developing therapeutic strategies that enhance motor performance by leveraging the interactions between key neurochemicals. Additionally, we investigate the complex interplay between emotional-cognitive states and sensorimotor behaviors, showing how stress and anxiety disrupt neural integration, leading to impairments in skilled movements and negatively impacting quality of life. Synthesizing evidence from human and rodent studies, we provide a detailed understanding of the relationships among stress, anxiety, and motor behavior. Our findings reveal neurophysiological pathways, behavioral outcomes, and potential therapeutic targets, emphasizing the intricate connections between neurobiological mechanisms, environmental factors, and motor performance.

Impact of Acute High-intensity Interval Training on Cortical Excitability, M1-related Cognitive Functions, and Myokines: A Randomized Crossover Study

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient, safe, and feasible exercise type that can be utilized across different ages and health status. This randomized cross-over study aimed to investigate the effect of acute HIIT on cortical excitability, M1-related cognitive functions, cognition-related myokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Cathepsin B (CTSB). Twenty-three sedentary young adults (mean age: 22.78 years ± 2.87; 14 female) participated in a cross-over design involving two sessions: either 23 min of HIIT or seated rest. Before and after the sessions, cortical excitability was measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation, and M1-related cognitive functions were assessed by the n-back test and mental rotation test. Serum levels of BDNF and CTSB were assessed using the ELISA method before and after the HIIT intervention. We demonstrated that HIIT improved mental rotation and working memory, and increased serum levels of BDNF and CTSB, whereas cortical excitability did not change. Our findings provide evidence that one session of HIIT is effective on M1-related cognitive functions and cognition-related myokines. Future research is warranted to determine whether such findings are transferable to different populations, such as cognitively at-risk children, adults, and older adults, and to prescribe effective exercise programs.

Acute effects of aerobic exercise on corticomotor plasticity in individuals with and without depression

BACKGROUND

Although complex in nature, the pathophysiology of depression involves reduced or impaired neuroplastic capabilities. Restoring or enhancing neuroplasticity may serve as a treatment target for developing therapies for depression. Aerobic exercise (AEx) has antidepressant benefits and may enhance neuroplasticity in depression although the latter has yet to be substantiated. Therefore, we sought to examine the acute effect of AEx on neuroplasticity in depression.

METHODS

Sixteen individuals with (DEP; 13 female; age = 28.5 ± 7.3; Montgomery-Äsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS] = 21.3 ± 5.2) and without depression (HC; 13 female; age 27.2 ± 7.5; MADRS = 0.8 ± 1.2) completed three experimental visits consisting of 15 min of low intensity AEx (LO) at 35% heart rate reserve (HRR), high intensity AEx (HI) at 70% HRR, or sitting (CON). Following AEx, excitatory paired associative stimulation (PAS25ms) was employed to probe neuroplasticity. Motor evoked potentials (MEP) were assessed via transcranial magnetic stimulation before and after PAS25ms to indicate acute changes in neuroplasticity.

RESULTS

PAS25ms primed with HI AEx led to significant increases in MEP amplitude compared to LO and CON. HI AEx elicited enhanced PAS25ms-induced neuroplasticity for up to 1-h post-PAS. There were no significant between-group differences.

CONCLUSION

HI AEx enhances PAS measured neuroplasticity in individuals with and without depression. HI AEx may have a potent influence on the brain and serve as an effective primer, or adjunct, to therapies that seek to harness neuroplasticity.

Smartphone video games improve cognitive function in patients with chronic schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial

This study aimed to examine the efficacy of video games in improving cognitive function in chronic patients with schizophrenia and to evaluate the biomarker of video games for cognitive function. The patients in the game group were requested to play single-player video games on their smartphones for 1 h per day, five times a week for 6 weeks. Those in the control group watched television for 1 h per day, five times a week for 6 weeks. Cognitive function was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT). Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Problematic Mobile Gaming Questionnaire (PMGQ), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The game group demonstrated improved RBANS total score during the trial. There were no significant group effects among all SCWT scores. The game group demonstrated greater improvement on the PANSS Negative Scale, and global function (GAF score). The PMGQ scores were lower than the cutoff score at all time points in both groups. There were no significant group differences in the PHQ-9 and GSE scores. The serum BDNF levels were significantly higher in the game group following 6 weeks of video game intervention. The BDNF serum levels of all participants were positively associated with the RBANS total scores. This preliminary study suggested that video games can improve cognitive function in schizophrenia patients. Serum BDNF levels may be a suitable biomarker for predicting an improvement in cognitive function in schizophrenia patients.Trial registration: This study was registered on March 11, 2021 (ChiCTR2100044113).Clinical trials: Smartphone video games improve cognitive function in patients with chronic schizophrenia; https://www.chictr.org.cn/hvshowproject.aspx?id=95623 ; ChiCTR2100044113.

Acute Pilates and plyometric exercise in school-based settings improve attention and mathematics performance in high school students

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of acute Pilates and plyometric exercise in a school-based setting on attention and mathematics test performance in high school students. Forty 10th-grade students (21 females and 19 males; age: [15.0 ± 0.5] years, body mass index: [21.4 ± 2.8] kg/m2) participated in this crossover and quasi-experimental study. In week 1, students were familiarized with the d2 test of attention and Pilates and plyometric exercises activities, and body composition measurements were taken. In both weeks 2 and 3, students completed the d2 test of attention and mathematics test with 20 questions following a single session of low-to-moderate-intensity exercise and a classroom-based non-exercise activity, in a non-randomized order. The exercise sessions included 30 mins of plyometric exercises for male students and Pilates exercise for female students, with intensities corresponding to 10-14 on the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale6-20. Compared to the non-exercise activity, a 30-min of Pilates and plyometric exercise resulted in significant improvements in attention score (mean difference [Δ] ​= ​54.5 score; p ​< 0.001; Cohen's effect sizes [d] ​= ​1.26) and concentration performance (Δ ​= ​20.7 score; p ​= ​0.003; d ​= ​0.51). The students scored significantly higher on the mathematics test after participating in the exercise sessions compared to the non-exercise condition (Δ% ​= ​11.7; p ​< ​0.001; d ​= ​0.76). There were no significant differences between genders (p ​> ​0.05). These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of acute light-to-moderate-intensity Pilates and plyometric exercises in school-based settings for improving attention and mathematics performance in adolescents.

Molecular insights of exercise therapy in disease prevention and treatment

Despite substantial evidence emphasizing the pleiotropic benefits of exercise for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, the underlying biological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Several exercise benefits have been attributed to signaling molecules that are released in response to exercise by different tissues such as skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose, and liver tissue. These signaling molecules, which are collectively termed exerkines, form a heterogenous group of bioactive substances, mediating inter-organ crosstalk as well as structural and functional tissue adaption. Numerous scientific endeavors have focused on identifying and characterizing new biological mediators with such properties. Additionally, some investigations have focused on the molecular targets of exerkines and the cellular signaling cascades that trigger adaption processes. A detailed understanding of the tissue-specific downstream effects of exerkines is crucial to harness the health-related benefits mediated by exercise and improve targeted exercise programs in health and disease. Herein, we review the current in vivo evidence on exerkine-induced signal transduction across multiple target tissues and highlight the preventive and therapeutic value of exerkine signaling in various diseases. By emphasizing different aspects of exerkine research, we provide a comprehensive overview of (i) the molecular underpinnings of exerkine secretion, (ii) the receptor-dependent and receptor-independent signaling cascades mediating tissue adaption, and (iii) the clinical implications of these mechanisms in disease prevention and treatment.

Orienteering combines vigorous-intensity exercise with navigation to improve human cognition and increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Exercise enhances aspects of human cognition, but its intensity may matter. Recent animal research suggests that vigorous exercise, which releases greater amounts of lactate, activates more brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and, thus, may be optimal for supporting cognitive function. The cognitive benefits of exercise may be further augmented when combined with cognitive training. The sport of orienteering simultaneously combines exercise with spatial navigation and, therefore, may result in greater cognitive benefits than exercising only, especially at vigorous intensities. The present study aimed to examine the effects of an acute bout of orienteering at different intensities on cognition and BDNF compared to exercising only. We hypothesized that vigorous-intensity orienteering would increase lactate and BDNF and improve cognition more than moderate-intensity orienteering or vigorous exercise alone. Sixty-three recreationally active, healthy young adults (Mage = 21.10±2.75 years) with no orienteering experience completed a 1.3 km intervention course by navigating and exercising at a vigorous (80-85% of heart rate reserve) or moderate (40-50% of heart rate reserve) intensity or exercising vigorously without navigation. Exercise intensity was monitored using peak lactate, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion. Serum BDNF was extracted immediately before and after the intervention. Memory was assessed using the Mnemonic Similarity Task (high-interference memory) and the Groton Maze Learning Test (spatial memory). Both exercising and orienteering at a vigorous intensity elicited greater peak lactate and increases in BDNF than moderate-intensity orienteering, and individuals with higher peak lactate also had greater increases in BDNF. High-interference memory improved after both vigorous-intensity interventions but did not improve after the moderate-intensity intervention. Spatial memory only increased after vigorous-intensity orienteering, suggesting that orienteering at a vigorous intensity may particularly benefit spatial cognition. Overall, the results demonstrate the benefits of vigorous exercise on human cognition and BDNF.

A treadmill running research protocol to assess dynamic visual acuity and balance for athletes with and without recent concussion history

Athletes interpret dynamic visual scenes quickly and accurately during physical exertion. It is important to understand how increased exertion may impact vision and cognition following sport-related concussion (SRC).Purpose To examine the effect of a treadmill running research protocol on the assessment of dynamic visual acuity (DVA) and balance for athletes with and without recent history of SRC.Methods Varsity athletes following recent SRC (CONC=12) were compared to athletes without SRC (ATHLETE=19). The DVA task presented a Tumbling 'E' target in four possible orientations during random walk (RW) or horizontal (H) motion at a speed of 30°/s. Participants performed DVA trials standing on a force plate (1000Hz) at four time points: 1) pre-exercise (PRE-EX), 2) immediately (POST1), 3) 10-minutes (POST10), and 4) 20-minutes post- exercise (POST20). Performance was calculated as a change in DVA score from PRE-EX and median response time (RT, ms). Balance control was analyzed using the root mean square of centre of pressure displacement (dCOP).Results Both groups maintained DVA scores for both motion types and exhibited immediate exercise-induced benefits on RT. Both groups had similar change in balance control strategy following treadmill exercise.Conclusion Both groups elicited similar exercise-induced benefits on DVA following exercise. A repeated measures assessment following vigorous exercise may provide meaningful insights about visual and neurocognitive functions for athletes returning to sport following concussion.

Exploring the Effect of Acute and Regular Physical Exercise on Circulating Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Individuals with Obesity: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Obesity is a major global health concern linked to cognitive impairment and neurological disorders. Circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein crucial for neuronal growth and survival, plays a vital role in brain function and plasticity. Notably, obese individuals tend to exhibit lower BDNF levels, potentially contributing to cognitive decline. Physical exercise offers health benefits, including improved circulating BDNF levels and cognitive function, but the specific impacts of acute versus regular exercise on circulating BDNF levels in obesity are unclear. Understanding this can guide interventions to enhance brain health and counter potential cognitive decline in obese individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of acute and regular physical exercise on circulating BDNF in individuals with obesity. The target population comprised individuals classified as overweight or obese, encompassing both acute and chronic protocols involving all training methods. A comprehensive search was conducted across computerized databases, including PubMed, Academic Search Complete, and Web of Science, in August 2022, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Initially, 98 studies were identified, from which 16 studies, comprising 23 trials, met the selection criteria. Substantial heterogeneity was observed for both acute (I2 = 80.4%) and long-term effects (I2 = 88.7%), but low risk of bias for the included studies. A single session of exercise increased circulating BDNF levels among obese patients compared to the control group (ES = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.19 to 2.30, p = 0.021). However, with extended periods of physical exercise, there was no significant increase in circulating BDNF levels when compared to the control group (ES = 0.49, 95% CI = -0.08 to 1.06, p = 0.089). These findings highlight the need to consider exercise duration and type when studying neurobiological responses in obesity and exercise research. The study's results have implications for exercise prescription in obesity management and highlight the need for tailored interventions to optimize neurotrophic responses. Future research should focus on elucidating the adaptive mechanisms and exploring novel strategies to enhance BDNF modulation through exercise in this population. However, further research is needed considering limitations such as the potential age-related confounding effects due to diverse participant ages, lack of sex-specific analyses, and insufficient exploration of how specific exercise parameters (e.g., duration, intensity, type) impact circulating BDNF.

Comparative impact of exercise-based interventions for postpartum depression: A Bayesian network meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The current study aimed to address and rank which exercise-based interventions are preferable to standard care/no therapy or another exercise intervention for postpartum depression (PPD) management and provide estimates for future definitive evidence.

METHODS

The authors systematically searched PubMed, Embase, the Web of Science, PsycInfo, and ClinicalTrails.gov for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on exercise-based interventions for PPD from their inception to May 9, 2023. Included were RCTs of exercise-based interventions for PPD with at least 4 weeks' duration. The pooled effects of intervention comparisons were generated by the Bayesian random-effects model, and the quality of evidence was evaluated by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations framework.

RESULTS

Twelve RCTs (1260 women; mean age, 20-35 years) comparing exercise-based interventions with usual care/no therapy were included. Exercise effectively treats depressive symptoms (standard mean difference [SMD], -0.81 [95% confidence interval (CI), -1.20 to -0.42], P < 0.001). Pram walking was significantly associated with a reduction of depressive symptoms during the postpartum period (SMD, -1.00 [95% CI, -2.60 to -0.10], P = 0.020), as well as yoga (SMD, -0.73 [95% CI, -1.84 to -0.43], P < 0.001) and supervised mixed exercise (SMD, -0.77 [95% CI, -1.67 to -0.01], P = 0.041) compared with usual care/no therapy. In indirect comparisons, pram walking (surface under the cumulative ranking curve, 58.9%) was better than yoga (SMD, -0.28 [95% CI, -1.86 to 1.22], P = 0.322) and supervised mixed exercise (SMD, -0.23 [95% CI, -1.59 to 1.12], P = 0.358). However, the difference was not statistically significant. The confidence in evidence was very low to moderate.

CONCLUSION

In women with PPD, all commonly prescribed physical exercises were effective alternative or complementary treatments. However, pram walking may perform better in improving the symptoms of PPD.

Effectiveness of biomedical interventions on the chronic stage of traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), in any form and severity, can pose risks for developing chronic symptoms that can profoundly hinder patients' work/academic, social, and personal lives. In the past 3 decades, a multitude of pharmacological, stimulation, and exercise-based interventions have been proposed to ameliorate symptoms, memory impairment, mental fatigue, and/or sleep disturbances. However, most research is preliminary, thus limited influence on clinical practice. This review aims to systematically appraise the evidence derived from randomized controlled trials (RCT) regarding the effectiveness of pharmacological, stimulation, and exercise-based interventions in treating chronic symptoms due to TBI. Our search results indicate that despite the largest volume of literature, pharmacological interventions, especially using neurostimulant medications to treat physical, cognitive, and mental fatigue, as well as daytime sleepiness, have yielded inconsistent results, such that some studies found improvements in fatigue (e.g., Modafinil, Armodafinil) while others failed to yield the improvements after the intervention. Conversely, brain stimulation techniques (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation, blue light therapy) and exercise interventions were effective in ameliorating mental health symptoms and cognition. However, given that most RCTs are equipped with small sample sizes, more high-quality, larger-scale RCTs is needed.

Association between cognitive function and skeletal muscle in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis

Background

Patients on hemodialysis have a higher burden of cognitive impairment than individuals of the same age in the general population. Studies have found a link between cognition and skeletal muscle function. However, few studies have investigated these associations and the underlying mechanisms in patients on hemodialysis.

Methods

A total of 166 patients on hemodialysis were enrolled in this longitudinal study. Cognitive function was assessed by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. Skeletal muscle indicators were evaluated using Inbody S10. Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The primary outcome was a change in the MoCA scores. A mediation analysis was performed to examine the indirect effect of skeletal muscle on cognitive decline through BDNF.

Results

Among the 166 patients, the average age was 49.9 ± 11.2 years. Of these patients with a median follow-up of 1,136 days, 133 participated in the study. We defined MoCA scores decreased by ≥2 points at 3 years from the baseline measurement as cognitive decline (CD). Compared to the cognitively unchanged group, patients with CD had significantly lower fat-free mass, soft lean mass, skeletal muscle mass, and skeletal muscle index (all P<0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, skeletal muscle indicators were protective predictors of CD. A significant increase in plasma BDNF levels was observed in the CD group. Mediation analysis suggested that BDNF played a mediating role of 20-35% between cognitive impairment and skeletal muscle.

Conclusion

Skeletal muscle is a protective predictor of CD in patients undergoing dialysis. BDNF mediates the relationship between cognitive impairment and skeletal muscle function.

Lactobacillus plantarum LLY-606 Supplementation Ameliorates the Cognitive Impairment of Natural Aging in Mice: The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota Homeostasis

This work explored the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum LLY-606 (LLY-606) on cognitive function in aging mice. Our findings demonstrated that LLY-606 effectively prolonged the lifespan of mice and improved age-related cognitive impairments. Additionally, our study revealed that supplementation with LLY-606 resulted in the downregulation of inflammatory cytokine levels and the upregulation of antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, probiotic supplementation effectively mitigated the deterioration of the intestinal barrier function in aging mice. Amplicon analysis indicated the successful colonization of probiotics, facilitating the regulation of age-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. Notably, the functional abundance prediction of microbiota indicated that tryptophan metabolism pathways, glutamatergic synapse pathways, propanoate metabolism pathways, and arginine and proline metabolism pathways were enriched after the LLY-606 intervention. In summary, LLY-606 emerged as a potential functional probiotic capable of influencing cognitive function in aging mice. This effect was achieved through the modulation of gut microbiota, the regulation of synaptic plasticity, and the enhancement of neurotrophic factor levels.

The effects of physical activity on pediatric eyes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Examining the retina represents a non-invasive method to evaluate abnormalities pertaining to the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Evidence indicates that physical activity is a non-pharmacological intervention to enhance the nervous and cardiovascular systems. However, little is unknown about its effects on ocular characteristics in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of physical activity interventions on ocular characteristics in children and adolescents.

METHOD

The electronic bases Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and ERIC were searched from inception to May 2023. Incorporated were randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental designs that had implemented acute or chronic physical activity interventions among children and adolescents to evaluate various eye-related attributes via clinical examinations or surveys. Two authors independently performed the data extraction and risk of bias assessment, utilizing the Physiotherapy Evidence Database checklist.

RESULTS

A total of 474 articles were identified, of which eight articles underwent a systematic review, and six were chosen for meta-analysis. Chronic physical activity interventions positively impacted central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) with a small to moderate effect (SMD = 0.21; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.39, p = 0.034, I2 = 0%) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) with a small effect (SMD = 0.098; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.11; p = 0.008, I2 = 0%). Intraocular pressure, kinetic visual acuity, and eye strain also improved significantly after physical activity interventions.

DISCUSSION

Participating in chronic physical activity programs appear to impact children and adolescents' eye-related attributes positively.

Early targeted heart rate exercise is safe and May hasten return-to-duty in service members with acute concussion, a preliminary study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility of an exercise tolerance assessment and intervention added to the Progressive Return to Activity Clinical Recommendations (PRA-CR) in acutely concussed service members (SMs).

METHODS

This non-randomized, pilot trial was performed at one center. SMs in the experimental group (ERG) performed the Buffalo Concussion March-in-place Test (BCMT) at every clinic visit and were prescribed at least 20 minutes/day of targeted exercise in addition to PRA-CR. Data for the control group (SCG) were extracted from the same clinic immediately prior to ERG. SMs in both groups were assessed by the same clinician to determine return-to-duty.

RESULTS

BCMT identified concussion-related exercise intolerance in 100% (n = 14) at screening visit (mean 3.4 days after injury) and in 0% (n = 7) who had recovered. No adverse effects were associated with BCMT. The estimated recovery time for ERG who performed the exercise intervention (n = 12) was 17.0 (12.8, 21.2) days and for SCG (n = 15) was 23.7 (19.9, 27.5) days (p = 0.039).

CONCLUSION

Assessment of exercise tolerance was feasible and could be incorporated into the PRA-CR. Future definitive, randomized controlled trials should be performed to assess the effectiveness of exercise reset program for SMs after concussion.

Relationship between physical activity and specific working memory indicators of depressive symptoms in university students

BACKGROUND

The detection rate of depression among university students has been increasing in recent years, becoming one of the main psychological diseases that endangers their physical and mental health. According to statistics, self-harm and suicide, for which there is no effective intervention, are the second leading causes of death.

AIM

To explore the relationship between different elements and levels of physical activity and college students' depression-symptom-specific working memory indicators.

METHODS

Of 143 college students were analyzed using the Beck Depression Self-Rating Scale, the Physical Activity Rating Scale, and the Working Memory Task.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference between college students with depressive symptoms and healthy college students in completing verbal and spatial working memory (SWM) tasks correctly (all P < 0.01). Physical Activity Scale-3 scores were significantly and positively correlated with the correct rate of the verbal working memory task (r = 0.166) and the correct rate of the SWM task (r = 0.210) (all P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the correct rates of verbal and SWM tasks according to different exercise intensities (all P < 0.05) and different exercise durations (all P < 0.05), and no significant differences in the correct rates of verbal and SWM tasks by exercise frequency (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

An increase in physical exercise among college students, particularly medium- and high-intensity exercise and exercise of 30 min or more, can improve the correct rate of completing working memory tasks.

The Effects of Polyphenol Supplementation on BDNF, Cytokines and Cognition in Trained Male Cyclists following Acute Ozone Exposure during High-Intensity Cycling

The neurotoxic effects of ozone exposure are related to neuroinflammation and increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study aimed to assess inflammation, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and cognition in healthy male cyclists following polyphenol supplementation and exercise in an ozone-polluted environment. Ten male cyclists initially completed a maximal incremental test and maximal effort 4 km time trial in ambient air. Cyclists then completed two trials in an ozone-polluted environment (0.25 ppm) following 7 days of supplementation with either polyphenol (POLY) or placebo (PL). Experimental trials consisted of a three-stage submaximal test followed by a 4 km time trial. Blood samples were drawn pre- and post-exercise, and analyzed for BDNF, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). The Stroop test and serial subtraction task were performed before ozone exposure and again after the 4 km TT. Serum BDNF increased post-exercise (p < 0.0001), and positive differences were observed post-exercise in the ozone POLY group relative to PL (p = 0.013). Plasma IL-6 increased post-exercise (p = 0.0015), and TNF-α increased post-ozone exposure (p = 0.0018). There were no differences in Stroop or serial subtraction tasks pre- or post-exercise. Exercise increases BDNF in ozone.

Effects of Exercise on Urinary AD7c-NTP (Alzheimer-Associated Neuronal Thread Protein) Levels and Cognitive Function Among Active Korean Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

Alzheimer-associated neuronal thread protein (AD7c-NTP) has been demonstrated to have high diagnostic accuracy in differentiating Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients from healthy individuals. However, it is yet unclear whether exercise can lower the level of AD7c-NTP in urine among active Korean elderly.

Objective

To assess the effect of exercise on AD7c-ntp levels in urine and cognitive function among active Korean elderly.

Methods

In total, 40 Korean elderly (≥65 years) were divided into Active Control group (CG, n = 10), Aerobic exercise group (AG, n = 18), and combined Resistance/Aerobic exercise group (RAG, n = 12). A total of 12 weeks of exercise intervention was implemented. At week 0 and 12, cognitive performance (Korean Mini-Mental State Examination, Korean-Color Word Stroop test), grip strength, and body composition (muscle mass and body fat percentage) were measured. Also, a morning urine sample was obtained from each subject. The level of AD7c-NTP was measured using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

After 12 weeks of exercise intervention, there was a significant difference of AD7c-NTP levels between RAG and CG (p = 0.026), AG and CG (p = 0.032), respectively. Furthermore, the AD7c-NTP levels in urine showed negative correlation with K-MMSE scores (r = -0.390, p = 0.013) and grip strength (r = -0.376, p = 0.017), among all participants after exercise intervention.

Conclusions

This is the first study to investigate urine biomarker through exercise intervention. In future stuides, participants who have low cognitive function and low activity levels need to be recruited to observe more significant 'Exercise' effect.

Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training on peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as an alternative training method to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, a crucial molecule involved in plastic brain changes. Its effect compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) is controversial. We aimed to estimate, and to comparatively evaluate, the acute and chronic effects on peripheral BDNF levels after a HIIT, MICT intervention or a control condition in adults.

METHODS

The CINAHL, Cochrane, PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to June 30, 2023. A network meta-analysis was performed to assess the acute and chronic effects of HIIT versus control condition, HIIT versus MICT and MICT versus control condition on BDNF levels. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for RCTs using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

A total of 22 RCTs were selected for the systematic review, with 656 participants (aged 20.4-79 years, 34.0% females) and 20 were selected for the network meta-analysis. Network SMD estimates were significant for HIIT versus control condition (1.49, 95% CI: 0.61, 2.38) and MICT versus control condition (1.08, 95% CI: 0.04, 2.12) for acutely BDNF increase. However, pairwise comparisons only resulted in a significant effect for HIIT versus control condition.

CONCLUSIONS

HIIT is the best training modality for acutely increasing peripheral BDNF levels in adults. HIIT may effectively increase BDNF levels in the long term.

Irisin/BDNF signaling in the muscle-brain axis and circadian system: A review

In mammals, the timing of physiological, biochemical and behavioral processes over a 24-h period is controlled by circadian rhythms. To entrain the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus to a precise 24-h rhythm, environmental zeitgebers are used by the circadian system. This is done primarily by signals from the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract, but other cues like exercise, feeding, temperature, anxiety, and social events have also been shown to act as non-photic zeitgebers. The recently identified myokine irisin is proposed to serve as an entraining non-photic signal of exercise. Irisin is a product of cleavage and modification from its precursor membrane fibronectin type Ⅲ domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in response to exercise. Apart from well-known peripheral effects, such as inducing the "browning" of white adipocytes, irisin can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and display the effects on the brain. Experimental data suggest that FNDC5/irisin mediates the positive effects of physical activity on brain functions. In several brain areas, irisin induces the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In the master clock, a significant role in gating photic stimuli in the retinohypothalamic synapse for BDNF is suggested. However, the brain receptor for irisin remains unknown. In the current review, the interactions of physical activity and the irisin/BDNF axis with the circadian system are reconceptualized.

Essential amino acid supplements ingestion has a positive effect on executive function after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise

Aerobic exercise acutely improves cognitive function (e.g., executive function (EF); memory recognition (MR)) and increases circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In addition, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) ingestion acutely shortens the choice reaction time and increases brain BDNF. We examined whether the ingestion of essential amino acid (EAA) supplements (mainly composed of BCAA) would positively impact on cognitive function and circulating BDNF after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Twenty-two healthy young men received either an EAA supplements or the placebo (PL) 30 min before undergoing aerobic exercise. The participants performed a cycling exercise at 60% of peak oxygen uptake for 30 min. EF after aerobic exercise was better after the EAA treatment than after the PL treatment (P = 0.02). MR (P = 0.38 for response accuracy; P = 0.15 for reaction time) and circulating BDNF (P = 0.59) were not altered by EAA supplements. EF improvement was correlated with increases in some amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, phenylalanine; all Ps < 0.05) that are potential substrates for synthesizing neurotransmitters in the brain. These results suggest that EAA supplements ingestion had a positive effect on EF after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, while MR and BDNF were not altered.

The lactate response to a second bout of exercise is not reduced in a concurrent lower-limb exercise program

We aimed to evaluate the blood lactate level in response to two bouts of exercise. First, we hypothesized that blood lactate elevation in response to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIAE) would be lower at the end of the second bout of MIAE than the first bout of MIAE. In this context, we also hypothesized that lactate accumulation at the end of resistance exercise (RE) would be reduced if MIAE is performed before RE (i.e., concurrent exercise; CE). If so, we hypothesized that the order of the CE (i.e., RE + MIAE vs. MIAE + RE) influences blood lactate kinetics. To test the hypotheses, forty-three healthy men participated in three studies. In study 1, 20 men (age 21 ± 2 years) performed two bouts of a 20-min MIAE separated by a 20-min rest interval. In study 2, 11 men (age 22 ± 1 years) performed RE only and CE (MIAE + RE; ARCE) with a 20-min rest interval in a crossover design. In study 3, 12 men (age 21 ± 2 years) performed both CEs, which were ARCE and RE + MIAE (RACE), with a 20-min rest interval in a crossover design. We measured blood lactate before and at the end of each exercise session. In study 1, the blood lactate response to the second bout of MIAE was lower than that of the first bout (P < 0.001, r = 0.68). However, the blood lactate response to the ARCE trial was not lower than the response to the RE trial in study 2 (P = 0.475, r = 0.22). The results of study 3 showed that the RACE and ARCE trials induced a similar lactate response (MIAE P = 0.423, r = 0.28; RE P = 0.766, d = 0.03). These observations indicate that whereas lactate accumulation might be diminished by a second bout of MIAE, a different type of exercise (i.e., aerobic/resistance) did not result in a diminished lactate accumulation in response to a second bout of exercise.

Physical Exercise and Serum BDNF Levels: Accounting for the Val66Met Polymorphism in Older Adults

BACKGROUND

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, which can be measured in blood serum, has been found to increase with aerobic exercise. The link between BDNF level, physical exercise, and genetic status (Val66Met polymorphism) has not been well researched in older adults.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the possible link between BDNF expression, acute aerobic exercise, and the Val66Met polymorphism in older adults.

METHOD

Twenty-three healthy older adults participated in one session of acute aerobic exercise. Their serum BDNF levels were measured both at baseline and post exercise. Saliva samples were collected to identify each individual's genetic status.

RESULTS

At baseline, the individuals' mean serum BDNF level was 16.03 ng/mL (Val66Val = 15.89 ng/mL; Val66Met = 16.34 ng/mL); post exercise, the individuals' mean serum BDNF level was 16.81 ng/mL (Val66Val = 16.14 ng/mL; Val66Met = 18.34 ng/mL).

CONCLUSION

One session of acute aerobic exercise significantly increased the individuals' mean serum BDNF level. Males had higher BDNF levels than females. There was a significant interaction between gender and BDNF expression post exercise and a significant between-group effect of gender. The Val66Met carriers had a more positive response to the acute aerobic exercise compared with the Val66Val carriers, although without a significant difference between the two groups.

Does Physiologic Post-Concussion Disorder Cause Persistent Post-Traumatic Headache?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

One system classifies patients with symptoms after concussion into physiologic, vestibulo-ocular, cervicogenic, and mood/cognition post-concussion disorders (PCD) based upon the preponderance of specific symptoms and physical impairments. This review discusses physiologic PCD and its potential relationship to the development of persistent post-traumatic headaches (PPTH).

RECENT FINDINGS

Headache is the most reported symptom after a concussion. Headaches in physiologic PCD are suspected to be due to abnormal cellular metabolism, subclinical neuroinflammation, and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). These abnormalities have been linked to the development of migraine-like and neuralgia-related PPTH. Physiologic PCD is a potential cause of PPTH after a concussion. Future research should focus on how to prevent PPTH in patients with physiologic PCD.

Relevance of the anterior cingulate cortex volume and personality in motivated physical activity behaviors

Some recent theories about the origins and maintenance of regular physical activity focus on the rewards of the properties of practicing this activity. Animal and human studies have demonstrated that mesolimbic dopamine plays a crucial role in the involvement in voluntary physical activity. Here, we test this possible role in a sample of 66 right-handed healthy young adults by studying the influence of personality and the volume of reward-related brain areas on individual differences in voluntary physical activity, objectively measured by accelerometer and subjectively self-reported by questionnaire. Our results show that a smaller volume of the right anterior cingulate cortex and lower scores on reward sensitivity contributed to explaining low levels of daily physical activity. Moreover, the volume of the right anterior cingulate cortex correlates positively with self-reported total physical activity. Results are discussed by highlighting the need to use objective measures of daily physical activity, as well as the important role of the anterior cingulate cortex and personality in promoting effortful and invigorating actions to obtain rewards.

The Association of Physical Activity with Glaucoma and Related Traits in the UK Biobank

PURPOSE

To examine the association of physical activity (PA) with glaucoma and related traits, to assess whether genetic predisposition to glaucoma modified these associations, and to probe causal relationships using Mendelian randomization (MR).

DESIGN

Cross-sectional observational and gene-environment interaction analyses in the UK Biobank. Two-sample MR experiments using summary statistics from large genetic consortia.

PARTICIPANTS

UK Biobank participants with data on self-reported or accelerometer-derived PA and intraocular pressure (IOP; n = 94 206 and n = 27 777, respectively), macular inner retinal OCT measurements (n = 36 274 and n = 9991, respectively), and glaucoma status (n = 86 803 and n = 23 556, respectively).

METHODS

We evaluated multivariable-adjusted associations of self-reported (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and accelerometer-derived PA with IOP and macular inner retinal OCT parameters using linear regression and with glaucoma status using logistic regression. For all outcomes, we examined gene-PA interactions using a polygenic risk score (PRS) that combined the effects of 2673 genetic variants associated with glaucoma.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Intraocular pressure, macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness, and glaucoma status.

RESULTS

In multivariable-adjusted regression models, we found no association of PA level or time spent in PA with glaucoma status. Higher overall levels and greater time spent in higher levels of both self-reported and accelerometer-derived PA were associated positively with thicker mGCIPL (P < 0.001 for trend for each). Compared with the lowest quartile of PA, participants in the highest quartiles of accelerometer-derived moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA showed a thicker mGCIPL by +0.57 μm (P < 0.001) and +0.42 μm (P = 0.005). No association was found with mRNFL thickness. High overall level of self-reported PA was associated with a modestly higher IOP of +0.08 mmHg (P = 0.01), but this was not replicated in the accelerometry data. No associations were modified by a glaucoma PRS, and MR analyses did not support a causal relationship between PA and any glaucoma-related outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher overall PA level and greater time spent in moderate and vigorous PA were not associated with glaucoma status but were associated with thicker mGCIPL. Associations with IOP were modest and inconsistent. Despite the well-documented acute reduction in IOP after PA, we found no evidence that high levels of habitual PA are associated with glaucoma status or IOP in the general population.

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S)

Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Immediate and short-term effects of single-task and motor-cognitive dual-task on executive function

OBJECTIVES

Executive function plays an important role in our daily life and can be affected by both single task (acute aerobic exercise or cognitive training) and dual-task (acute motor-cognitive training) interventions. Here we explored the immediate and short-term effect on executive function to texted whether dual-task interventions are more effective at promoting executive function.

METHODS

Forty-six young men were recruited (mean age: 20.65 years) and assigned randomly to aerobic exercise (n = 15), cognitive training (n = 15), or dual-task (n = 16) groups. Executive functions were assessed before, immediately after, and 30 min after intervention using Go/No-go, 2-back, and More-Odd-Shifting tests.

RESULTS

Working memory function improved after all three interventions (significant Time effect, F(2,86) = 7.05, p = 0.001). Performance on the 2-back test was significantly better immediately after dual-task intervention (p = 0.038) and the response time was shorter (p = 0.023). Performance on the More-Odd-Shifting test improved over time (significant Time effect, F(2,86) = 30.698, p = 0.01), both immediately after the dual-task intervention (p = 0.015), and 30 min later (p = 0.001). Shifting-test performance was also better immediately after (p = 0.005) and 30 min after (p < 0.001) aerobic exercise.

CONCLUSION

Executive function was enhanced by single-task (acute aerobic exercise or cognitive training) and dual-task interventions. The effect continued for 30 min after both the single-task aerobic exercise and the dual-task intervention. For short-term intervention, the dual-task was not more effective than either of the single tasks.

Implications of Physical Exercise on Episodic Memory and Anxiety: The Role of the Serotonergic System

There is a growing interest in investigating the effects of physical exercise on cognitive performance, particularly episodic memory. Similarly, an increasing number of studies in recent decades have studied the effects of physical activity on mood and anxiety disorders. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness of the importance of regular physical activity for both mental and physical health. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that the serotonergic system may play a key role in mediating the effects of physical exercise on episodic memory and anxiety. In this review, we discuss the impact of physical exercise on both episodic memory and anxiety in human and animal models. In addition, we explore the accumulating evidence that supports a role for the serotonergic system in the effects of physical exercise on episodic memory and anxiety.

Effects of acute moderate-intensity exercise on executive function in children with preterm birth: A randomized crossover study

BACKGROUND

Acute exercise appears to promote executive function (EF) in children. However, the effect of acute exercise on EF in children with preterm birth (PB) remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether acute moderate-intensity exercise improves EF in children with PB.

METHODS

Twenty child participants with PB (age = 10.95 ± 1.19 years, birth age = 31.71 ± 3.64 weeks) completed exercise and control sessions in a randomized crossover design. In the exercise session, participants completed a 30-minute period of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. In the control session, participants watched a video for appropriately 30 min. Following each session immediately, inhibitory control, an aspect of EF, was assessed with the Numerical Stroop task.

RESULTS

Response time (RT) for the Stroop's incongruent condition was shorter after the exercise session than after the control session. However, no differences were observed in RT for the congruent condition. Accuracy rate (ACC) in both congruent and incongruent conditions did not differ between exercise and control session.

CONCLUSION

The findings support the beneficial effect of acute exercise on executive function (EF) in children with PB, particularly in terms of improving inhibitory control.

Association between exercise habit changes and incident dementia after ischemic stroke

We aimed to investigate the effects of exercise habit changes on the risk of incident dementia after ischemic stroke using the Korean National Health Insurance Services Database. This study included 223,426 patients with a new diagnosis of ischemic stroke between 2010 and 2016 who underwent two serial ambulatory health checkups. The participants were divided into four categories according to their habit change or regular exercise: persistent non-exercisers, new exercisers, exercise dropouts, and exercise maintainers. The primary outcome was new diagnosis of dementia. Multivariate Cox proportional models were used to assess the effects of changes in exercise habits on the risk of incident dementia. After a median of 4.02 years of follow-up, 22,554 (10.09%) dementia cases were observed. After adjusting for covariates, exercise dropouts, new exercisers, and exercise maintainers were significantly associated with a lower risk of incident dementia than persistent non-exercisers (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.937; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.905-0.970, aHR 0.876; 95% CI 0.843-0.909, aHR 0.705; 95% CI 0.677-0.734, respectively). The impact of changes in exercise habit was more prominent in the 40-65 years age group. An energy expenditure ≥ 1000 metabolic equivalents of task-min/wk post-stroke, regardless of pre-stroke physical activity status, was mostly associated with a lower risk of each outcome. In this retrospective cohort study, initiating or continuing moderate-to-vigorous exercise after ischemic stroke was associated with a lower risk of dementia development. Further, pre-stroke regular physical activity also reduced the risk of incident dementia. The promotion of exercise in ambulatory stroke patients may reduce their future risk of incident dementia.

Effects of exercise on cognitive functioning in adults with serious mental illness: A meta analytic review

Cognitive performance is usually impaired in those with serious mental illness (SMI). Exercise may improve cognitive functioning, but studies examining the effects of exercise in SMI indicate heterogenous findings. To estimate the effects of exercise on cognitive outcomes in people with SMI. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the acute or chronic effects of exercise on cognitive functioning in SMI were searched from inception to December 26th, 2022 on major electronic databases. Random effect meta-analyses were conducted to assess the effects of exercise on over the cognitive domains and Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as the effect size measure. Funnel plots and Egger's test of effect size and the Trim and Fill procedure applied if evidence of publication bias was noted. Methodological quality was assessed using RoB 2. A total of 15 chronic (1 acute), 936 participants (46.7% women). Exercise showed large effects on reasoning and problem solving; small effects on executive functioning. Per diagnosis, exercise showed moderate positive effects on executive functioning and large effects on processing speed in people with depression; large effects on reasoning and problem solving in people with schizophrenia. The present study indicates a large beneficial effect of chronic physical exercise on reasoning and problem solving and small effects on executive functioning in people with SMI.

The Role of Physical Exercise in Opioid Substitution Therapy: Mechanisms of Sequential Effects

It is generally accepted that chronic opioid use is associated with structural and functional changes in the human brain that lead to an enhancement of impulsive behavior for immediate satisfaction. Interestingly, in recent years, physical exercise interventions have been used as an adjunctive treatment for patients with opioid use disorders (OUDs). Indeed, exercise has positive effects on both the biological and psychosocial basis of addiction, modifying neural circuits such as the reward, inhibition, and stress systems, and thus causing behavioral changes. This review focuses on the possible mechanisms that contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on the treatment of OUDs, with emphasis placed on the description of a sequential consolidation of these mechanisms. Exercise is thought to act initially as a factor of internal activation and self-regulation and eventually as a factor of commitment. This approach suggests a sequential (temporal) consolidation of the functions of exercise in favor of gradual disengagement from addiction. Particularly, the sequence in which the exercise-induced mechanisms are consolidated follows the pattern of internal activation-self-regulation-commitment, eventually resulting in stimulation of the endocannabinoid and endogenous opioid systems. Additionally, this is accompanied by modification of molecular and behavioral aspects of opioid addiction. Overall, the neurobiological actions of exercise in combination with certain psychological mechanisms appear to promote its beneficial effects. Given the positive effects of exercise on both physical and mental health, exercise prescription is recommended as a complement to conventional therapy for patients on opioid maintenance treatment.

Exercise-Induced Elevated BDNF Concentration Seems to Prevent Cognitive Impairment after Acute Exposure to Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia among Young Men

Memory impairment, reduced learning ability, decreased concentration, and psychomotor performance can be all signs of deleterious impact of hypoxia on cognitive functioning. In turn, physical exercise can improve performance and enhance cognitive functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the potential positive effects of exercise performed under normobaric hypoxia can counteract the negative effects of hypoxia on cognitive function, and whether these changes correlate with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations. Seventeen healthy subjects participated in a crossover study where they performed two sessions of single breathing bouts combined with moderate intensity exercise under two conditions: normoxia (NOR EX) and normobaric hypoxia (NH EX). To assess cognitive function, Stroop test was applied. There were no significant differences in any part of the Stroop interference test regardless of the conditions (NOR, NH), despite a statistical decrease in SpO2 (p < 0.0001) under normobaric hypoxic conditions. In addition, a statistical increase (p < 0.0001) in BDNF concentration was observed after both conditions. Acute exercise under normobaric hypoxia did not impair cognitive function despite a significant decrease in SpO2. Exercise in such conditions may offset the negative effects of hypoxia alone on cognitive function. This may be related to the significant increase in BDNF concentration and, as a consequence, positively affect the executive functions.

Exercise modulates APOE expression in brain cortex of female APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement mice

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the main cholesterol carrier of the brain and the ε4 gene variant (APOE4) is the most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk up to 15-fold. Several studies indicate that APOE4 modulates critical factors for neuronal function, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). Both proteins show exercise-induced upregulation, which is presumed to mediate many of the beneficial effects of physical activity including improved cognition; however, there is variability in results between individuals potentially in-part due to genetic variations including APOE isoform. This study aimed to determine if the two most prevalent human APOE isoforms influence adaptive responses to exercise-training. Targeted replacement mice, homozygous for either APOE3 or APOE4 were randomized into exercised and sedentary groups. Baseline locomotor function and voluntary wheel-running behavior was reduced in APOE4 mice. Exercised groups were subjected to daily treadmill running for 8 weeks. ApoE protein in brain cortex was significantly increased by exercise in both genotypes. PGC-1α mRNA levels in brain cortex were significantly lower in APOE4 mice, and only tended to increase with exercise in both genotypes. Hippocampal BDNF protein were similar between genotypes and was not significantly modulated by treadmill running. Behavioral and biochemical variations between APOE3 and APOE4 mice likely contribute to the differential risk for neurological and vascular diseases and the exercise-induced increase in ApoE levels suggests an added feature of the potential efficacy of physical activity as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for neurogenerative processes in both genotypes.

White matter lesion load determines exercise-induced dopaminergic plasticity and working memory gains in aging

Age-related dopamine reductions have been suggested to contribute to maladaptive working memory (WM) function in older ages. One promising intervention approach is to increase physical activity, as this has been associated with plasticity of the striatal dopamine system and WM improvements, however with individual differences in efficacy. The present work focused on the impact of individual differences in white-matter lesion burden upon dopamine D2-like receptor (DRD2) availability and WM changes in response to a 6 months physical activity intervention. While the intervention altered striatal DRD2 availability and WM performance in individuals with no or only mild lesions (p < 0.05), no such effects were found in individuals with moderate-to-severe lesion severity (p > 0.05). Follow-up analyses revealed a similar pattern for processing speed, but not for episodic memory performance. Linear analyses further revealed that lesion volume (ml) at baseline was associated with reduced DRD2 availability (r = -0.41, p < 0.05), and level of DRD2 change (r = 0.40, p < 0.05). Taken together, this study underlines the necessity to consider cerebrovascular health in interventions with neurocognitive targets. Future work should assess whether these findings extend beyond measures of DRD2 availability and WM.

Orienteering experts report more proficient spatial processing and memory across adulthood

The closest surrogate to hunter-gather activity is the sport of orienteering, which naturally and simultaneously combines high-intensity interval exercise with navigation. Although human cognition can be improved across the lifespan through exercise and cognitive training, interventions like orienteering may be especially effective because they resemble activities engaged in by prehistoric humans during evolution. The present study tested whether orienteering experts have better hippocampal-dependent cognitive function than active, non-orienteering controls. One-hundred and fifty-eight healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 87 years old with varying experience in orienteering (none, intermediate, advanced, elite) reported on their spatial processing, spatial memory and episodic memory using the Navigational Strategy Questionnaire and the Survey of Autobiographical Memory. Orienteering experts reported greater use of allocentric and egocentric spatial processing and better spatial memory than controls. In contrast, episodic memory was not associated with orienteering expertise. Notably, the significant effects of orienteering on spatial cognition remained even after controlling for age, sex, and physical activity, suggesting that orienteering may be an effective intervention to prevent age-related cognitive decline in spatial navigation and memory.

The effectiveness of heat preparation and alleviation strategies for cognitive performance: A systematic review

A range of occupational and performance contexts (e.g. military personnel operations, emergency services, sport) require the critical maintenance of cognitive performance in environmentally challenging environments. Several reviews exist which evaluate the effectiveness of heat preparation strategies to facilitate physical performance. To date, no review has explored the usefulness of heat preparation strategies for cognitive performance. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate a range of interventions for the maintenance of cognitive performance, during or following active or passive heat exposure. Studies to be included were assessed by two authors reviewing title, abstract, and full-text. Forty articles were identified which met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorised into chronic (i.e. acclimation/acclimatisation) and acute strategies (i.e. hydration, cooling, supplementation, psychological). The results indicate that medium-term consecutive heat acclimation may mitigate some cognitive deficits under heat stress, although heat acclimation effectiveness could be influenced by age. Further, pre-cooling appears the most effective cooling method for maintaining cognitive performance under heat stress, although results were somewhat ambiguous. The hydration literature showed that the most effective hydration strategies were those which individualised electrolyte fortified fluid volumes to match for sweat loss. Limited research exploring psychological interventions indicates that motivational self-talk could be facilitative for maintaining cognitive skills following exercise in hot conditions. These findings can be used to help inform strategies for maintaining critical cognitive and decision-making skills in hot environments.

Exercise improves depression through positive modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A review based on 100 manuscripts over 20 years

The aim of this review was to explore the relevant neurobiology and the association between peripheral levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and acute and short to long-term exercise regimes, as well as its relation to depression and antidepressant treatment. A 20-year literature search was conducted. The screening process resulted in 100 manuscripts. Antidepressants as well as acute exercise, particularly high-intensity, elevates BDNF in healthy humans and clinical populations, as evidenced from aerobic and resistance-based studies. Although exercise is increasingly recognised in the management of depression, acute and short-term exercise studies have failed to establish a relationship between the severity of depression and changes in peripheral BDNF. The latter rapidly returns to baseline, possibly indicating a quick re-uptake by the brain, aiding its neuroplasticity functions. The timescale of administration needed for the antidepressants to stimulate biochemical changes is longer than similar increases with acute exercise.

Potential therapeutic strategies for photoreceptor degeneration: the path to restore vision

Photoreceptors (PRs), as the most abundant and light-sensing cells of the neuroretina, are responsible for converting light into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. PR degeneration, including morphological and functional impairment of these cells, causes significant diminution of the retina's ability to detect light, with consequent loss of vision. Recent findings in ocular regenerative medicine have opened promising avenues to apply neuroprotective therapy, gene therapy, cell replacement therapy, and visual prostheses to the challenge of restoring vision. However, successful visual restoration in the clinical setting requires application of these therapeutic approaches at the appropriate stage of the retinal degeneration. In this review, firstly, we discuss the mechanisms of PR degeneration by focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying cell death. Subsequently, innovations, recent developments, and promising treatments based on the stage of disorder progression are further explored. Then, the challenges to be addressed before implementation of these therapies in clinical practice are considered. Finally, potential solutions to overcome the current limitations of this growing research area are suggested. Overall, the majority of current treatment modalities are still at an early stage of development and require extensive additional studies, both pre-clinical and clinical, before full restoration of visual function in PR degeneration diseases can be realized.

Effects of hemp seed alone and combined with aerobic exercise on metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors in young sedentary men

Hemp seed and physical activity (PA) have many benefits for the metabolic and brain health of the body. This study investigated the effects of hemp seed alone and aerobic exercise on metabolic markers, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors in young sedentary men. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 48 sedentary young men in Tabriz, Iran, from April to August. The researcher in this study randomized all participants into four groups, including (1) hemp seed, (2) hemp seed + PA, (3) PA + placebo, and (4) placebo. Hemp seed supplement was administered in two 1-g capsules daily, and aerobic PA was performed a week thrice. Levels of anthropometric indices, dietary intake, antioxidant markers, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neuropeptide Y (NPY), balance, reaction time, and sit-ups were evaluated for all participants at baseline and post-intervention. We used ANOVA and ANCOVA analysis to compare oxidative stress and neurotropic factors in all intervention groups. If the distribution of the response variable was not normal, the non-parametric equivalent of these tests was used (Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests). We performed all statistical analyzes using SPSS software version 23, and the significance level was considered 0.05 in all the statistical tests. Aerobic PA with hemp seed consumption caused a significant difference in weight, body mass index, fat mass, high-density lipoprotein, catalase, and BDNF compared with baseline. Also, aerobic PA alone caused significant changes in body weight, fat mass, and triglyceride compared with baseline. Consumption of hemp seeds alone caused a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein levels compared with baseline. At the end of the study, fat mass, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and BDNF were significantly different between the groups. According to our results, aerobic PA combined with hemp seed consumption may improve anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and BDNF and improve health outcomes like cardiovascular comorbidities, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: A sedentary lifestyle has numerous health-threatening consequences like cardiovascular comorbidities, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. The importance of physical activity (PA) in improving these clinical manifestations is well-known; however, the potential benefits of herbal therapy combined with PA in reducing the side effects of a sedentary lifestyle have not been well studied. In the current research, we evaluated the benefits of hemp seed alone and combined with aerobic exercise on metabolic markers, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors in young sedentary men for the first time. According to our results, aerobic PA combined with hemp seed consumption improved anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor among young sedentary men.

Exercise increases information content and affects long-term stability of hippocampal place codes

Physical exercise is known to augment brain functioning, improving memory and cognition. However, while some of the physiological effects of physical activity on the brain are known, little is known about its effects on the neural code. Using calcium imaging in freely behaving mice, we study how voluntary exercise affects the quality and long-term stability of hippocampal place codes. We find that running accelerates the emergence of a more informative spatial code in novel environments and increases code stability over days and weeks. Paradoxically, although runners demonstrated an overall more stable place code than their sedentary peers, their place code changed faster when controlling for code quality level. A model-based simulation shows that the combination of improved code quality and faster representational drift in runners, but neither of these effects alone, could account for our results. Thus, exercise may enhance hippocampal function via a more informative and dynamic place code.

Alzheimer's disease genes and proteins associated with resistance and aerobic training: An in silico analysis

BACKGROUND

Exercise appears to be a viable intervention for maintaining cognitive function and regaining functional autonomy, and perhaps even contributing to a slower progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD).

OBJECTIVE

To explore different neuroplasticity pathways modulated by aerobic and strength training, determine whether signaling pathways overlapped for each specific training method (aerobic and strength training), and evaluate whether there is a functional relationship between APOE and APP gene expression with aerobic training modulated by BDNF; and strength training modulated by IGF-1.

METHODS

An in silico analysis was performed to analyze the connection between exercise types and neuroplasticity as a protective factor in AD. The platform provides a protein-protein interaction network translated into known and predicted interactions. A score > 0.70 was determined as high confidence and the network was considered significant when the Protein-Protein Interaction Enrichment was <0.01.

RESULTS

Multiple functional associations considered significant between the analyzed proteins. The results of our gene network model support that exercise, both aerobic and strength, can modulate genes that affect hippocampal neuroplasticity and neurogenesis, which may delay cognitive decline and Alzheimer's related symptoms.

CONCLUSION

The investigation about the functional association of aerobic training via BDNF in the modulation of APP, APOE, and MAPT genes in the hippocampus seems to be established, while strength training seems to induce the production of IGF-1 and IGF-1R, modulating AKT1.

The effects of acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive performance: A structured narrative review

It is well established that acute moderate-intensity exercise improves cognitive performance. However, the effects of acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive performance have not been well characterized. In this review, we summarize the literature investigating the exercise-cognition interaction, especially focusing on high-intensity aerobic exercise. We discuss methodological and physiological factors that potentially mediate cognitive performance in response to high-intensity exercise. We propose that the effects of high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance are primarily affected by the timing of cognitive task (during vs. after exercise, and the time delay after exercise). In particular, cognitive performance is more likely to be impaired during high-intensity exercise when both cognitive and physiological demands are high and completed simultaneously (i.e., the dual-task paradigm). The effects may also be affected by the type of cognitive task, physical fitness, exercise mode/duration, and age. Second, we suggest that interactions between changes in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygenation, cerebral metabolism, neuromodulation by neurotransmitters/neurotrophic factors, and a variety of psychological factors are promising candidates that determine cognitive performance in response to acute high-intensity exercise. The present review has implications for recreational, sporting, and occupational activities where high cognitive and physiological demands are required to be completed concurrently.

Acute effects of two different work-to-rest ratio of high-intensity interval training on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in untrained young men

Background: Aerobic exercise could produce a positive effect on the brain by releasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In untrained healthy humans there seems to be a linear correlation between exercise duration and the positive effect of acute aerobic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Therefore, we performed two different duration of high-intensity interval training protocols (HIIT), both known to improve cardiovascular fitness, to determine whether then have a similar efficacy in affecting brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels.

Methods: 12 untrained young males (aged 23.7 ± 1.8 years), participated in a randomized controlled cross-over trial. They underwent two different work-to-rest ratio high-intensity interval training protocols: high-intensity interval training 1 (30 min, 15 intervals of 1 min efforts at 85%–90% VO2max with 1 min of active recovery at 50%–60% VO2max) and HIIT2 (30 min, 10 intervals of 2 min efforts at 85%–90% VO2max with 1 min of active recovery at 50%–60% VO2max). Serum cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor were collected at baseline, immediately following intervention, and 30 min into recovery for measurements using a Sandwich ELISA method, blood lactate was measured by using a portable lactate analyzer.

Results: Our results showed that the similar serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor change in both high-intensity interval training protocols, with maximal serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels being reached toward the end of intervention. There was no significant change in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor from baseline after 30 min recovery. We then showed that both high-intensity interval training protocols significantly increase blood lactate and serum cortisol compared with baseline value (high-intensity interval training p &lt; 0.01; high-intensity interval training 2 p &lt; 0.01), with high-intensity interval training 2 reaching higher blood lactate levels than high-intensity interval training 1 (p = 0.027), but no difference was observed in serum cortisol between both protocols. Moreover, changes in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor did corelate with change in blood lactate (high-intensity interval training 1 r = 0.577, p &lt; 0.05; high-intensity interval training 2 r = 0.635, p &lt; 0.05), but did not correlate with the change in serum cortisol.

Conclusions: brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in untrained young men are significantly increased in response to different work-to-rest ratio of high-intensity interval training protocols, and the magnitude of increase is exercise duration independent. Moreover, the higher blood lactate did not raise circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Therefore, given that prolonged exercise causes higher levels of cortisol. We suggest that the 1:1work-to-rest ratio of high-intensity interval training protocol might represent a preferred intervention for promoting brain health.

Associations of the Lipidome with Ageing, Cognitive Decline and Exercise Behaviours

One of the most recognisable features of ageing is a decline in brain health and cognitive dysfunction, which is associated with perturbations to regular lipid homeostasis. Although ageing is the largest risk factor for several neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, a loss in cognitive function is commonly observed in adults over the age of 65. Despite the prevalence of normal age-related cognitive decline, there is a lack of effective methods to improve the health of the ageing brain. In light of this, exercise has shown promise for positively influencing neurocognitive health and associated lipid profiles. This review summarises age-related changes in several lipid classes that are found in the brain, including fatty acyls, glycerolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols, and explores the consequences of age-associated pathological cognitive decline on these lipid classes. Evidence of the positive effects of exercise on the affected lipid profiles are also discussed to highlight the potential for exercise to be used therapeutically to mitigate age-related changes to lipid metabolism and prevent cognitive decline in later life.

Acute Normobaric Hypoxia Lowers Executive Functions among Young Men despite Increase of BDNF Concentration

BACKGROUND

Decreased SpO₂ during hypoxia can cause cognitive function impairment, and the effects of acute hypoxia on high-order brain functions such as executive processing remain unclear. This study's goal was to examine the impact of an acute normobaric hypoxia breathing session on executive function and biological markers.

METHODS

Thirty-two healthy subjects participated in a blind study performing two sessions of single 30 min breathing bouts under two conditions (normoxia (NOR) and normobaric hypoxia (NH), FIO₂ = 0.135). The Stroop test was applied to assess cognitive function.

RESULTS

No significant difference was observed in the Stroop interference in the "reading" part of the test in either condition; however, there was a significant increase in the "naming" part under NH conditions (p = 0.003), which corresponded to a significant decrease in SpO₂ (p < 0.001). There was a significant increase (p < 0.013) in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level after NH conditions compared to the baseline, which was not seen in NOR. In addition, a significant drop (p < 0.001) in cortisol levels in the NOR group and a slight elevation in the NH group was noticed.

CONCLUSIONS

According to these findings, acute hypoxia delayed cognitive processing for motor execution and reduced the neural activity in motor executive and inhibitory processing. We also noted that this negative effect was associated with decreased SpO₂ irrespective of a rise in BDNF.