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Pádua MS, Guil-Guerrero JL, Lopes PA. Behaviour Hallmarks in Alzheimer's Disease 5xFAD Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6766. [PMID: 38928472 PMCID: PMC11204382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The 5xFAD transgenic mouse model widely used in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research recapitulates many AD-related phenotypes with a relatively early onset and aggressive age-dependent progression. Besides developing amyloid peptide deposits alongside neuroinflammation by the age of 2 months, as well as exhibiting neuronal decline by the age of 4 months that intensifies by the age of 9 months, these mice manifest a broad spectrum of behavioural impairments. In this review, we present the extensive repertoire of behavioural dysfunctions in 5xFAD mice, organised into four categories: motor skills, sensory function, learning and memory abilities, and neuropsychiatric-like symptoms. The motor problems, associated with agility and reflex movements, as well as balance and coordination, and skeletal muscle function, typically arise by the time mice reach 9 months of age. The sensory function (such as taste, smell, hearing, and vision) starts to deteriorate when amyloid peptide buildups and neuroinflammation spread into related anatomical structures. The cognitive functions, encompassing learning and memory abilities, such as visual recognition, associative, spatial working, reference learning, and memory show signs of decline from 4 to 6 months of age. Concerning neuropsychiatric-like symptoms, comprising apathy, anxiety and depression, and the willingness for exploratory behaviour, it is believed that motivational changes emerge by approximately 6 months of age. Unfortunately, numerous studies from different laboratories are often contradictory on the conclusions drawn and the identification of onset age, making preclinical studies in rodent models not easily translatable to humans. This variability is likely due to a range of factors associated with animals themselves, housing and husbandry conditions, and experimental settings. In the forthcoming studies, greater clarity in experimental details when conducting behavioural testing in 5xFAD transgenic mice could minimise the inconsistencies and could ensure the reliability and the reproducibility of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Soares Pádua
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José L. Guil-Guerrero
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
| | - Paula Alexandra Lopes
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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O'Leary TP, Brown RE. Age-related changes in species-typical behaviours in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease from 4 to 16 months of age. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114970. [PMID: 38531510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients show age-related decreases in the ability to perform activities of daily living and the decline in these activities is related to the severity of neurobiological deterioration underlying the disease. The 5xFAD mouse model of AD shows age-related impairments in sensory- motor and cognitive function, but little is known about changes in species-typical behaviours that may model activities of daily living in AD patients. Therefore, we examined species-typical behaviours used as indices of exploration (rearing) and compulsivity (grooming) across six tests of anxiety-like behaviour or motor function in female 5xFAD mice from 3 to 16 months of age. Robust decreases in rearing were found in 5xFAD mice across all tests after 9 months of age, although few differences were observed in grooming. A fine-scale analysis of grooming, however, revealed a previously unresolved and spatially restricted pattern of grooming in 5xFAD mice at 13-16 months of age. We then examined changes in species-typical behaviours in the home-cage, and show impaired nest building in 5xFAD mice at all ages tested. Lastly, we examined the relationship between reduced species typical behaviours in 5xFAD mice and the presentation of freezing behaviour, a commonly used measure of memory for conditioned fear. These results showed that along with cognitive and sensory-motor behaviour, 5xFAD mice have robust age-related impairments in species-typical behaviours. Therefore, species typical behaviours in 5xFAD mice may help to model the decline in activities of daily living observed in AD patients, and may provide useful behavioural phenotypes for evaluating the pre-clinical efficacy of novel therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P O'Leary
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Nehra G, Promsan S, Yubolphan R, Chumboatong W, Vivithanaporn P, Maloney BJ, Lungkaphin A, Bauer B, Hartz AMS. Cognitive decline, Aβ pathology, and blood-brain barrier function in aged 5xFAD mice. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:29. [PMID: 38532486 PMCID: PMC10967049 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop blood-brain barrier dysfunction to varying degrees. How aging impacts Aβ pathology, blood-brain barrier function, and cognitive decline in AD remains largely unknown. In this study, we used 5xFAD mice to investigate changes in Aβ levels, barrier function, and cognitive decline over time. METHODS 5xFAD and wild-type (WT) mice were aged between 9.5 and 15.5 months and tested for spatial learning and reference memory with the Morris Water Maze (MWM). After behavior testing, mice were implanted with acute cranial windows and intravenously injected with fluorescent-labeled dextrans to assess their in vivo distribution in the brain by two-photon microscopy. Images were processed and segmented to obtain intravascular intensity, extravascular intensity, and vessel diameters as a measure of barrier integrity. Mice were sacrificed after in vivo imaging to isolate brain and plasma for measuring Aβ levels. The effect of age and genotype were evaluated for each assay using generalized or cumulative-linked logistic mixed-level modeling and model selection by Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). Pairwise comparisons were used to identify outcome differences between the two groups. RESULTS 5xFAD mice displayed spatial memory deficits compared to age-matched WT mice in the MWM assay, which worsened with age. Memory impairment was evident in 5xFAD mice by 2-threefold higher escape latencies, twofold greater cumulative distances until they reach the platform, and twice as frequent use of repetitive search strategies in the pool when compared with age-matched WT mice. Presence of the rd1 allele worsened MWM performance in 5xFAD mice at all ages but did not alter the rate of learning or probe trial outcomes. 9.5-month-old 15.5-month-old 5xFAD mice had twofold higher brain Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels (p < 0.001) and 2.5-fold higher (p = 0.007) plasma Aβ40 levels compared to 9.5-month-old 5xFAD mice. Image analysis showed that vessel diameters and intra- and extravascular dextran intensities were not significantly different in 9.5- and 15.5-month-old 5xFAD mice compared to age-matched WT mice. CONCLUSION 5xFAD mice continue to develop spatial memory deficits and increased Aβ brain levels while aging. Given in vivo MP imaging limitations, further investigation with smaller molecular weight markers combined with advanced imaging techniques would be needed to reliably assess subtle differences in barrier integrity in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Nehra
- Sanders-Brown Center On Aging, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Ave, 124 HKRB, Lexington, KY, 40536-0679, USA
| | - Sasivimon Promsan
- Sanders-Brown Center On Aging, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Ave, 124 HKRB, Lexington, KY, 40536-0679, USA
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ruedeemars Yubolphan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wijitra Chumboatong
- Sanders-Brown Center On Aging, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Ave, 124 HKRB, Lexington, KY, 40536-0679, USA
| | - Pornpun Vivithanaporn
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Bryan J Maloney
- Sanders-Brown Center On Aging, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Ave, 124 HKRB, Lexington, KY, 40536-0679, USA
| | - Anusorn Lungkaphin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Bjoern Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center On Aging, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Ave, 124 HKRB, Lexington, KY, 40536-0679, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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Burton CP, Chumin EJ, Collins AY, Persohn SA, Onos KD, Pandey RS, Quinney SK, Territo PR. Levetiracetam modulates brain metabolic networks and transcriptomic signatures in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1336026. [PMID: 38328556 PMCID: PMC10847229 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1336026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Subcritical epileptiform activity is associated with impaired cognitive function and is commonly seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The anti-convulsant, levetiracetam (LEV), is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for its ability to reduce epileptiform activity and improve cognitive function in AD. The purpose of the current study was to apply pharmacokinetics (PK), network analysis of medical imaging, gene transcriptomics, and PK/PD modeling to a cohort of amyloidogenic mice to establish how LEV restores or drives alterations in the brain networks of mice in a dose-dependent basis using the rigorous preclinical pipeline of the MODEL-AD Preclinical Testing Core. Methods Chronic LEV was administered to 5XFAD mice of both sexes for 3 months based on allometrically scaled clinical dose levels from PK models. Data collection and analysis consisted of a multi-modal approach utilizing 18F-FDG PET/MRI imaging and analysis, transcriptomic analyses, and PK/PD modeling. Results Pharmacokinetics of LEV showed a sex and dose dependence in Cmax, CL/F, and AUC0-∞, with simulations used to estimate dose regimens. Chronic dosing at 10, 30, and 56 mg/kg, showed 18F-FDG specific regional differences in brain uptake, and in whole brain covariance measures such as clustering coefficient, degree, network density, and connection strength (i.e., positive and negative). In addition, transcriptomic analysis via nanoString showed dose-dependent changes in gene expression in pathways consistent 18F-FDG uptake and network changes, and PK/PD modeling showed a concentration dependence for key genes, but not for network covariance modeling. Discussion This study represents the first report detailing the relationships of metabolic covariance and transcriptomic network changes resulting from LEV administration in 5XFAD mice. Overall, our results highlight non-linear kinetics based on dose and sex, where gene expression analysis demonstrated LEV dose- and concentration-dependent changes, along with cerebral metabolism, and/or cerebral homeostatic mechanisms relevant to human AD, which aligned closely with network covariance analysis of 18F-FDG images. Collectively, this study show cases the value of a multimodal connectomic, transcriptomic, and pharmacokinetic approach to further investigate dose dependent relationships in preclinical studies, with translational value toward informing clinical study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P. Burton
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Evgeny J. Chumin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Alyssa Y. Collins
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Scott A. Persohn
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Ravi S. Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Sara K. Quinney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paul R. Territo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Kron JOZJ, Keenan RJ, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH. Orexin Receptor Antagonism: Normalizing Sleep Architecture in Old Age and Disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:359-386. [PMID: 37708433 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-040323-031929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is essential for human well-being, yet the quality and quantity of sleep reduce as age advances. Older persons (>65 years old) are more at risk of disorders accompanied and/or exacerbated by poor sleep. Furthermore, evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between disrupted sleep and Alzheimer's disease (AD) or related dementias. Orexin/hypocretin neuropeptides stabilize wakefulness, and several orexin receptor antagonists (ORAs) are approved for the treatment of insomnia in adults. Dysregulation of the orexin system occurs in aging and AD, positioning ORAs as advantageous for these populations. Indeed, several clinical studies indicate that ORAs are efficacious hypnotics in older persons and dementia patients and, as in adults, are generally well tolerated. ORAs are likely to be more effective when administered early in sleep/wake dysregulation to reestablish good sleep/wake-related behaviors and reduce the accumulation of dementia-associated proteinopathic substrates. Improving sleep in aging and dementia represents a tremendous opportunity to benefit patients, caregivers, and health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrah O-Z J Kron
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Ryan J Keenan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
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Jiang LX, Huang GD, Wang HL, Zhang C, Yu X. The olfactory working memory capacity paradigm: A more sensitive and robust method of assessing cognitive function in male 5XFAD mice. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25265. [PMID: 38284863 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The olfactory working memory capacity (OWMC) paradigm is able to detect cognitive deficits in 5XFAD mice (an animal model of Alzheimer's disease [TG]) as early as 3 months of age, while other behavioral paradigms detect cognitive deficits only at 4-5 months of age. Therefore, we aimed to demonstrate that the OWMC paradigm is more sensitive and consistent in the early detection of declines in cognitive function than other commonly used behavioral paradigms. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), subiculum (SUB), and amygdala (AMY) of 5XFAD mice were harvested and subjected to immunostaining to detect the expression of β-amyloid (Aβ). Additionally, we compared the performance of 3-month-old male 5XFAD mice on common behavioral paradigms for assessing cognitive function (i.e., the open field [OF] test, novel object recognition [NOR] test, novel object location [NOL] test, Y-maze, and Morris water maze [MWM]) with that on the OWMC task. In the testing phase of the OWMC task, we varied the delay periods to evaluate the working memory capacity (WMC) of wild-type (WT) mice. Significant amyloid plaque deposition was observed in the PFC, RSC, SUB, and AMY of 3-month-old male 5XFAD mice. However, aside from the OWMC task, the other behavioral tests failed to detect cognitive deficits in 5XFAD mice. Additionally, to demonstrate the efficacy of the OWMC task in assessing WMC, we varied the retention delay periods; we found that the WMC of WT mice decreased with longer delay periods. The OWMC task is a sensitive and robust behavioral assay for detecting changes in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Jiang
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Beijing, China
| | - Geng-Di Huang
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua-Li Wang
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Beijing, China
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Kosel F, Hartley MR, Franklin TB. Aberrant Cortical Activity in 5xFAD Mice in Response to Social and Non-Social Olfactory Stimuli. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:659-677. [PMID: 38143360 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies investigating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)- such as apathy, anxiety, and depression- have linked some of these symptoms with altered neural activity. However, inconsistencies in operational definitions and rating scales, limited scope of assessments, and poor temporal resolution of imaging techniques have hampered human studies. Many transgenic (Tg) mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit BPSD-like behaviors concomitant with AD-related neuropathology, allowing examination of how neural activity may relate to BPSD-like behaviors with high temporal and spatial resolution. OBJECTIVE To examine task-dependent neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of AD-model mice in response to social and non-social olfactory stimuli. METHODS We previously demonstrated age-related decreases in social investigation in Tg 5xFAD females, and this reduced social investigation is evident in Tg 5xFAD females and males by 6 months of age. In the present study, we examine local field potential (LFP) in the mPFC of awake, behaving 5xFAD females and males at 6 months of age during exposure to social and non-social odor stimuli in a novel olfactometer. RESULTS Our results indicate that Tg 5xFAD mice exhibit aberrant baseline and task-dependent LFP activity in the mPFC- including higher relative delta (1-4 Hz) band power and lower relative power in higher bands, and overall stronger phase-amplitude coupling- compared to wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with previous human and animal studies examining emotional processing, anxiety, fear behaviors, and stress responses, and suggest that Tg 5xFAD mice may exhibit altered arousal or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kosel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Rae Hartley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tamara Brook Franklin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Johnson CE, Duncan MJ, Murphy MP. Sex and Sleep Disruption as Contributing Factors in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:31-74. [PMID: 38007653 PMCID: PMC10842753 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects more women than men, with women throughout the menopausal transition potentially being the most under researched and at-risk group. Sleep disruptions, which are an established risk factor for AD, increase in prevalence with normal aging and are exacerbated in women during menopause. Sex differences showing more disrupted sleep patterns and increased AD pathology in women and female animal models have been established in literature, with much emphasis placed on loss of circulating gonadal hormones with age. Interestingly, increases in gonadotropins such as follicle stimulating hormone are emerging to be a major contributor to AD pathogenesis and may also play a role in sleep disruption, perhaps in combination with other lesser studied hormones. Several sleep influencing regions of the brain appear to be affected early in AD progression and some may exhibit sexual dimorphisms that may contribute to increased sleep disruptions in women with age. Additionally, some of the most common sleep disorders, as well as multiple health conditions that impair sleep quality, are more prevalent and more severe in women. These conditions are often comorbid with AD and have bi-directional relationships that contribute synergistically to cognitive decline and neuropathology. The association during aging of increased sleep disruption and sleep disorders, dramatic hormonal changes during and after menopause, and increased AD pathology may be interacting and contributing factors that lead to the increased number of women living with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E. Johnson
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Marilyn J. Duncan
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M. Paul Murphy
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Lexington, KY, USA
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
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Gephine L, Roux CM, Freret T, Boulouard M, Leger M. Vulnerability of Spatial Pattern Separation in 5xFAD Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1889-1900. [PMID: 38306047 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and remains incurable. This age-related neurodegenerative disease is characterized by an early decline in episodic and spatial memory associated with progressive disruption of the hippocampal functioning. Recent clinical evidence suggests that impairment of the spatial pattern separation (SPS) function, which enables the encoding and storage of episodic spatial information, may be an indicator of the early stages of AD. Objective The aim of our study was to characterize SPS performance at a prodromal stage in 5xFAD transgenic mouse model of AD. Methods Behavioral performance of male wild-type (WT) and 5xFAD mice (n = 14 per group) was assessed from the age of 4 months in two validated paradigms of SPS function either based on spontaneous exploration of objects or on the use of a touchscreen system. Results Compared with age-matched WT littermates, a mild deficit in SPS function was observed in the object recognition task in 5xFAD mice, whereas both groups showed similar performance in the touchscreen-based task. These results were observed in the absence of changes in locomotor activity or anxiety-like behavior that could have interfered with the tasks assessing SPS function. Conclusions Our results indicate an early vulnerability of the SPS function in 5xFAD mice in the paradigm based on spontaneous exploration of objects. Our work opens up the possibility of examining the early neurobiological processes involved in the decline of episodic memory and may help to propose new therapeutic strategies in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gephine
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Candice M Roux
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Thomas Freret
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Michel Boulouard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Marianne Leger
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, CYCERON, CHU Caen, Caen, France
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Burton CP, Chumin EJ, Collins AY, Persohn SA, Onos KD, Pandey RS, Quinney SK, Territo PR. Levetiracetam Modulates Brain Metabolic Networks and Transcriptomic Signatures in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.10.566574. [PMID: 38014102 PMCID: PMC10680636 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subcritical epileptiform activity is associated with impaired cognitive function and is commonly seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The anti-convulsant, levetiracetam (LEV), is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for its ability to reduce epileptiform activity and improve cognitive function in AD. The purpose of the current study was to apply pharmacokinetics (PK), network analysis of medical imaging, gene transcriptomics, and PK/PD modeling to a cohort of amyloidogenic mice to establish how LEV restores or drives alterations in the brain networks of mice in a dose-dependent basis using the rigorous preclinical pipeline of the MODEL-AD Preclinical Testing Core. METHODS Chronic LEV was administered to 5XFAD mice of both sexes for 3 months based on allometrically scaled clinical dose levels from PK models. Data collection and analysis consisted of a multi-modal approach utilizing 18F-FDG PET/MRI imaging and analysis, transcriptomic analyses, and PK/PD modeling. RESULTS Pharmacokinetics of LEV showed a sex and dose dependence in Cmax, CL/F, and AUC0-∞, with simulations used to estimate dose regimens. Chronic dosing at 10, 30, and 56 mg/kg, showed 18F-FDG specific regional differences in brain uptake, and in whole brain covariance measures such as clustering coefficient, degree, network density, and connection strength (i.e. positive and negative). In addition, transcriptomic analysis via nanoString showed dose-dependent changes in gene expression in pathways consistent 18F-FDG uptake and network changes, and PK/PD modeling showed a concentration dependence for key genes, but not for network covariance modeling. DISCUSSION This study represents the first report detailing the relationships of metabolic covariance and transcriptomic network changes resulting from LEV administration in 5XFAD mice. Overall, our results highlight non-linear kinetics based on dose and sex, where gene expression analysis demonstrated LEV dose- and concentration- dependent changes, along with cerebral metabolism, and/or cerebral homeostatic mechanisms relevant to human AD, which aligned closely with network covariance analysis of 18F-FDG images. Collectively, this study show cases the value of a multimodal connectomic, transcriptomic, and pharmacokinetic approach to further investigate dose dependent relationships in preclinical studies, with translational value towards informing clinical study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P. Burton
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Evgeny J. Chumin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202
| | - Alyssa Y. Collins
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Scott A. Persohn
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | | | - Ravi S. Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - Sara K. Quinney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Paul R. Territo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
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Medina-Vera D, Zambrana-Infantes EN, López-Gambero AJ, Verheul-Campos J, Santín LJ, Baixeras E, Suarez J, Pavon FJ, Rosell-Valle C, de Fonseca FR. Transcending the amyloid-beta dominance paradigm in Alzheimer's disease: An exploration of behavioural, metabolic, and gut microbiota phenotypes in 5xFAD mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106295. [PMID: 37717663 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis is widely accepted as an explanation for the neuropathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of amyloid-beta (Aβ) as the sole cause of these changes is being questioned. Using the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, we investigated various factors contributing to neuropathology, including genetic load (heterozygous (HTZ) versus homozygous (HZ) condition), behavioural phenotype, neuropathology markers, metabolic physiology, and gut microbiota composition at early (5 months of age) and late (12 months of age) stages of disease onset, and considering both sexes. At 5 months of age, both HTZ and HZ mice exhibited hippocampal alterations associated with Aβ accumulation, leading to increased neuroinflammation and disrupted PI3K-Akt pathway. However, only HZ mice showed cognitive impairment in the Y-maze and Morris water maze tests, worsening with age. Dysregulation of both insulin and insulin secretion-regulating GIP peptide were observed at 5 months of age, disappearing later. Circulating levels of metabolic-regulating hormones, such as Ghrelin and resisting helped to differentiates HTZ mice from HZ mice. Differences between HTZ and HZ mice were also observed in gut microbiota composition, disrupted intestinal barrier proteins, and increased proinflammatory products in the intestine. These findings suggest that cognitive impairment in 5xFAD mice may not solely result from Aβ aggregation. Other factors, including altered PI3K-Akt signalling, disrupted insulin-linked metabolic pathways, and changes in gut microbiota, contribute to disease progression. Targeting Aβ deposition alone may not suffice. Understanding AD pathogenesis and its multiple contributing factors is vital for effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Medina-Vera
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica del Corazón-CIBERCV (Enfermedades Cardiovasculares), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Emma N Zambrana-Infantes
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J López-Gambero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julia Verheul-Campos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis J Santín
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suarez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavon
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; Unidad de Gestión Clínica del Corazón-CIBERCV (Enfermedades Cardiovasculares), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Rosell-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
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12
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Gupta S, Jinka SKA, Khanal S, Bhavnani N, Almashhori F, Lallo J, Mathias A, Al-Rhayyel Y, Herman D, Holden JG, Fleming SM, Raman P. Cognitive dysfunction and increased phosphorylated tau are associated with reduced O-GlcNAc signaling in an aging mouse model of metabolic syndrome. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1324-1344. [PMID: 37031439 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by hyperglycemia, obesity, and hyperlipidemia, can increase the risk of developing late-onset dementia. Recent studies in patients and mouse models suggest a putative link between hyperphosphorylated tau, a component of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia (ADRD) pathology, and cerebral glucose hypometabolism. Impaired glucose metabolism reduces glucose flux through the hexosamine metabolic pathway triggering attenuated O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modification. The goal of the current study was to investigate the link between cognitive function, tau pathology, and O-GlcNAc signaling in an aging mouse model of MetS, agouti KKAy+/- . Male and female C57BL/6, non-agouti KKAy-/- , and agouti KKAy+/- mice were aged 12-18 months on standard chow diet. Body weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured to confirm the MetS phenotype. Cognition, sensorimotor function, and emotional reactivity were assessed for each genotype followed by plasma and brain tissue collection for biochemical and molecular analyses. Body weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in agouti KKAy+/- mice versus C57BL/6 controls and non-agouti KKAy-/- . Behaviorally, agouti KKAy+/- revealed impairments in sensorimotor and cognitive function versus age-matched C57BL/6 and non-agouti KKAy-/- mice. Immunoblotting demonstrated increased phosphorylated tau accompanied with reduced O-GlcNAc protein expression in hippocampal-associated dorsal midbrain of female agouti KKAy+/- versus C57BL/6 control mice. Together, these data demonstrate that impaired cognitive function and AD-related pathology are associated with reduced O-GlcNAc signaling in aging MetS KKAy+/- mice. Overall, our study suggests that interaction of tau pathology with O-GlcNAc signaling may contribute to MetS-induced cognitive dysfunction in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Gupta
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanjay K A Jinka
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Saugat Khanal
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Neha Bhavnani
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Fayez Almashhori
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason Lallo
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy Mathias
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Yasmine Al-Rhayyel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Danielle Herman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - John G Holden
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sheila M Fleming
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Priya Raman
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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13
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Kumro J, Tripathi A, Lei Y, Sword J, Callahan P, Terry A, Lu XY, Kirov SA, Pillai A, Blake DT. Chronic basal forebrain activation improves spatial memory, boosts neurotrophin receptor expression, and lowers BACE1 and Aβ42 levels in the cerebral cortex in mice. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:7627-7641. [PMID: 36939283 PMCID: PMC10267632 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Alzheimer's dementia has been hypothesized in terms of basal forebrain cholinergic decline, and in terms of reflecting beta-amyloid neuropathology. To study these different biological elements, we activated the basal forebrain in 5xFAD Alzheimer's model mice and littermates. Mice received 5 months of 1 h per day intermittent stimulation of the basal forebrain, which includes cholinergic projections to the cortical mantle. Then, mice were behaviorally tested followed by tissue analysis. The 5xFAD mice performed worse in water-maze testing than littermates. Stimulated groups learned the water maze better than unstimulated groups. Stimulated groups had 2-3-fold increases in frontal cortex immunoblot measures of the neurotrophin receptors for nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and a more than 50% decrease in the expression of amyloid cleavage enzyme BACE1. Stimulation also led to lower Aβ42 in 5xFAD mice. These data support a causal relationship between basal forebrain activation and both neurotrophin activation and reduced Aβ42 generation and accumulation. The observation that basal forebrain activation suppresses Aβ42 accumulation, combined with the known high-affinity antagonism of nicotinic receptors by Aβ42, documents bidirectional antagonism between acetylcholine and Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kumro
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States
| | - Yun Lei
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Jeremy Sword
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Patrick Callahan
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Alvin Terry
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Xin-yun Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Sergei A Kirov
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
- Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States
| | - David T Blake
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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14
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Drew VJ, Park M, Kim T. GABA-Positive Astrogliosis in Sleep-Promoting Areas Associated with Sleep Disturbance in 5XFAD Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9695. [PMID: 37298646 PMCID: PMC10253883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances, a debilitating symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD), are associated with neuropathological changes. However, the relationship between these disturbances and regional neuron and astrocyte pathologies remains unclear. This study examined whether sleep disturbances in AD result from pathological changes in sleep-promoting brain areas. Male 5XFAD mice underwent electroencephalography (EEG) recordings at 3, 6, and 10 months, followed by an immunohistochemical analysis of three brain regions associated with sleep promotion. The findings showed that 5XFAD mice demonstrated reduced duration and bout counts of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep by 6 months and reduced duration and bout counts of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by 10 months. Additionally, peak theta EEG power frequency during REM sleep decreased by 10 months. Sleep disturbances correlated with the total number of GFAP-positive astrocytes and the ratio of GFAP- and GABA-positive astrocytes across all three sleep-associated regions corresponding to their roles in sleep promotion. The presence of GABRD in sleep-promoting neurons indicated their susceptibility to inhibition by extrasynaptic GABA. This study reveals that neurotoxic reactive astrogliosis in NREM and REM sleep-promoting areas is linked to sleep disturbances in 5XFAD mice, which suggests a potential target for the treatment of sleep disorders in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea; (V.J.D.); (M.P.)
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15
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Keszycki R, Rodriguez G, Dunn JT, Locci A, Orellana H, Haupfear I, Dominguez S, Fisher DW, Dong H. Characterization of apathy-like behaviors in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 126:113-122. [PMID: 36989547 PMCID: PMC10106415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Most patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) alongside cognitive decline, and apathy is one of the most common symptoms. Few preclinical studies have investigated the biological substrates underlying NPS in AD. In this study, we used a cross-sectional design to characterize apathy-like behaviors and assess memory in 5xFAD and wildtype control mice at 6, 12, and 16 months of age. Nest building, burrowing, and marble burying were used to test representative behaviors of apathy, and a composite score of apathy-like behavior was generated from these assays. Soluble Aβ42 and plaques were quantified in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of the 5xFAD mice with the highest and lowest composite scores using ELISA and histology. Results suggest that 5xFAD mice develop significant apathy-like behaviors starting at 6 months of age that worsen with aging and are positively correlated with soluble Aβ42 and plaques in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Our findings highlight the utility of studying NPS in mouse models of AD to uncover important relationships with underlying neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Keszycki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guadalupe Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrea Locci
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hector Orellana
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isabel Haupfear
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sky Dominguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel W Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Yu H, Wang M, Yang Q, Xu X, Zhang R, Chen X, Le W. The electrophysiological and neuropathological profiles of cerebellum in APP swe /PS1 ΔE9 mice: A hypothesis on the role of cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:2365-2375. [PMID: 36469008 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We propose the hypothesis that the cerebellar electrophysiology and sleep-wake cycles may be altered at the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), proceeding the amyloid-β neuropathological hallmarks. The electrophysiologic characteristics of cerebellum thereby might be served as a biomarker in the prepathological detection of AD. Sleep disturbances are common in preclinical AD patients, and the cerebellum has been implicated in sleep-wake regulation by several pioneer studies. Additionally, recent studies suggest that the structure and function of the cerebellum may be altered at the early stages of AD, indicating that the cerebellum may be involved in the disease's progression. We used APPswe /PS1ΔE9 mice as a model of AD, monitored and analyzed electroencephalogram data, and assessed neuropathological profiles in the cerebellum of AD mice. Our hypothesis may establish a linkage between the cerebellum and AD, thereby potentially providing new perspectives on the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Manli Wang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Yang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojiao Xu
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
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17
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Falcicchia C, Tozzi F, Gabrielli M, Amoretti S, Masini G, Nardi G, Guglielmo S, Ratto GM, Arancio O, Verderio C, Origlia N. Microglial extracellular vesicles induce Alzheimer's disease-related cortico-hippocampal network dysfunction. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad170. [PMID: 37288314 PMCID: PMC10243901 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Amyloid is one of the main pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and plays a major role in synaptic dysfunction. It has been demonstrated that β-amyloid can elicit aberrant excitatory activity in cortical-hippocampal networks, which is associated with behavioural abnormalities. However, the mechanism of the spreading of β-amyloid action within a specific circuitry has not been elucidated yet. We have previously demonstrated that the motion of microglia-derived large extracellular vesicles carrying β-amyloid, at the neuronal surface, is crucial for the initiation and propagation of synaptic dysfunction along the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit. Here, using chronic EEG recordings, we show that a single injection of extracellular vesicles carrying β-amyloid into the mouse entorhinal cortex could trigger alterations in the cortical and hippocampal activity that are reminiscent of those found in Alzheimer's disease mouse models and human patients. The development of EEG abnormalities was associated with progressive memory impairment as assessed by an associative (object-place context recognition) and non-associative (object recognition) task. Importantly, when the motility of extracellular vesicles, carrying β-amyloid, was inhibited, the effect on network stability and memory function was significantly reduced. Our model proposes a new biological mechanism based on the extracellular vesicles-mediated progression of β-amyloid pathology and offers the opportunity to test pharmacological treatments targeting the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Falcicchia
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Francesca Tozzi
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa 56124, Italy
- Bio@SNS laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Martina Gabrielli
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Monza (MB) 20854, Italy
| | - Stefano Amoretti
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Greta Masini
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Gabriele Nardi
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Stefano Guglielmo
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa 56124, Italy
- Bio@SNS laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Gian Michele Ratto
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Claudia Verderio
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, Vedano al Lambro, Monza (MB) 20854, Italy
| | - Nicola Origlia
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa 56124, Italy
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18
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Drew VJ, Wang C, Kim T. Progressive sleep disturbance in various transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1119810. [PMID: 37273656 PMCID: PMC10235623 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1119810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia. The relationship between AD and sleep dysfunction has received increased attention over the past decade. The use of genetically engineered mouse models with enhanced production of amyloid beta (Aβ) or hyperphosphorylated tau has played a critical role in the understanding of the pathophysiology of AD. However, their revelations regarding the progression of sleep impairment in AD have been highly dependent on the mouse model used and the specific techniques employed to examine sleep. Here, we discuss the sleep disturbances and general pathology of 15 mouse models of AD. Sleep disturbances covered in this review include changes to NREM and REM sleep duration, bout lengths, bout counts and power spectra. Our aim is to describe in detail the severity and chronology of sleep disturbances within individual mouse models of AD, as well as reveal broader trends of sleep deterioration that are shared among most models. This review also explores a variety of potential mechanisms relating Aβ accumulation and tau neurofibrillary tangles to the progressive deterioration of sleep observed in AD. Lastly, this review offers perspective on how study design might impact our current understanding of sleep disturbances in AD and provides strategies for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J. Drew
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanung Wang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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19
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Balietti M, Casoli T, Giorgetti B, Colangeli R, Nicoletti C, Solazzi M, Pugliese A, Conti F. Generation and Characterization of the First Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Mutated AβPP Inserted in a BALB/c Background (C.B6/J-APPswe). J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230195. [PMID: 37182890 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are available, but all suffer from certain limitations, thus prompting further attempts. To date, no one model exists with amyloidopathy in a BALB/c strain. OBJECTIVE To generate and characterize the C.B6/J-APPswe mouse, a model of AD with a mutated human gene for the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) inserted in a BALB/c background. METHODS We analyzed five groups at different ages (3, 6, 9, 12, and 16-18 months) of C.B6/J-APPswe and wild-type mice (50% males and 50% females) for the main hallmarks of AD by western blotting, amyloid-β (Aβ) ELISA, immunocytochemistry, electrophysiology, and behavioral tests. RESULTS The C.B6/J-APPswe mouse displays early AβPP and Aβ production, late amyloid plaques formation, high level of tau phosphorylation, synaptic deficits (reduced density and functional impairment due to a reduced post-synaptic responsiveness), neurodegeneration caused by apoptosis and necroptosis/necrosis, microgliosis, astrocytic abnormalities, and sex-related differences in explorative behavior, anxiety-like behavior, and spatial long-term and working memories. Social housing is feasible despite the intra-cage aggressiveness of male animals. CONCLUSION C.B6/J-APPswe mice develop most of the distinctive features of AD and is a suitable model for the study of brain atrophy mechanisms and of the differences between males and females in the onset of cognitive/non-cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Balietti
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Casoli
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Colangeli
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Nicoletti
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Moreno Solazzi
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Arianna Pugliese
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Fondazione di Medicina Molecolare e Terapia Cellulare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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20
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Fernando N, Gopalakrishnan J, Behensky A, Reich L, Liu C, Bass V, Bono M, Montgomery W, De Pace R, Mattapallil M, Nagarajan V, Brooks S, Maric D, Caspi RR, McGavern DB, Shih HY. Single-cell multiomic analysis reveals the involvement of Type I interferon-responsive CD8+ T cells in amyloid beta-associated memory loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.18.533293. [PMID: 37090642 PMCID: PMC10120715 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.18.533293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, but there are limited therapeutic options and no current cure. While the involvement of microglia in AD has been highly appreciated, the role of other innate and adaptive immune cells remains largely unknown, partly due to their scarcity and heterogeneity. This study aimed to study non-microglial immune cells in wild type and AD-transgenic mouse brains across different ages. Our results uncovered the presence of a unique CD8+ T cell population that were selectively increased in aging AD mouse brains, here referred to as "disease-associated T cells (DATs)". These DATs were found to express an elevated tissue-resident memory and Type I interferon-responsive gene signature. Further analysis of aged AD mouse brains showed that these CD8+ T cells were not present in peripheral or meningeal tissues. Preventing CD8+ T cell development in AD-transgenic mice via genetic deletion of beta-2 microglobulin ( B2m ) led to a reduction of amyloid-β plaque formation in aged mice, and improved memory in AD-transgenic mice as early as four months of age. The integration of transcriptomic and epigenomic profiles at the single-cell level revealed potential transcription factors that reshape the regulomes of CD8+ T cells. These findings highlight a critical role for DATs in the progression of AD and provide a new avenue for treatment.
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21
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Berk-Rauch HE, Choudhury A, Richards AT, Singh PK, Chen ZL, Norris EH, Strickland S, Ahn HJ. Striatal fibrinogen extravasation and vascular degeneration correlate with motor dysfunction in an aging mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1064178. [PMID: 36967821 PMCID: PMC10034037 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1064178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients exhibit signs of motor dysfunction, including gait, locomotion, and balance deficits. Changes in motor function often precede other symptoms of AD as well as correlate with increased severity and mortality. Despite the frequent occurrence of motor dysfunction in AD patients, little is known about the mechanisms by which this behavior is altered.Methods and Results: In the present study, we investigated the relationship between cerebrovascular impairment and motor dysfunction in a mouse model of AD (Tg6799). We found an age-dependent increase of extravasated fibrinogen deposits in the cortex and striatum of AD mice. Interestingly, there was significantly decreased cerebrovascular density in the striatum of the 15-month-old as compared to 7-month-old AD mice. We also found significant demyelination and axonal damage in the striatum of aged AD mice. We analyzed striatum-related motor function and anxiety levels of AD mice at both ages and found that aged AD mice exhibited significant impairment of motor function but not in the younger AD mice.Discussion: Our finding suggests an enticing correlation between extravasated fibrinogen, cerebrovascular damage of the striatum, and motor dysfunction in an AD mouse model, suggesting a possible mechanism underlying motor dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E. Berk-Rauch
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arnab Choudhury
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Allison T. Richards
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pradeep K. Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyung Jin Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Hyung Jin Ahn,
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22
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Sánchez CQ, Schmitt FW, Curdt N, Westhoff AC, Bänfer IWH, Bayer TA, Bouter Y. Search Strategy Analysis of 5xFAD Alzheimer Mice in the Morris Water Maze Reveals Sex- and Age-Specific Spatial Navigation Deficits. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020599. [PMID: 36831135 PMCID: PMC9953202 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial disorientation and navigational impairments are not only some of the first memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease, but are also very disease-specific. In rodents, the Morris Water Maze is used to investigate spatial navigation and memory. Here, we examined the spatial memory in the commonly used 5xFAD Alzheimer mouse model in a sex- and age-dependent manner. Our findings show first spatial learning deficits in 7-month-old female 5xFAD and 12-month-old male 5xFAD mice, respectively. While the assessment of spatial working memory using escape latencies provides a global picture of memory performance, it does not explain how an animal solves a spatial task. Therefore, a detailed analysis of swimming strategies was performed to better understand the behavioral differences between 5xFAD and WT mice. 5xFAD mice used a qualitatively and quantitatively different search strategy pattern than wildtype animals that used more non-spatial strategies and showed allocentric-specific memory deficits. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of swimming strategies revealed allocentric memory deficits in the probe trial in female 3-month-old and male 7-month-old 5xFAD animals before the onset of severe reference memory deficits. Overall, we could demonstrate that spatial navigation deficits in 5xFAD mice are age- and sex-dependent, with female mice being more severely affected. In addition, the implementation of a search strategy classification system allowed an earlier detection of behavioral differences and therefore could be a powerful tool for preclinical drug testing in the 5xFAD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Quintanilla Sánchez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Franziska W. Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Curdt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anna Celine Westhoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Irina Wanda Helene Bänfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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23
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Attokaren MK, Jeong N, Blanpain L, Paulson AL, Garza KM, Borron B, Walelign M, Willie J, Singer AC. BrainWAVE: A Flexible Method for Noninvasive Stimulation of Brain Rhythms across Species. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0257-22.2022. [PMID: 36754625 PMCID: PMC9979148 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0257-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic neural activity, which coordinates brain regions and neurons to achieve multiple brain functions, is impaired in many diseases. Despite the therapeutic potential of driving brain rhythms, methods to noninvasively target deep brain regions are limited. Accordingly, we recently introduced a noninvasive stimulation approach using flickering lights and sounds ("flicker"). Flicker drives rhythmic activity in deep and superficial brain regions. Gamma flicker spurs immune function, clears pathogens, and rescues memory performance in mice with amyloid pathology. Here, we present substantial improvements to this approach that is flexible, user-friendly, and generalizable across multiple experimental settings and species. We present novel open-source methods for flicker stimulation across rodents and humans. We demonstrate rapid, cross-species induction of rhythmic activity without behavioral confounds in multiple settings from electrophysiology to neuroimaging. This flicker approach provides an exceptional opportunity to discover the therapeutic effects of brain rhythms across scales and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Attokaren
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Nuri Jeong
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lou Blanpain
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Abigail L Paulson
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kristie M Garza
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ben Borron
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael Walelign
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jon Willie
- Neurosurgery, Biomedical Engineering, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Neurology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Annabelle C Singer
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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24
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Silva A, Martínez MC. Spatial memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease and their connection to cognitive maps' formation by place cells and grid cells. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 16:1082158. [PMID: 36710956 PMCID: PMC9878455 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1082158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Whenever we navigate through different contexts, we build a cognitive map: an internal representation of the territory. Spatial navigation is a complex skill that involves multiple types of information processing and integration. Place cells and grid cells, collectively with other hippocampal and medial entorhinal cortex neurons (MEC), form a neural network whose activity is critical for the representation of self-position and orientation along with spatial memory retrieval. Furthermore, this activity generates new representations adapting to changes in the environment. Though there is a normal decline in spatial memory related to aging, this is dramatically increased in pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the hippocampus-entorhinal cortex (HP-EC) circuit. Consequently, the initial stages of the disease have disorientation and wandering behavior as two of its hallmarks. Recent electrophysiological studies have linked spatial memory deficits to difficulties in spatial information encoding. Here we will discuss map impairment and remapping disruption in the HP-EC network, as a possible circuit mechanism involved in the spatial memory and navigation deficits observed in AD, pointing out the benefits of virtual reality as a tool for early diagnosis and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azul Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay”- CONICET (IFIBIO), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Martínez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay”- CONICET (IFIBIO), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular “Dr. Héctor Maldonado”, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,*Correspondence: María Cecilia Martínez,
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25
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Hidisoglu E, Kantar D, Ozdemir S, Yargicoglu P. Cognitive dysfunctions and spontaneous EEG alterations induced by hippocampal amyloid pathology in rats. Adv Med Sci 2022; 67:328-337. [PMID: 36058175 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to determine the effects of different doses of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide on learning and memory, and whether the changes in brain oscillations induced by dose-dependent accumulation of Aβ could be used as biomarkers to detect early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Male albino Wistar rats aged 3 months were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12/group) obtained by i. h. Injection (to the dorsal hippocampus) of saline or different doses of 0.01 μg/μl, 0.1 μg/μl, and 1 μg/μl of Aβ. After two weeks of recovery period, open field and novel object recognition tests were performed and spontaneous EEG recordings were obtained. Later, hippocampus tissues were collected for Western blot and ELISA analysis. RESULTS A significant decrement in recognition memory was observed in 0.1 μg/μl, and 1 μg/μl injected groups. In addition, Aβ accumulation induced significant decrement of the expression of NeuN, SNAP-25, SYP, and PSD-95 proteins, and led to the increment of GFAP expression in hippocampus. Moreover, we detected remarkable alterations in spontaneous brain activity. The hippocampal Aβ levels were negatively correlated with hippocampal gamma power and positively correlated with hippocampal theta power. Also, we observed significant changes in coherence values, indicating the functional connectivity between different brain regions, after the accumulation of Aβ. Especially, there was a significant correlation between changes in frontohippocampal theta coherence and in frontotemporal theta coherence. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that Aβ peptide induces AD-like molecular changes at certain doses, and these changes could be detected by evaluating brain oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis Hidisoglu
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, Turin University, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy; Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Biophysics, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Kantar
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Biophysics, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Semir Ozdemir
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Biophysics, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Piraye Yargicoglu
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Biophysics, Antalya, Turkey
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26
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Duan M, Meng Z, Yuan D, Zhang Y, Tang T, Chen Z, Fu Y. Anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulations of prefrontal cortex in a rodent model of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:968451. [PMID: 36081893 PMCID: PMC9446483 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.968451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia in the elderly, with no effective treatment currently available. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-drug and non-invasive therapy, has been testified efficient in cognitive enhancement. This study aims to examine the effects of tDCS on brain function in a mouse model of AD. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic mice (7–8 months old) were subjected to 20-min anodal and cathodal tDCS (atDCS and ctDCS; 300 μA, 3.12 mA/cm2) for continuous five days. tDCS was applied on the left frontal skull of the animals, targeting on their prefrontal cortex (PFC). Behavioral performances were assessed by open-field, Y-maze, Barnes maze and T-maze paradigms; and their PFC electroencephalogram (EEG) activities were recorded under spontaneous state and during Y-maze performance. Behaviorally, atDCS and ctDCS improved spatial learning and/or memory in AD mice without affecting their general locomotion and anxiety-like behaviors, but the effects depended on the testing paradigms. Interestingly, the memory improvements were accompanied by decreased PFC EEG delta (2–4 Hz) and increased EEG gamma (20–100 Hz) activities when the animals needed memory retrieval during task performance. The decreased EEG delta activities could also be observed in animals under spontaneous state. Specifically, atDCS increased PFC EEG activity in the alpha band (8–12 Hz) for spontaneous state, whereas ctDCS increased that in alpha-beta band (8–20 Hz) for task-related state. In addition, some EEG changes after ctDCS could be found in other cortical regions except PFC. These data indicate that tDCS can reverse the situation of slower brain activity in AD mice, which may further lead to cognitive improvement. Our work highlights the potential clinical use of tDCS to restore neural network activity and improve cognition in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Duan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Yuan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuangfei Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Fu,
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27
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Onos KD, Quinney SK, Jones DR, Masters AR, Pandey R, Keezer KJ, Biesdorf C, Metzger IF, Meyers JA, Peters J, Persohn SC, McCarthy BP, Bedwell AA, Figueiredo LL, Cope ZA, Sasner M, Howell GR, Williams HM, Oblak AL, Lamb BT, Carter GW, Rizzo SJS, Territo PR. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and transcriptomic analysis of chronic levetiracetam treatment in 5XFAD mice: A MODEL-AD preclinical testing core study. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2022; 8:e12329. [PMID: 36016830 PMCID: PMC9398229 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hyperexcitability and epileptiform activity are commonplace in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and associated with impaired cognitive function. The anti-seizure drug levetiracetam (LEV) is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for ability to reduce epileptiform activity and improve cognitive function in AD. The purpose of our studies was to establish a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship with LEV in an amyloidogenic mouse model of AD to enable predictive preclinical to clinical translation, using the rigorous preclinical testing pipeline of the Model Organism Development and Evaluation for Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Preclinical Testing Core. Methods A multi-tier approach was applied that included quality assurance and quality control of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, PK/PD modeling, positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI), functional outcomes, and transcriptomics. 5XFAD mice were treated chronically with LEV for 3 months at doses in line with those allometrically scaled to the clinical dose range. Results Pharmacokinetics of LEV demonstrated sex differences in Cmax, AUC0-∞, and CL/F, and a dose dependence in AUC0-∞. After chronic dosing at 10, 30, 56 mg/kg, PET/MRI tracer 18F-AV45, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) showed specific regional differences with treatment. LEV did not significantly improve cognitive outcomes. Transcriptomics performed by nanoString demonstrated drug- and dose-related changes in gene expression relevant to human brain regions and pathways congruent with changes in 18F-FDG uptake. Discussion This study represents the first report of PK/PD assessment of LEV in 5XFAD mice. Overall, these results highlighted non-linear kinetics based on dose and sex. Plasma concentrations of the 10 mg/kg dose in 5XFAD overlapped with human plasma concentrations used for studies of mild cognitive impairment, while the 30 and 56 mg/kg doses were reflective of doses used to treat seizure activity. Post-treatment gene expression analysis demonstrated LEV dose-related changes in immune function and neuronal-signaling pathways relevant to human AD, and aligned with regional 18F-FDG uptake. Overall, this study highlights the importance of PK/PD relationships in preclinical studies to inform clinical study design. Highlights Significant sex differences in pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam were observed in 5XFAD mice.Plasma concentrations of 10 mg/kg levetiracetam dose in 5XFAD overlapped with human plasma concentration used in the clinic.Drug- and dose-related differences in gene expression relevant to human brain regions and pathways were also similar to brain region-specific changes in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David R. Jones
- Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Carla Biesdorf
- Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Jill A. Meyers
- Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruce T. Lamb
- Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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28
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Tok S, Maurin H, Delay C, Crauwels D, Manyakov NV, Van Der Elst W, Moechars D, Drinkenburg WHIM. Pathological and neurophysiological outcomes of seeding human-derived tau pathology in the APP-KI NL-G-F and NL-NL mouse models of Alzheimer's Disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:92. [PMID: 35739575 PMCID: PMC9219251 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The two main histopathological hallmarks that characterize Alzheimer’s Disease are the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. One of the current approaches to studying the consequences of amyloid pathology relies on the usage of transgenic animal models that incorporate the mutant humanized form of the amyloid precursor protein (hAPP), with animal models progressively developing amyloid pathology as they age. However, these mice models generally overexpress the hAPP protein to facilitate the development of amyloid pathology, which has been suggested to elicit pathological and neuropathological changes unrelated to amyloid pathology. In this current study, we characterized APP knock-in (APP-KI) animals, that do not overexpress hAPP but still develop amyloid pathology to understand the influence of protein overexpression. We also induced tau pathology via human-derived tau seeding material to understand the neurophysiological effects of amyloid and tau pathology. We report that tau-seeded APP-KI animals progressively develop tau pathology, exacerbated by the presence of amyloid pathology. Interestingly, older amyloid-bearing, tau-seeded animals exhibited more amyloid pathology in the entorhinal area, isocortex and hippocampus, but not thalamus, which appeared to correlate with impairments in gamma oscillations before seeding. Tau-seeded animals also featured immediate deficits in power spectra values and phase-amplitude indices in the hippocampus after seeding, with gamma power spectra deficits persisting in younger animals. Both deficits in hippocampal phase-amplitude coupling and gamma power differentiate tau-seeded, amyloid-positive animals from buffer controls. Based on our results, impairments in gamma oscillations appear to be strongly associated with the presence and development of amyloid and tau pathology, and may also be an indicator of neuropathology, network dysfunction, and even potential disposition to the future development of amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tok
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Maurin
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - C Delay
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - D Crauwels
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - N V Manyakov
- Data Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - W Van Der Elst
- Quantitative Sciences Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - D Moechars
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - W H I M Drinkenburg
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium. .,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Chithanathan K, Xuan FL, Hickey MA, Tian L. Enhanced Anxiety and Olfactory Microglial Activation in Early-Stage Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060938. [PMID: 35741458 PMCID: PMC9219751 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is a known comorbidity and risk factor for conversion to neuroinflammation-mediated dementia in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigated if anxiety occurred as an early endophenotype of mutant familial AD (5 × FAD) male mice and the underlying neuroinflammatory mechanisms. We observed that compared to wildtype (WT) littermates, 5 × FAD mice showed enhanced anxiety at as early as 2 months old (mo). Interestingly, these 5 × FAD male mice had concomitantly increased mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta (Il1b) and tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) in the olfactory bulb (OB) but not the frontal cortex (FC). Increased expression of Tnf in the OB was significantly correlated with the anxious behavior in the FAD but not WT mice. Furthermore, we found more prominent microglial activation and morphological changes in the OB of 2 mo 5 × FAD mice, while only microglial ramification was seen in the FC. To understand if neuroinflammatory changes in the FC could occur at a later stage, we studied 5~6 mo male mice and found that Il1b, interleukin 18 (Il18), and Tnf were upregulated in the FC at this older age. Furthermore, we observed that numbers of microglia and macrophage as well as microglial synaptic pruning, as indicated by phagocytosis of presynaptic component of vesicular glutamate transporter-2, were increased in the OB but not the FC of 5~6 mo 5 × FAD mice. Our findings demonstrated the OB as a more sensitive brain region than the cerebral cortex for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in association with anxiety in FAD mice and supported the notion that the OB can be an early-stage biomarker in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Chithanathan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.C.); (F.-L.X.)
| | - Fang-Ling Xuan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.C.); (F.-L.X.)
| | - Miriam Ann Hickey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.C.); (F.-L.X.)
- Correspondence:
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Tag SH, Kim B, Bae J, Chang KA, Im HI. Neuropathological and behavioral features of an APP/PS1/MAPT (6xTg) transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Brain 2022; 15:51. [PMID: 35676711 PMCID: PMC9175339 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with various brain dysfunctions, including memory impairment, neuronal loss, astrocyte activation, amyloid-β plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. Transgenic animal models of Alzheimer's disease have proven to be invaluable for the basic research of Alzheimer's disease. However, Alzheimer's disease mouse models developed so far do not fully recapitulate the pathological and behavioral features reminiscent of Alzheimer's disease in humans. Here, we investigated the neurobehavioral sequelae in the novel 6xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, which was developed by incorporating human tau containing P301L mutation in the widely used 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. At 11-months-old, 6xTg mice displayed the core pathological processes found in Alzheimer's disease, including accumulation of amyloid-β plaque, extensive neuronal loss, elevated level of astrocyte activation, and abnormal tau phosphorylation in the brain. At 9 to 11-months-old, 6xTg mice exhibited both cognitive and non-cognitive behavioral impairments relevant to Alzheimer’s disease, including memory loss, hyperlocomotion, anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, and reduced sensorimotor gating. Our data suggest that the aged 6xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease presents pathological and cognitive-behavioral features reminiscent of Alzheimer's disease in humans. Thus, the 6xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease may be a valuable model for studying Alzheimer’s disease-relevant non-cognitive behaviors.
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Mackenzie-Gray Scott CA, Pelkey KA, Caccavano AP, Abebe D, Lai M, Black KN, Brown ND, Trevelyan AJ, McBain CJ. Resilient Hippocampal Gamma Rhythmogenesis and Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneuron Function Before and After Plaque Burden in 5xFAD Alzheimer's Disease Model. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:857608. [PMID: 35645763 PMCID: PMC9131009 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.857608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated impaired Parvalbumin Fast-Spiking Interneuron (PVIN) function as a precipitating factor underlying abnormalities in network synchrony, oscillatory rhythms, and cognition associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, a complete developmental investigation of potential gamma deficits, induced by commonly used carbachol or kainate in ex vivo slice preparations, within AD model mice is lacking. We examined gamma oscillations using field recordings in acute hippocampal slices from 5xFAD and control mice, through the period of developing pathology, starting at 3 months of age, when there is minimal plaque presence in the hippocampus, through to 12+ months of age, when plaque burden is high. In addition, we examined PVIN participation in gamma rhythms using targeted cell-attached recordings of genetically-reported PVINs, in both wild type and mutant mice. In parallel, a developmental immunohistochemical characterisation probing the PVIN-associated expression of PV and perineuronal nets (PNNs) was compared between control and 5xFAD mice. Remarkably, this comprehensive longitudinal evaluation failed to reveal any obvious correlations between PVIN deficits (electrical and molecular), circuit rhythmogenesis (gamma frequency and power), and Aβ deposits/plaque formation. By 6-12 months, 5xFAD animals have extensive plaque formation throughout the hippocampus. However, a deficit in gamma oscillatory power was only evident in the oldest 5xFAD animals (12+ months), and only when using kainate, and not carbachol, to induce the oscillations. We found no difference in PV firing or phase preference during kainate-induced oscillations in younger or older 5xFAD mice compared to control, and a reduction of PV and PNNs only in the oldest 5xFAD mice. The lack of a clear relationship between PVIN function, network rhythmicity, and plaque formation in our study highlights an unexpected resilience in PVIN function in the face of extensive plaque pathology associated with this model, calling into question the presumptive link between PVIN pathology and Alzheimer's progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie A. Mackenzie-Gray Scott
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth A. Pelkey
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adam P. Caccavano
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel Abebe
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mandy Lai
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Khayla N. Black
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicolette D. Brown
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew J. Trevelyan
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. McBain
- Section on Cellular and Synaptic Physiology, NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Theta and gamma oscillatory dynamics in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: A path to prospective therapeutic intervention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104628. [PMID: 35331816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neural basis of cognitive deficits, a key feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is imperative for achieving the therapy of the disease. Rhythmic oscillatory activities in neural systems are a fundamental mechanism for diverse brain functions, including cognition. In several neurological conditions like AD, aberrant neural oscillations have been shown to play a central role. Furthermore, manipulation of brain oscillations in animals has confirmed their impact on cognition and disease. In this article, we review the evidence from mouse models that shows how synchronized oscillatory activity is intricately linked to AD machinery. We primarily focus on recent reports showing abnormal oscillatory activities at theta and gamma frequencies in AD condition and their influence on cellular disturbances and cognitive impairments. A thorough comprehension of the role that neuronal oscillations play in AD pathology should pave the way to therapeutic interventions that can curb the disease.
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Gourmaud S, Stewart DA, Irwin DJ, Roberts N, Barbour AJ, Eberwine G, O’Brien WT, Vassar R, Talos DM, Jensen FE. The role of mTORC1 activation in seizure-induced exacerbation of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2022; 145:324-339. [PMID: 34264340 PMCID: PMC9126019 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of seizures is 10-fold higher in patients with Alzheimer's disease than the general population, yet the mechanisms underlying this susceptibility and the effects of these seizures are poorly understood. To elucidate the proposed bidirectional relationship between Alzheimer's disease and seizures, we studied human brain samples (n = 34) from patients with Alzheimer's disease and found that those with a history of seizures (n = 14) had increased amyloid-β and tau pathology, with upregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, compared with patients without a known history of seizures (n = 20). To establish whether seizures accelerate the progression of Alzheimer's disease, we induced chronic hyperexcitability in the five times familial Alzheimer's disease mouse model by kindling with the chemoconvulsant pentylenetetrazol and observed that the mouse model exhibited more severe seizures than the wild-type. Furthermore, kindled seizures exacerbated later cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and mTOR complex 1 activation. Finally, we demonstrated that the administration of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin following kindled seizures rescued enhanced remote and long-term memory deficits associated with earlier kindling and prevented seizure-induced increases in Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. These data demonstrated an important link between chronic hyperexcitability and progressive Alzheimer's disease pathology and suggest a mechanism whereby rapamycin may serve as an adjunct therapy to attenuate progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gourmaud
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David A Stewart
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Roberts
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aaron J Barbour
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Grace Eberwine
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William T O’Brien
- Neurobehavior Testing Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Delia M Talos
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frances E Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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O'Leary TP, Brown RE. Visuo-spatial learning and memory impairments in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: Effects of age, sex, albinism, and motor impairments. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12794. [PMID: 35238473 PMCID: PMC9744519 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rapidly develops AD-related neuro-behavioral pathology. Learning and memory impairments in 5xFAD mice, however, are not always replicated and the size of impairments varies considerably across studies. To examine possible sources of this variability, we analyzed the effects of age, sex, albinism due to background genes (Tyrc , Oca2p ) and motor impairment on learning and memory performance of wild type and 5xFAD mice on the Morris water maze, from 3 to 15 months of age. The 5xFAD mice showed impaired learning at 6-9 months of age, but memory impairments were not detected with the test procedure used in this study. Performance of 5xFAD mice was profoundly impaired at 12-15 months of age, but was accompanied by slower swim speeds than wild-type mice and a frequent failure to locate the escape platform. Overall female mice performed worse than males, and reversal learning impairments in 5xFAD mice were more pronounced in females than males. Albino mice performed worse than pigmented mice, confirming that albinism can impair performance of 5xFAD mice independently of AD-related transgenes. Overall, these results show that 5xFAD mice have impaired learning performance at 6-9 months of age, but learning and memory performance at 12-15 months is confounded with motor impairments. Furthermore, sex and albinism should be controlled to provide an accurate assessment of AD-related transgenes on learning and memory. These results will help reduce variability across pre-clinical experiments with 5xFAD mice, and thus enhance the reliability of studies developing new therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. O'Leary
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Richard E. Brown
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
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Cope ZA, Murai T, Sukoff Rizzo SJ. Emerging Electroencephalographic Biomarkers to Improve Preclinical to Clinical Translation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:805063. [PMID: 35250541 PMCID: PMC8891809 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.805063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Continually emerging data indicate that sub-clinical, non-convulsive epileptiform activity is not only prevalent in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but is detectable early in the course of the disease and predicts cognitive decline in both humans and animal models. Epileptiform activity and other electroencephalographic (EEG) measures may hold powerful, untapped potential to improve the translational validity of AD-related biomarkers in model animals ranging from mice, to rats, and non-human primates. In this review, we will focus on studies of epileptiform activity, EEG slowing, and theta-gamma coupling in preclinical models, with particular focus on its role in cognitive decline and relevance to AD. Here, each biomarker is described in the context of the contemporary literature and recent findings in AD relevant animal models are discussed.
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Impact of the Age of Cecal Material Transfer Donors on Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology in 5xFAD Mice. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122548. [PMID: 34946148 PMCID: PMC8708188 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting around 30 million patients worldwide. The predominant sporadic variant remains enigmatic as the underlying cause has still not been identified. Since efficient therapeutic treatments are still lacking, the microbiome and its manipulation have been considered as a new, innovative approach. 5xFAD Alzheimer’s disease model mice were subjected to one-time fecal material transfer after antibiotics-treatment using two types of inoculation: material derived from the caecum of age-matched (young) wild type mice or from middle aged, 1 year old (old) wild type mice. Mice were profiled after transfer for physiological parameters, microbiome, behavioral tasks, and amyloid deposition. A single time transfer of cecal material from the older donor group established an aged phenotype in the recipient animals as indicated by elevated cultivatable fecal Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae representative bacteria, a decreased Firmicutes amount as assessed by qPCR, and by increased levels of serum LPS binding protein. While behavioral deficits were not accelerated, single brain regions (prefrontal cortex and dentate gyrus) showed higher plaque load after transfer of material from older animals. We could demonstrate that the age of the donor of cecal material might affect early pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. This could be relevant when considering new microbiome-based therapies for this devastating disorder.
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Giesers NK, Wirths O. Loss of Hippocampal Calretinin and Parvalbumin Interneurons in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. ASN Neuro 2021; 12:1759091420925356. [PMID: 32423230 PMCID: PMC7238451 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420925356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid-β peptides in the form of extracellular plaques
and neuronal degeneration belong to the hallmark features of
Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, impaired calcium homeostasis
and altered levels in calcium-binding proteins seem to be associated
with the disease process. In this study, calretinin- (CR) and
parvalbumin- (PV) positive gamma-aminobutyric acid-producing
(GABAergic) interneurons were quantified in different hippocampal
subfields of 12-month-old wild-type mice, as well as in the transgenic
AD mouse models 5XFAD and Tg4-42. While, in comparison with wild-type
mice, CR-positive interneurons were mainly reduced in the CA1 and
CA2/3 regions in plaque-bearing 5XFAD mice, PV-positive interneurons
were reduced in all analyzed subfields including the dentate gyrus. No
reduction in CR- and PV-positive interneuron numbers was detected in
the non-plaque-forming Tg4-42 mouse, although this model has been
previously demonstrated to harbor a massive loss of CA1 pyramidal
neurons. These results provide information about hippocampal
interneuron numbers in two relevant AD mouse models, suggesting that
interneuron loss in this brain region may be related to extracellular
amyloid burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi K Giesers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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Kiris I, Skalicka-Wozniak K, Basar MK, Sahin B, Gurel B, Baykal AT. Molecular Effects of Pteryxin and Scopoletin in the 5xFAD Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2937-2950. [PMID: 34455957 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210827152914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent diseases with rapidly increasing numbers, but there is still no medication to treat or stop the disease. Previous data on coumarins suggests that scopoletin may have potential benefits in AD. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the therapeutic potential of the coumarins with natural origin - scopoletin and pteryxin in a 5xFAD mouse model of AD Methods: Both compounds were administered at two doses to 12-month-old mice, which represent severe AD pathology. The effects of coumarins were assessed on cognition in mouse experiments. Changes in the overall brain proteome were evaluated using LC-MS/MS analyses. RESULTS The Morris water maze test implicated that a higher dose of pteryxin (16 mg/kg) significantly improved learning, and the proteome analysis showed pronounced changes of specific proteins upon pteryxin administration. The amyloid-β precursor protein, glial fibrillary acid protein, and apolipoprotein E protein which are highly associated with AD, were among the differentially expressed proteins at the higher dose of the pteryxin. CONCLUSION Overall, pteryxin may be evaluated further as a disease-modifying agent in AD pathology in the late stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Kiris
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul. Turkey
| | | | - Merve Karayel Basar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul. Turkey
| | - Betul Sahin
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, R&D Center, Istanbul. Turkey
| | - Busra Gurel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul. Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul. Turkey
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Uddin O, Arakawa K, Raver C, Garagusi B, Keller A. Patterns of cognitive decline and somatosensory processing in a mouse model of amyloid accumulation. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2021; 10:100076. [PMID: 34820549 PMCID: PMC8599510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2021.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite copious amyloid plaques, 5XFAD mice show modest signs of cognitive decline. At ages 2 to 13 months old 5XFAD mice show no signs of sensory or pain dysfunctions. 5XFAD mice may not be a valid model for pain abnormalities in the context of AD.
Pain and cognitive decline increase with age. In particular, there is a troubling relationship between dementia and pain, with some studies showing higher prevalence and inadequate treatment of pain in this population. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia in older adults. Amyloid plaques are a hallmark of AD. The downstream processes these plaques promote are believed to affect neuronal and glial health and activity. There is a need to better understand how the neuropathological changes of AD shape neural activity and pain sensitivity. Here, we use the 5XFAD mouse model, in which dense amyloid accumulations occur at early ages, and in which previous studies reported signs of cognitive decline. We hypothesized that 5XFAD mice develop sensory and pain processing dysfunctions. Although amyloid burden was high throughout the brain, including in regions involved with sensory processing, we identified no functionally significant differences in reflexive or spontaneous signs of pain. Furthermore, expected signs of cognitive decline were modest; a finding consistent with variable results in the literature. These data suggest that models recapitulating other pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease might be better suited to studying differences in pain perception in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Uddin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Keiko Arakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Charles Raver
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Brendon Garagusi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Asaf Keller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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Oblak AL, Lin PB, Kotredes KP, Pandey RS, Garceau D, Williams HM, Uyar A, O'Rourke R, O'Rourke S, Ingraham C, Bednarczyk D, Belanger M, Cope ZA, Little GJ, Williams SPG, Ash C, Bleckert A, Ragan T, Logsdon BA, Mangravite LM, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Territo PR, Carter GW, Howell GR, Sasner M, Lamb BT. Comprehensive Evaluation of the 5XFAD Mouse Model for Preclinical Testing Applications: A MODEL-AD Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:713726. [PMID: 34366832 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.71372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to investigate therapeutic interventions in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases depends on extensive characterization of the model(s) being used. There are numerous models that have been generated to study Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the underlying pathogenesis of the disease. While transgenic models have been instrumental in understanding AD mechanisms and risk factors, they are limited in the degree of characteristics displayed in comparison with AD in humans, and the full spectrum of AD effects has yet to be recapitulated in a single mouse model. The Model Organism Development and Evaluation for Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease (MODEL-AD) consortium was assembled by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) to develop more robust animal models of AD with increased relevance to human disease, standardize the characterization of AD mouse models, improve preclinical testing in animals, and establish clinically relevant AD biomarkers, among other aims toward enhancing the translational value of AD models in clinical drug design and treatment development. Here we have conducted a detailed characterization of the 5XFAD mouse, including transcriptomics, electroencephalogram, in vivo imaging, biochemical characterization, and behavioral assessments. The data from this study is publicly available through the AD Knowledge Portal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L Oblak
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Peter B Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Ravi S Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Dylan Garceau
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | - Asli Uyar
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Rita O'Rourke
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | - Cynthia Ingraham
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Melisa Belanger
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Zackary A Cope
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gabriela J Little
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Carl Ash
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Adam Bleckert
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Tim Ragan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | | | | | | | - Paul R Territo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | | | | | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Oblak AL, Lin PB, Kotredes KP, Pandey RS, Garceau D, Williams HM, Uyar A, O'Rourke R, O'Rourke S, Ingraham C, Bednarczyk D, Belanger M, Cope ZA, Little GJ, Williams SPG, Ash C, Bleckert A, Ragan T, Logsdon BA, Mangravite LM, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Territo PR, Carter GW, Howell GR, Sasner M, Lamb BT. Comprehensive Evaluation of the 5XFAD Mouse Model for Preclinical Testing Applications: A MODEL-AD Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:713726. [PMID: 34366832 PMCID: PMC8346252 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.713726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to investigate therapeutic interventions in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases depends on extensive characterization of the model(s) being used. There are numerous models that have been generated to study Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the underlying pathogenesis of the disease. While transgenic models have been instrumental in understanding AD mechanisms and risk factors, they are limited in the degree of characteristics displayed in comparison with AD in humans, and the full spectrum of AD effects has yet to be recapitulated in a single mouse model. The Model Organism Development and Evaluation for Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease (MODEL-AD) consortium was assembled by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) to develop more robust animal models of AD with increased relevance to human disease, standardize the characterization of AD mouse models, improve preclinical testing in animals, and establish clinically relevant AD biomarkers, among other aims toward enhancing the translational value of AD models in clinical drug design and treatment development. Here we have conducted a detailed characterization of the 5XFAD mouse, including transcriptomics, electroencephalogram, in vivo imaging, biochemical characterization, and behavioral assessments. The data from this study is publicly available through the AD Knowledge Portal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L Oblak
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Peter B Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Ravi S Pandey
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Dylan Garceau
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | - Asli Uyar
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Rita O'Rourke
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | - Cynthia Ingraham
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Melisa Belanger
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Zackary A Cope
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gabriela J Little
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Carl Ash
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Adam Bleckert
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Tim Ragan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | | | | | | | - Paul R Territo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | | | | | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Kiris I, Basar MK, Sahin B, Gurel B, Coskun J, Mroczek T, Baykal AT. Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effect of Lycoramine on Alzheimer's Disease in Mouse Model. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3449-3473. [PMID: 33200692 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999201116193126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is one of the leading health problems characterized by the accumulation of Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau that account for the senile plaque formations causing extensive cognitive decline. Many of the clinical diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease are made in the late stages, when the pathological changes have already progressed. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the promising therapeutic effects of a natural compound, lycoramine, which has been shown to have therapeutic potential in several studies and to understand its mechanism of action on the molecular level via differential protein expression analyses. METHODS Lycoramine and galantamine, an FDA approved drug used in the treatment of mild to moderate AD, were administered to 12 month-old 5xFAD mice. Effects of the compounds were investigated by Morris water maze, immunohistochemistry and label- free differential protein expression analyses. RESULTS Here we demonstrated the reversal of cognitive decline via behavioral testing and the clearance of Aβ plaques. Proteomics analysis provided in-depth information on the statistically significant protein perturbations in the cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum sections to hypothesize the possible clearance mechanisms of the plaque formation and the molecular mechanism of the reversal of cognitive decline in a transgenic mouse model. Bioinformatics analyses showed altered molecular pathways that can be linked with the reversal of cognitive decline observed after lycoramine administration but not with galantamine. CONCLUSION Lycoramine shows therapeutic potential to halt and reverse cognitive decline at the late stages of disease progression, and holds great promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Kiris
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Karayel Basar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Sahin
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, R&D Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Gurel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Julide Coskun
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, R&D Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tomasz Mroczek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gadomsky L, Dos Santos Guilherme M, Winkler J, van der Kooij MA, Hartmann T, Grimm M, Endres K. Elevated Testosterone Level and Urine Scent Marking in Male 5xFAD Alzheimer Model Mice. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:80-92. [PMID: 32065104 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200217105537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Function of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (AβPP) and its various cleavage products still is not unraveled down to the last detail. While its role as a source of the neurotoxic Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is undisputed and its property as a cell attachment protein is intriguing, while functions outside the neuronal context are scarcely investigated. This is particularly noteworthy because AβPP has a ubiquitous expression profile and its longer isoforms, AβPP750 and 770, are found in various tissues outside the brain and in non-neuronal cells. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed at analyzing the 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model in regard to male sexual function. The transgenes of this mouse model are regulated by Thy1 promoter activity and Thy1 is expressed in testes, e.g. by Sertoli cells. This allows speculation about an influence on sexual behavior. METHODS We analyzed morphological as well as biochemical properties of testicular tissue from 5xFAD mice and wild type littermates and testosterone levels in serum, testes and the brain. Sexual behavior was assessed by a urine scent marking test at different ages for both groups. RESULTS While sperm number, testes weight and morphological phenotypes of sperms were nearly indistinguishable from those of wild type littermates, testicular testosterone levels were significantly increased in the AD model mice. This was accompanied by elevated and prolonged sexual interest as displayed within the urine scent marking test. CONCLUSION We suggest that overexpression of AβPP, which mostly is used to mimic AD in model mice, also affects male sexual behavior as assessed additional by the Urine Scent Marking (USM) test. The elevated testosterone levels might have an additional impact on central nervous system androgen receptors and also have to be considered when assessing learning and memory capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gadomsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Malena Dos Santos Guilherme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jakob Winkler
- German Institute for Dementia Prevention (GIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael A van der Kooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- German Institute for Dementia Prevention (GIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Marcus Grimm
- German Institute for Dementia Prevention (GIDP), Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany and Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany
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Ringland C, Schweig JE, Eisenbaum M, Paris D, Ait-Ghezala G, Mullan M, Crawford F, Abdullah L, Bachmeier C. MMP9 modulation improves specific neurobehavioral deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:39. [PMID: 34034683 PMCID: PMC8152085 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) has been implicated in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), where MMP9 levels are elevated in the brain and cerebrovasculature. Previously our group demonstrated apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) was less efficient in regulating MMP9 activity in the brain than other apoE isoforms, and that MMP9 inhibition facilitated beta-amyloid (Aβ) elimination across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) METHODS: In the current studies, we evaluated the impact of MMP9 modulation on Aβ disposition and neurobehavior in AD using two approaches, (1) pharmacological inhibition of MMP9 with SB-3CT in apoE4 x AD (E4FAD) mice, and (2) gene deletion of MMP9 in AD mice (MMP9KO/5xFAD) RESULTS: Treatment with the MMP9 inhibitor SB-3CT in E4FAD mice led to reduced anxiety compared to placebo using the elevated plus maze. Deletion of the MMP9 gene in 5xFAD mice also reduced anxiety using the open field test, in addition to improving sociability and social recognition memory, particularly in male mice, as assessed through the three-chamber task, indicating certain behavioral alterations in AD may be mediated by MMP9. However, neither pharmacological inhibition of MMP9 or gene deletion of MMP9 affected spatial learning or memory in the AD animals, as determined through the radial arm water maze. Moreover, the effect of MMP9 modulation on AD neurobehavior was not due to changes in Aβ disposition, as both brain and plasma Aβ levels were unchanged in the SB-3CT-treated E4FAD animals and MMP9KO/AD mice compared to their respective controls. CONCLUSIONS In total, while MMP9 inhibition did improve specific neurobehavioral deficits associated with AD, such as anxiety and social recognition memory, modulation of MMP9 did not alter spatial learning and memory or Aβ tissue levels in AD animals. While targeting MMP9 may represent a therapeutic strategy to mitigate aspects of neurobehavioral decline in AD, further work is necessary to understand the nature of the relationship between MMP9 activity and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Ringland
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Maxwell Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Daniel Paris
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Ghania Ait-Ghezala
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Laila Abdullah
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
- Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA.
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45
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Pentkowski NS, Rogge-Obando KK, Donaldson TN, Bouquin SJ, Clark BJ. Anxiety and Alzheimer's disease: Behavioral analysis and neural basis in rodent models of Alzheimer's-related neuropathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:647-658. [PMID: 33979573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is commonly associated with cognitive decline but is also composed of neuropsychiatric symptoms including psychological distress and alterations in mood, including anxiety and depression. Emotional dysfunction in AD is frequently modeled using tests of anxiety-like behavior in transgenic rodents. These tests often include the elevated plus-maze, light/dark test and open field test. In this review, we describe prototypical behavioral paradigms used to examine emotional dysfunction in transgenic models of AD, specifically anxiety-like behavior. Next, we summarize the results of studies examining anxiety-like behavior in transgenic rodents, noting that the behavioral outcomes using these paradigms have produced inconsistent results. We suggest that future research will benefit from using a battery of tests to examine emotional behavior in transgenic AD models. We conclude by discussing putative, overlapping neurobiological mechanisms underlying AD-related neuropathology, stress and anxiety-like behavior reported in AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Pentkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico.
| | | | - Tia N Donaldson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico
| | - Samuel J Bouquin
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico
| | - Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico.
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Ávila-Villanueva M, Gómez-Ramírez J, Ávila J, Fernández-Blázquez MA. Alzheimer's Disease and Empathic Abilities: The Proposed Role of the Cingulate Cortex. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:345-352. [PMID: 34189406 PMCID: PMC8203285 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been increasing interest in examining the role of empathic abilities in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Empathy, the ability to understand and share another person’s feelings, implies the existence of emotional and cognitive processes and is a pivotal aspect for success in social interactions. In turn, self-empathy is oriented to one’s thoughts and feelings. Decline of empathy and self-empathy can occur during the AD continuum and can be linked to different neuroanatomical pathways in which the cingulate cortex may play a crucial role. Here, we will summarize the involvement of empathic abilities through the AD continuum and further discuss the potential neurocognitive mechanisms that contribute to decline of empathy and self-empathy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ávila-Villanueva
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofía Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Ramírez
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofía Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Fernández-Blázquez
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofía Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Campus de Somosaguas, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Prince SM, Paulson AL, Jeong N, Zhang L, Amigues S, Singer AC. Alzheimer's pathology causes impaired inhibitory connections and reactivation of spatial codes during spatial navigation. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109008. [PMID: 33882308 PMCID: PMC8139125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse loss and altered synaptic strength are thought to underlie cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by disrupting neural activity essential for memory. While synaptic dysfunction in AD has been well characterized in anesthetized animals and in vitro, it remains unknown how synaptic transmission is altered during behavior. By measuring synaptic efficacy as mice navigate in a virtual reality task, we find deficits in interneuron connection strength onto pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD. These inhibitory synaptic deficits are most pronounced during sharp-wave ripples, network oscillations important for memory that require inhibition. Indeed, 5XFAD mice exhibit fewer and shorter sharp-wave ripples with impaired place cell reactivation. By showing inhibitory synaptic dysfunction in 5XFAD mice during spatial navigation behavior and suggesting a synaptic mechanism underlying deficits in network activity essential for memory, this work bridges the gap between synaptic and neural activity deficits in AD. Prince et al. find impaired inhibitory synapses, sharp-wave ripples, and place cell reactivation during behavior in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. These results link synaptic deficits in Alzheimer’s disease to dysfunction of neural activity essential for memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Prince
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Abigail L Paulson
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Nuri Jeong
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Solange Amigues
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Annabelle C Singer
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on neuroinflammation, behavior and amyloid plaques in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4910. [PMID: 33649346 PMCID: PMC7921388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and interact with amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. Apart from memory loss, depression is common in patients with AD. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an anti-depressive treatment that may stimulate microglia, induce neuroinflammation and alter the levels of soluble Aβ, but the effects of ECT on microglia and Aβ aggregation in AD are not known. We investigated the short- and long-term effects of ECT on neuroinflammation and Aβ accumulation. 5xFAD mice received either electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS n = 26) or sham treatment (n = 25) for 3 weeks. Microglia and Aβ were analyzed in samples collected 24 h, 5 weeks, or 9 weeks after the last treatment. Aβ plaques and microglia were quantified using immunohistochemistry. The concentration of soluble Aβ and cytokines was quantified using ELISA and levels of Aβ aggregates were measured with Western Blot. Microglial phagocytosis of Aβ in the hippocampus was evaluated by flow cytometry in Methoxy-X04 injected mice 24 h following the last ECS treatment. Y-maze and Elevated plus maze were performed to study behavior after 5 weeks. We could not detect any significant short- or long-term effects of ECS on Aβ pathology or neuroinflammation, but ECS reduced abnormal behavior in the Elevated Plus maze.
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Zhao J, Shi Q, Tian H, Li Y, Liu Y, Xu Z, Robert A, Liu Q, Meunier B. TDMQ20, a Specific Copper Chelator, Reduces Memory Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:140-149. [PMID: 33322892 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides targeting amyloid or tau metabolisms, regulation of redox metal ions is a recognized therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on the bioinorganic chemistry of copper, we designed specific chelators of copper(II) (TDMQs) insight to regulate copper homeostasis in the brain and to inhibit the deleterious oxidative stress catalyzed by copper-amyloid complexes. An oral treatment by TDMQ20 was able to fully reverse the cognitive and behavioral impairment in three different murine models, two nontransgenic models mimicking the early stage of AD and a transgenic model representing a more advanced stage of AD. To our knowledge, such a comparative study using the same molecule has never been performed. Regular C57BL/6 mice received a single injection of human Cu-Aβ1-42 in the lateral ventricles (icv-CuAβ) or in the hippocampus (hippo-CuAβ). In both cases, mice developed a cognitive impairment similar to that of transgenic 5XFAD mice. Oral administration of TDMQ20 to icv-CuAβ or hippo-CuAβ mice within a 16-day period resulted in a significant improvement of the cognitive status. The 3-month treatment of transgenic 5XFAD mice with TDMQ20 also resulted in behavioral improvements. The consistent positive pharmacological results obtained using these different AD models correlate well with previously obtained physicochemical data of TDMQ20. The short-term novel object recognition (NOR) test was found particularly relevant to evaluate the rescue of declarative memory impairment. TDMQ20 was also able to reduce the oxidative stress in the mouse cortex. Due to its reliability and facile use, the hippo-CuAβ model can be considered as a robust nontransgenic model to evaluate the activity of potential drugs on the early stages of memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- College of Life Sciences & Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qihui Shi
- College of Life Sciences & Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hongda Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), Higher Education Mega Center, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Youzhi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), Higher Education Mega Center, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), Higher Education Mega Center, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Anne Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC-CNRS), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, cedex 4, France
| | - Qiong Liu
- College of Life Sciences & Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bernard Meunier
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), Higher Education Mega Center, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC-CNRS), 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, cedex 4, France
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50
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Mladenovic Djordjevic AN, Kapetanou M, Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic N, Todorovic S, Athanasopoulou S, Jovic M, Prvulovic M, Taoufik E, Matsas R, Kanazir S, Gonos ES. Pharmacological intervention in a transgenic mouse model improves Alzheimer's-associated pathological phenotype: Involvement of proteasome activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:88-103. [PMID: 33279620 PMCID: PMC7889698 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide, characterized by a progressive decline in a variety of cognitive and non-cognitive functions. The amyloid beta protein cascade hypothesis places the formation of amyloid beta protein aggregates on the first position in the complex pathological cascade leading to neurodegeneration, and therefore AD might be considered to be a protein-misfolding disease. The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS), being the primary protein degradation mechanism with a fundamental role in the maintenance of proteostasis, has been identified as a putative therapeutic target to delay and/or to decelerate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by accumulated/aggregated proteins. The purpose of this study was to test if the activation of proteasome in vivo can alleviate AD pathology. Specifically by using two compounds with complementary modes of proteasome activation and documented antioxidant and redox regulating properties in the 5xFAD transgenic mice model of AD, we ameliorated a number of AD related deficits. Shortly after proteasome activation we detected significantly reduced amyloid-beta load correlated with improved motor functions, reduced anxiety and frailty level. Essentially, to our knowledge this is the first report to demonstrate a dual activation of the proteasome and its downstream effects. In conclusion, these findings open up new directions for future therapeutic potential of proteasome-mediated proteolysis enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra N Mladenovic Djordjevic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marianna Kapetanou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Natasa Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Molecular Nutrition and Health Lab, CEDOC - Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Edifício CEDOC II, Rua Câmara Pestana 6, 1150-082, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Smilja Todorovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sofia Athanasopoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece; Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Milena Jovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prvulovic
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Era Taoufik
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Selma Kanazir
- Department for Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Boulevard Despota Stefana, 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece.
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