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Lyu DW. Immunomodulatory effects of exercise in cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy: a narrative review. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1292580. [PMID: 38239881 PMCID: PMC10794543 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1292580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful application of cancer immunotherapy has rekindled hope in cancer patients. However, a number of patients are unresponsive to immunotherapy and related treatments. This unresponsiveness in cancer patients toward different treatment regimens can be mainly attributed to severe immune dysfunction in such patients. Several reports indicate that physical exercise can significantly lead to improved cancer patient outcomes. Since exercise gets immense response from the immune system, it can be utilized to improve immune function. Leukocytes with enhanced functions are substantially mobilized into the circulation by a single bout of intense physical exercise. Chronic physical exercise results in greater muscle endurance and strength and improved cardiorespiratory function. This exercise regime is also useful in improving T-cell abundance and reducing dysfunctional T cells. The current available data strongly justify for future clinical trials to investigate physical exercise use as an adjuvant in cancer therapy; however, optimal parameters using exercise for a defined outcome are yet to be established. The components of the immune system associate with almost every tumorigenesis step. The inter-relationship between inflammation, cancer, and innate immunity has recently gained acceptance; however, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this relationship are yet to be solved. Several studies suggest physical exercise-mediated induction of immune cells to elicit anti-tumorigenic effects. This indicates the potential of exercising in modulating the behavior of immune cells to inhibit tumor progression. However, further mechanistic details behind physical exercise-driven immunomodulation and anticancer effects have to be determined. This review aims to summarize and discuss the association between physical exercise and immune function modulation and the potential of exercise as an adjuvant therapy in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-wei Lyu
- Physical Education and Health School, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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2
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Smith KA, Zúñiga TM, Baker FL, Batatinha H, Pedlar CR, Burgess SC, Gustafson MP, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. COVID-19 vaccination produces exercise-responsive SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells regardless of infection history. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:99-107. [PMID: 37399887 PMCID: PMC10818112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mobilization and redistribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) specific T-cells and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) during exercise is purported to increase immune surveillance and protect against severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We sought to determine if COVID-19 vaccination would elicit exercise-responsive SARS-CoV-2 T-cells and transiently alter nAb titers. METHODS Eighteen healthy participants completed a 20-min bout of graded cycling exercise before and/or after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. All major leukocyte subtypes were enumerated before, during, and after exercise by flow cytometry, and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 were determined using whole blood peptide stimulation assays, T-cell receptor (TCR)-β sequencing, and SARS-CoV-2 nAb serology. RESULTS COVID-19 vaccination had no effect on the mobilization or egress of major leukocyte subsets in response to intensity-controlled graded exercise. However, non-infected participants had a significantly reduced mobilization of CD4+ and CD8+ naive T-cells, as well as CD4+ central memory T-cells, after vaccination (synthetic immunity group); this was not seen after vaccination in those with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (hybrid immunity group). Acute exercise after vaccination robustly mobilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells to blood in an intensity-dependent manner. Both groups mobilized T-cells that reacted to spike protein; however, only the hybrid immunity group mobilized T-cells that reacted to membrane and nucleocapsid antigens. nAbs increased significantly during exercise only in the hybrid immunity group. CONCLUSION These data indicate that acute exercise mobilizes SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells that recognize spike protein and increases the redistribution of nAbs in individuals with hybrid immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Tiffany M Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Forrest L Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK; Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London WC1E 7HU, UK
| | - Shane C Burgess
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Michael P Gustafson
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Torres G, Constantinou D, Gradidge P, Patel D, Patricios J. Exercise is the Most Important Medicine for COVID-19. Curr Sports Med Rep 2023; 22:284-289. [PMID: 37549214 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT COVID-19 infection and long COVID affect multiple organ systems, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, digestive, neuroendocrine, musculoskeletal systems, and sensory organs. Exerkines, released during exercise, have a potent crosstalk effect between multiple body systems. This review describes the evidence of how exerkines can mitigate the effects of COVID-19 in each organ system that the virus affects. The evidence presented in the review suggests that exercise should be considered a first-line strategy in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection and long COVID disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Torres
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Demitri Constantinou
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philippe Gradidge
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Deepak Patel
- Division of Sports & Exercise Medicine, Department of Family Medicine & Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jon Patricios
- Wits Sport and Health (WiSH), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Zúñiga TM, Baker FL, Smith KA, Batatinha H, Lau B, Burgess SC, Gustafson MP, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Clonal Kinetics and Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiles of T Cells Mobilized to Blood by Acute Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:991-1002. [PMID: 36719647 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute exercise redistributes large numbers of memory T cells, which may contribute to enhanced immune surveillance in regular exercisers. It is not known, however, if acute exercise promotes a broad or oligoclonal T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire or evokes transcriptomic changes in "exercise-responsive" T-cell clones. METHODS Healthy volunteers completed a graded bout of cycling exercise up to 80% V̇O 2max . DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected at rest, during exercise (EX), and 1 h after (+1H) exercise, and processed for deep TCR-β chain sequencing and tandem single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS The number of unique clones and unique rearrangements was decreased at EX compared with rest ( P < 0.01) and +1H ( P < 0.01). Productive clonality was increased compared with rest ( P < 0.05) and +1H ( P < 0.05), whereas Shannon's Index was decreased compared with rest ( P < 0.05) and +1H ( P < 0.05). The top 10 rearrangements in the repertoire were increased at EX compared with rest ( P < 0.05) and +1H ( P < 0.05). Cross-referencing TCR-β sequences with a public database (VDJdb) revealed that exercise increased the number of clones specific for the most prevalent motifs, including Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and influenza A. We identified 633 unique exercise-responsive T-cell clones that were mobilized and/or egressed in response to exercise. Among these clones, there was an upregulation in genes related to cell death, cytotoxicity, and activation ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Acute exercise promotes an oligoclonal T-cell repertoire by preferentially mobilizing the most dominant clones, several of which are specific to known viral antigens and display differentially expressed genes indicative of cytotoxicity, activation, and apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- T-Lymphocytes
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Exercise
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Forrest L Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Kyle A Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Branden Lau
- The University of Arizona Genetics Core, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Barni L, Carrasco-Vega E, Olivieri M, Galán-Mercant A, Guiducci S, Picariello F, González-Sánchez M. Does Physical Exercise Enhance the Immune Response after Vaccination? A Systematic Review for Clinical Indications of COVID-19 Vaccine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5183. [PMID: 36982095 PMCID: PMC10049110 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulating protective immunity with vaccines appears to be the most promising option for providing widespread moderate to high protection against COVID-19 in people over the age of 18. Regular exercise improves the immune response, transmitting possible benefits against virus infections. The aim of this review is to study the effects of physical activity on vaccine injections, helping to develop new recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. METHODS A comprehensive review of the existing literature was undertaken using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The internal quality of the studies was assessed according to the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The outcomes analyzed were antibody titer, the level of lymphocytes CD4, CD8, InterLeukin 6 (IL6), leukocytes level, the visual analogue scale (VAS) for overall pain rating, arm and forearm circumferences and volume of oxygen (VO2) peak. RESULTS Fourteen articles were selected for the analysis. The majority of studies were randomized controlled trials (RCT) (n = 8) and controlled trials (CT) (n = 6). According to PEDro, the 'fair' category (n = 7) was the most represented, followed by 'good' (n = 6) and 'excellent' (n = 1). Physical training showed a positive effect on antibody titers of the vaccine; yet, different variables seem to influence antibody titers: higher new vs. old antigen in the vaccine, higher in younger vs. older individuals, and higher in females vs. males. After exercise, when analyzing variables of direct response to the vaccine, such as the amount of CD4, IL-6 and leukocytes, higher levels were observed in the patients who performed physical exercise compared to the control group. In the same way, better results were observed in physiological variables such as VO2 and limb circumferences, or subjective variables such as pain, which showed better results than the control group. CONCLUSIONS The immune response (antibody titers) depends on age, gender and the intensity of physical activity: long-term protocols at moderate intensity are the most recommended. All of these aspects also have to be carefully considered for the COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Barni
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (L.B.); (E.C.-V.); (M.G.-S.)
| | - Elio Carrasco-Vega
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (L.B.); (E.C.-V.); (M.G.-S.)
| | | | - Alejandro Galán-Mercant
- Institute of Biomedicine of Cádiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cádiz, Spain
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Divisions of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology AOUC, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Felice Picariello
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Manuel González-Sánchez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (L.B.); (E.C.-V.); (M.G.-S.)
- Institute of Biomedicine of Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Baker FL, Zúñiga TM, Smith KA, Batatinha H, Kulangara TS, Seckeler MD, Burgess SC, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Exercise mobilizes diverse antigen specific T-cells and elevates neutralizing antibodies in humans with natural immunity to SARS CoV-2. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100600. [PMID: 36743994 PMCID: PMC9886396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that physical activity protects against severe COVID-19 and improves clinical outcomes, but how exercise augments the SARS-CoV-2 viral immune response has yet to be elucidated. Here we determine the antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell and humoral immunity to exercise in non-vaccinated individuals with natural immunity to SARS CoV-2, using whole-blood SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation assays, IFN-γ ELISPOT assays, 8-color flow cytometry, deep T-cell receptor (TCR) β sequencing, and anti-RBD-1 neutralizing antibody serology. We found that acute exercise reliably mobilized (∼2.5-fold increase) highly functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells to the blood compartment in those with natural immunity to the virus. The mobilized cells reacted with spike protein (including alpha (α) and delta (δ)-variants), membrane, and nucleocapsid peptides in those previously infected but not in controls. Both groups reliably mobilized T-cells reacting with Epstein-Barr viral peptides. Exercise mobilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells maintained broad TCR-β diversity with no impact on CDR3 length or V and J family gene usage. Exercise predominantly mobilized MHC I restricted (i.e. CD8+) SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells that recognized ORF1ab, surface, ORF7b, nucleocapsid, and membrane proteins. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were transiently elevated ∼1.5-fold during exercise after infection. In conclusion, we provide novel data on a potential mechanism by which exercise could increase SARS-CoV-2 immunosurveillance via the mobilization and redistribution of antigen-specific CD8 T-cells and neutralizing antibodies. Further research is needed to define the tissue specific disease protective effects of exercise as SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, as well as the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Corresponding author. School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, 1177 E. Fourth Street Shantz Building Room 308, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Terese S. Kulangara
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael D. Seckeler
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Shane C. Burgess
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pathology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Green I, Merzon E, Vinker S, Golan-Cohen A, Israel A, Scheinowitz M, Ishai R, Ashkenazi S, Magen E. A higher frequency of physical activity is associated with reduced rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Gen Pract 2022:1-7. [PMID: 36342205 DOI: 10.1080/13814788.2022.2138855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) is associated with health benefits. Previous studies have shown that regular PA decreases the incidence of viral respiratory tract infections, but data on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are unavailable. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to examine the association between PA frequency and SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on data from 1 February 2020 to 31 December 2020, using the registry of Leumit Health Services (LHS), a national health maintenance organisation in Israel. All LHS patients aged 18 to 80 years who underwent at least one RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period were included. We examined the association between PA frequency (hours per week) and being tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Of 113,075 subjects tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR (mean age 41.6 years, 54.4% female), 17,465 (15%) were positive. In the SARS-CoV-2-negative group, significantly more subjects were engaged with PA than in the SARS-CoV-2-positive group [crude odds ratio (OR) for any PA 0.75 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.77)]. After adjusting for possible confounders, PA frequency had a significant negative association with the likelihood of being SARS-CoV-2 positive (adjusted OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.64-0.68). Moreover, as the frequency of PA increased, the ORs of being SARS-CoV-2-positive decreased (occasional PA: OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.67-0.74; PA 1-3 times/week: OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.58-0.65 and PA > 3 times/week: OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.49 - 0.59). CONCLUSION Our large population-based study in patients undergoing SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing showed that a higher frequency of PA is associated with a lower rate of positive test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Green
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Mickey Scheinowitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Reuven Ishai
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, and Head & Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Eli Magen
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Medicine C Department, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon, Israel
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Baker FL, Smith KA, Zúñiga TM, Batatinha H, Niemiro GM, Pedlar CR, Burgess SC, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Acute exercise increases immune responses to SARS CoV-2 in a previously infected man. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100343. [PMID: 34514439 PMCID: PMC8423674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that exercise and physical activity provides protection against severe COVID-19 disease in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, but it is not known how exercise affects immune responses to the virus. A healthy man completed a graded cycling ergometer test prior to and after SARS-CoV-2 infection, then again after receiving an adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccine. Using whole blood SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation assays, IFN-γ ELISPOT assays, flow cytometry, ex vivo viral-specific T-cell expansion assays and deep T-cell receptor (TCR) β sequencing, we found that exercise robustly mobilized highly functional SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells to the blood compartment that recognized spike protein, membrane protein, nucleocapsid antigen and the B.1.1.7 α-variant, and consisted mostly of CD3+/CD8+ T-cells and double-negative (CD4-/CD8-) CD3+ T-cells. The magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 T-cell mobilization with exercise was intensity dependent and robust when compared to T-cells recognizing other viruses (e.g. CMV, EBV, influenza). Vaccination enhanced the number of exercise-mobilized SARS-CoV-2 T-cells recognizing spike protein and the α-variant only. Exercise-mobilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells proliferated more vigorously to ex vivo peptide stimulation and maintained broad TCR-β diversity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens both before and after ex vivo expansion. Neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were transiently elevated during exercise after both infection and vaccination. Finally, infection was associated with an increased metabolic demand to defined exercise workloads, which was restored to pre-infection levels after vaccination. This case study provides impetus for larger studies to determine if these immune responses to exercise can facilitate viral clearance, ameliorate symptoms of long COVID syndrome, and/or restore functional exercise capacity following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Grace M. Niemiro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Charles R. Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Performance Science, St. Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shane C. Burgess
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Simpson RJ, Boßlau TK, Weyh C, Niemiro GM, Batatinha H, Smith KA, Krüger K. Exercise and adrenergic regulation of immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:303-318. [PMID: 34302965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has a profound impact on immunity, exerting a multitude of positive effects in indications such as immunosenescence, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory diseases. The immune, endocrine and central nervous systems work in a highly synergistic manner and it has become apparent that catecholamine signaling through leukocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) is a key mechanism by which exercise mediates improvements in immune function to help mitigate numerous disease conditions. Central to this is the preferential mobilization and redistribution of effector lymphocytes with potent anti-viral and anti-tumor activity, their interaction with muscle-derived cytokines, and the effects of catecholamine signaling on mitochondrial biogenesis, immunometabolism and the resulting inflammatory response. Here, we review the impact of acute and chronic exercise on adrenergic regulation of immunity in the context of aging, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory disease. We also put forth our contention that exercise interventions designed to improve immunity, prevent disease and reduce inflammation should consider the catecholamine-AR signaling axis as a therapeutic target and ask whether or not the adrenergic signaling machinery can be 'trained' to improve immune responses to stress, disease or during the normal physiological process of aging. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to augment leukocyte catecholamine signaling to boost the effects of exercise on immunity in individuals with desensitized β-ARs or limited exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Tim K Boßlau
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weyh
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Grace M Niemiro
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle A Smith
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karsten Krüger
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany.
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10
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Impact of exercise on the immune system and outcomes in hematologic malignancies. Blood Adv 2021; 4:1801-1811. [PMID: 32343800 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is increasingly recognized as important to cancer care. The biology of how exercise improves outcomes is not well understood, however. Studies show that exercise favorably influences the immune system in healthy individuals (neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, and a number of cytokines). Thus, exercise in patients with hematologic cancer could significantly improve immune function and tumor microenvironment. We performed a literature search and identified 7 studies examining exercise and the immune environment in hematologic malignancies. This review focuses on the role of exercise and physical activity on the immune system in hematologic malignancies and healthy adults.
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11
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Batatinha H, Tavares-Silva E, Leite GSF, Resende AS, Albuquerque JAT, Arslanian C, Fock RA, Lancha AH, Lira FS, Krüger K, Thomatieli-Santos R, Rosa-Neto JC. Probiotic supplementation in marathonists and its impact on lymphocyte population and function after a marathon: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18777. [PMID: 33139757 PMCID: PMC7608678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic supplementation arises as playing an immune-stimulatory role. High-intensity and -volume exercise can inhibit immune cell function, which threatens athletic performance and recovery. We hypothesized that 30 days of probiotic supplementation could stabilize the immune system of athletes preventing immune suppression after a marathon race. Twenty-seven male marathonists were double-blinded randomly into probiotic (Bifidobacterium-animalis-subsp.-Lactis (10 × 109) and Lactobacillus-Acidophilus (10 × 109) + 5 g of maltodextrin) and placebo (5 g of maltodextrin) group. They received 30 sachets and supplemented 1 portion/day during 30 days before the race. Blood were collected 30 days before (rest), 1 day before (pre), 1 h after (post) and 5 days after the race (recovery). Both chronic and acute exercise modulated a different T lymphocyte population (CD3+CD4−CD8− T-cells), increasing pre-race, decreasing post and returning to rest values at the recovery. The total number of CD8 T cell and the memory subsets statistically decreased only in the placebo group post-race. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production by stimulated lymphocytes decreased in the probiotic group after the supplementation period. 30 days of probiotic supplementation maintained CD8 T cell and effector memory cell population and played an immunomodulatory role in stimulated lymphocytes. Both, training and marathon modulated a non-classical lymphocyte population regardless of probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Batatinha
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo,, 1524, Prof Lineu Prestes Av., Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Edgar Tavares-Silva
- Programa de pós-graduação em psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Geovana S F Leite
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayane S Resende
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A T Albuquerque
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina Arslanian
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Fock
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio H Lancha
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ronaldo Thomatieli-Santos
- Programa de pós-graduação em psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.,Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - José C Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Kunz HE, Agha NH, Hussain M, LaVoy EC, Smith KA, Mylabathula P, Diak D, Baker FL, O'Connor DP, Bond RA, Katsanis E, Bollard CM, Simpson RJ. The effects of β 1 and β 1+2 adrenergic receptor blockade on the exercise-induced mobilization and ex vivo expansion of virus-specific T cells: implications for cellular therapy and the anti-viral immune effects of exercise. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:993-1012. [PMID: 32779001 PMCID: PMC7591642 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of donor-derived virus-specific T cells (VSTs) is an effective treatment for infections following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Acute exercise mobilizes effector lymphocytes and VSTs to the circulation and augments the ex vivo manufacture of VSTs. This study determined if β2 adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling precipitated the VST response to acute exercise. Healthy participants (n = 12) completed 30 min of steady-state cycling exercise after ingesting a placebo, a β1 + 2 AR antagonist (nadolol) or a β1 AR antagonist (bisoprolol). Circulating VSTs to cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and adenovirus (AdV) antigens were enumerated before and after exercise, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with viral peptides for 8 days to expand multi-VSTs. Compared with placebo, nadolol blunted the exercise-induced mobilization of CMV-VSTs (Δ VSTs/100,000 CD3+ T cells = 93 ± 104 vs. 22 ± 91 for placebo and nadolol, respectively; p = 0.036), while bisoprolol did not, despite both drugs evoking similar reductions in exercising heart rate and blood pressure. Circulating AdV and EBV VSTs (VSTs/mL blood) only increased after exercise with placebo. Although not significant, nadolol partially mitigated exercise-induced increases in multi-VST expansion, particularly in participants that demonstrated an exercise-induced increase in VST expansion. We conclude that exercise-induced enhancements in VST mobilization and expansion are at least partially β2 AR mediated, thus highlighting a role for the β2 AR in targeted therapy for the augmentation of VST immune cell therapeutics in the allogeneic adoptive transfer setting. Moreover, long-term regular exercise may provide additional viral protection in the host through frequent β2 AR-dependent mobilization and redistribution of VSTs cumulated with each bout of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawley E Kunz
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nadia H Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maryam Hussain
- Merced Experimental Social and Health Psychology Laboratory, Stress and Health Laboratory, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Emily C LaVoy
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kyle A Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Douglass Diak
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Forrest L Baker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel P O'Connor
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Bond
- College of Pharmacy, Science and Engineering Research Center, The University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System and The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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13
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Choukér A, Stahn AC. COVID-19-The largest isolation study in history: the value of shared learnings from spaceflight analogs. NPJ Microgravity 2020; 6:32. [PMID: 33110938 PMCID: PMC7582843 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-00122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The world is currently experiencing the largest isolation experiment in history. In an attempt to slow down the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic numerous countries across the world have been shutting down economies, education, and public life. Governments have mandated strict regulations of quarantine and social distancing in an unprecedented manner. The effects of these measures on brain, behavior, neuro-humoral and immunological responses in humans are largely unknown. Life science research for space exploration has a long history in using high-fidelity spaceflight analogs to better understand the effect of prolonged isolation and confinement on genes, molecules, cells, neural circuits, and physiological systems to behavior. We here propose to leverage the extensive experience and data from these studies and build a bridge between spaceflight research and clinical settings to foster transdisciplinary approaches to characterize the neurobehavioral effects on the immune system and vice versa. These approaches are expected to develop innovative and efficient health screening tools, diagnostic systems, and treatments to mitigate health risks associated with isolation and confinement on Earth and during future exploratory spaceflight missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Choukér
- Laboratory of Translational Research “Stress and Immunity”, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander C. Stahn
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Research Section for Behavioral Regulation and Health, 1016 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19004 USA
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14
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Heinemann NC, Tischer-Zimmermann S, Wittke TC, Eigendorf J, Kerling A, Framke T, Melk A, Heuft HG, Blasczyk R, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Eiz-Vesper B. High-intensity interval training in allogeneic adoptive T-cell immunotherapy - a big HIT? J Transl Med 2020; 18:148. [PMID: 32238166 PMCID: PMC7114817 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) represents a prophylactic and curative approach for opportunistic viral infections and reactivations after transplantation. However, inadequate frequencies of circulating memory VSTs in the T-cell donor’s peripheral blood often result in insufficient enrichment efficiency and purity of the final T-cell product, limiting the effectiveness of this approach. Methods This pilot study was designed as a cross-over trial and compared the effect of a single bout (30 min) of high-intensity interval training (HIT) with that of 30 min of continuous exercise (CONT) on the frequency and function of circulating donor VSTs. To this end, we used established immunoassays to examine the donors’ cellular immune status, in particular, with respect to the frequency and specific characteristics of VSTs restricted against Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-, Epstein–Barr-Virus (EBV)- and Adenovirus (AdV)-derived antigens. T-cell function, phenotype, activation and proliferation were examined at different time points before and after exercise to identify the most suitable time for T-cell donation. The clinical applicability was determined by small-scale T-cell enrichment using interferon- (IFN-) γ cytokine secretion assay and virus-derived overlapping peptide pools. Results HIT proved to be the most effective exercise program with up to fivefold higher VST response. In general, donors with a moderate fitness level had higher starting and post-exercise frequencies of VSTs than highly fit donors, who showed significantly lower post-exercise increases in VST frequencies. Both exercise programs boosted the number of VSTs against less immunodominant antigens, specifically CMV (IE-1), EBV (EBNA-1) and AdV (Hexon, Penton), compared to VSTs against immunodominant antigens with higher memory T-cell frequencies. Conclusion This study demonstrates that exercise before T-cell donation has a beneficial effect on the donor’s cellular immunity with respect to the proportion of circulating functionally active VSTs. We conclude that a single bout of HIT exercise 24 h before T-cell donation can significantly improve manufacturing of clinically applicable VSTs. This simple and economical adjuvant treatment proved to be especially efficient in enhancing virus-specific memory T cells with low precursor frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Carolin Heinemann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Tischer-Zimmermann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Julian Eigendorf
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arno Kerling
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theodor Framke
- Department of Biometry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anette Melk
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Disease, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Gert Heuft
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Baker FL, Bigley AB, Agha NH, Pedlar CR, O'Connor DP, Bond RA, Bollard CM, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Systemic β-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Augments the ex vivo Expansion and Anti-Tumor Activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3082. [PMID: 32038628 PMCID: PMC6993603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TCR-gamma delta (γδ) T-cells are considered important players in the graft-vs.-tumor effect following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) and have emerged as candidates for adoptive transfer immunotherapy in the treatment of both solid and hematological tumors. Systemic β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) activation has been shown to mobilize TCR-γδ T-cells to the blood, potentially serving as an adjuvant for alloHCT and TCR-γδ T-cell therapy. We investigated if systemic β-AR activation, using acute dynamic exercise as an experimental model, can increase the mobilization, ex vivo expansion, and anti-tumor activity of TCR-γδ T-cells isolated from the blood of healthy humans. We also sought to investigate the β-AR subtypes involved, by administering a preferential β1-AR antagonist (bisoprolol) and a non-preferential β1 + β2-AR antagonist (nadolol) prior to exercise as part of a randomized placebo controlled cross-over experiment. We found that exercise mobilized TCR-γδ cells to blood and augmented their ex vivo expansion by ~182% compared to resting blood when stimulated with IL-2 and ZOL for 14-days. Exercise also increased the proportion of CD56+, NKG2D+/CD62L-, CD158a/b/e+ and NKG2A- cells among the expanded TCR-γδ cells, and increased their cytotoxic activity against several tumor target cells (K562, U266, 221.AEH) in vitro by 40-60%. Blocking NKG2D on TCR-γδ cells in vitro eliminated the augmented cytotoxic effects of exercise against U266 target cells. Furthermore, administering a β1 + β2-AR (nadolol), but not a β1-AR (bisoprolol) antagonist prior to exercise abrogated the exercise-induced enhancement in TCR-γδ T-cell mobilization and ex vivo expansion. Furthermore, nadolol completely abrogated while bisoprolol partially inhibited the exercise-induced increase in the cytotoxic activity of the expanded TCR-γδ T-cells. We conclude that acute systemic β-AR activation in healthy donors markedly augments the mobilization, ex vivo expansion, and anti-tumor activity of TCR-γδ T-cells and that some of these effects are due to β2-AR signaling and phenotypic shifts that promote a dominant activating signal via NKG2D. These findings highlight β-ARs as potential targets to favorably alter the composition of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell grafts and improve the potency of TCR-γδ T-cell immune cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest L. Baker
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Austin B. Bigley
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nadia H. Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles R. Pedlar
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. O'Connor
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard A. Bond
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Catherine M. Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System and the George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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16
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Agha NH, Mehta SK, Rooney BV, Laughlin MS, Markofski MM, Pierson DL, Katsanis E, Crucian BE, Simpson RJ. Exercise as a countermeasure for latent viral reactivation during long duration space flight. FASEB J 2020; 34:2869-2881. [PMID: 31908052 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902327r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Latent viral reactivation is a commonly reported manifestation of immune system dysregulation during spaceflight. As physical fitness and exercise training have been shown to benefit multiple arms of the immune system, we hypothesized that higher levels of preflight physical fitness and/or maintaining fitness during a mission would protect astronauts from latent viral reactivation. Standardized tests of maximal strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were performed in 22 international space station (ISS) crewmembers before and after a ~6-month mission. Reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) was determined in crewmembers and ground-based controls before, during, and after spaceflight. Crewmembers with higher CRF before spaceflight had a 29% reduced risk of latent viral reactivation compared to crew with lower CRF. Higher preflight upper body muscular endurance was associated with a 39% reduced risk of viral reactivation, a longer time to viral reactivation, and lower peak viral DNA concentrations, particularly for EBV and VZV. Latent viral reactivation rates were highest in crew with lower preflight CRF and higher levels of CRF deconditioning on return to Earth. We conclude that physical fitness may protect astronauts from latent viral reactivation during long duration spaceflight missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia H Agha
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Bridgette V Rooney
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,GeoControl Systems Inc., NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi S Laughlin
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Richard J Simpson
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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17
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Can physical activity ameliorate immunosenescence and thereby reduce age-related multi-morbidity? Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:563-572. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Luchetti F, Nasoni MG, Falcieri E, Mendes AF. The " Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology" Journal Club Series: Highlights on Recent Papers in Exercise-Induced Immune Response. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2018; 3:jfmk3030042. [PMID: 33466971 PMCID: PMC7739323 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk3030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We are glad to introduce the ninth Journal Club. This edition is focused on several relevant studies published in the last few years in the field of Exercise-Induced Immune Response, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for sport seen also from the scientific point of view. The Editorial Board members wish you an inspiring lecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Gemma Nasoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Falcieri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alexandrina Ferreira Mendes
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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