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Borji R, Baccouch R, Laatar R, Falhi S, Sahli S, Rebai H. Do Motor-Cognitive and Motor-Motor Dual-Task Training Differently Affect Dual-Task Interference in Individuals With Intellectual Disability? Adapt Phys Activ Q 2024; 41:611-631. [PMID: 38955343 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2024-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effect of different dual-task (DT) training programs on DT interference in adults with intellectual disability. Center-of-pressure (CoP) mean velocity in single-task (ST) and cognitive-DT conditions and the Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUGT) during ST, cognitive-DT, and motor-DT conditions were assessed before and after intervention in a cognitive-motor training group, a motor-motor training group, and a control group. Before training, CoP mean velocity and TUGT time increased (p < .001) in DT compared with the ST condition. After training, the CoP mean velocity values remained unchanged (p = .07) in DT compared with the ST condition among the cognitive-motor training group. Furthermore, compared with the ST condition, no increase (p = 1) was reported in the TUGT time during the cognitive-DT condition for the cognitive-motor training group and during the motor-DT for the motor-motor training group (p = .12). The effect of DT training on DT interference depends on the training modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Borji
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rym Baccouch
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rabeb Laatar
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sirine Falhi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Sports Performance Optimization Research Laboratory, National Center for Sports Medicine and Science, Tunis, Tunisia
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Jouira G, Rebai H, Alexe DI, Sahli S. Effect of Combined Training With Balance, Strength, and Plyometrics on Physical Performance in Male Sprint Athletes With Intellectual Disabilities. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2024; 41:382-401. [PMID: 38417422 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2023-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals with intellectual disabilities often face unique challenges in physical capabilities, making traditional training methods less effective for their specific needs. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combining balance, plyometric, and strength (CBPS) training with sprint training on physical performance in male athletes with intellectual disabilities. Twenty-seven participants were randomly assigned to either a CBPS group or a control group that only maintained their regular sprint training. Participants underwent pre- and posttraining tests, including measures of balance, jumping, agility, and sprinting ability. The results showed that the CBPS group demonstrated significant improvements (p < .05) in one-leg stance, crossover-hop jump, squat jump, countermovement jump, and 10- and 30-m sprint at posttraining compared with pretraining. CBPS training combined with sprinting significantly improves physical performance in male athletes with intellectual disabilities, suggesting implications for tailored training programs to enhance their physical fitness and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Jouira
- Research Laboratory of Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Tunisian Research Laboratory of Sports Performance Optimization (LR09SEP01), National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dan Iulian Alexe
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health, Sciences, "Vasile Alecsandri," University of Bacău, Bacău, Romania
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory of Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Endo S, Asano D, Asai H. Contribution of static and dynamic balance skills to activities of daily living in children with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2024; 37:e13236. [PMID: 38561628 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Static and dynamic balance skills can be related to the activities of daily living (ADL) in children with non-syndromic intellectual disabilities, and the type of balance skills affecting ADL can differ depending on the domain of ADL (self-care, mobility, and social function). METHODS The ADL capabilities of 66 children with intellectual disabilities were assessed using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and were examined in relation to static and dynamic balance skills. RESULTS Significant positive correlations were found between the one-leg standing and PEDI (r = .841 for self-care, r = .700 for mobility, and r = .760 for social function). Our analysis showed that static balance skills affected self-care, dynamic balance skills affected mobility, and intelligence quotient affected social function. CONCLUSIONS Improving balance skills is important for enhancing ADL capabilities, and the type of balance skills that need enhancement vary based on the domain of ADL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Endo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kanazawa Center of Medicine and Welfare for Children, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daiki Asano
- Department of Rehabilitation, Japan Baptist Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Asai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Course of Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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Massó-Ortigosa N, Rey-Abella F, Gutiérrez-Vilahú L, Milà R, Guerra-Balic M, Oviedo GR. Analysis of the centre of pressure in bipedal stance among individuals with and without intellectual disabilities, individuals with Down syndrome and dancers with Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2024; 68:524-536. [PMID: 38350666 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs) often present deficiencies in motor, balance and postural control. On the other hand, the practice of physical activity and dance usually reduces these deficiencies. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the control of the centre of pressure (COP) in people with Down syndrome (DS) or other causes of ID in relation to people without disabilities and to observe the influence of vision and the practice of dance. METHODS This cross-sectional study analyses the COP in a static standing position with open and closed eyes in four study groups. A total of 273 people were recruited (80 adults without ID, 46 adults with DS, 120 adults with other causes of ID and 27 dancers with DS). RESULTS A greater area of oscillation and path of the COP was observed in the participants with ID compared with the participants without ID, especially in the sway area of the COP. The oscillation speed of the COP was also higher. When analysing the displacement of the COP, anteroposterior and mediolateral components, there were also differences, except when comparing the group of dancers with DS with respect to the group without ID. The visual condition only influenced the group of participants without disabilities. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study show that there is a less efficient static postural control in people with ID, as greater displacements were observed in the COP of the participants with ID. The differences in some specific variables that analyse the displacement of the COP were smaller when comparing the group of dancers with DS and the individuals without ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Massó-Ortigosa
- Blanquerna School of Health Science, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Rey-Abella
- Blanquerna School of Health Science, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Gutiérrez-Vilahú
- Blanquerna School of Health Science, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Milà
- Blanquerna School of Health Science, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Guerra-Balic
- Blanquerna Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Sciences, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G R Oviedo
- Blanquerna School of Health Science, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
- Blanquerna Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports Sciences, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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McCain A, McGibbon C, Carroll M, MacKenzie E, Sénéchal M, Bouchard DR. Validity of common physical function tests performed online for older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 114:105104. [PMID: 37354737 PMCID: PMC10285319 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Objectively measured physical function tests are important predictors of institutionalization, disability, and premature mortality. Although physical function was usually assessed in person prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to investigate whether physical function tests performed online are valid. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of common physical function tests conducted online compared to in-person testing in older adults. METHODS Physical functions included gait speed, one leg stance balance, 30-second chair stands, and the 2-minute steps were tested online and in-person using a random order for community dwellers aged 65 years and above. Using an alpha two way mixed model, average intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated between the two settings and one sample T-test performed on the difference between the results of each test between the two settings. Finally, Bland-Altman plots were created, and proportional biases tested via linear regressions. RESULTS Besides the one-leg stance balance with eyes closed, for which the ICC was 0.47 (0.23-0.74) the average ICC's were excellent ranging from 0.87 to 0.94. No proportional biases were observed based on Bland-Altman graphs. CONCLUSION For older adults living in the community, common physical function tests can be performed online.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McCain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada; Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyles Laboratory (CELLAB), Canada
| | - C McGibbon
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - M Carroll
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada; Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyles Laboratory (CELLAB), Canada
| | - E MacKenzie
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - M Sénéchal
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada; Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyles Laboratory (CELLAB), Canada
| | - D R Bouchard
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada; Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyles Laboratory (CELLAB), Canada.
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Bahiraei S, Hosseini E, Lou RAJ. The test-retest reliability and limits of agreement of the balance evaluation systems test (BESTest) in young people with intellectual disability. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15968. [PMID: 37749177 PMCID: PMC10520014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical tests for the assessment of postural balance in people with intellectual disability have been the most commonly used single or multi-item tests, but some tests have been developed, such as the BESTest. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability and limits of agreement of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) in young people with intellectual disabilities. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 65 young people (ages 16-25 years) with intellectual disability. The participants completed the BESTest (27 items) twice. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated to determine the test-retest reliability of the BESTest. The BESTest overall scores' test-retest reliability was rated as excellent (≥ 0.75). Stability limits/verticality and reactive are fair to good (≥ 0.40- < 0.75). Biomechanical constraints, transitions and anticipatory movements, sensory orientation, and gait stability were excellent (≥ 0.75). Current evidence shows that young people with intellectual disabilities have impaired postural balance. However, there appears to be a lack of assessment tools that reliably evaluate the postural balance of this population. The results from this investigation show that BESTest provides "excellent reliability" (≥ 0.75) to assess postural balance in young people with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Bahiraei
- SciencesDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Elham Hosseini
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rahman Amiri Jomi Lou
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Munn EE, Lang DM, Hynes J, Northcutt A, Patten BS, Wadsworth DD, Pangelinan MM. The Effects of Virtual Zumba ® on Functional Outcomes in Adults with Developmental Disabilities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1151-1159. [PMID: 36878019 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have examined the comprehensive impact of adaptive exercise interventions across multiple functional domains (i.e., physical and cognitive health) in adults with developmental disabilities (DD). METHODS The present study examined the effects of a 10-wk (2 sessions per week, 1 h per session) adapted Zumba ® intervention on the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG), Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance, body composition, and executive function in 44 adults with DD age 20.8-69.2 yr. In addition to examining overall differences between control and intervention conditions, the effects of different Zumba ® tempos (normal/low) were examined. A crossover design with a 3-month wash-out period was used such that participants in the intervention also served as controls. The participants were quasi-randomized into one of two Zumba ® conditions: low-tempo Zumba ® (0.75 normal speed; n = 23) and normal-tempo Zumba ® ( n = 21). RESULTS A significant condition-time interaction was observed for the 6MWT and TUG; participants in the low and normal-tempo Zumba ® conditions significantly increased the distance walked for the 6MWT and reduced the total time for the TUG. No improvement was observed during the control condition for these measures. There were no significant condition-time interactions for the other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings have implications on the efficacy and implementation of virtual Zumba ® programs to increase abilities related to independent performance of activities of daily living in adults with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle M Lang
- School of Kinesiology, College of Education, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | | | - Alice Northcutt
- School of Kinesiology, College of Education, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Betty S Patten
- Department of Special Education, Rehabilitation, and Counseling, College of Education, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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Guerrero K, Umagat A, Barton M, Martinez A, Ho KY, Mann S, Hilgenkamp T. The effect of a telehealth exercise intervention on balance in adults with Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2023; 36:385-393. [PMID: 36585748 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with Down syndrome often present with balance deficits, which compromise safety during daily activity. While evidence shows that exercise can improve balance in the Down syndrome population, it is unclear if a telehealth method will elicit similar benefits. We aimed to examine the effects of a virtual exercise program on balance in adults with Down syndrome. METHODS Eighteen low-active participants with Down syndrome completed a 12-week telehealth exercise program based on the Mann Method. Balance testing took place before and after the intervention, which included: TUG, MCTSIB, FICSIT-4, and FRT. This study was registered as a clinical trial on ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT04647851. RESULTS Significant improvement was seen in the TUG (p = .043), FICSIT-4 (p = .019) and FRT (p = .019). All participants achieved maximum scores on the MCTSIB in pre- and post-testing. CONCLUSIONS Balance in low-active adults with Down syndrome significantly improved following the telehealth exercise program, which we attribute to the tailored exercises that address visual/vestibular deficits and hip muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Guerrero
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Alexandria Umagat
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Mark Barton
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Andrew Martinez
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Kai-Yu Ho
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Sarah Mann
- Mann Method PT and Fitness, Arvada, Colorado, USA
| | - Thessa Hilgenkamp
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Walker M, Mackay S, Williams G. Lateral Centre of Mass Displacement can predict running in adults with traumatic brain injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 100:105813. [PMID: 36335662 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running is an important skill that improves a person's ability to participate in community-based social, leisure and work activities, and therefore improve quality of life. Following traumatic brain injury, many ambulant people are unable to run. Whilst established for walking, the physical impairments that limit running following traumatic brain injury remain unknown. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to identify which physical impairments contribute to a person's ability to run post traumatic brain injury. METHODS In this study, 88 adults with traumatic brain injury were included. Runners and non-runners were compared regarding their clinical assessment of physical impairments, including postural control, focal muscle spasticity, muscle strength, self-selected walking speed and ability to run. Participants also completed a three-dimensional quantitative gait analysis to assess motor skill using the Gait Profile Score. Logistic regression was applied to identify the most important predictors for the ability to run. FINDINGS Significant differences between runners and non-runners were found for postural control, motor control and strength. Dynamic postural control, measured by lateral center of mass displacement, was the best predictor of running, with every centimeter increase in lateral center of mass movement during walking associated with a 30% reduction in the chance of being able to run. INTERPRETATION Lateral center of mass displacement should be considered when selecting interventions for ambulant patients with the goal to run. Although postural control, motor control and muscle strength were all different between runners and non-runners, they did not contribute to a person's ability to run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Walker
- Physiotherapy Department, Epworth Hospital, Richmond 3121, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sarah Mackay
- Physiotherapy Department, Epworth Hospital, Richmond 3121, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gavin Williams
- Physiotherapy Department, Epworth Hospital, Richmond 3121, Melbourne, Australia; School of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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González-Conde A, González-Devesa D, Suárez-Iglesias D, Ayán C. The validity and reliability of a portable device (ADR-Jumping) to estimate vertical jump performance. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, PART P: JOURNAL OF SPORTS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022:175433712211270. [DOI: 10.1177/17543371221127079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the relative, absolute reliability, and concurrent validity of the ADR-Jumping system. Fifty-two participants performed three countermovement jumps (CMJ) and three squat jumps (SJ) with a 1-week interval for test and retest reliability; Chronojump contact-mat was used while simultaneously measuring with the ADR-Jumping system for validity. Very strong correlations were observed between both devices for all types of jumps (CMJ: r = 0.98, p = 0.01; SJ: r = 0.97, p = 0.01). Regardless of the jump modality (CMJ and SJ), greater jumping heights were observed for ADR-Jumping compared to Chronojump, but these were trivial differences. Test-retest reliability was high (ICC = 0.89) for CMJ, and very high for SJ (ICC = 0.91). Absolute reliability was excellent for CMJ and SJ, with SEM and MDC percentage values of 2.99% and 4.77% for CMJ, and 2.71% and 4.11% for SJ, respectively. The ADR-Jumping is a valid, reliable, and useful tool for measuring jump height.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Suárez-Iglesias
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Carlos Ayán
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Pontevedra, Spain
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Jouira G, Srihi S, Ben Waer F, Rebai H, Sahli S. Comparison of Dynamic Balance Performances of Adult Runners With Intellectual Disability Versus Their Sedentary Peers. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1443-1457. [PMID: 36028927 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our aim in this study was to compare the dynamic balance between runners (100 sprint) and non-runners with intellectual disability (ID). Our participants were 36 healthy male adults with ID aged 17-29 years, divided into runners (n = 18) and sedentary non-runners (n = 18). We assessed dynamic balance in these participants, using the Y-Balance Test (YBT), the Expanded-Timed Up and Go Test (ETUGT) and the Functional Reach Test (FRT). Runners with ID had significantly better balance scores than their sedentary counterparts on YBT (p < .001), the two walking phases of the ETUGT (p < .05) and the FRT (p <.05). Thus, running training (100 m sprint) was associated with better dynamic balance in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Jouira
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Selim Srihi
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ben Waer
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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Gait Analysis in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Are Plantar Pressure Insoles a Reliable Tool? SENSORS 2022; 22:s22145234. [PMID: 35890913 PMCID: PMC9319716 DOI: 10.3390/s22145234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common cause of motor disability, and pedobarography is a useful, non-invasive, portable, and accessible tool; is easy to use in a clinical setting; and can provide plenty of information about foot–soil interaction and gait deviations. The reliability of this method in children with CP is lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate test–retest reliability and minimal detectable change (MDC) of plantar pressure insole variables in children with CP. Eight children performed two trials 8 ± 2.5 days apart, using foot insoles to collect plantar pressure data. Whole and segmented foot measurements were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The variability of the data was measured by calculating the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the MDC/ICC values demonstrated high test–retest reliability for most variables, ranging from good to excellent (ICC ≥ 0.60). The SEM and the MDC values were considered low for the different variables. The variability observed between sessions may be attributed to the heterogeneous sub-diagnosis of CP.
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O’Neal SK, Thomas J. Relationship of single leg stance time to falls in Special Olympic athletes. Physiother Theory Pract 2022:1-7. [DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2045411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodi Thomas
- School of Physical Therapy, Texas Women’s University, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Leyssens L, Van Hecke R, Moons K, Luypaert S, Danneels M, Patru J, Willems M, Maes L. Postural balance problems in people with intellectual disabilities: Do not forget the sensory input systems. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2021; 35:280-294. [PMID: 34693604 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This pilot study aimed to explore the impact of visual, auditory and vestibular dysfunctions on the postural balance performance in adults with intellectual disabilities. Additionally, a comparison was made between the subjects with intellectual disabilities and a control group concerning static and dynamic balance tasks. METHOD Thirty adults with intellectual disabilities and 25 control subjects received a postural balance assessment. Additionally, the experimental group was subjected to a visual, auditory and vestibular screening. RESULTS The experimental group performed significantly worse and/or showed more sway compared to the control group for all balance tasks (p < .01) except the timed up and go test. Within the experimental group, a significant positive correlation (rs (24) = 0.513, p = .007) was observed between the number of failed sensory screening items and the number of failed balance tasks. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest significant involvement of peripheral sensorial deficits in the balance problems that people with intellectual disabilities often experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Leyssens
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruth Van Hecke
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karlien Moons
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Luypaert
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maya Danneels
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Patru
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melina Willems
- Department of Audiology, Artevelde University of Applied Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Maes
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Olsen MI, Halvorsen MB, Søndenaa E, Strand BH, Langballe EM, Årnes A, Michalsen H, Larsen FK, Gamst W, Bautz-Holter E, Anke A. Factors associated with non-completion of and scores on physical capability tests in health surveys: The North Health in Intellectual Disability Study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2021; 35:231-242. [PMID: 34643025 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the completion rates, scores and factors associated with non-completion and low scores on physical capability tests in a health survey administered to adults with intellectual disabilities. METHOD Assessment comprised body mass index (BMI), the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the timed up-and-go (TUG) test, the one-legged stance (OLS) test; and gross motor, communication and behavioural functioning tests. RESULTS The completion rates among 93 participants (aged 17-78) were 46% for the SPPB, 42% for the TUG, and 31% for the OLS. More severe intellectual disability (OR = 3.12, p < .001) and lower BMI (OR = 0.859, p = .001) were related to test non-completion. The SPPB scores were below the reference values from the general population. Lower scores were associated with older age, motor disabilities and intellectual disability severity. CONCLUSIONS Including physical capability tests in health surveys among adults with intellectual disabilities is important to monitor functional status and guide prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Isabel Olsen
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marianne Berg Halvorsen
- Department of Paediatric Rehabilitation, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik Søndenaa
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Brøset, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Heine Strand
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold County Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Melbye Langballe
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold County Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Årnes
- Department of Pain, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henriette Michalsen
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Frode Kibsgaard Larsen
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold County Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Wenche Gamst
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik Bautz-Holter
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, Research Centre for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Model and Services (CHARM), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Audny Anke
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, Research Centre for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Model and Services (CHARM), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Delgado-Lobete L, Montes-Montes R, Freire C, Ferradás MDM. Performance of (Instrumental) Activities of Daily Living and Physical Capacity in Spanish Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:435. [PMID: 33917671 PMCID: PMC8068038 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance in basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL; IADL) is an essential indicator of daily functioning and health of people with intellectual disabilities (ID). The aims of this pilot study were to describe the profile of ADL and IADL performance in Spanish adults with ID, and to examine its association with functional physical skills. The Waisman Activities of Daily Living Scale for adolescents and adults with developmental disabilities (W-ADL) scale was administered to the caregivers of twenty adults with ID (mean age = 41.0, SD = 10.1; women = 75.0%). In addition, dynamic balance and maximum walking speed (MWS), lower-body strength, aerobic capacity and manual dexterity of participants were individualized assessed. The results showed that 40% of adults with ID were completely independent in ADL, but all participants reported activity limitations in at least one IADL. Dynamic balance and MWS, lower-body strength and manual dexterity showed significant and moderate-to-strong correlations with daily functioning (r = 0.495-0.814; p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated that lower-body strength and manual dexterity significantly predicted activity performance in adults with ID (adjusted R2 = 0.816, p = 0.004-0.016). This study highlights the need to support the performance of both ADL and IADL and to promote physical fitness in Spanish community-based care centers for adults with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Delgado-Lobete
- Health Integration and Promotion Research Unit (INTEGRA SAÚDE), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña, 15011 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Rebeca Montes-Montes
- TALIONIS Research Group, Research Centre of the Galician University System, Centre for Information and Communications Technology Research (CITIC), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro Ocupacional Pascual Veiga, 15005 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Freire
- Department of Psychology, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (C.F.); (M.d.M.F.)
| | - María del Mar Ferradás
- Department of Psychology, University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (C.F.); (M.d.M.F.)
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17
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Reliability and Validity of the Six Spot Step Test in People with Intellectual Disability. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020201. [PMID: 33562007 PMCID: PMC7914911 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical tests for the evaluation of balance in people with intellectual disability that have been most commonly used depend on the subjective evaluation of the evaluator, easily reach the ceiling effect and are poorly sensitive to small changes; but new tests have been developed, such as the Six Spot Step Test. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and within-day and day-to-day test–retest reliability of the Six Spot Step Test in people with intellectual disability. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 18 people with intellectual disability. The participants conducted the Six Spot Step Test three times and a set of five clinical tests for the balance assessment. The relative reliability was excellent (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) = 0.86 − 0.97), and the absolute reliability ranged between 4.7% and 7.3% for coefficient variation and between 0.6 and 1.2 for the standard error of measurement. Linear regression models showed that that test can explain the results of the Timed Up & Go, Four Square Step Test and the Berg Balance Scale. The Six Spot Step Test proved to be as valid and reliable for the evaluation of dynamic balance in people with intellectual disability as the most frequently used tests for the clinical evaluation of postural control.
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18
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Oviedo GR, Javierre C, Font-Farré M, Tamulevicius N, Carbó-Carreté M, Figueroa A, Pérez-Testor S, Cabedo-Sanromá J, Moss SJ, Massó-Ortigosa N, Guerra-Balic M. Intellectual disability, exercise and aging: the IDEA study: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1266. [PMID: 32819350 PMCID: PMC7439526 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities (ID) have low levels of physical activity (PA) together with accelerated aging profiles. Adherence to PA interventions for persons with ID is low based on barriers such as motivation. The IDEA study aims to determine the effect of two types of exercise programs, continuous aerobic (CAEP) vs sprint interval training (SIT), designed for seniors with ID on health-related physical fitness, cardiovascular parameters, quality of life (QoL), and emotional and cognitive function. METHODS In this trial, ninety seniors with ID between the ages of 40 and 75 yrs. from occupational health centers from the Autonomous Region of Catalonia (Spain) will be recruited. Participants will be randomly allocated to the CAEP, SIT, and control group. Both intervention groups will train 3 days/week, 1.5 h/day over 6 months. Outcome variables will be assessed at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. The outcome variables include weight, height, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, balance, flexibility, cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure, pulse-wave velocity, pulse-wave analysis), QoL and cognitive function. The intervention effect will be determined with mixed models with repeated measures to assess changes in the outcome variables over time (baseline to month 12) and between study arms. Relationship between variables will be analyzed with appropriate regression analyses. DISCUSSION Various studies reported on CAEP and SIT as exercise interventions for persons with ID with beneficial outcomes on body composition, fitness and blood pressure. To our knowledge, this is the first trial designed to analyse the positive changes on fitness, PA levels, cardiovascular, QoL and cognitive function promoted by CAEP training and SIT in seniors with ID. The findings of this study will assist in the development of more effective exercise interventions to ensure better compliance and adherence to exercise in seniors with ID. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at the ISRCTN registry. Registration number: ISRCTN43594228 . Registered 11 February 2019 - Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo R Oviedo
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain. .,School of Health Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Font-Farré
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nauris Tamulevicius
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, College of Natural and Health Sciences, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Susana Pérez-Testor
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Cabedo-Sanromá
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah J Moss
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Myriam Guerra-Balic
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Perez-Cruzado D, Gonzalez-Sanchez M, Ignacio Cuesta-Vargas A. Effects of obesity on balance in people with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 34:36-41. [PMID: 32715573 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To know the differences in balance of people with intellectual disability with and without obesity. METHOD 549 people with intellectual disability were evaluated. Participants were categorized as obese or non-obese according to their body mass index. All participants were evaluated with tests for static and semi-static balance. RESULTS There were significant differences in the static balance between obese and non-obese people with intellectual disability. For women, there were not significant differences for any tests; in contrast for men, there were only significant differences in the SLSCE in people aged 37-46 years. CONCLUSIONS Significant differences were found in static balance between non-obese and obese people. In the analyses, in consideration of gender and age range, significant differences were only found in one static balance test, in the young adult men´s group. No significant differences were found in women, either in middle-aged adults or in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perez-Cruzado
- Department of Phychiatry and Physiotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Catholic University San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Department of Phychiatry and Physiotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Ignacio Cuesta-Vargas
- Department of Phychiatry and Physiotherapy, Institute of Biomedical Research of Malaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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20
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Ho P, Bulsara M, Patman S, Downs J, Bulsara C, Hill AM. Incidence and associated risk factors for falls in adults with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2019; 63:1441-1452. [PMID: 31497918 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability (ID) experience age-related changes earlier in life, and as such, falls among people with ID are of serious concern. Falls can cause injury and consequently reduce quality of life. Limited studies have investigated the incidence of falls among people with ID and the associated risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of falls and risk factors for falling in people with ID living in the community. METHODS A prospective observational cohort (n = 78) of community-dwelling adults with ID. Characteristics measured at baseline included falls history, medication use, balance and mobility. Falls were reported for 6 months using monthly calendars and phone calls. Data were analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression to identify risk factors associated with falling. RESULTS Participants [median (interquartile range) age 49 (43-60) years, female n = 32 (41%)] experienced 296 falls, with 36 (46.2%) participants having one or more falls. The incidence of falls was 5.7 falls (injurious falls = 0.8) per person year (one outlier removed from analysis). A history of falls [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 6.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.90-21.34)] and being ambulant [adjusted OR: 4.50, 95% CI (1.15-17.67)] were associated with a significantly increased risk of falling. Falls were significantly less frequent among participants taking more than four medications [adjusted OR: 0.22, 95% CI (0.06-0.83)] and participants who were continent [adjusted OR: 0.25, 95% CI (0.07-0.91)]. CONCLUSIONS People with ID fall at a younger age compared with the broader community. The associated falls risk factors also differ to older community-dwelling adults. Health professionals should prioritise assessment and management of falls risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ho
- School of Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Bulsara
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S Patman
- School of Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J Downs
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C Bulsara
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A-M Hill
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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21
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Thomas J, O'Neal S. Relationship of Functional Reach Test scores and falls in Special Olympics athletes. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2019; 63:587-592. [PMID: 30767307 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Functional Reach Test is used to assess balance of Special Olympic athletes as part of the FUNfitness screens held at Special Olympics games. However, it is unknown if the Functional Reach Test is an accurate assessment of balance in this population. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between Functional Reach Test scores and falls in Special Olympic athletes. METHODS Data were collected as a part of the FUNfitness screens during Arizona Special Olympics games. The Functional Reach Test scores of 272 Special Olympic athletes were recorded. Athletes were asked to report the number of falls they experienced in the last 12 months. RESULTS A two-tailed Kendall tau test revealed little to no relationship between number of falls and Functional Reach Test scores of either the left upper extremity (n = 263, τ = -0.063, P = 0.202) or the right upper extremity (n = 263, τ = -0.107, P = 0.030). Sensitivity of the Functional Reach Test to identify fallers was 28.8%, and specificity was 83.5%. CONCLUSIONS Scores of the Functional Reach Test did not correlate with actual falls. The relatively high specificity indicates the assessment is good at identifying non-fallers, while the low sensitivity results in a high number of fallers not being recognised as such. Therefore, the cut-off scores used for the Functional Reach Test in FUNfitness screenings may need to be altered to more accurately identify balance deficits in this population. FUNfitness screens need to be quick, efficient and accurate. As such, selection of the most appropriate assessment tools is essential. Consideration should be given on how to make the Functional Reach Test the most beneficial as a FUNfitness screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas
- Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy Department, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - S O'Neal
- Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy Department, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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22
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Oppewal A, Hilgenkamp TIM. Adding meaning to physical fitness test results in individuals with intellectual disabilities. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 42:1406-1413. [PMID: 30712416 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1527399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Evaluating physical fitness in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) is challenging, and a multitude of different versions of tests exist. However, psychometric properties of these tests are mostly unknown, and both researchers as clinical practitioners struggle with selecting appropriate tests for individuals with ID. We aim to present a selection of field tests with satisfactory feasibility, reliability, and validity, and of which reference data are available.Methods: Tests were selected based on (1) literature review on psychometric properties, (2) expert meetings with physiotherapists and movement experts, (3) studies on population specific psychometric properties, and (3) availability of reference data. Tests were selected if they had demonstrated sufficient feasibility, reliability, validity, and possibilities for interpretation of results.Results: We present a basic set of physical fitness tests, the ID-fitscan, to be used in (older) adults with mild to moderate ID and some walking ability. The ID-fitscan includes tests for body composition (BMI, waist circumference), muscular strength (grip strength), muscular endurance (30 second and five times chair stand), and balance (static balance stances, comfortable gait speed).Conclusions: The ID-fitscan can be used by researchers, physiotherapists, and other clinical practitioners to evaluate physical fitness in adults with ID. Recommendations for future research include expansion of research into psychometric properties of more fitness tests and combining physical fitness data on this population in larger datasets. Implications for rehabilitationIndividuals with intellectual disabilities have low physical fitness levels, and a high risk for unnecessary functional decline and unhealthy aging.Physical fitness testing could help improve, adapt and evaluate exercise interventions, but is challenging in this population.This paper proposes a selection of tests (ID-fitscan) with sufficient feasibility, reliability, and validity in this population, and provides reference values to aid interpretation of physical fitness test outcomes in individuals with intellectual disabilities.The ID-fitscan can be used by researchers, physiotherapists, and other clinical practitioners to evaluate physical fitness, and thereby allowing for a better interpretation of results by using the same tests, and an increasing knowledge of the physical fitness levels of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyt Oppewal
- Department of General Practice, Intellectual Disability Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thessa I M Hilgenkamp
- Department of General Practice, Intellectual Disability Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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23
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Guarnieri R, Crocetta TB, Massetti T, Barbosa RTDA, Antão JYFDL, Antunes TPC, Hounsell MDS, Monteiro CBDM, Oliveira ASB, Abreu LCD. Test-Retest Reliability and Clinical Feasibility of a Motion-Controlled Game to Enhance the Literacy and Numeracy Skills of Young Individuals with Intellectual Disability. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2018; 22:111-121. [PMID: 30346804 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2017.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Games using motion capture from web cameras have become increasingly popular. However, there are no games specifically designed to teach literacy to individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of introducing young individuals with ID to a new augmented reality game, the MoviLetrando, and establish its test-retest reliability to determine its usefulness in teaching the alphabet and motor control skills. The performance of a sample of 88 ID participants (52 males, 36 females, mean ± standard deviation age, 11.2 ± 2.6 years) was measured on two different testing sessions. Five dependent variables (total points, number of correct vowels/numbers, number of mistakes, number of omissions, and average time to reach symbols) were used for data analysis. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), Cronbach's alpha, and Bland-Altman plots were used to estimate the test-retest reliability and measurement precision. Feasibility was assessed by examining recruitment, adherence, and acceptability in both phases of the game. The dependent variables identified in the MoviLetrando demonstrated an ICC of 0.44 to 0.82, suggesting acceptable/good test-retest reliability, respectively. The internal consistency was satisfactory. The small SEM, as well as the narrow width of the 95 percent limits of agreement in the Bland-Altman plots, implied that measurements of these dependent variables were precise and accurate on both the occasions. Excellent test-retest reliability for performance measurement was demonstrated in the ID participants, indicating that the MoviLetrando could be used as an outcome measure for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regiani Guarnieri
- 1 Faculdade de Medicina do ABC-FMABC, Departamento de Saúde das Coletividades, Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Tânia Brusque Crocetta
- 1 Faculdade de Medicina do ABC-FMABC, Departamento de Saúde das Coletividades, Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Thaís Massetti
- 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo da Silva Hounsell
- 3 Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina-UDESC, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Joinville, Brasil
| | - Carlos Bandeira de Mello Monteiro
- 1 Faculdade de Medicina do ABC-FMABC, Departamento de Saúde das Coletividades, Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil.,2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brasil.,4 Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de São Paulo (EACH-USP), Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Luiz Carlos de Abreu
- 1 Faculdade de Medicina do ABC-FMABC, Departamento de Saúde das Coletividades, Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil
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24
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Cortés-Amador S, Carrasco JJ, Sempere-Rubio N, Igual-Camacho C, Villaplana-Torres LA, Pérez-Alenda S. Effects of a vestibular physiotherapy protocol on adults with intellectual disability in the prevention of falls: A multi-centre clinical trial. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2018; 32:359-367. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan J. Carrasco
- Department of Physiotherapy; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
- Intelligent Data Analysis Laboratory; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
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25
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Oppewal A, Hilgenkamp TIM. The association between gait and physical fitness in adults with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2018; 62:454-466. [PMID: 29575346 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait deviations are often seen in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). Their low physical fitness levels may be associated with these deviations. Understanding the impact of fitness on gait in this population is important for developing interventions to improve gait. In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the association between multiple physical fitness components and spatiotemporal gait parameters in adults with ID. METHOD Gait characteristics of 31 adults (42.77 ± 16.70 years) with ID without Down syndrome were assessed with the GAITRite at comfortable (CS) and fast speed (FS), along with fitness assessments (body composition, muscular endurance, strength, balance, Short Physical Performance Battery). RESULTS At CS, adults with ID with higher BMI and/or waist circumference spent more time in double support. At FS, those with better muscular endurance took steps faster, those with better balance took bigger steps and strides and those with better Short Physical Performance Battery scores took bigger steps and strides at higher velocity. CONCLUSIONS Body composition was mostly associated with gait at CS, while the other physical fitness components were mostly associated with gait at FS. Better fitness may therefore be more important in more challenging conditions. These insights are useful for developing interventions to improve gait in adults with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oppewal
- Intellectual Disability Medicine, Department of General Practice, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T I M Hilgenkamp
- Intellectual Disability Medicine, Department of General Practice, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Effect of Insoles with a Toe-Grip Bar on Toe Function and Standing Balance in Healthy Young Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Rehabil Res Pract 2018; 2017:2941095. [PMID: 29348939 PMCID: PMC5733939 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2941095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this randomized controlled study was to investigate the effects of insoles with a toe-grip bar on toe function and standing balance in healthy young women. Methods Thirty female subjects were randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group wore shoes with insoles with a toe-grip bar. The control group wore shoes with general insoles. Both groups wore the shoes for 4 weeks, 5 times per week, 9 hours per day. Toe-grip strength, toe flexibility, static balance (total trajectory length and envelope area of the center of pressure), and dynamic balance (functional reach test) were measured before and after the intervention. Results Significant interactions were observed for toe-grip strength and toe flexibility (F = 12.53, p < 0.01; F = 5.84, p < 0.05, resp.), with significant improvement in the intervention group compared with that in the control group. Post hoc comparisons revealed that both groups showed significant improvement in toe-grip strength (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, resp.), with higher benefits observed for the intervention group (p < 0.01). Conversely, no significant interaction was observed in the total trajectory length, envelope area, and functional reach test. Conclusions This study suggests that insoles with a toe-grip bar contribute to improvements in toe-grip strength and toe flexibility in healthy young women.
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Martínez-Lemos RI, Ayán-Pérez C, Bouzas-Rico S. Test-retest reliability of the Wii Balance Board for assessing standing balance in young people with intellectual disability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 65:231-238. [PMID: 34141343 PMCID: PMC8115488 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2017.1403065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The main objective was to identify the test-retest reliability of the Wii Balance Board (WBB) for assessing standing balance when administered to a population of people with intellectual disability (ID). A secondary objective was to provide information regarding the reliability of the WBB, taking into account the severity of cognitive impairment. Methods: The WBB was administered two times to a group of 50 people (mean age: 20.44 ± 5.73 years) with mild (n=32), moderate (n=6), or severe ID (n=12) within a 15-day period. The relative reliability of the WBB for the 'standing balance with open eyes' test was analyzed by means of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The standard error measurement and the minimum detectable change were used to identify absolute reliability. Results: For the whole sample, the WBB showed a fair (ICC=0.71), poor (ICC=0.66), and excellent (ICC=0.99) relative reliability for assessing weight-bearing asymmetry, center of pressure, path length, and sway area, respectively. In people with moderate/severe ID, statistically significant differences between the WBB test and retest scores were found. The absolute reliability of the WBB was considered poor. Conclusion: The WBB showed accurate adequate test-retest reliability for assessing standing balance in young people with ID. When using this device with people with moderate/severe ID, it is advisable to perform several testing trials, in order to avoid a possible learning effect. Standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change were high, indicating that this device might not be sensitive enough to properly identify static balance changes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cárlos Ayán-Pérez
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Campus A Xunqueira, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Sara Bouzas-Rico
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Campus A Xunqueira, Pontevedra, Spain
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Salb J, Finlayson J, Almutaseb S, Scharfenberg B, Becker C, Sieber C, Freiberger E. Test-retest reliability and agreement of physical fall risk assessment tools in adults with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:1121-1129. [PMID: 26294089 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical decline and high rates of inactivity lead to an increased risk of falling in the intellectual disability (ID) population. It is important therefore to develop interventions to prevent falls and to develop valid and reliable assessment tools, which are suitable for use with people with ID. Targeting the most important fall risk factors such as strength, balance and gait measurement is important, yet there is a paucity of previous research on testing the feasibility and reliability of strength, balance and gait assessments with people with ID. AIMS The aims of this study are (i) to describe the test-retest reliability and agreement [standard error of measurement (SEM)] of slightly adapted fall risk assessments and (ii) to describe the test-retest reliability and SEM of these tests in younger and older age groups and mild/moderate and severe/profound ID-level groups. METHODS Residents of a German residential facility for people with ID were asked to take part. The study has a test-retest design, whereby all participants were tested twice, with 7 days in-between the first (T1) and second (T2) testing days. The 'timed up and go', '30-second chair stand', 'handgrip' and 'Romberg balance test' were all performed. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (2,1) values and SEM were calculated for the full sample, two age groups (split at the age of 60 years) and mild/moderate and severe/profound ID-level groups. RESULTS A total of 37 residents with a mean age of 59.3 years (standard deviation = 17.7) performed the tests on both testing days. Mainly moderate to excellent ICC values were found for all tests for the full sample and in all groups (0.59-0.97). Different SEM values were found for full sample and sub-groups. CONCLUSION Strength, balance and gait assessment tools, which are easy to use and understand, were found to be reliable in adults with ID. The SEM is most important for interpreting the real effects of an intervention. Further analyses will be required to gain more information about the SEM in different age groups or ID-level groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Salb
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Janet Finlayson
- Institute of Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sanaa Almutaseb
- Institute of Sport Science and Sport, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Becker
- Robert-Bosch Krankenhaus/Robert-Bosch Stiftung, Stuttgart, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Cornel Sieber
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Ellen Freiberger
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany
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Lencse-Mucha J, Molik B, Marszałek J, Kaźmierska-Kowalewska K, Ogonowska-Słodownik A. Laboratory and Field-Based Evaluation of Short-Term Effort with Maximal Intensity in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. J Hum Kinet 2015; 48:63-70. [PMID: 26834874 PMCID: PMC4721624 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Results of previous studies have not indicated clearly which tests should be used to assess short-term efforts of people with intellectual disabilities. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate laboratory and field-based tests of short-term effort with maximal intensity of subjects with intellectual disabilities. Twenty four people with intellectual disability, who trained soccer, participated in this study. The 30 s Wingate test and additionally an 8 s test with maximum intensity were performed on a bicycle ergometer. The fatigue index, maximal and mean power, relative maximal and relative mean power were measured. Overall, nine field-based tests were conducted: 5, 10 and 20 m sprints, a 20 m shuttle run, a seated medicine ball throw, a bent arm hang test, a standing broad jump, sit-ups and a hand grip test. The reliability of the 30 s and 8 s Wingate tests for subjects with intellectual disability was confirmed. Significant correlation was observed for mean power between the 30 s and 8 s tests on the bicycle ergometer at a moderate level (r >0.4). Moreover, significant correlations were indicated between the results of laboratory tests and field tests, such as the 20 m sprint, the 20 m shuttle run, the standing long jump and the medicine ball throw. The strongest correlation was in the medicine ball throw. The 30 s Wingate test is a reliable test assessing maximal effort in subjects with intellectual disability. The results of this research confirmed that the 8 s test on a bicycle ergometer had a moderate correlation with the 30 s Wingate test in this population, thus, this comparison needs further investigation to examine alternativeness of the 8 s to 30 s Wingate tests. The non-laboratory tests could be used to indirectly assess performance in short-term efforts with maximal intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Lencse-Mucha
- Department of Sport for People with Disabilities, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Molik
- Department of Sport for People with Disabilities, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Marszałek
- Department of Sport for People with Disabilities, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kalina Kaźmierska-Kowalewska
- Department of Theory and Methodology in Teaching Movement of People with Disabilities Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ogonowska-Słodownik
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland
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Oviedo GR, Guerra-Balic M, Baynard T, Javierre C. Effects of aerobic, resistance and balance training in adults with intellectual disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:2624-2634. [PMID: 25041876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adults with intellectual disability (ID) have decreased cardiovascular fitness and strength present with lower rates of physical activity (PA), and often have balance and functional impairments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a combined PA program (CPAP) utilizing aerobic, strength and balance training on cardiovascular fitness, strength, balance and functional measures in a controlled clinical trial. Adults with mild to moderate ID were assigned into either the intervention group (IG; n=37) or the control group (CG; n=29). The IG trained 3 day/week, 1 h/day over 14 weeks, while the CG did not participate in any exercise program. Cardiovascular fitness, strength, balance, flexibility and functional ability were assessed pre-post training. The IG increased cardiovascular fitness (26.8 vs. 29.3 ml kg(-1) min(-1)), handgrip strength (19.2 vs. 21.9 kg), leg strength, and balance following the training period (p<.05). Body weight (70.1 vs. 68.1 kg) and body mass index (27.4 vs. 26.6 kg m(-2)) decreased (p<.05) in the IG group. The CG showed no changes in any parameter. These data suggest a combined aerobic, strength and balance exercise training program is beneficial among individuals with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo R Oviedo
- School of Psychology, Education and Sport Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, 34 Cister Street, Barcelona, 08022, Spain.
| | - Miriam Guerra-Balic
- School of Psychology, Education and Sport Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, 34 Cister Street, Barcelona, 08022, Spain.
| | - Tracy Baynard
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, MC-517, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga Street, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, 08907, Spain.
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Crockett J, Finlayson J, Skelton DA, Miller G. Promoting Exercise as Part of a Physiotherapy-Led Falls Pathway Service for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: A Service Evaluation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2014; 28:257-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Crockett
- Glasgow Learning Disability Services; NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Janet Finlayson
- Institute of Applied Health Research; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow UK
| | - Dawn A. Skelton
- Institute of Applied Health Research; Glasgow Caledonian University; Glasgow UK
| | - Gillian Miller
- Glasgow Learning Disability Services; NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde; Glasgow UK
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Blomqvist S, Wester A, Rehn B. Postural muscle responses and adaptations to backward platform perturbations in young people with and without intellectual disability. Gait Posture 2014; 39:904-8. [PMID: 24373785 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examines postural muscle responses to backward perturbations in young people (16-20 years) with and without intellectual disability (ID). The study included 56 young people with ID and 43 age-matched without ID volunteers. The subjects stood on a platform that was moved backwards in a surface translation. Lower and upper leg muscles and lower back spine muscles were recorded with surface electromyography (EMG). Muscle onset latency, time to peak amplitude (EMG), adaptation of muscle responses to repeated perturbations (using integrated EMG (IEMG) for epochs), and synergies and strategies were assessed. The result showed no differences between the two groups in muscle onset latency, synergies, and strategies. Young people with ID reduced their time to peak amplitude in investigated muscles, a response that was different from the group without ID. Also, young people with ID tended to adapt their IEMG less compared to the controls. These findings suggest that young people with ID have limited ability to use somatosensory information and adapt their postural muscle responses to repeated external perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Blomqvist
- Swedish Development Centre for Disability Sport, Bollnäs, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anita Wester
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Swedish National Agency for Education, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Börje Rehn
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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