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Woźniak NJ, Sartori K, Kappel C, Tran TC, Zhao L, Erban A, Gallinger J, Fehrle I, Jantzen F, Orsucci M, Ninkovic V, Rosa S, Lenhard M, Kopka J, Sicard A. Convergence and molecular evolution of floral fragrance after independent transitions to self-fertilization. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2702-2711.e6. [PMID: 38776901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Studying the independent evolution of similar traits provides valuable insights into the ecological and genetic factors driving phenotypic evolution.1 The transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization is common in plant evolution2 and is often associated with a reduction in floral attractive features such as display size, chemical signals, and pollinator rewards.3 These changes are believed to result from the reallocation of the resources used for building attractive flowers, as the need to attract pollinators decreases.2,3 We investigated the similarities in the evolution of flower fragrance following independent transitions to self-fertilization in Capsella.4,5,6,7,8,9 We identified several compounds that exhibited similar changes in different selfer lineages, such that the flower scent composition reflects mating systems rather than evolutionary history within this genus. We further demonstrate that the repeated loss of β-ocimene emission, one of the compounds most strongly affected by these transitions, was caused by mutations in different genes. In one of the Capsella selfing lineages, the loss of its emission was associated with a mutation altering subcellular localization of the ortholog of TERPENE SYNTHASE 2. This mutation appears to have been fixed early after the transition to selfing through the capture of variants segregating in the ancestral outcrossing population. The large extent of convergence in the independent evolution of flower scent, together with the evolutionary history and molecular consequences of a causal mutation, suggests that the emission of specific volatiles evolved as a response to changes in ecological pressures rather than resource limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Joanna Woźniak
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kevin Sartori
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Kappel
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thi Chi Tran
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jannicke Gallinger
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ines Fehrle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friederike Jantzen
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marion Orsucci
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Velemir Ninkovic
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Rosa
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ye P, Su J, Lin J, Li Y, Wu H. Identification of a cinnamoyl-CoA reductase from Cinnamomum cassia involved in trans-cinnamaldehyde biosynthesis. PLANTA 2024; 259:138. [PMID: 38687380 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The identification of a functional cinnamoyl-CoA reductase enzyme from Cinnamomum cassia involved in trans-cinnamaldehyde biosynthesis offers the potential for enhancing trans-cinnamaldehyde production through genetic engineering. A significant accumulation of trans-cinnamaldehyde has been found in the bark tissues of C. cassia, used in traditional Chinese medicine. trans-Cinnamaldehyde exhibits various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and protection of the stomach and the digestive tract. However, further elucidation and characterization of the biosynthetic pathway for trans-cinnamaldehyde is required. In this study, we conducted an integrated analysis of trans-cinnamaldehyde accumulation profiles and transcriptomic data from five different C. cassia tissues to identify the genes involved in its biosynthesis. The transcriptome data we obtained included nearly all genes associated with the trans-cinnamaldehyde pathway, with the majority demonstrating high abundance in branch barks and trunk barks. We successfully cloned four C. cassia cinnamoyl-CoA reductases (CcCCRs), a key gene in trans-cinnamaldehyde biosynthesis. We found that the recombinant CcCCR1 protein was the only one that more efficiently converted cinnamoyl-CoA into trans-cinnamaldehyde. CcCCR1 exhibited approximately 14.7-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) compared to the Arabidopsis thaliana cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1 (AtCCR1); therefore, it can be utilized for engineering higher trans-cinnamaldehyde production as previously reported. Molecular docking studies and mutagenesis experiments also validated the superior catalytic activity of CcCCR1 compared to AtCCR1. These findings provide valuable insights for the functional characterization of enzyme-coding genes and hold potential for future engineering of trans-cinnamaldehyde biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ye
- Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianmu Su
- Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianhao Lin
- Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanqun Li
- Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Hong Wu
- Center for Medicinal Plants Research, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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3
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Atoum D, Fernandez-Pastor I, Young L, Edrada-Ebel R. Use of Multivariate Analysis to Unravel the Differences between Two Chamomile Varieties and Their Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2297. [PMID: 37375922 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants from the Asteraceae family were commonly used to treat various diseases. The metabolomic profile of this family consisted of bioactive flavonoids and other phenolics. Chamomile is a member of the Asteraceae family. Jordanian and European chamomile are two varieties of Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile), which were grown under different environmental conditions, were studied. Many examples of plant varieties with significant distinction in the secondary metabolite they afford have been described in the literature. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to measure the depth of this variation in two chamomile varieties. METHODS From both types, crude extracts were prepared using solvents of different polarities and tested for their biological activity. The semipolar fraction of the European variety showed anticancer and antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the semipolar fraction of the Jordanian type exhibited only antioxidant activity. Both extracts were fractionated, and then the biological activity was again assayed. RESULTS European and Jordanian chamomile fractions produced dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers exhibiting antioxidant capability. Additionally, Z-glucoferulic acid was produced from the European chamomile, demonstrating antioxidant activity. The European samples afforded two major compounds, chrysosplenetin and apigenin, that displayed anticancer activity. CONCLUSIONS Different environmental conditions between Jordanian and European chamomile affected the type of isolated compounds. Structure elucidation was performed with HPLC-MS coupled with dereplication techniques and 2D NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Atoum
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Ignacio Fernandez-Pastor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Louise Young
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - RuAngelie Edrada-Ebel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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Hart EH, Christofides SR, Davies TE, Rees Stevens P, Creevey CJ, Müller CT, Rogers HJ, Kingston-Smith AH. Forage grass growth under future climate change scenarios affects fermentation and ruminant efficiency. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4454. [PMID: 35292703 PMCID: PMC8924208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increasing human population access to ruminant products is an important factor in global food supply. While ruminants contribute to climate change, climate change could also affect ruminant production. Here we investigated how the plant response to climate change affects forage quality and subsequent rumen fermentation. Models of near future climate change (2050) predict increases in temperature, CO2, precipitation and altered weather systems which will produce stress responses in field crops. We hypothesised that pre-exposure to altered climate conditions causes compositional changes and also primes plant cells such that their post-ingestion metabolic response to the rumen is altered. This “stress memory” effect was investigated by screening ten forage grass varieties in five differing climate scenarios, including current climate (2020), future climate (2050), or future climate plus flooding, drought or heat shock. While varietal differences in fermentation were detected in terms of gas production, there was little effect of elevated temperature or CO2 compared with controls (2020). All varieties consistently showed decreased digestibility linked to decreased methane production as a result of drought or an acute flood treatment. These results indicate that efforts to breed future forage varieties should target tolerance of acute stress rather than long term climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Hart
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Sarah R Christofides
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Teri E Davies
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Pauline Rees Stevens
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3FG, UK
| | | | - Carsten T Müller
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Hilary J Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Alison H Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3FG, UK.
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5
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Leroux J, Truong TT, Pogson BJ, McQuinn RP. Detection and analysis of novel and known plant volatile apocarotenoids. Methods Enzymol 2022; 670:311-368. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Li Y, Gao R, Zhang J, Wang Y, Kong P, Lu K, Adnan , Liu M, Ao F, Zhao C, Wang L, Gao X. The biochemical and molecular investigation of flower color and scent sheds lights on further genetic modification of ornamental traits in Clivia miniata. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac114. [PMID: 35929604 PMCID: PMC9343915 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Clivia miniata is renowned for its evergreen and strap-like leaves, whereas its floral color and scent are lacking diversity. Here, anthocyanin, volatile terpene, and carotenoid metabolisms were integrally investigated in C. miniata flowers. The results showed that pelargonidins and lutein might cooperate to confer orange or yellow color to C. miniata flowers, but only a trace amount of (+)-limonene was detected. The expression levels of CmF3'H and CmDFR appeared to be responsible for the ratio of cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives in C. miniata, and the low expression of CmF3'H was responsible for the lack of cyanidins in flowers. Moreover, the CmF3'H promoter could not be activated by CmMYBAs, suggesting that it was controlled by novel regulators. Only two CmTPSs were functional, with CmTPS2 responsible for (+)-limonene synthesis, contributing to the monotonous flower volatile terpenes of C. miniata. CmCCD1a and CmCCD1b were able to cleave carotenoids at the 5,6 (5',6'), and 9,10 (9',10') positions to generate volatile apocarotenoids, whereas the substrates found in low-quantities or specific subcellular localizations of CmCCD1s might constrain volatile apocarotenoid release. Consequently, activating F3'H and introducing novel F3'5'H or versatile TPS may be effective ways to modify the floral color and scent, respectively. Alternatively, modifying the carotenoid flux or CCD1 localization might affect floral color and scent simultaneously. Taking these results together, the present study provides a preliminary deciphering of the genetic constraints underlying flower color and scent development, and proposes possible schemes for further genetic modification of ornamental traits in C. miniata and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Peiru Kong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Keyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Adnan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Feng Ao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | | | - Li Wang
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ; ;
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7
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Matsunaga T, Reisenman CE, Goldman-Huertas B, Brand P, Miao K, Suzuki HC, Verster KI, Ramírez SR, Whiteman NK. Evolution of olfactory receptors tuned to mustard oils in herbivorous Drosophilidae. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6486429. [PMID: 34963012 PMCID: PMC8826531 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of herbivorous insects is attributed to their propensity to specialize on toxic plants. In an evolutionary twist, toxins betray the identity of their bearers when herbivores coopt them as cues for host-plant finding, but the evolutionary mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. We focused on Scaptomyza flava, an herbivorous drosophilid specialized on isothiocyanate (ITC)-producing (Brassicales) plants, and identified Or67b paralogs that were triplicated as mustard-specific herbivory evolved. Using in vivo heterologous systems for the expression of olfactory receptors, we found that S. flava Or67bs, but not the homologs from microbe-feeding relatives, responded selectively to ITCs, each paralog detecting different ITC subsets. Consistent with this, S. flava was attracted to ITCs, as was Drosophila melanogaster expressing S. flava Or67b3 in the homologous Or67b olfactory circuit. ITCs were likely coopted as olfactory attractants through gene duplication and functional specialization (neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization) in S. flava, a recently derived herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Carolina E Reisenman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Benjamin Goldman-Huertas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Philipp Brand
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kevin Miao
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Hiromu C Suzuki
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kirsten I Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Santiago R Ramírez
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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Magsi FH, Luo Z, Zhao Y, Li Z, Cai X, Bian L, Chen Z. Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Dasychira baibarana (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) to Tea Plant Volatiles. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:589-598. [PMID: 33677497 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tea black tussock moth, Dasychira baibarana (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), is a devastating pest species of the tea plant in China. Here, we evaluated the responses of D. baibarana to tea plant volatiles using gas chromatography coupled electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), eleclectroantennography (EAG), and a Y-tube olfactometer. In total, 11 of 18 analyzed compounds elicited GC-EAD responses from test insects. GC-EAD bio-active compounds were further investigated using EAG and behavioral responses. In the EAG analysis, male moths had significantly greater responses to four compounds [(Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, ocimene and benzyl alcohol] than female moths. For females, maximum EAG amplitudes, were recorded in response to linalool, (Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate and (Z)-jasmone. In EAG and behavioral bio-assays, the responses of both sexes were dose independent. In behavioral bio-assays male moths responding significantly to (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, ocimene, (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate, linalool, benzyl alcohol, and (Z)-jasmone at various concentrations. For females, significant behavioral responses were observed to (Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate, followed by (Z)-jasmone, linalool, ocimene, and benzyl alcohol. However, neither sex was sensitive to 4 of the 11 tested compounds, phenyethyl alcohol, phenylacetonitrile, (E)-nerolidol, and indole. The present results showed that tea plant volatiles influenced the behavior of D. baibarana moths, which will greatly contribute in developing eco-friendly control strategies for D. baibarana, through the application of a blend of compounds that showed significant EAG and behavioral responses or a blend combined with female-produced sex pheromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fida Hussain Magsi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongxiu Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqun Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Bian
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongmao Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Wang Q, Liu JT, Zhang YJ, Chen JL, Li XC, Liang P, Gao XW, Zhou JJ, Gu SH. Coordinative mediation of the response to alarm pheromones by three odorant binding proteins in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 130:103528. [PMID: 33482303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) play an essential role for insect chemosensation in insect peripheral nervous systems of antennae. Each antennal sensilla contains more than one OBP at high concentrations but the interactions and cooperation between co-localized OBPs are rarely reported. In present study, we cloned, expressed and purified eight OBPs of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae. The effects of knocking down the expression of these OBP genes by RNAi on the electrophysiological and behavioural responses of M. persicae to the aphid alarm pheromone, (E)-β-farnesene (EβF) were investigated. The results showed that the aphids could still be repelled by EβF when the expression of each of three OBP genes was individually knocked down. However, the simultaneous knockdown of MperOBP3/7/9 expression significantly reduced the electrophysiological response and the repellent behaviours of M. persicae to EβF than the single OBP gene knockdown (P < 0.05). Rather than a normal saturation binding curve of individual OBP, the binding curve of MperOBP3/7/9 is bell-shaped with a higher affinity for the fluorescent probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (1-NPN). The competitive binding assays confirmed that MperOBP3, MperOBP7, MperOBP9 and MperOBP3/7/9 mixture exhibited a stronger binding affinity for EβF, than for sex pheromones and plant volatiles with a dissociation constant of 2.5 μM, 1.1 μM, 3.9 μM and 1.0 μM, respectively. The competitive binding curve of MperOBP3/7/9 mixture to EβF is shallow without bottom plateau, suggesting a conformational change and a rapid dissociation after the displacement of all 1-NPN (in vivo after the saturation binding of all OBPs by EβF). The interaction between OBPs and formation of a heterogeneous unit may facilitate the delivery EβF to the OR at electrophysiological and behavioural levels during insect odorant signal transduction thus mediate M. persicae response to the alarm pheromone EβF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ju-Lian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xian-Chun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xi-Wu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shao-Hua Gu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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Sisymbrium Officinale (the Singers' Plant) as an Ingredient: Analysis of Somatosensory Active Volatile Isothiocyanates in Model Food and Drinks. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020308. [PMID: 33546123 PMCID: PMC7913150 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. (hedge mustard) is a wild common plant of the Brassicaceae family. It is known as “the singers’ plant” for its traditional use in treating aphonia and vocal disability. The plant is rich in glucosinolates and isothiocyanates; the latter has been demonstrated to be a strong agonist in vitro of the Transient Receptor Potential Ankirine 1 (TRPA1) channel, which is involved in the somatosensory perception of pungency as well as in the nociception pathway of inflammatory pain. Volatile ITCs are released by the enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis of GLSs (glucosinolates) during sample crushing and/or by the mastication of fresh plant tissues when the plant is used as an ingredient. Some functional food and drink model preparations have been realised: honey enriched with seeds and flowers, infusions, cold drink (voice drink), artisanal beer, and a fermented tea (kombucha). Using SPME-GCMS chromatography, we analysed samples of the plant and of the food preparations adopting conditions that simulate the release of isothiocyanates (ITCs) during oral assumption. Two active compounds, iso-propylisothiocyanate and 2-butylisothiocyanate, have been assayed. The concentration of ITCs varies according to temperature, pH, grinding conditions, and different plant organs used. Kombucha-type fermentation seems to eliminate the ITCs, whereas they are retained in beer. The ITCs’ concentration is higher when entire seeds and flowers are used.
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Habash SS, Könen PP, Loeschcke A, Wüst M, Jaeger KE, Drepper T, Grundler FMW, Schleker ASS. The Plant Sesquiterpene Nootkatone Efficiently Reduces Heterodera schachtii Parasitism by Activating Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249627. [PMID: 33348829 PMCID: PMC7765886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes, including the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii, constitute a devastating problem for crops worldwide. The limited availability of sustainable management options illustrates the need for new eco-friendly control means. Plant metabolites represent an invaluable source of active compounds for the discovery of such novel antagonistic agents. Here, we evaluated the impact of eight plant terpenoids on the H. schachtii parasitism of Arabidopsis thaliana. None of the metabolites affected the plant development (5 or 10 ppm). Nootkatone decreased the number of adult nematodes on A. thaliana to 50%, with the female nematodes being smaller compared to the control. In contrast, three other terpenoids increased the parasitism and/or female size. We discovered that nootkatone considerably decreased the number of nematodes that penetrated A. thaliana roots, but neither affected the nematode viability or attraction to plant roots, nor triggered the production of plant reactive oxygen species or changed the plant's sesquiterpene profile. However, we demonstrated that nootkatone led to a significant upregulation of defense-related genes involved in salicylic and jasmonic acid pathways. Our results indicate that nootkatone is a promising candidate to be developed into a novel plant protection agent acting as a stimulator of plant immunity against parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer S. Habash
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.L.); k.- (K.-E.J.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.H.); (A.S.S.S.)
| | - Philipp P. Könen
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19C, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (P.P.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.L.); k.- (K.-E.J.); (T.D.)
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19C, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (P.P.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.L.); k.- (K.-E.J.); (T.D.)
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52426 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.L.); k.- (K.-E.J.); (T.D.)
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.L.); k.- (K.-E.J.); (T.D.)
| | - A. Sylvia S. Schleker
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (A.L.); k.- (K.-E.J.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.H.); (A.S.S.S.)
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12
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The Molecular Basis of Host Selection in a Crucifer-Specialized Moth. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4476-4482.e5. [PMID: 32916118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSs) are sulfur-containing secondary metabolites characteristic of cruciferous plants [1, 2]. Their breakdown products, isothiocyanates (ITCs), are released following tissue disruption by insect feeding or other mechanical damages [3, 4]. ITCs repel and are toxic to generalist herbivores, while specialist herbivores utilize the volatile ITCs as key signals for localizing host plants [5, 6]. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying detection of ITCs remain open. Here, we report that in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, a crucifer specialist, ITCs indeed drive the host preference for Arabidopsis thaliana, and the two olfactory receptors Or35 and Or49 are essential for this behavior. By performing gene expression analyses, we identified 12 (out of 59 in total) female-biased Ors, suggesting their possible involvement in oviposition choice. By ectopically expressing these Ors in Xenopus oocytes and screening their responses with 49 odors (including 13 ITCs, 25 general plant volatiles, and 11 sex pheromone components), we found that Or35 and Or49 responded specifically to three ITCs (iberverin, 4-pentenyl ITC, and phenylethyl ITC). The same ITCs also exhibited highest activity in electroantennogram recordings with female antennae and were the strongest oviposition stimulants. Knocking out either Or35 or Or49 via CRISPR-Cas9 resulted in a reduced oviposition preference for the ITCs, while double Or knockout females lost their ITC preference completely and were unable to choose between wild-type A. thaliana and a conspecific ITC knockout plant. We hence conclude that the ITC-based oviposition preference of the diamondback moth for its host A. thaliana is governed by the cooperation of two highly specific olfactory receptors.
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Rivers JY, Truong TT, Pogson BJ, McQuinn RP. Volatile apocarotenoid discovery and quantification in Arabidopsis thaliana: optimized sensitive analysis via HS-SPME-GC/MS. Metabolomics 2019; 15:79. [PMID: 31087204 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the field of carotenoid metabolism researchers' focus has been directed recently toward the discovery and quantification of carotenoid cleavage products (i.e. apocarotenoids, excluding the well-studied carotenoid-derived hormones abscisic acid and strigolactones), due to their emerging roles as putative signaling molecules. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and sample preparation via headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) are widely used analytical techniques for broad untargeted metabolomics studies and until now, no optimized quantitative targeted HS-SPME-GC/MS method has been developed specifically for volatile apocarotenoids (VAs) in planta. OBJECTIVES Optimization and subsequent validation of the HS-SPME technique for extracting and quantifying volatile apocarotenoids in planta. METHODS Factors considered during method optimization were HS-SPME parameters; vial storage conditions; different adsorbent SPME fibre coating chemistries; plant tissue matrix effects; and fresh tissues to be analyzed. RESULTS Mean linear regression in planta calibration correlation coefficients (R2) for VAs was 0.974. The resultant method mean limits of detection (LOD) and lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for VAs using in planta standard additions were 0.384 ± 0.139 and 0.640 ± 0.231 µg/L, respectively. VAs remained stable at elevated SPME incubation temperatures, with no observable effects of thermal and photo-stereoisomerisation and oxidation. The bipolar 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS/DVB/CAR) was identified as the optimal fibre for broad molecular weight range VA analysis. CONCLUSIONS An optimized HS-SPME-GC/MS method for VA detection and quantification was validated in vitro and in planta: based on biological replicates and stringent QA/QC approaches, thereby providing robust detection and quantification of VAs across a broad range of Arabidopsis tissues, fifteen of which were identified for the first time in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Y Rivers
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Thy T Truong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Facility, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ryan P McQuinn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Isothiocyanates and Glucosinolates from Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. ("the Singers' Plant"): Isolation and in Vitro Assays on the Somatosensory and Pain Receptor TRPA1 Channel. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050949. [PMID: 30857138 PMCID: PMC6429275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. is a wild common plant of the Brassicaceae family. It is known as “the singers’ plant” for its traditional use in treating aphonia and vocal disability. Despite its wide use in herbal preparations, the molecular mechanism of action of S. officinale extracts is not known. The plant is rich in glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, which are supposed to be its active compounds. Some members of this family, in particular allylisothiocyanate, are strong agonists of the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, which is involved in the somatosensory perception of pungency as well as in the nociception pathway of inflammatory pain. This study aims to isolate the glucosinolates and isothiocianates from fresh S. officinale to identify the major components and test their activity in in vitro assays with a cloned TRPA1 channel. Samples of cultivated S. officinale have been extracted and the active compounds isolated by column chromatography, HPLC and PTLC. The main components glucoputranjivin, isopropylisothiocyanate and 2-buthylisothiocianate have been tested on TRPA1. The glucosinolates glucoputranjivin and sinigrin turned out to be inactive, while isopropylisothiocyanate and 2-buthylisothiocyanate are potent agonists of TRPA1, with an EC50 in the range of the high potency natural agonists identified so far for this somatosensory channel.
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15
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Kinoshita N, Sugita A, Lustig B, Betsuyaku S, Fujikawa T, Morishita T. Automating measurements of fluorescent signals in freely moving plant leaf specimens. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2019; 36:7-11. [PMID: 31275043 PMCID: PMC6566008 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.1002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Existing methods to quantify fluorescent signals are primarily limited to non-moving objects or tracking a limited number of cells. These techniques, however, are unsuitable for measuring fluorescent signals in time-lapse experiments using plant specimens that move naturally during a course of imaging. We developed an automated method to measure fluorescent signal intensities in transgenic Arabidopsis plants using a stereomicroscope with standard microscopy software. The features of our technique include: 1) recognizing the shape of plant specimens using autofluorescent signals; 2) merging targeted fluorescent signals to specimen outlines; 3) extracting signals within the shape of specimens from their background signals. Our method facilitates the measurement of fluorescent signals on freely moving plant leaves that are physically unrestrained. The method we developed addresses the challenge of recognizing plant shapes without relying on: a) manual definition which is prone to subjectivity and human error; b) introducing stable fluorescent markers to define plant shapes; c) recognizing plant shapes from bright field images which include a wide range of colors and background noise; d) unnecessarily stressing plants by immobilizing them; e) the use of multiple software packages or software development expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Kinoshita
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Aki Sugita
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Barry Lustig
- Cormorant Group, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15243, USA
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuji Morishita
- Leica Microsystems, 1-29-9 Takatanobaba, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0075, Japan
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16
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Hanley ME, Shannon RWR, Lemoine DG, Sandey B, Newland PL, Poppy GM. Riding on the wind: volatile compounds dictate selection of grassland seedlings by snails. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:1075-1083. [PMID: 30418479 PMCID: PMC6266099 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Seedling herbivory is an important selective filter in many plant communities. The removal of preferred food plants by both vertebrate and, more commonly, invertebrate herbivores can destroy entire seedling cohorts, and consequently dictate plant community assembly. Nevertheless, our understanding of how and why some seedlings are more prone to herbivore attack than their neighbours remains limited. For seedlings, where even minor tissue damage is fatal, avoiding contact with herbivores is probably advantageous and, on this basis, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are strong candidates to fulfil a primary defensive role. Methods We quantified seedling selection by snails (Cornu aspersum) for 14 common, European grassland species. Seedling acceptability was subsequently compared with species-specific expression of constitutive secondary defence metabolites (CSDMs), and VOCs to determine their relative influence on seedling selection. Results We found no relationship between seedling acceptability and CSDMs, but seedling selection was strongly associated with VOC profiles. Monoterpenes (specifically β-ocimene) were identified as likely attractants, while green leaf volatiles (GLVs) (3-hexen-1-ol acetate) were strongly associated with low seedling acceptability. Conclusions By elucidating a relationship between VOCs and seedling acceptability, we contradict a long-held, but poorly tested, assumption that seedling selection by herbivores in (semi-)natural plant communities centres on CSDMs. Instead, our results corroborate recent work showing how GLVs, including 3-hexen-1-ol acetate, deter crop seedling selection by molluscs. Although our failure to establish any early-ontogenetic relationship between VOCs and CSDMs also suggests that the former do not 'advertise' possession of the latter, we nevertheless reveal the role that VOCs play in defending seedlings against herbivory before lethal damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick E Hanley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Roger W R Shannon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Damien G Lemoine
- Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Ecologie, Evolution, Ecosystèmes Souterrains (E3S), Université Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Bethan Sandey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Philip L Newland
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Guy M Poppy
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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17
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Vallarino JG, Erban A, Fehrle I, Fernie AR, Kopka J, Osorio S. Acquisition of Volatile Compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1778:225-239. [PMID: 29761442 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7819-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize and emit a large range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play important roles in their interactions with the environment, from attracting pollinators and seed dispersers to protectants such as repellants and pathogen inhibitors. As such, the development of techniques for headspace collection of volatiles in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has an important impact on our understanding of the biosynthesis of plant VOCs. Furthermore, knowledge of the plant VOCs can be valuable in relation to plant breeding for improving fruit flavor or enhancing resistance to insects or pathogens. This chapter describes a reliable method for extracting volatile compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and separate and detect them by GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Vallarino
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ines Fehrle
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain.
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18
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Urbancsok J, Bones AM, Kissen R. Glucosinolate-Derived Isothiocyanates Inhibit Arabidopsis Growth and the Potency Depends on Their Side Chain Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112372. [PMID: 29117115 PMCID: PMC5713341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), the biologically important glucosinolate breakdown products, can present health-promoting effects, play an important role in plant defense and affect plant cellular mechanisms. Here, we evaluated the biological effects of ITCs on Arabidopsis thaliana by assessing growth parameters after long-term exposure to low concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic ITCs, ranging from 1 to 1000 µM. Treatment with the aliphatic allylisothiocyanate (allyl-ITC) led to a significant reduction of root length and fresh weight in a dose-dependent manner and affected the formation of lateral roots. To assess the importance of a hormonal crosstalk in the allyl-ITC-mediated growth reduction, the response of auxin and ethylene mutants was investigated, but our results did not allow us to confirm a role for these hormones. Aromatic ITCs generally led to a more severe growth inhibition than the aliphatic allyl-ITC. Interestingly, we observed a correlation between the length of their side chain and the effect these aromatic ITCs caused on Arabidopsis thaliana, with the greatest inhibitory effect seen for 2-phenylethyl-ITC. Root growth recovered when seedlings were removed from exposure to ITCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Urbancsok
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Atle M Bones
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ralph Kissen
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Huang J, Zheng C, Cai C, Wang Q, Wu CA. Salt and methyl jasmonate aggravate growth inhibition and senescence in Arabidopsis seedlings via the JA signaling pathway. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 261:1-9. [PMID: 28554688 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the function of salinity or jasmonic acid (JA) in plant growth and senescence. This study evaluated how the combination of salinity and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (SaM) worked as a novel stress and then regulated plant growth in Arabidopsis. Firstly, we found that compared with MeJA or NaCl treatment alone, SaM would significantly intensified plant growth inhibition and senescence in wild-type (WT) seedlings, and these phenotypes could be partially compromised after SaM stress in JA-insensitive mutants. Meanwhile, genes involved in JA signaling and Senescence Associated Gene 13 (SAG13) were dramatically increased by SaM stress than that by MeJA or NaCl alone in WT. Moreover, a group of secondary metabolite - indolic glucosinolates (IGs) showed obvious over-accumulation after SaM treatment than that after each single one in WT, and the seedlings treated with IGs' metabolites performed similar inhibited growth and chlorotic leaves phenotypes compared with those caused by SaM stress. All these indicated the toxicity of IGs and their metabolites would prevent the growth progress of plants. Therefore, we concluded that SaM worked as a novel stress and intensified plant growth inhibition and senescence, which was dependent on JA-dependent and -independent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chengchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China
| | - Congxi Cai
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chang-Ai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, PR China.
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Hattan JI, Shindo K, Ito T, Shibuya Y, Watanabe A, Tagaki C, Ohno F, Sasaki T, Ishii J, Kondo A, Misawa N. Identification of a novel hedycaryol synthase gene isolated from Camellia brevistyla flowers and floral scent of Camellia cultivars. PLANTA 2016; 243:959-72. [PMID: 26744017 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel terpene synthase (Tps) gene isolated from Camellia brevistyla was identified as hedycaryol synthase, which was shown to be expressed specifically in flowers. Camellia plants are very popular because they bloom in winter when other plants seldom flower. Many ornamental cultivars of Camellia have been bred mainly in Japan, although the fragrance of their flowers has not been studied extensively. We analyzed floral scents of several Camellia cultivars by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and found that Camellia brevistyla produced various sesquiterpenes in addition to monoterpenes, whereas Camellia japonica and its cross-lines produced only monoterpenes, including linalool as the main product. From a flower of C. brevistyla, we isolated one cDNA encoding a terpene synthase (TPS) comprised of 554 amino acids, which was phylogenetically positioned to a sole gene clade. The cDNA, designated CbTps1, was expressed in mevalonate-pathway-engineered Escherichia coli, which carried the Streptomyces mevalonate-pathway gene cluster in addition to the acetoacetate-CoA ligase gene. A terpene product was purified from recombinant E. coli cultured with lithium acetoacetate, and analyzed by (1)H-nulcear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-NMR) and GC-MS. It was shown that a sesquiterpene hedycaryol was produced, because (1)H-NMR signals of the purified product were very broad, and elemol, a thermal rearrangement product from hedycaryol, was identified by GC-MS analysis. Spectroscopic data of elemol were also determined. These results indicated that the CbTps1 gene encodes hedycaryol synthase. Expression analysis of CbTps1 showed that it was expressed specifically in flowers, and hedycaryol is likely to be one of the terpenes that attract insects for pollination of C. brevistyla. A linalool synthase gene, which was isolated from a flower of Camellia saluenensis, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichiro Hattan
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Shindo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Yurica Shibuya
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Arisa Watanabe
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Chie Tagaki
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Fumina Ohno
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sasaki
- Industrial Research Institute of Ishikawa, 2-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8203, Japan
| | - Jun Ishii
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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Polatoğlu K, Arsal S, Demirci B, Can Başer KH. Unexpected Irregular Monoterpene "Yomogi Alcohol" in the Volatiles of the Lathyrus L. species (Leguminosae) of Cyprus. J Oleo Sci 2016; 65:241-9. [PMID: 26876676 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lathyrus species including L. ochrus and L. sativus are known for their food, feed and horticultural uses. Despite their widespread uses and cultivation, there is limited information on their chemistry. Previously, only the essential oil composition of L. rotundifolius, L. vernus and volatiles of L. odoratus have been reported. In the present research, volatiles of seven Lathyrus L. species, namely, L. aphaca, L. ochrus, L. cicera, L. sativus, L. gorgonei, L. saxatilis and L. blepharicarpos var. cyprius were analyzed by SPME GC-MS for the first time. Plant materials were collected from five different locations in Cyprus (February-March 2012). The main components of L. aphaca volatiles from four locations were yomogi alcohol 26.1-16.5%, camphor 21.6-10.1%, tetradecane 14.3-0%; L. cicera from five locations were yomogi alcohol 20.3-3.0%, camphor 18.7-2.0%; L. gorgonei from two locations were yomogi alcohol 24.5-13.1%, camphor 17.1-9.0% and L. sativus was yomogi alcohol 11.4%, camphor 9.0%. Yomogi alcohol was not present as the major compound in L. ochrus (2-methyl butanoic acid 7.2%), L. saxatilis (hexanal 7.7%) and L. blepharicarpos var. cyprius ((Z)-3-hexenal 8.6%) volatiles. The volatiles of the Lathyrus species were also compared with each other quantitative and qualitatively using AHC analysis to find out differences among the species. The irregular monoterpene yomogi alcohol is reported from the Lathyrus and the Leguminosae family for the first time. The existence of yomogi alcohol in Lathyrus volatiles points out that the irregular monoterpenes are not restricted solely to Asteraceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Polatoğlu
- İstanbul Kemerburgaz University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry
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Ilc T, Parage C, Boachon B, Navrot N, Werck-Reichhart D. Monoterpenol Oxidative Metabolism: Role in Plant Adaptation and Potential Applications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:509. [PMID: 27200002 PMCID: PMC4844611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants use monoterpenols as precursors for the production of functionally and structurally diverse molecules, which are key players in interactions with other organisms such as pollinators, flower visitors, herbivores, fungal, or microbial pathogens. For humans, many of these monoterpenol derivatives are economically important because of their pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, flavor, or fragrance applications. The biosynthesis of these derivatives is to a large extent catalyzed by enzymes from the cytochrome P450 superfamily. Here we review the knowledge on monoterpenol oxidative metabolism in plants with special focus on recent elucidations of oxidation steps leading to diverse linalool and geraniol derivatives. We evaluate the common features between oxidation pathways of these two monoterpenols, such as involvement of the CYP76 family, and highlight the differences. Finally, we discuss the missing steps and other open questions in the biosynthesis of oxygenated monoterpenol derivatives.
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Bell L, Spadafora ND, Müller CT, Wagstaff C, Rogers HJ. Use of TD-GC-TOF-MS to assess volatile composition during post-harvest storage in seven accessions of rocket salad (Eruca sativa). Food Chem 2015; 194:626-36. [PMID: 26471601 PMCID: PMC4615134 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a robust method for VOC analysis from rocket salad packaging headspace. TD-GC–TOF-MS putatively identified 39 volatile compounds. VOC profiles for Eruca sativa varied significantly between accessions. Isothiocyanate compounds degrade significantly over shelf-life. Changes in VOC profiles could provide a useful tool for assessment of leaf quality.
An important step in breeding for nutritionally enhanced varieties is determining the effects of the post-harvest supply chain on phytochemicals and the changes in VOCs produced over time. TD-GC–TOF-MS was used and a technique for the extraction of VOCs from the headspace using portable tubes is described. Forty-two compounds were detected; 39 were identified by comparison to NIST libraries. Thirty-five compounds had not been previously reported in Eruca sativa. Seven accessions were assessed for changes in headspace VOCs over 7 days. Relative amounts of VOCs across 3 time points were significantly different – isothiocyanate-containing molecules being abundant on ‘Day 0’. Each accession showed differences in proportions/types of volatiles produced on each day. PCA revealed a separation of VOC profiles according to the day of sampling. Changes in VOC profiles over time could provide a tool for assessment of shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Bell
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Natasha D Spadafora
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Carsten T Müller
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Carol Wagstaff
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK; Centre for Food Security, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Hilary J Rogers
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
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Frister T, Hartwig S, Alemdar S, Schnatz K, Thöns L, Scheper T, Beutel S. Characterisation of a Recombinant Patchoulol Synthase Variant for Biocatalytic Production of Terpenes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:2185-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ahuja I, van Dam NM, Winge P, Trælnes M, Heydarova A, Rohloff J, Langaas M, Bones AM. Plant defence responses in oilseed rape MINELESS plants after attack by the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:579-92. [PMID: 25563968 PMCID: PMC4286410 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Brassicaceae family is characterized by a unique defence mechanism known as the 'glucosinolate-myrosinase' system. When insect herbivores attack plant tissues, glucosinolates are hydrolysed by the enzyme myrosinase (EC 3.2.1.147) into a variety of degradation products, which can deter further herbivory. This process has been described as 'the mustard oil bomb'. Additionally, insect damage induces the production of glucosinolates, myrosinase, and other defences. Brassica napus seeds have been genetically modified to remove myrosinase-containing myrosin cells. These plants are termed MINELESS because they lack myrosin cells, the so-called toxic mustard oil mines. Here, we examined the interaction between B. napus wild-type and MINELESS plants and the larvae of the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae. No-choice feeding experiments showed that M. brassicae larvae gained less weight and showed stunted growth when feeding on MINELESS plants compared to feeding on wild-type plants. M. brassicae feeding didn't affect myrosinase activity in MINELESS plants, but did reduce it in wild-type seedlings. M. brassicae feeding increased the levels of indol-3-yl-methyl, 1-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl, and total glucosinolates in both wild-type and MINELESS seedlings. M. brassicae feeding affected the levels of glucosinolate hydrolysis products in both wild-type and MINELESS plants. Transcriptional analysis showed that 494 and 159 genes were differentially regulated after M. brassicae feeding on wild-type and MINELESS seedlings, respectively. Taken together, the outcomes are very interesting in terms of analysing the role of myrosin cells and the glucosinolate-myrosinase defence system in response to a generalist cabbage moth, suggesting that similar studies with other generalist or specialist insect herbivores, including above- and below-ground herbivores, would be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nicole Marie van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Trælnes
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aysel Heydarova
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens Rohloff
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mette Langaas
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle Magnar Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Aksenov AA, Pasamontes A, Peirano DJ, Zhao W, Dandekar AM, Fiehn O, Ehsani R, Davis CE. Detection of Huanglongbing disease using differential mobility spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2481-8. [PMID: 24484549 DOI: 10.1021/ac403469y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The viability of the multibillion dollar global citrus industry is threatened by the "green menace", citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing, HLB), caused by the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter. The long asymptomatic stage of HLB makes it challenging to detect emerging regional infections early to limit disease spread. We have established a novel method of disease detection based on chemical analysis of released volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that emanate from infected trees. We found that the biomarkers "fingerprint" is specific to the causal pathogen and could be interpreted using analytical methods such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/differential mobility spectrometry (GC/DMS). This VOC-based disease detection method has a high accuracy of ∼90% throughout the year, approaching 100% under optimal testing conditions, even at very early stages of infection where other methods are not adequate. Detecting early infection based on VOCs precedes visual symptoms and DNA-based detection techniques (real-time polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR) and can be performed at a substantially lower cost and with rapid field deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Aksenov
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Reinhardt N, Fischer J, Coppi R, Blum E, Brandt W, Dräger B. Substrate flexibility and reaction specificity of tropinone reductase-like short-chain dehydrogenases. Bioorg Chem 2014; 53:37-49. [PMID: 24583623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Annotations of protein or gene sequences from large scale sequencing projects are based on protein size, characteristic binding motifs, and conserved catalytic amino acids, but biochemical functions are often uncertain. In the large family of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs), functional predictions often fail. Putative tropinone reductases, named tropinone reductase-like (TRL), are SDRs annotated in many genomes of organisms that do not contain tropane alkaloids. SDRs in vitro often accept several substrates complicating functional assignments. Cochlearia officinalis, a Brassicaceae, contains tropane alkaloids, in contrast to the closely related Arabidopsis thaliana. TRLs from Arabidopsis and the tropinone reductase isolated from Cochlearia (CoTR) were investigated for their catalytic capacity. In contrast to CoTR, none of the Arabidopsis TRLs reduced tropinone in vitro. NAD(H) and NADP(H) preferences were relaxed in two TRLs, and protein homology models revealed flexibility of amino acid residues in the active site allowing binding of both cofactors. TRLs reduced various carbonyl compounds, among them terpene ketones. The reduction was stereospecific for most of TRLs investigated, and the corresponding terpene alcohol oxidation was stereoselective. Carbonyl compounds that were identified to serve as substrates were applied for modeling pharmacophores of each TRL. A database of commercially available compounds was screened using the pharmacophores. Compounds identified as potential substrates were confirmed by turnover in vitro. Thus pharmacophores may contribute to better predictability of biochemical functions of SDR enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Reinhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Juliane Fischer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ralph Coppi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Elke Blum
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Birgit Dräger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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Truong DH, Delory BM, Brostaux Y, Heuskin S, Delaplace P, Francis F, Lognay G. Plutella xylostella (L.) infestations at varying temperatures induce the emission of specific volatile blends by Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e973816. [PMID: 25482777 PMCID: PMC4622421 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.973816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of combined abiotic and biotic factors on plant volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions is poorly understood. This study evaluated the VOC emissions produced by Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Col-0 subjected to 3 temperature regimes (17, 22, and 27°C) in the presence and absence of Plutella xylostella larvae over 2 time intervals (0-4 and 4-8 h), in comparison to control plants. The analyses of VOCs emitted by Arabidopsis plants were made by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that certain volatile groups (e.g., alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and terpenes) are induced by both single factors (temperature or larval infestation) and combined factors (temperature and larvae interactions), whereas other volatile groups (e.g., isothiocyanates [ITCs] and nitrile) were specific to the experimental conditions. ITCs (mainly 4-methylpentyl isothiocyanate) were emitted from plants subjected to larval infestation at 17 and 27°C after the 2 time intervals. The proportions of sulfides (mainly dimethyl disulfide) and 4-(methylthio) butanenitrile were significantly higher on herbivore-infested plants at 22°C compared to the other treatments. Overall, our findings indicate that changes in all experimental conditions caused significant changes to the VOC emissions of Arabidopsis plants. Therefore, the interaction between temperature and larval feeding may represent an important factor determining the variability of volatile emissions by plants subjected to multiple simultaneous factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieu-Hien Truong
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Unit of Analysis Quality and Risk; University of Liège; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Belgium
- Unit of Functional & Evolutionary Entomology; University of Liège; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Belgium
- Biotechnology Faculty; Binh Duong University; Vietnam
| | - Benjamin M Delory
- Plant Biology Unit; University of Liège; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Belgium
| | - Yves Brostaux
- Unit of Applied Statistic; Computer Science and Mathematics; University of Liège; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Heuskin
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Unit of Analysis Quality and Risk; University of Liège; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Belgium
| | - Pierre Delaplace
- Plant Biology Unit; University of Liège; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Unit of Functional & Evolutionary Entomology; University of Liège; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Belgium
| | - Georges Lognay
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Unit of Analysis Quality and Risk; University of Liège; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Belgium
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Zhao N, Wang G, Norris A, Chen X, Chen F. Studying Plant Secondary Metabolism in the Age of Genomics. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2013; 32:369-382. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2013.789648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Geraniol hydroxylase and hydroxygeraniol oxidase activities of the CYP76 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes and potential for engineering the early steps of the (seco)iridoid pathway. Metab Eng 2013; 20:221-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ginglinger JF, Boachon B, Höfer R, Paetz C, Köllner TG, Miesch L, Lugan R, Baltenweck R, Mutterer J, Ullmann P, Beran F, Claudel P, Verstappen F, Fischer MJ, Karst F, Bouwmeester H, Miesch M, Schneider B, Gershenzon J, Ehlting J, Werck-Reichhart D. Gene coexpression analysis reveals complex metabolism of the monoterpene alcohol linalool in Arabidopsis flowers. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4640-57. [PMID: 24285789 PMCID: PMC3875741 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 family encompasses the largest family of enzymes in plant metabolism, and the functions of many of its members in Arabidopsis thaliana are still unknown. Gene coexpression analysis pointed to two P450s that were coexpressed with two monoterpene synthases in flowers and were thus predicted to be involved in monoterpenoid metabolism. We show that all four selected genes, the two terpene synthases (TPS10 and TPS14) and the two cytochrome P450s (CYP71B31 and CYP76C3), are simultaneously expressed at anthesis, mainly in upper anther filaments and in petals. Upon transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, the TPS enzymes colocalize in vesicular structures associated with the plastid surface, whereas the P450 proteins were detected in the endoplasmic reticulum. Whether they were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or in N. benthamiana, the TPS enzymes formed two different enantiomers of linalool: (-)-(R)-linalool for TPS10 and (+)-(S)-linalool for TPS14. Both P450 enzymes metabolize the two linalool enantiomers to form different but overlapping sets of hydroxylated or epoxidized products. These oxygenated products are not emitted into the floral headspace, but accumulate in floral tissues as further converted or conjugated metabolites. This work reveals complex linalool metabolism in Arabidopsis flowers, the ecological role of which remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ginglinger
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoit Boachon
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - René Höfer
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Laurence Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphael Lugan
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Raymonde Baltenweck
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascaline Ullmann
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Franziska Beran
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Patricia Claudel
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Francel Verstappen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J.C. Fischer
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Francis Karst
- Laboratoire Métabolisme Secondaire de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 1131, University of Strasbourg, Colmar, F-68021 France
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Ehlting
- Department of Biology, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, University of Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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Witzel K, Hanschen FS, Schreiner M, Krumbein A, Ruppel S, Grosch R. Verticillium suppression is associated with the glucosinolate composition of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71877. [PMID: 24039726 PMCID: PMC3764120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum is able to penetrate the root of a number of plant species and spread systemically via the xylem. Fumigation of Verticillium contaminated soil with Brassica green manure is used as an environmentally friendly method for crop protection. Here we present a study focused on the potential role of glucosinolates and their breakdown products of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana in suppressing growth of V. longisporum. For this purpose we analysed the glucosinolate composition of the leaves and roots of a set of 19 key accessions of A. thaliana. The effect of volatile glucosinolate hydrolysis products on the in vitro growth of the pathogen was tested by exposing the fungus to hydrated lyophilized plant tissue. Volatiles released from leaf tissue were more effective than from root tissue in suppressing mycelial growth of V. longisporum. The accessions varied in their efficacy, with the most effective suppressing mycelial growth by 90%. An analysis of glucosinolate profiles and their enzymatic degradation products revealed a correlation between fungal growth inhibition and the concentration of alkenyl glucosinolates, particularly 2-propenyl (2Prop) glucosinolate, respectively its hydrolysis products. Exposure of the fungus to purified 2Prop glucosinolate revealed that its suppressive activity was correlated with its concentration. Spiking of 2Prop glucosinolate to leaf material of one of the least effective A. thaliana accessions led to fungal growth suppression. It is suggested that much of the inhibitory effect observed for the tested accessions can be explained by the accumulation of 2Prop glucosinolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Witzel
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Franziska S. Hanschen
- Department of Plant Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Department of Plant Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Angelika Krumbein
- Department of Plant Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Silke Ruppel
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Department of Plant Health, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Grossbeeren, Germany
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Kusano M, Iizuka Y, Kobayashi M, Fukushima A, Saito K. Development of a Direct Headspace Collection Method from Arabidopsis Seedlings Using HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS Analysis. Metabolites 2013; 3:223-42. [PMID: 24957989 PMCID: PMC3901263 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are thought to be a crucial factor in their interactions with harmful insects, plants and animals. Composition of VOCs may differ when plants are grown under different nutrient conditions, i.e., macronutrient-deficient conditions. However, in plants, relationships between macronutrient assimilation and VOC composition remain unclear. In order to identify the kinds of VOCs that can be emitted when plants are grown under various environmental conditions, we established a conventional method for VOC profiling in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) involving headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS). We grew Arabidopsis seedlings in an HS vial to directly perform HS analysis. To maximize the analytical performance of VOCs, we optimized the extraction method and the analytical conditions of HP-SPME-GC-TOF-MS. Using the optimized method, we conducted VOC profiling of Arabidopsis seedlings, which were grown under two different nutrition conditions, nutrition-rich and nutrition-deficient conditions. The VOC profiles clearly showed a distinct pattern with respect to each condition. This study suggests that HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS analysis has immense potential to detect changes in the levels of VOCs in not only Arabidopsis, but other plants grown under various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Iizuka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | | | | | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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Houshyani B, Assareh M, Busquets A, Ferrer A, Bouwmeester HJ, Kappers IF. Three-step pathway engineering results in more incidence rate and higher emission of nerolidol and improved attraction of Diadegma semiclausum. Metab Eng 2013; 15:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Aksenov AA, Novillo AVG, Sankaran S, Fung AG, Pasamontes A, Martinelli F, Cheung WHK, Ehsani R, Dandekar AM, Davis CE. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) for Noninvasive Plant Diagnostics. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1141.ch006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Aksenov
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Ana V. Guaman Novillo
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Sindhuja Sankaran
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Alexander G. Fung
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Alberto Pasamontes
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Frederico Martinelli
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - William H. K. Cheung
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Reza Ehsani
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
| | - Cristina E. Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
- Signal and Information Processing for Sensing Systems, Institute for Bioengineering of Cataluña, Carrer Baldiri Reixac, 4, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
- Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A
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Crespo E, Hordijk CA, de Graaf RM, Samudrala D, Cristescu SM, Harren FJM, van Dam NM. On-line detection of root-induced volatiles in Brassica nigra plants infested with Delia radicum L. root fly larvae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 84:68-77. [PMID: 22995928 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants emit various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) upon herbivore attack. These VOC emissions often show temporal dynamics which may influence the behavior of natural enemies using these volatiles as cues. This study analyzes on-line VOC emissions by roots of Brassica nigra plants under attack by cabbage root fly larvae, Delia radicum. Root emitted VOCs were detected using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). These analyses showed that several sulfur containing compounds, such as methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and glucosinolate breakdown products, such as thiocyanates (TC) and isothiocyanates (ITC), were emitted by the roots in response to infestation. The emissions were subdivided into early responses, emerging within 1-6 h after infestation, and late responses, evolving only after 6-12 h. The marker for rapid responses was detected at m/z 60. The ion detected at m/z 60 was identified as thiocyanic acid, which is also a prominent fragment in some TC or ITC spectra. The emission of m/z 60 stopped when the larvae had pupated, which makes it an excellent indicator for actively feeding larvae. Methanethiol, DMS and DMDS levels increased much later in infested roots, indicating that activation of enzymes or genes involved in the production of these compounds may be required. Earlier studies have shown that both early and late responses can play a role in tritrophic interactions associated with Brassica species. Moreover, the identification of these root induced responses will help to design non-invasive analytical procedures to assess root infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Crespo
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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38
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Rohloff J, Kopka J, Erban A, Winge P, Wilson RC, Bones AM, Davik J, Randall SK, Alsheikh MK. Metabolite profiling reveals novel multi-level cold responses in the diploid model Fragaria vesca (woodland strawberry). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 77:99-109. [PMID: 22370221 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Winter freezing damage is a crucial factor in overwintering crops such as the octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) when grown in a perennial cultivation system. Our study aimed at assessing metabolic processes and regulatory mechanisms in the close-related diploid model woodland strawberry (Fragaria vescaL.) during a 10-days cold acclimation experiment. Based on gas chromatography/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS) metabolite profiling of three F. vesca genotypes, clear distinctions could be made between leaves and non-photosynthesizing roots, underscoring the evolvement of organ-dependent cold acclimation strategies. Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, photosynthetic acclimation, and antioxidant and detoxification systems (ascorbate pathway) were strongly affected. Metabolic changes in F. vesca included the strong modulation of central metabolism, and induction of osmotically-active sugars (fructose, glucose), amino acids (aspartic acid), and amines (putrescine). In contrast, a distinct impact on the amino acid proline, known to be cold-induced in other plant systems, was conspicuously absent. Levels of galactinol and raffinose, key metabolites of the cold-inducible raffinose pathway, were drastically enhanced in both leaves and roots throughout the cold acclimation period of 10 days. Furthermore, initial freezing tests and multifaceted GC/TOF-MS data processing (Venn diagrams, independent component analysis, hierarchical clustering) showed that changes in metabolite pools of cold-acclimated F. vesca were clearly influenced by genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rohloff
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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39
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Nagel R, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. Nonradioactive assay for detecting isoprenyl diphosphate synthase activity in crude plant extracts using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2012; 422:33-8. [PMID: 22266300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids form the largest class of plant metabolites involved in primary and secondary metabolism. Isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) catalyze the condensation of the C(5) terpenoid building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, to form geranyl diphosphate (C(10)), farnesyl diphosphate (C(15)), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (C(20)). These branch point reactions control the flow of metabolites that act as precursors to each of the major terpene classes-monoterpenes, sequiterpenes, and diterpenes, respectively. Thus accurate and easily performed assays of IDS enzyme activity are critical to increase our knowledge about the regulation of terpene biosynthesis. Here we describe a new and sensitive nonradioactive method for carrying out IDS assays using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect the short-chain prenyl diphosphate products directly without dephosphorylation. Furthermore, we were able to separate cisoid and transoid isomers of both C(10) enzyme products (geranyl diphosphate and neryl diphosphate) and three C(15) products [(E,E)-, (Z,E)-, and (Z,Z)-farnesyl diphosphate]. By applying the method to crude protein extracts from various organs of Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana attenuata, Populus trichocarpa, and Picea abies, we could determine their IDS activity in a reproducible fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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40
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Influence of different gel complexes on flavour and colour change in Chongcai paste during storage. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Wei S, Hannoufa A, Soroka J, Xu N, Li X, Zebarjadi A, Gruber M. Enhanced β-ionone emission in Arabidopsis over-expressing AtCCD1 reduces feeding damage in vivo by the crucifer flea beetle. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:1622-30. [PMID: 22217781 DOI: 10.1603/en11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant carotenoid derived β-ionone has been shown to have diverse biological effects on some insect herbivores and herbivore parasitoids. In this study, Arabidopsis transgenic plants over-expressing a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase1 gene (AtCCD1) were generated to test whether β-ionone emissions could be enhanced and used to control feeding by the crucifer flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze). The transgenic plants exhibited a morphological phenotype indistinguishable from the wild type (WT) control over their complete life cycle. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses of headspace volatiles collected from 6-wk-old intact flowering plants revealed substantially enhanced β-ionone emission from transgenic plants compared with WT, but no β-ionone enhancement occurred at a young vegetative stage (4-wk-old seedlings). Bioassays in an enclosed environment showed that AtCCD1 over-expression resulted in ≍50% less leaf area damage by flea beetles on transgenic plants compared with WT plants. The mean number of damaged transgenic leaves per plant also was significantly lower in transgenic plants (P<0.05). Our results indicate that AtCCD1 over-expression and induced β-ionone emission might find application in the control of pests for Brassica crops grown in greenhouse operations. Potentially, β-ionone also could be used on crops grown in open-air ecosystems if this allomone is released in sufficient quantities to discourage herbivore foragers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wei
- College of Tea & Food Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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Bak S, Beisson F, Bishop G, Hamberger B, Höfer R, Paquette S, Werck-Reichhart D. Cytochromes p450. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0144. [PMID: 22303269 PMCID: PMC3268508 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There are 244 cytochrome P450 genes (and 28 pseudogenes) in the Arabidopsis genome. P450s thus form one of the largest gene families in plants. Contrary to what was initially thought, this family diversification results in very limited functional redundancy and seems to mirror the complexity of plant metabolism. P450s sometimes share less than 20% identity and catalyze extremely diverse reactions leading to the precursors of structural macromolecules such as lignin, cutin, suberin and sporopollenin, or are involved in biosynthesis or catabolism of all hormone and signaling molecules, of pigments, odorants, flavors, antioxidants, allelochemicals and defense compounds, and in the metabolism of xenobiotics. The mechanisms of gene duplication and diversification are getting better understood and together with co-expression data provide leads to functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fred Beisson
- Department of Plant Biology and Environmental Microbiology, CEA/CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 6191 Cadarache, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Gerard Bishop
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Höfer
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS UPR 2357, University of Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Suzanne Paquette
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biological Structure, HSB G-514, Box 357420, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-9420
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS UPR 2357, University of Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Zeraib A, Ramdani M, Lograda T, Chalard P, Figueredo G. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Moricandia arvensis L. (DC.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2011.342.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kennedy DO, Dodd FL, Robertson BC, Okello EJ, Reay JL, Scholey AB, Haskell CF. Monoterpenoid extract of sage (Salvia lavandulaefolia) with cholinesterase inhibiting properties improves cognitive performance and mood in healthy adults. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:1088-100. [PMID: 20937617 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110385594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of sage (Salvia officinalis/lavandulaefolia) with terpenoid constituents have previously been shown to inhibit cholinesterase and improve cognitive function. The current study combined an in vitro investigation of the cholinesterase inhibitory properties and phytochemical constituents of a S. lavandulaefolia essential oil, with a double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced crossover study assessing the effects of a single dose on cognitive performance and mood. In this latter investigation 36 healthy participants received capsules containing either 50 µL of the essential oil or placebo on separate occasions, 7 days apart. Cognitive function was assessed using a selection of computerized memory and attention tasks and the Cognitive Demand Battery before the treatment and 1-h and 4-h post-dose. The essential oil was a potent inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and consisted almost exclusively of monoterpenoids. Oral consumption lead to improved performance of secondary memory and attention tasks, most notably at the 1-h post-dose testing session, and reduced mental fatigue and increased alertness which were more pronounced 4-h post-dose. These results extend previous observations of improved cognitive performance and mood following AChE inhibitory sage extracts and suggest that the ability of well-tolerated terpenoid-containing extracts to beneficially modulate cholinergic function and cognitive performance deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Chen F, Tholl D, Bohlmann J, Pichersky E. The family of terpene synthases in plants: a mid-size family of genes for specialized metabolism that is highly diversified throughout the kingdom. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:212-29. [PMID: 21443633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Some plant terpenes such as sterols and carotenes are part of primary metabolism and found essentially in all plants. However, the majority of the terpenes found in plants are classified as 'secondary' compounds, those chemicals whose synthesis has evolved in plants as a result of selection for increased fitness via better adaptation to the local ecological niche of each species. Thousands of such terpenes have been found in the plant kingdom, but each species is capable of synthesizing only a small fraction of this total. In plants, a family of terpene synthases (TPSs) is responsible for the synthesis of the various terpene molecules from two isomeric 5-carbon precursor 'building blocks', leading to 5-carbon isoprene, 10-carbon monoterpenes, 15-carbon sesquiterpenes and 20-carbon diterpenes. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has a single TPS gene, copalyl synthase/kaurene synthase (CPS/KS), encoding a bifunctional enzyme producing ent-kaurene, which is a precursor of gibberellins. The genome of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii contains 18 TPS genes, and the genomes of some model angiosperms and gymnosperms contain 40-152 TPS genes, not all of them functional and most of the functional ones having lost activity in either the CPS- or KS-type domains. TPS genes are generally divided into seven clades, with some plant lineages having a majority of their TPS genes in one or two clades, indicating lineage-specific expansion of specific types of genes. Evolutionary plasticity is evident in the TPS family, with closely related enzymes differing in their product profiles, subcellular localization, or the in planta substrates they use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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46
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van Dam NM, Qiu BL, Hordijk CA, Vet LEM, Jansen JJ. Identification of biologically relevant compounds in aboveground and belowground induced volatile blends. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:1006-16. [PMID: 20737198 PMCID: PMC2941087 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plants under attack by aboveground herbivores emit complex blends of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Specific compounds in these blends are used by parasitic wasps to find their hosts. Belowground induction causes shifts in the composition of aboveground induced VOC blends, which affect the preference of parasitic wasps. To identify which of the many volatiles in the complex VOC blends may explain parasitoid preference poses a challenge to ecologists. Here, we present a case study in which we use a novel bioinformatics approach to identify biologically relevant differences between VOC blends of feral cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). The plants were induced aboveground or belowground with jasmonic acid (JA) and shoot feeding caterpillars (Pieris brassicae or P. rapae). We used Partial Least Squares--Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA) to integrate and visualize the relation between plant-emitted VOCs and the preference of female Cotesia glomerata. Overall, female wasps preferred JA-induced plants over controls, but they strongly preferred aboveground JA-induced plants over belowground JA-induced plants. PLSDA revealed that the emission of several monoterpenes was enhanced similarly in all JA-treated plants, whereas homoterpenes and sesquiterpenes increased exclusively in aboveground JA-induced plants. Wasps may use the ratio between these two classes of terpenes to discriminate between aboveground and belowground induced plants. Additionally, it shows that aboveground applied JA induces different VOC biosynthetic pathways than JA applied to the root. Our bioinformatic approach, thus, successfully identified which VOCs matched the preferences of the wasps in the various choice tests. Additionally, the analysis generated novel hypotheses about the role of JA as a signaling compound in aboveground and belowground induced responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M van Dam
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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47
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Nakabayashi R, Kusano M, Kobayashi M, Tohge T, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Kogure N, Yamazaki M, Kitajima M, Saito K, Takayama H. Metabolomics-oriented isolation and structure elucidation of 37 compounds including two anthocyanins from Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1017-29. [PMID: 19497599 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to conduct metabolomic studies in a model plant for genome research, such as Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), it is a prerequisite to obtain structural information for the isolated metabolites from the plant of interest. In this study, we isolated metabolites of Arabidopsis in a relatively non-targeted way, aiming at the construction of metabolite standards and chemotaxonomic comparison. Anthocyanins (5 and 7) called A8 and A10 were isolated and their structures were elucidated as cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-(beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-6-O-(4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-E-p-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside]-5-O-[6-O-(malonyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside] and cyanidin 3-O-[2-O-(2-O-(E-sinapoyl)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-6-O-(4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-E-p-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside]-5-O-[beta-D-glucopyranoside] from analyses of 1D NMR, 2D NMR ((1)H NMR, NOE, (13)C NMR, HMBC and HMQC), HRFABMS, FT-ESI-MS and GC-TOF-MS data. In addition, 35 known compounds, including six anthocyanins, eight flavonols, one nucleoside, one indole glucosinolate, four phenylpropanoids and a derivative, together with three indoles, one carotenoid, one apocarotenoid, three galactolipids, two chlorophyll derivatives, one steroid, one hydrocarbon, and two dicarboxylic acids, were also isolated and identified from their spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakabayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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48
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Kissen R, Bones AM. Nitrile-specifier proteins involved in glucosinolate hydrolysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12057-70. [PMID: 19224919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites present in Brassicaceae plants such as the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Intact glucosinolates are believed to be biologically inactive, whereas degradation products after hydrolysis have multiple roles in growth regulation and defense. The degradation of glucosinolates is catalyzed by thioglucosidases called myrosinases and leads by default to the formation of isothiocyanates. The interaction of a protein called epithiospecifier protein (ESP) with myrosinase diverts the reaction toward the production of epithionitriles or nitriles depending on the glucosinolate structure. Here we report the identification of a new group of nitrile-specifier proteins (AtNSPs) in A. thaliana able to generate nitriles in conjunction with myrosinase and a more detailed characterization of one member (AtNSP2). Recombinant AtNSP2 expressed in Escherichia coli was used to test its impact on the outcome of glucosinolate hydrolysis using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry approach. AtNSP proteins share 30-45% sequence homology with A. thaliana ESP. Although AtESP and AtNSP proteins can switch myrosinase-catalyzed degradation of 2-propenylglucosinolate from isothiocyanate to nitrile, only AtESP generates the corresponding epithionitrile. Using the aromatic benzylglucosinolate, recombinant AtNSP2 is also able to direct product formation to the nitrile. Analysis of glucosinolate hydrolysis profiles of transgenic A. thaliana plants overexpressing AtNSP2 confirms its nitrile-specifier activity in planta. In silico expression analysis reveals distinctive expression patterns of AtNSPs, which supports a biological role for these proteins. In conclusion, we show that AtNSPs belonging to a new family of A. thaliana proteins structurally related to AtESP divert product formation from myrosinase-catalyzed glucosinolate hydrolysis and, thereby, likely affect the biological consequences of glucosinolate degradation. We discuss similarities and properties of AtNSPs and related proteins and the biological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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49
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van Dam NM, Poppy GM. Why plant volatile analysis needs bioinformatics--detecting signal from noise in increasingly complex profiles. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2008; 10:29-37. [PMID: 18211546 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-964961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile analysis may be the oldest form of what now is called plant "metabolomic" analysis. A wide array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as alkanes, alcohols, isoprenoids, and esters, can be collected simultaneously from the plant headspace, either within the laboratory or in the field. Increasingly faster and more sensitive analysis techniques allow detection of an ever-growing number of compounds in decreasing concentrations. However, the myriads of data becoming available from such experiments do not automatically increase our ecological and evolutionary understanding of the roles these VOCs play in plant-insect interactions. Herbivores and parasitoids responding to changes in VOC emissions are able to perceive minute changes within a complex VOC background. Plants modified in genes involved in VOC synthesis may be valuable for the evaluation of changes in plant-animal interactions compared to tests with synthetic compounds, as they allow changes to be made within the context of a more complex profile. We argue that bioinformatics is an essential tool to integrate statistical analysis of plant VOC profiles with insect behavioural data. The implementation of statistical techniques such as multivariate analysis (MVA) and meta-analysis is of the utmost importance to interpreting changes in plant VOC mixtures. MVA focuses on differences in volatile patterns rather than in single compounds. Therefore, it more closely resembles the information processing in insects that base their behavioural decisions on differences in VOC profiles between plants. Meta-analysis of different datasets will reveal general patterns pertaining to the ecological role of VOC in plant-insect interactions. Successful implementation of bioinformatics in VOC research also includes the development of MVA that integrate time-resolved chemical and behavioural analyses, as well as databases that link plant VOCs to their effects on insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M van Dam
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Multitrophic Interactions Department, P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands.
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Verheggen FJ, Fagel Q, Heuskin S, Lognay G, Francis F, Haubruge E. Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, to Sesquiterpene Semiochemicals. J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:2148-55. [PMID: 17934777 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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