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Ogutcen E, de Lima Ferreira P, Wagner ND, Marinček P, Vir Leong J, Aubona G, Cavender-Bares J, Michálek J, Schroeder L, Sedio BE, Vašut RJ, Volf M. Phylogenetic insights into the Salicaceae: The evolution of willows and beyond. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 199:108161. [PMID: 39079595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The Salicaceae includes approximately 54 genera and over 1,400 species with a cosmopolitan distribution. Members of the family are well-known for their diverse secondary plant metabolites, and they play crucial roles in tropical and temperate forest ecosystems. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Salicaceae has been historically challenging due to the limitations of molecular markers and the extensive history of hybridization and polyploidy within the family. Our study employs whole-genome sequencing of 74 species to generate an extensive phylogeny of the Salicaceae. We generated two RAD-Seq enriched whole-genome sequence datasets and extracted two additional gene sets corresponding to the universal Angiosperms353 and Salicaceae-specific targeted-capture arrays. We reconstructed maximum likelihood-based molecular phylogenies using supermatrix and coalescent-based supertree approaches. Our fossil-calibrated phylogeny estimates that the Salicaceae originated around 128 million years ago and unravels the complex taxonomic relationships within the family. Our findings confirm the non-monophyly of the subgenus Salix s.l. and further support the merging of subgenera Chamaetia and Vetrix, both of which exhibit intricate patterns within and among different sections. Overall, our study not only enhances our understanding of the evolution of the Salicaceae, but also provides valuable insights into the complex relationships within the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ogutcen
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Paola de Lima Ferreira
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Natascha D Wagner
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pia Marinček
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jing Vir Leong
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gibson Aubona
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Michálek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Lucy Schroeder
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Brian E Sedio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Radim J Vašut
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Volf
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Köhler A, Förster N, Zander M, Ulrichs C. Inter- and intraspecific diversity of Salix bark phenolic profiles - A resource for the pharmaceutical industry. Fitoterapia 2023; 170:105660. [PMID: 37648031 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to their content of phenolic compounds, willow bark preparations are used as an herbal remedy. The large diversity of phenolic secondary metabolites in Salix still provides a resource for the identification of bioactive compounds in particular species, including species not yet in focus from a phytopharmaceutical perspective. The present study describes the bark phenolic profile of 13 Salix species analyzed by HPLC-MS: Salix alba, Salix babylonica, Salix daphnoides, Salix fragilis, Salix hastata, Salix myrsinifolia, Salix pentandra, Salix purpurea, Salix repens (including subspecies S. repens ssp. arenaria and S. repens ssp. repens), Salix rosmarinifolia, Salix sachalinensis, Salix triandra and Salix viminalis. The analyzed profiles comprised the chemical groups of salicylates, flavonoids, procyanidins, phenolic acid derivatives, and some unclassified phenolics. Particular compounds were detected in species where they have not been previously reported. Apart from interspecific diversity, qualitative variability within species was observed as certain components were detected only in some of the analyzed genotypes. The knowledge on specific phenolic profiles of species and genotypes is the basis for the selection of suitable willow bark material with certain desired bioactive properties. Furthermore, the high inter- and intraspecific variability points out the necessity for product standardization of willow bark raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Köhler
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Nadja Förster
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Matthias Zander
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Christian Ulrichs
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55/57, Berlin 14195, Germany.
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3
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Gligorić E, Igić R, Teofilović B, Grujić-Letić N. Phytochemical Screening of Ultrasonic Extracts of Salix Species and Molecular Docking Study of Salix-Derived Bioactive Compounds Targeting Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11848. [PMID: 37511606 PMCID: PMC10380267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Willow bark (Salix spp., Salicaceae) is a traditional analgesic and antirheumatic herbal medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the phytochemical and antioxidant profiles of leaf and bark extracts of six species of the genus Salix obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and to examine the inhibitory potential of target bioactive compounds against two inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), through in silico molecular docking. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts was estimated using spectrophotometric methods and the antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging assays. Chemical profiling of extracts was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to differentiate the sample extracts based on their phytochemical profiles and amounts of target bioactive compounds. Chemical composition varied among the analyzed willow species and also among the plant organs of the same species. The major bioactive compounds of the extracts were salicin, chlorogenic acid, rutin and epicatechin. The extracts exhibited significant DPPH● and ●OH scavenging activities. Results of molecular docking revealed that chlorogenic acid had the highest binding affinity toward TNF-α and IL-6. UAE extracts represent valuable sources of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Gligorić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ružica Igić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branislava Teofilović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nevena Grujić-Letić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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4
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Michell CT, Wagner N, Mutanen M, Lee KM, Nyman T. Genomic evidence for contrasting patterns of host-associated genetic differentiation across shared host-plant species in leaf- and bud-galling sawflies. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1791-1809. [PMID: 36626108 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Resource specialization and ecological speciation arising through host-associated genetic differentiation (HAD) are frequently invoked as an explanation for the high diversity of plant-feeding insects and other organisms with a parasitic lifestyle. While genetic studies have demonstrated numerous examples of HAD in insect herbivores, the rarity of comparative studies means that we still lack an understanding of how deterministic HAD is, and whether patterns of host shifts can be predicted over evolutionary timescales. We applied genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism and mitochondrial DNA sequence data obtained through genome resequencing to define species limits and to compare host-plant use in population samples of leaf- and bud-galling sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae) collected from seven shared willow (Salicaceae: Salix) host species. To infer the repeatability of long-term cophylogenetic patterns, we also contrasted the phylogenies of the two galler groups with each other as well as with the phylogeny of their Salix hosts estimated based on RADseq data. We found clear evidence for host specialization and HAD in both of the focal galler groups, but also that leaf gallers are more specialized to single host species compared with most bud gallers. In contrast to bud gallers, leaf gallers also exhibited statistically significant cophylogenetic signal with their Salix hosts. The observed discordant patterns of resource specialization and host shifts in two related galler groups that have radiated in parallel across a shared resource base indicate a lack of evolutionary repeatability in the focal system, and suggest that short- and long-term host use and ecological diversification in plant-feeding insects are dominated by stochasticity and/or lineage-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Michell
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Natascha Wagner
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marko Mutanen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tommi Nyman
- Department of Ecosystems in the Barents Region, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Svanvik, Norway
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5
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Marinček P, Pittet L, Wagner ND, Hörandl E. Evolution of a hybrid zone of two willow species ( Salix L.) in the European Alps analyzed by RAD-seq and morphometrics. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9700. [PMID: 36620405 PMCID: PMC9811612 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural hybridization of plants can result in many outcomes with several evolutionary consequences, such as hybrid speciation and introgression. Natural hybrid zones can arise in mountain systems as a result of fluctuating climate during the exchange of glacial and interglacial periods, where species retract and expand their territories, resulting in secondary contacts. Willows are a large genus of woody plants with an immense capability of interspecific crossing. In this study, the sympatric area of two diploid sister species, S. foetida and S. waldsteiniana in the eastern European Alps, was investigated to study the genomic structure of populations within and outside their contact zone and to analyze congruence of morphological phenotypes with genetic data. Eleven populations of the two species were sampled across the Alps and examined using phylogenetic network and population genetic structure analyses of RAD Seq data and morphometric analyses of leaves. The results showed that a homoploid hybrid zone between the two species was established within their sympatric area. Patterns of genetic admixture in homoploid hybrids indicated introgression with asymmetric backcrossing to not only one of the parental species but also one hybrid population forming a separate lineage. The lack of F1 hybrids indicated a long-term persistence of the hybrid populations. Insignificant isolation by distance suggests that gene flow can act over large geographical scales. Morphometric characteristics of hybrids supported the molecular data and clearly separated populations of the parental species, but showed intermediacy in the hybrid zone populations with a bias toward S. waldsteiniana. The homoploid hybrid zone might have been established via secondary contact hybridization, and its establishment was fostered by the low genetic divergence of parental species and a lack of strong intrinsic crossing barriers. Incomplete ecological separation and the ability of long-distance dispersal of willows could have contributed to the spatial expansion of the hybrid zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Marinček
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity, and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium)University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Loïc Pittet
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity, and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium)University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Natascha D. Wagner
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity, and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium)University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Elvira Hörandl
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity, and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium)University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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6
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Forrister DL, Endara MJ, Soule AJ, Younkin GC, Mills AG, Lokvam J, Dexter KG, Pennington RT, Kidner CA, Nicholls JA, Loiseau O, Kursar TA, Coley PD. Diversity and divergence: evolution of secondary metabolism in the tropical tree genus Inga. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:631-642. [PMID: 36263711 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants are widely recognized as chemical factories, with each species producing dozens to hundreds of unique secondary metabolites. These compounds shape the interactions between plants and their natural enemies. We explore the evolutionary patterns and processes by which plants generate chemical diversity, from evolving novel compounds to unique chemical profiles. We characterized the chemical profile of one-third of the species of tropical rainforest trees in the genus Inga (c. 100, Fabaceae) using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and applied phylogenetic comparative methods to understand the mode of chemical evolution. We show: each Inga species contain structurally unrelated compounds and high levels of phytochemical diversity; closely related species have divergent chemical profiles, with individual compounds, compound classes, and chemical profiles showing little-to-no phylogenetic signal; at the evolutionary time scale, a species' chemical profile shows a signature of divergent adaptation. At the ecological time scale, sympatric species were the most divergent, implying it is also advantageous to maintain a unique chemical profile from community members; finally, we integrate these patterns with a model for how chemical diversity evolves. Taken together, these results show that phytochemical diversity and divergence are fundamental to the ecology and evolution of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Forrister
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - María-José Endara
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud-BIOMAS - Universidad de las Américas, 170513, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Abrianna J Soule
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Anthony G Mills
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - John Lokvam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - Kyle G Dexter
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - R Toby Pennington
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Catherine A Kidner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - James A Nicholls
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC), Building 101, Clunies Ross Street, Black Mountain, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Oriane Loiseau
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Thomas A Kursar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
| | - Phyllis D Coley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Aline W. Skaggs Biology Building, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0840, USA
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7
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Piątczak E, Dybowska M, Płuciennik E, Kośla K, Kolniak-Ostek J, Kalinowska-Lis U. Identification and accumulation of phenolic compounds in the leaves and bark of Salix alba (L.) and their biological potential. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1391. [PMID: 33003576 PMCID: PMC7600001 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study examines the phenolic compounds in hydromethanolic extracts of Salix alba (L.) leaves and bark as well as their antioxidant activity and cytotoxic potential. UPLC-PDA-Q/TOF-MS analysis showed a total of 29 phenolic compounds in leaves and 34 in bark. Total phenolic compound content was 5575.96 mg/100 g of dry weight (DW) in leaves and 2330.31 mg/100 g DW in bark. The compounds were identified as derivatives of phenolic acids (seven in leaves and five in bark), flavanols and procyanidins (eight in leaves and 26 in bark) and flavonols (14 in leaves and three in bark). Both extracts exhibited strong antioxidant potential, assessed by radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), but the bark extract was even stronger than the ascorbic acid used as a standard. The cytotoxicity of both extracts was evaluated against human skin fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes cell lines using the Presto Blue cell viability assay. The keratinocytes were more resistant to tested extracts than fibroblasts. The leaf and bark extracts at concentrations which exhibited antioxidant activity were also not toxic against the keratinocyte cell line. Thus, S. alba extracts, especially the leaf extract, offer promise as a nontoxic natural antioxidant, in cosmetic products or herbal medicines, and as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Piątczak
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Monika Dybowska
- Department of Cosmetic Raw Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Płuciennik
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (E.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kośla
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (E.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Joanna Kolniak-Ostek
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceuticals Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Urszula Kalinowska-Lis
- Department of Cosmetic Raw Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
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8
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Holzmeyer L, Hartig AK, Franke K, Brandt W, Muellner-Riehl AN, Wessjohann LA, Schnitzler J. Evaluation of plant sources for antiinfective lead compound discovery by correlating phylogenetic, spatial, and bioactivity data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12444-12451. [PMID: 32393619 PMCID: PMC7275773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915277117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and viral diseases are rising around the world and are becoming major threats to global health, food security, and development. One measure that has been suggested to mitigate this crisis is the development of new antibiotics. Here, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of the phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns of antiinfective compounds from seed plants in one of the most species-rich regions on Earth and identify clades with naturally occurring substances potentially suitable for the development of new pharmaceutical compounds. Specifically, we combine taxonomic and phylogenetic data for >7,500 seed plant species from the flora of Java with >16,500 secondary metabolites and 6,255 georeferenced occurrence records to 1) identify clades in the phylogeny that are characterized by either an overrepresentation ("hot clades") or an underrepresentation ("cold clades") of antiinfective compounds and 2) assess the spatial patterns of plants with antiinfective compounds relative to total plant diversity across the region. Across the flora of Java, we identify 26 "hot clades" with plant species providing a high probability of finding antibiotic constituents. In addition, 24 "cold clades" constitute lineages with low numbers of reported activities but which have the potential to yield novel compounds. Spatial patterns of plant species and metabolite diversity are strongly correlated across Java, indicating that regions of highest species diversity afford the highest potential to discover novel natural products. Our results indicate that the combination of phylogenetic, spatial, and phytochemical information is a useful tool to guide the selection of taxa for efforts aimed at lead compound discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Holzmeyer
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Hartig
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katrin Franke
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexandra N Muellner-Riehl
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Schnitzler
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ), Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Noleto-Dias C, Harflett C, Beale MH, Ward JL. Sulfated flavanones and dihydroflavonols from willow. PHYTOCHEMISTRY LETTERS 2020; 35:88-93. [PMID: 32025274 PMCID: PMC6988443 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytol.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical profiling of a hybrid species of willow, Salix × alberti L. (S. integra Thunb. × Salix suchowensis W.C. Cheng ex G.Zhu) revealed four sulfated flavonoids, which were then isolated from young stem tissue. The structures of dihydroflavonols (flavanonols) taxifolin-7-sulfate (1) and dihydrokaempferol-7-sulfate (2) and flavanones, eridictyol-7-sulfate (3) and naringenin-7-sulfate (4) were elucidated through NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The identified sulfated flavanones and dihydroflavonols have not been previously seen in plants, but the former have been partially characterised as metabolites in mammalian metabolism of dietary flavonoids. In addition to providing full spectroscopic characterisation of these metabolites for the first time, we also compared the in vitro antioxidant properties, via the DPPH radical scavenging assay, of the parent and sulfated flavanones, which showed that 7-sulfation of taxifolin and eriodictyol attenuates but does not remove anti-oxidant activity.
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10
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Nobler JD, Camp MJ, Crowell MM, Shipley LA, Dadabay C, Rachlow JL, James L, Forbey JS. Preferences of Specialist and Generalist Mammalian Herbivores for Mixtures Versus Individual Plant Secondary Metabolites. J Chem Ecol 2018; 45:74-85. [PMID: 30397901 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Herbivores that forage on chemically defended plants consume complex mixtures of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). However, the mechanisms by which herbivores tolerate mixtures of PSMs are relatively poorly understood. As such, it remains difficult to predict how PSMs, singly or as complex mixtures, influence diet selection by herbivores. Although relative rates of detoxification of PSMs have been used to explain tolerance of PSMs by dietary specialist herbivores, few studies have used the rate of detoxification of individual PSMs to understand dietary preferences of individual herbivores for individual versus mixtures of PSMs. We coupled in vivo experiments using captive feeding trials with in vitro experiments using enzymatic detoxification assays to evaluate the dietary preferences and detoxification capacities of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis), dietary specialists on sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and mountain cottontails (Sylvilagus nuttallii), dietary generalists. We compared preference for five single PSMs in sagebrush compared to a mixture containing those same five PSMs. We hypothesized that relative preference for individual PSMs would coincide with faster detoxification capacity for those PSMs by specialists and generalists. Pygmy rabbits generally showed little preference among individual PSMs compared to mixed PSMs, whereas mountain cottontails exhibited stronger preferences. Pygmy rabbits had faster detoxification capacities for all PSMs and consumed higher concentrations of individual PSMs versus a mixture than cottontails. However, detoxification capacity for an individual PSM did not generally coincide with preferences or avoidance of individual PSMs by either species. Cottontails avoided, but pygmy rabbits preferred, camphor, the PSM with the slowest detoxification rate by both species. Both species avoided β-pinene despite it having one of the fastest detoxification rate. Taken together our in vivo and in vitro results add to existing evidence that detoxification capacity is higher in dietary specialist than generalist herbivores. However, results also suggest that alternative mechanisms such as absorption and the pharmacological action of individual or mixtures of PSMs may play a role in determining preference of PSMs within herbivore species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Nobler
- Boise State University, 1910 W. University Dr, Boise, ID, 83725, USA.
| | - Meghan J Camp
- Washington State University, PO Box 64, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Miranda M Crowell
- University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Lisa A Shipley
- Washington State University, PO Box 64, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Carolyn Dadabay
- College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd, Caldwell, ID, 83605, USA
| | - Janet L Rachlow
- University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Lauren James
- College of Idaho, 2112 Cleveland Blvd, Caldwell, ID, 83605, USA
| | - Jennifer S Forbey
- Boise State University, 1910 W. University Dr, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
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11
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Lavola A, Maukonen M, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Variability in the composition of phenolic compounds in winter-dormant Salix pyrolifolia in relation to plant part and age. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 153:102-110. [PMID: 29906656 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic phytochemicals of winter-dormant Salix pyrolifolia were determined from the vegetative buds, and the bark and wood of different-aged twigs by HPLC-DAD and UHPLC-QTOF-MS analyses. All the plant parts were composed of salicylate glucosides and the other Salix-specific, simple phenolic glucosides as well as of phenolic acids, flavonoids and the high molecular-weight condensed tannins. The flavonoid composition was most diverse in buds and they also contained a large amount of chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid IUPAC), while salicylate glucosides and simple phenolic glucosides predominated in bark. The wooden interior part of the twigs contained fewer components and the lowest concentrations of compounds. Salicortin was the main compound in winter-dormant S. pyrolifolia (over 10% of bark biomass), but the concentrations of picein, salireposide, isosalipurposide, catechin and condensed tannins were also high. The flavonoid composition was highly naringenin- and quercetin-biassed. The composition of phytochemicals was organ-specific and remained relatively similar between different-aged trees. However, there were compound-specific fluctuations in the concentrations of phytochemicals with the age of the trees and within plant parts. Generally, the one-year-old plants differed from the older trees in their high concentration of condensed tannins in all the plant parts studied and in the highest concentration of isosalipurposide in bark, while the total amounts of salicylate glucosides in plant parts, and of naringenin glucosides in buds, tended to be highest in 20 year-old-trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Lavola
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Natural Product Research Laboratories, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111 FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Merja Maukonen
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111 FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Natural Product Research Laboratories, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 111 FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
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Wang D, Pentzold S, Kunert M, Groth M, Brandt W, Pasteels JM, Boland W, Burse A. A subset of chemosensory genes differs between two populations of a specialized leaf beetle after host plant shift. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:8055-8075. [PMID: 30250684 PMCID: PMC6145003 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its fundamental role in shaping host selection behavior, we have analyzed the chemosensory repertoire of Chrysomela lapponica. This specialized leaf beetle evolved distinct populations which shifted from the ancestral host plant, willow (Salix sp., Salicaceae), to birch (Betula rotundifolia, Betulaceae). We identified 114 chemosensory candidate genes in adult C. lapponica: 41 olfactory receptors (ORs), eight gustatory receptors, 17 ionotropic receptors, four sensory neuron membrane proteins, 32 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), and 12 chemosensory proteins (CSP) by RNA-seq. Differential expression analyses in the antennae revealed significant upregulation of one minus-C OBP (Clap OBP27) and one CSP (Clap CSP12) in the willow feeders. In contrast, one OR (Clap OR17), four minus-C OBPs (Clap OBP02, 07, 13, 20), and one plus-C OBP (Clap OBP32) were significantly upregulated in birch feeders. The differential expression pattern in the legs was more complex. To narrow down putative ligands acting as cues for host discrimination, the relative abundance and diversity of volatiles of the two host plant species were analyzed. In addition to salicylaldehyde (willow-specific), both plant species differed mainly in their emission rate of terpenoids such as (E,E)-α-farnesene (high in willow) or 4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (high in birch). Qualitatively, the volatiles were similar between willow and birch leaves constituting an "olfactory bridge" for the beetles. Subsequent structural modeling of the three most differentially expressed OBPs and docking studies using 22 host volatiles indicated that ligands bind with varying affinity. We suggest that the evolution of particularly minus-C OBPs and ORs in C. lapponica facilitated its host plant shift via chemosensation of the phytochemicals from birch as novel host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wang
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Stefan Pentzold
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann InstituteJenaGermany
| | | | | | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Antje Burse
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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13
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Nissinen K, Virjamo V, Mehtätalo L, Lavola A, Valtonen A, Nybakken L, Julkunen-Tiitto R. A Seven-Year Study of Phenolic Concentrations of the Dioecious Salix myrsinifolia. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:416-430. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Wiesneth S, Aas G, Heilmann J, Jürgenliemk G. Investigation of the flavan-3-ol patterns in willow species during one growing-season. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 145:26-39. [PMID: 29059537 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, proanthocyanidins (PAs) and salicylic alcohol derivatives are the main groups of ingredients in Salix needed as defensive tools and signal molecules, but have also pharmaceutical importance. The present study investigated total PA content, complete PA pattern, the oligomeric/total PAs quotient and the contents of catechin and epicatechin during one growing-season for the leaves and this year's sprouts in ten willows (Salix pentandra L. ♂, S. alba L. ♂, S. fragilis L. ♀, S. caprea L. ♂ & ♀, S. cinerea L. ♂, S. caprea x cinerea ♂, S. daphnoidesVill. ♂ & ♀ and S. purpurea L. ♀; all Salicaceae). Comparison of the different species revealed distinct seasonal fluctuations of the oligomeric and polymeric PA fractions, but the contents of both groups always developed in the same direction. All willows prefer the synthesis of PAs with DP-2 - DP-4 within the oligomeric fraction (DP-2 - DP-10) and species with rather low PA contents like S. purpurea (0.1-2.6 mg/g) as well as species with rather high PA contents like S. alba (3.8-14.7 mg/g) were found. Only slight gender specific differences could be observed for both sexes of S. daphnoides and S. caprea. The PA pattern of the hybrid S. caprea x cinerea seems to be influenced by both parents. Thus, the accumulation of the oligomeric PAs accorded to S. caprea and the polymeric PAs matched S. cinerea resulting in an overall depression of PAs in the sprouts and a varying seasonal trend in the leaves. In contrast, the content of catechin remained high and seemed to be not influenced in the hybrid. Although only one individual of each Salix species could be considered in this screening study, the present results demonstrate the variability of the flavan-3-ol pattern within the genus Salix but also some preliminary correlations could be observed. Future studies with more Salix species will provide more insights into chemotaxonomic correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wiesneth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Aas
- Ecological-Botanical Gardens, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Guido Jürgenliemk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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15
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Volf M, Hrcek J, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Novotny V. To each its own: differential response of specialist and generalist herbivores to plant defence in willows. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1123-32. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Volf
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Branisovska 31 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hrcek
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Branisovska 31 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; Yliopistukatu 7 Box 111 80101 Joensuu Finland
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Branisovska 31 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
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Živković J, Stojković D, Petrović J, Zdunić G, Glamočlija J, Soković M. Rosa canina L. – new possibilities for an old medicinal herb. Food Funct 2015; 6:3687-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00820d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Health beneficial properties ofRosa caninaspecies are mainly attributed to rose hips, while the leaves are usually discarded as waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Živković
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Dejan Stojković
- Department of Plant Physiology
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Jovana Petrović
- Department of Plant Physiology
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Gordana Zdunić
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Jasna Glamočlija
- Department of Plant Physiology
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Marina Soković
- Department of Plant Physiology
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
- Serbia
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17
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Molecular biodiversity and recent analytical developments: A marriage of convenience. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Stolter C, Ball JP, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Seasonal differences in the relative importance of specific phenolics and twig morphology result in contrasting patterns of foraging by a generalist herbivore. CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The co-evolved relationship between the chemical composition of plants and herbivory is fundamental in understanding diet selection of herbivores and their impacts on plants and ecosystems. However, the impact of plant secondary chemistry on mammalian herbivory is not fully understood. We investigated seasonal influences of phenolics with low molecular weight (e.g., flavonoids, salicylates) and plant morphology of the tea-leaved willow (Salix phylicifolia L.) on moose (Alces alces (L., 1758)) foraging. We analysed the relationship of different phenolic compounds in twigs and browsing in winter, and in leaves and the degree of leaf stripping in summer, and the role of plant morphology. In winter, higher concentrations of phenolics, e.g., myricetin-related compounds (belonging to the flavonoids), had a negative impact on herbivory by moose. This impact was not associated with a single compound but instead seemed to be more a result of synergistic or additive effects of different compounds. In contrast, the models for summer browsing showed a pronounced effect of plant morphology. Our analyses reveal differences in the relative importance of phenolics of low molecular weight and plant morphology on diet selection between seasons. These findings are relevant for understanding feeding decisions and mechanisms deterring mammalian herbivores known for shaping the vegetation on the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stolter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - John P. Ball
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - R. Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Biology, P.O. Box 111, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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19
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Torp M, Lehrman A, Stenberg JA, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Björkman C. Performance of an herbivorous leaf beetle (Phratora vulgatissima) on Salix F2 hybrids: the importance of phenolics. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:516-24. [PMID: 23456345 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The genotype of the plant determines, through the expression of the phenotype, how well it is suited as food for herbivores. Since hybridization often results in profound genomic alterations with subsequent changes in phenotypic traits, it has the potential to significantly affect plant-herbivore interactions. In this study, we used a population of F2 hybrids that originated from a cross between a Salix viminalis and a Salix dasyclados genotype, which differed in both phenolic content and resistance to the herbivorous leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima. We screened for plants that showed a great variability in leaf beetle performance (i.e., oviposition and survival). By correlating leaf phenolics to the response of the herbivores, we evaluated the importance of different phenolic compounds for Salix resistance to the targeted insect species. The performance of P. vulgatissima varied among the F2 hybrids, and two patterns of resistance emerged: leaf beetle oviposition was intermediate on the F2 hybrids compared to the parental genotypes, whereas leaf beetle survival demonstrated similarities to one of the parents. The findings indicate that these life history traits are controlled by different resistance mechanisms that are inherited differently in the hybrids. Salicylates and a methylated luteolin derivative seem to play major roles in hybrid resistance to Phratora vulgatissima. Synergistic effects of these compounds, as well as potential threshold concentrations, are plausible. In addition, we found considerable variation in both distributions and concentrations of different phenolics in the F2 hybrids. The phenolic profiles of parental genotypes and F2 hybrids differed significantly (e.g., novel compounds appeared in the hybrids) suggesting genomic alterations with subsequent changes in biosynthetic pathways in the hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Torp
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Chen YC, Tien YJ, Chen CH, Beltran FN, Amor EC, Wang RJ, Wu DJ, Mettling C, Lin YL, Yang WC. Morus alba and active compound oxyresveratrol exert anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of leukocyte migration involving MEK/ERK signaling. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:45. [PMID: 23433072 PMCID: PMC3639811 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morus alba has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases; however, the scientific basis for such usage and the mechanism of action are not well understood. This study investigated the action of M. alba on leukocyte migration, one key step in inflammation. METHODS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and cluster analyses of supercritical CO2 extracts of three Morus species were performed for chemotaxonomy-aided plant authentication. Phytochemistry and CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis assays were used to characterize the chemical and biological properties of M. alba and its active compound, oxyresveratrol. fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and Western blot analyses were conducted to determine the mode of action of oxyresveratrol. RESULTS Chemotaxonomy was used to help authenticate M. alba. Chemotaxis-based isolation identified oxyresveratrol as an active component in M. alba. Phytochemical and chemotaxis assays showed that the crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction and oxyresveratrol from M. alba suppressed cell migration of Jurkat T cells in response to SDF-1. Mechanistic study indicated that oxyresveratrol diminished CXCR4-mediated T-cell migration via inhibition of the MEK/ERK signaling cascade. CONCLUSIONS A combination of GC-MS and cluster analysis techniques are applicable for authentication of the Morus species. Anti-inflammatory benefits of M. alba and its active compound, oxyresveratrol, may involve the inhibition of CXCR-4-mediated chemotaxis and MEK/ERK pathway in T and other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11501, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Jing Tien
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Houh Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Francesca N Beltran
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Evangeline C Amor
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ran-Juh Wang
- Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Den-Jen Wu
- Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Clément Mettling
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (CNRS UPR-1142), Montpellier, France
| | - Yea-Lih Lin
- Institut de Génétique Humaine (CNRS UPR-1142), Montpellier, France
| | - Wen-Chin Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11501, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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21
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The geographic isolation of Leucojum aestivum populations leads to divergation of alkaloid biosynthesis. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Rønsted N, Symonds MRE, Birkholm T, Christensen SB, Meerow AW, Molander M, Mølgaard P, Petersen G, Rasmussen N, van Staden J, Stafford GI, Jäger AK. Can phylogeny predict chemical diversity and potential medicinal activity of plants? A case study of Amaryllidaceae. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:182. [PMID: 22978363 PMCID: PMC3499480 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During evolution, plants and other organisms have developed a diversity of chemical defences, leading to the evolution of various groups of specialized metabolites selected for their endogenous biological function. A correlation between phylogeny and biosynthetic pathways could offer a predictive approach enabling more efficient selection of plants for the development of traditional medicine and lead discovery. However, this relationship has rarely been rigorously tested and the potential predictive power is consequently unknown. RESULTS We produced a phylogenetic hypothesis for the medicinally important plant subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae) based on parsimony and Bayesian analysis of nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial DNA sequences of over 100 species. We tested if alkaloid diversity and activity in bioassays related to the central nervous system are significantly correlated with phylogeny and found evidence for a significant phylogenetic signal in these traits, although the effect is not strong. CONCLUSIONS Several genera are non-monophyletic emphasizing the importance of using phylogeny for interpretation of character distribution. Alkaloid diversity and in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and binding to the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) are significantly correlated with phylogeny. This has implications for the use of phylogenies to interpret chemical evolution and biosynthetic pathways, to select candidate taxa for lead discovery, and to make recommendations for policies regarding traditional use and conservation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rønsted
- Botanic Garden, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Sølvgade 83, Opg. S, Copenhagen, DK-1307, Denmark
| | - Matthew R E Symonds
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Trine Birkholm
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Søren Brøgger Christensen
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Alan W Meerow
- USDA-ARS-SHRS, National Germplasm Repository, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, Florida, USA
- Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marianne Molander
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Per Mølgaard
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Gitte Petersen
- Botanic Garden, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Sølvgade 83, Opg. S, Copenhagen, DK-1307, Denmark
| | - Nina Rasmussen
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa
| | - Gary I Stafford
- Botanic Garden, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Sølvgade 83, Opg. S, Copenhagen, DK-1307, Denmark
| | - Anna K Jäger
- Natural Products Research, Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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Hattas D, Hjältén J, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Scogings PF, Rooke T. Differential phenolic profiles in six African savanna woody species in relation to antiherbivore defense. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1796-1803. [PMID: 21621803 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight phenolics are suggested to have a role in mediating diet selection in mammalian herbivores. However, very little is known about low molecular weight phenolic profiles of African savanna woody species. We determined low molecular weight phenolic profiles of six woody species with different life history, morphological and functional traits. We investigated interspecific phytochemical variation between species and found that: (1) related Acacia species were chemically dissimilar; (2) similarity percentage analysis revealed that Acacia grandicornuta was most dissimilar from other species and that the evergreen and unpalatable Euclea divinorum had a qualitatively similar chemical profile to the deciduous and palatable Acacia exuvialis and Combretum apiculatum; (3) C. apiculatum had the highest chemical diversity; (4) relative to spineless plants, spinescent plants contained significantly less HPLC phenolics and condensed tannins; and (5) the major quantitative difference between the evergreen and unpalatable E. divinorum and other species was its high myricitrin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawood Hattas
- Department of Botany, H.W. Pearson Building, University Avenue, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa.
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Stanstrup J, Rusch AM, Agnolet S, Rasmussen HB, Mølgaard P, van Staden J, Stafford GI, Staerk D. Itoside A and 4-hydroxytremulacin from Dovyalis caffra and Dovyalis zeyheri. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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To speciate, or not to speciate? Resource heterogeneity, the subjectivity of similarity, and the macroevolutionary consequences of niche-width shifts in plant-feeding insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2009; 85:393-411. [PMID: 20002390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coevolutionary studies on plants and plant-feeding insects have significantly improved our understanding of the role of niche shifts in the generation of new species. Evolving plant lineages essentially constitute moving islands and archipelagoes in resource space, and host shifts by insects are usually preceded by colonizations of novel resources. Critical to hypotheses concerning ecological speciation is what happens immediately before and after colonization attempts: if an available plant is too similar to the current host(s), it simply will be incorporated into the existing diet, but if it is too different, it will not be colonized in the first place. It thus seems that the probability of speciation is maximized when alternative hosts are at an 'intermediate' distance in resource space. In this review, I wish to highlight the possibility that resource similarity and, thus, the definition of 'intermediate', are subjective concepts that depend on the herbivore lineage's tolerance to dietary variation. This subjectivity of similarity means that changes in tolerance can either decrease or increase speciation probabilities depending on the distribution of plants in resource space: insect lineages with narrow tolerances are likely to speciate by 'island-hopping' on young, species-rich plant groups, whereas more generalized lineages could speciate by shifting among resource archipelagoes formed by higher plant taxa. Repeated and convergent origins of traits known to broaden or to restrict host-plant use in multiple different insect groups provide opportunities for studying how tolerance and resource heterogeneity may interact to determine speciation rates.
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Chien SC, Young PH, Hsu YJ, Chen CH, Tien YJ, Shiu SY, Li TH, Yang CW, Marimuthu P, Tsai LFL, Yang WC. Anti-diabetic properties of three common Bidens pilosa variants in Taiwan. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1246-1254. [PMID: 19683775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata (BPR), B. pilosa L. var. pilosa (BPP), and B. pilosa L. var. minor (BPM) are common variants of a plant often used as a folk remedy for diabetes in Taiwan. However, the three variants are often misidentified and little is known about their relative anti-diabetic efficacy and chemical composition. In this paper, we have first developed a method based on GC-MS and cluster analysis with visualization to assist in rapidly determining the taxonomy of these three Bidens variants. GC-MS was used to determine the chemical compositions of supercritical extracts, and differences and similarities in the variants were determined by hierarchical cluster analysis. Next, the HPLC profiles of the methanol crude extracts in the Bidens plants and evaluated anti-diabetic effects of methanol crude extracts were compared, as well as three polyacetylenic compounds of the Bidens plants using db/db mice. Single-dose and long-term experiments showed that the BPR extract had higher glucose-lowering and insulin-releasing activities than extracts from the other two variants, and that cytopiloyne was the most effective pure compound among the three polyacetylenic compounds. BPR extract and cytopiloyne also significantly reduced the percentage of the glycosylated hemoglobin A1c in db/db mice. Besides, both animal studies and HPLC analysis demonstrated a good correlation between anti-diabetic efficacy of the Bidens extracts and the particular polyacetylenes present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chang Chien
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC
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Agrawal AA, Salminen JP, Fishbein M. Phylogenetic trends in phenolic metabolism of milkweeds (Asclepias): evidence for escalation. Evolution 2008; 63:663-73. [PMID: 19220456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although plant-defense theory has long predicted patterns of chemical defense across taxa, we know remarkably little about the evolution of defense, especially in the context of directional phylogenetic trends. Here we contrast the production of phenolics and cardenolides in 35 species of milkweeds (Asclepias and Gomphocarpus). Maximum-likelihood analyses of character evolution revealed three major patterns. First, consistent with the defense-escalation hypothesis, the diversification of the milkweeds was associated with a trend for increasing phenolic production; this pattern was reversed (a declining evolutionary trend) for cardenolides, toxins sequestered by specialist herbivores. Second, phylogenetically independent correlations existed among phenolic classes across species. For example, coumaric acid derivatives showed negatively correlated evolution with caffeic acid derivatives, and this was likely driven by the fact that the former are used as precursors for the latter. In contrast, coumaric acid derivatives were positively correlated with flavonoids, consistent with competition for the precursor p-coumaric acid. Finally, of the phenolic classes, only flavonoids showed correlated evolution (positive) with cardenolides, consistent with a physiological and evolutionary link between the two via malonate. Thus, this study presents a rigorous test of the defense-escalation hypothesis and a novel phylogenetic approach to understanding the long-term persistence of physiological constraints on secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Stolter C. INTRA-INDIVIDUAL PLANT RESPONSE TO MOOSE BROWSING: FEEDBACK LOOPS AND IMPACTS ON MULTIPLE CONSUMERS. ECOL MONOGR 2008. [DOI: 10.1890/07-0401.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Prudic KL, Khera S, Sólyom A, Timmermann BN. Isolation, Identification, and Quantification of Potential Defensive Compounds in the Viceroy Butterfly and its Larval Host–Plant, Carolina Willow. J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:1149-59. [PMID: 17431749 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The viceroy-monarch and viceroy-queen butterfly associations are classic examples of mimicry. These relationships were originally classified as Batesian, or parasitic, but were later reclassified as Müllerian, or mutalistic, based on predator bioassays. The Müllerian reclassification implies that viceroy is unpalatable because it too is chemically defended like the queen and the monarch. However, unlike the queen and the monarch, the viceroy defensive chemistry has remained uncharacterized. We demonstrate that the viceroy butterfly (Limenitis archippus, Nymphalidae) not only sequesters nonvolatile defensive compounds from its larval host-plant, the Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana, Salicaceae), but also secretes volatile defensive compounds when disturbed. We developed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry methods to identify a set of phenolic glycosides shared between the adult viceroy butterfly and the Carolina willow, and solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods to identify volatile phenolic compounds released from stressed viceroy butterflies. In both approaches, all structures were characterized based on their mass spectral fragmentation patterns and confirmed with authentic standards. The phenolics we found are known to deter predator attack in other prey systems, including other willow-feeding insect species. Because these compounds have a generalized defensive function at the concentrations we described, our results are consistent with the Müllerian reclassification put forth by other researchers based on bioassay results. It seems that the viceroy butterfly possesses chemical defenses different from its monarch and queen butterfly counterparts (phenolic glycosides vs. cardiac glycosides, respectively), an unusual phenomenon in mimicry warranting future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Prudic
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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