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Zhang S, Hu H, Cui S, Yan L, Wu B, Wei S. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the cellulose synthase-like gene superfamily in common oat (Avena sativa L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 218:113940. [PMID: 38056517 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses constitute approximately one-third of the plant cell wall and can be used as a dietary fiber and food additive, and as raw materials for biofuels. Although genes involved in hemicelluloses synthesis have been investigated in some model plants, no comprehensive analysis has been conducted in common oat at present. In this study, we identified and systematically analyzed the cellulose synthase-like gene (Csl) family members in common oat and investigated them using various bioinformatics tools. The results showed that there are 76 members of the oat Csl gene family distributed on 17 chromosomes, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 76 Csl genes belong to the CslA, CslC, CslD, CslE, CslF, CslH, and CslJ subfamilies. A total of 14 classes of cis-acting elements were identified in the promoter regions, including hormone response, light response, cell development, and defense stress elements. The collinearity analysis identified 28 pairs of segmentally duplicated genes, most of which were found on chromosomes 2D and 6A. Expression pattern analysis showed that oat Csl genes display strong tissue-specific expression; of the 76 Csl genes, 33 were significantly up-regulated in stems and 30 were up-regulated in immature seeds. The expression of most members of the AsCsl gene family is repressed by abiotic stress, while the expression of some members is up-regulated by light. Immunoelectron microscopy shows that the product of AsCsl61, a member of CslF subfamily, mediates (1,3; 1,4)-β-D-glucan synthesis in transgenic Arabidopsis. These findings provide a fundamental understanding of the structural, functional, and evolutionary features of the oat Csl genes and may contribute to our general understanding of hemicellulose biosynthesis. Moreover, this information will be helpful in designing experiments for genetic manipulation of mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) synthesis with the goal of quality improvement in oat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haibin Hu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 12. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shumin Cui
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 12. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 12. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Shanjun Wei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27. Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Hrmova M, Zimmer J, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Enzymes in 3D: Synthesis, remodelling, and hydrolysis of cell wall (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:33-50. [PMID: 37594400 PMCID: PMC10762513 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in structural biology have provided valuable new insights into enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism. More specifically, the molecular mechanism of synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, which are widespread in cell walls of commercially important cereals and grasses, has been the topic of debate and intense research activity for decades. However, an inability to purify these integral membrane enzymes or apply transgenic approaches without interpretative problems associated with pleiotropic effects has presented barriers to attempts to define their synthetic mechanisms. Following the demonstration that some members of the CslF sub-family of GT2 family enzymes mediate (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, the expression of the corresponding genes in a heterologous system that is free of background complications has now been achieved. Biochemical analyses of the (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesized in vitro, combined with 3-dimensional (3D) cryogenic-electron microscopy and AlphaFold protein structure predictions, have demonstrated how a single CslF6 enzyme, without exogenous primers, can incorporate both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages into the nascent polysaccharide chain. Similarly, 3D structures of xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan endo- and exohydrolases have allowed the mechanisms of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan modification and degradation to be defined. X-ray crystallography and multi-scale modeling of a broad specificity GH3 β-glucan exohydrolase recently revealed a previously unknown and remarkable molecular mechanism with reactant trajectories through which a polysaccharide exohydrolase can act with a processive action pattern. The availability of high-quality protein 3D structural predictions should prove invaluable for defining structures, dynamics, and functions of other enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism in the immediate future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hrmova
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and the Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Vincent Bulone
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Alba Nova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and the Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Huang H, Zhao S, Chen J, Li T, Guo G, Xu M, Liao S, Wang R, Lan J, Su Y, Liao X. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of Cellulose synthase gene superfamily in Fragaria vesca. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044029. [PMID: 36407613 PMCID: PMC9669642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) gene superfamilies encode key enzymes involved in the synthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose, which are major components of plant cell walls, and play important roles in the regulation of fruit ripening. However, genome-wide identification and functional analysis of the CesA and Csl gene families in strawberry remain limited. In this study, eight CesA genes and 25 Csl genes were identified in the genome of diploid woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca). The protein structures, evolutionary relationships, and cis-acting elements of the promoter for each gene were investigated. Transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that the transcript levels of many FveCesA and FveCsl genes were significantly decreased during fruit ripening. Moreover, based on the transcriptome analysis, we found that the expression levels of many FveCesA/Csl genes were changed after nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) treatment. Transient overexpression of FveCesA4 in immature strawberry fruit increased fruit firmness and reduced fresh fruit weight, thereby delaying ripening. In contrast, transient expression of FveCesA4-RNAi resulted in the opposite phenotypes. These findings provide fundamental information on strawberry CesA and Csl genes and may contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanism by which FveCesA/Csl-mediated cell wall synthesis regulates fruit ripening. In addition, these results may be useful in strawberry breeding programs focused on the development of new cultivars with increased fruit shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexin Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology in Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junli Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianxiang Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ganggang Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming Xu
- College of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology in Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sufeng Liao
- College of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Biotechnology in Fujian Province University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruoting Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Lan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yangxin Su
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiong Liao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Wang S, Liang H, Wang H, Li L, Xu Y, Liu Y, Liu M, Wei J, Ma T, Le C, Yang J, He C, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Lisby M, Sahu SK, Liu H. The chromosome-scale genomes of Dipterocarpus turbinatus and Hopea hainanensis (Dipterocarpaceae) provide insights into fragrant oleoresin biosynthesis and hardwood formation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:538-553. [PMID: 34687252 PMCID: PMC8882806 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dipterocarpaceae are typical tropical plants (dipterocarp forests) that are famous for their high economic value because of their production of fragrant oleoresins, top-quality timber and usage in traditional Chinese medicine. Currently, the lack of Dipterocarpaceae genomes has been a limiting factor to decipher the fragrant oleoresin biosynthesis and gain evolutionary insights into high-quality wood formation in Dipterocarpaceae. We generated chromosome-level genome assemblies for two representative Dipterocarpaceae species viz. Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn. f. and Hopea hainanensis Merr. et Chun. Our whole-genome duplication (WGD) analysis revealed that Dipterocarpaceae underwent a shared WGD event, which showed significant impacts on increased copy numbers of genes related to the biosynthesis of terpene, BAHD acyltransferases, fatty acid and benzenoid/phenylpropanoid, which probably confer to the formation of their characteristic fragrant oleoresin. Additionally, compared with common soft wood plants, the expansion of gene families was also found to be associated with wood formation, such as in CESA (cellulose synthase), CSLE (cellulose synthase-like protein E), laccase and peroxidase in Dipterocarpaceae genomes, which might also contribute to the formation of harder, stronger and high-density timbers. Finally, an integrative analysis on a combination of genomic, transcriptomic and metabolic data from different tissues provided further insights into the molecular basis of fragrant oleoresins biosynthesis and high-quality wood formation of Dipterocarpaceae. Our study contributes the first two representative genomes for Dipterocarpaceae, which are valuable genetic resources for further researches on the fragrant oleoresins and superior-quality timber, genome-assisted breeding and improvement, and conservation biology of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Hongping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Linzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Jinpu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resource and Eco‐Environment of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Cheng Le
- BGI‐Yunnan, BGI‐ShenzhenYunnanChina
| | - Jinlong Yang
- BGI‐Yunnan, BGI‐ShenzhenYunnanChina
- College of Forensic ScienceXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | | | - Jie Liu
- Forestry Bureau of RuiliYunnan Dehong, RuiliChina
| | | | | | - Michael Lisby
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- College of Life SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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5
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Hrmova M, Stratilová B, Stratilová E. Broad Specific Xyloglucan:Xyloglucosyl Transferases Are Formidable Players in the Re-Modelling of Plant Cell Wall Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031656. [PMID: 35163576 PMCID: PMC8836008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferases, known as xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XETs) are the key players that underlie plant cell wall dynamics and mechanics. These fundamental roles are central for the assembly and modifications of cell walls during embryogenesis, vegetative and reproductive growth, and adaptations to living environments under biotic and abiotic (environmental) stresses. XET enzymes (EC 2.4.1.207) have the β-sandwich architecture and the β-jelly-roll topology, and are classified in the glycoside hydrolase family 16 based on their evolutionary history. XET enzymes catalyse transglycosylation reactions with xyloglucan (XG)-derived and other than XG-derived donors and acceptors, and this poly-specificity originates from the structural plasticity and evolutionary diversification that has evolved through expansion and duplication. In phyletic groups, XETs form the gene families that are differentially expressed in organs and tissues in time- and space-dependent manners, and in response to environmental conditions. Here, we examine higher plant XET enzymes and dissect how their exclusively carbohydrate-linked transglycosylation catalytic function inter-connects complex plant cell wall components. Further, we discuss progress in technologies that advance the knowledge of plant cell walls and how this knowledge defines the roles of XETs. We construe that the broad specificity of the plant XETs underscores their roles in continuous cell wall restructuring and re-modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hrmova
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-0775
| | - Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (E.S.)
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6
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Gao Y, Zhang Y, Feng C, Chu H, Feng C, Wang H, Wu L, Yin S, Liu C, Chen H, Li Z, Zou Z, Tang L. A chromosome-level genome assembly of Amorphophallus konjac provides insights into konjac glucomannan biosynthesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1002-1011. [PMID: 35242290 PMCID: PMC8860920 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphophallus konjac, a perennial herb in the Araceae family, is a cash crop that can produce a large amount of konjac glucomannan. To explore mechanisms underlying such large genomes in the genus Amorphophallus as well as the gene regulation of glucomannan biosynthesis, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of A. konjac with a total genome size of 5.60 Gb and a contig N50 of 1.20 Mb. Comparative genomic analysis reveals that A. konjac has undergone two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events in quick succession. Two recent bursts of transposable elements are identified in the A. konjac genome, which contribute greatly to the large genome size. Our transcriptomic analysis of the developmental corms characterizes key genes involved in the biosynthesis of glucomannan and related starches. High expression of cellulose synthase-like A, Cellulose synthase-like D, mannan-synthesis related 1, GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase and phosphomannomutase fructokinase contributes to glucomannan synthesis during the corm expansion period while high expression of starch synthase, starch branching enzyme and phosphoglucomutase is responsible for starch synthesis in the late corm development stage. In conclusion, we generate a high-quality genome of A. konjac with different sequencing technologies. The expansion of transposable elements has caused the large genome of this species. And the identified key genes in the glucomannan biosynthesis provide valuable candidates for molecular breeding of this crop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
| | - Chen Feng
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, China
| | - Honglong Chu
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
| | - Si Yin
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
| | - Zhumei Li
- College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, China
| | - Zhengrong Zou
- College of Lifesciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Lizhou Tang
- College of Lifesciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
- Corresponding authors.
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7
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Akbar S, Yao W, Qin L, Yuan Y, Powell CA, Chen B, Zhang M. Comparative Analysis of Sugar Metabolites and Their Transporters in Sugarcane Following Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413574. [PMID: 34948367 PMCID: PMC8707430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is one of the major pathogens of sugarcane. SCMV infection causes dynamic changes in plant cells, including decreased photosynthetic rate, respiration, and sugar metabolism. To understand the basics of pathogenicity mechanism, we performed transcriptome and proteomics analysis in two sugarcane genotypes (Badila: susceptible to SCMV and B-48: SCMV resistant). Using Saccharum spontaneum L. genome as a reference, we identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that participate in sugar metabolism, transport of their metabolites, and Carbohydrate Activating enZYmes (CAZymes). Sequencing data revealed 287 DEGs directly or indirectly involved in sugar metabolism, transport, and storage, while 323 DEGs are associated with CAZymes. Significant upregulation of glucose, sucrose, fructose, starch, and SWEET-related transcripts was observed in the Badila after infection of SCMV. B-48 showed resistance against SCMV with a limited number of sugar transcripts up-regulation at the post-infection stage. For CAZymes, only glycosyltransferase (GT)1 and glycosyl hydrolase (GH)17 were upregulated in B-48. Regulation of DEGs was analyzed at the proteomics level as well. Starch, fructose, glucose, GT1, and GH17 transcripts were expressed at the post-translational level. We verified our transcriptomic results with proteomics and qPCR data. Comprehensively, this study proved that Badila upregulated sugar metabolizing and transporting transcripts and proteins, which enhance virus multiplication and infectionl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Akbar
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (W.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.Y.); (B.C.)
| | - Wei Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (W.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.Y.); (B.C.)
| | - Lifang Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (W.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.Y.); (B.C.)
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (W.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.Y.); (B.C.)
| | | | - Baoshan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (W.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.Y.); (B.C.)
| | - Muqing Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (W.Y.); (L.Q.); (Y.Y.); (B.C.)
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Yuan W, Liu J, Takáč T, Chen H, Li X, Meng J, Tan Y, Ning T, He Z, Yi G, Xu C. Genome-Wide Identification of Banana Csl Gene Family and Their Different Responses to Low Temperature between Chilling-Sensitive and Tolerant Cultivars. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010122. [PMID: 33435621 PMCID: PMC7827608 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall plays an important role in responses to various stresses. The cellulose synthase-like gene (Csl) family has been reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of the hemicellulose backbone. However, little information is available on their involvement in plant tolerance to low-temperature (LT) stress. In this study, a total of 42 Csls were identified in Musa acuminata and clustered into six subfamilies (CslA, CslC, CslD, CslE, CslG, and CslH) according to phylogenetic relationships. The genomic features of MaCsl genes were characterized to identify gene structures, conserved motifs and the distribution among chromosomes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to show the diversity in these genes. Different changes in hemicellulose content between chilling-tolerant and chilling-sensitive banana cultivars under LT were observed, suggesting that certain types of hemicellulose are involved in LT stress tolerance in banana. Thus, the expression patterns of MaCsl genes in both cultivars after LT treatment were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technique followed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) validation. The results indicated that MaCslA4/12, MaCslD4 and MaCslE2 are promising candidates determining the chilling tolerance of banana. Our results provide the first genome-wide characterization of the MaCsls in banana, and open the door for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Yuan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 75 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Houbin Chen
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Jian Meng
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yehuan Tan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Tong Ning
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhenting He
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Ganjun Yi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (C.X.)
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (C.X.)
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9
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Stratilová B, Kozmon S, Stratilová E, Hrmova M. Plant Xyloglucan Xyloglucosyl Transferases and the Cell Wall Structure: Subtle but Significant. Molecules 2020; 25:E5619. [PMID: 33260399 PMCID: PMC7729885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant xyloglucan xyloglucosyl transferases or xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET; EC 2.4.1.207) catalogued in the glycoside hydrolase family 16 constitute cell wall-modifying enzymes that play a fundamental role in the cell wall expansion and re-modelling. Over the past thirty years, it has been established that XET enzymes catalyse homo-transglycosylation reactions with xyloglucan (XG)-derived substrates and hetero-transglycosylation reactions with neutral and charged donor and acceptor substrates other than XG-derived. This broad specificity in XET isoforms is credited to a high degree of structural and catalytic plasticity that has evolved ubiquitously in algal, moss, fern, basic Angiosperm, monocot, and eudicot enzymes. These XET isoforms constitute gene families that are differentially expressed in tissues in time- and space-dependent manners during plant growth and development, and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we discuss the current state of knowledge of broad specific plant XET enzymes and how their inherently carbohydrate-based transglycosylation reactions tightly link with structural diversity that underlies the complexity of plant cell walls and their mechanics. Based on this knowledge, we conclude that multi- or poly-specific XET enzymes are widespread in plants to allow for modifications of the cell wall structure in muro, a feature that implements the multifaceted roles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; (B.S.); (S.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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10
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Hori C, Yu X, Mortimer JC, Sano R, Matsumoto T, Kikuchi J, Demura T, Ohtani M. Impact of abiotic stress on the regulation of cell wall biosynthesis in Populus trichocarpa. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:273-283. [PMID: 33088190 PMCID: PMC7557660 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Growth of biomass for lignocellulosic biofuels and biomaterials may take place on land unsuitable for foods, meaning the biomass plants are exposed to increased abiotic stresses. Thus, the understanding how this affects biomass composition and quality is important for downstream bioprocessing. Here, we analyzed the effect of drought and salt stress on cell wall biosynthesis in young shoots and xylem tissues of Populus trichocarpa using transcriptomic and biochemical methods. Following exposure to abiotic stress, stem tissues reduced vessel sizes, and young shoots increased xylem formation. Compositional analyses revealed a reduction in the total amount of cell wall polysaccharides. In contrast, the total lignin amount was unchanged, while the ratio of S/G lignin was significantly decreased in young shoots. Consistent with these observations, transcriptome analyses show that the expression of a subset of cell wall-related genes is tightly regulated by drought and salt stresses. In particular, the expression of a part of genes encoding key enzymes for S-lignin biosynthesis, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase and ferulate 5-hydroxylase, was decreased, suggesting the lower S/G ratio could be partly attributed to the down-regulation of these genes. Together, our data identifies a transcriptional abiotic stress response strategy in poplar, which results in adaptive changes to the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Hori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Research Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Xiang Yu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ryosuke Sano
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tomoko Matsumoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-743-72-5460 Fax: +81-743-72-5469
| | - Misato Ohtani
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-4-7136-3673 Fax: +81-4-7136-3674
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11
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Little A, Lahnstein J, Jeffery DW, Khor SF, Schwerdt JG, Shirley NJ, Hooi M, Xing X, Burton RA, Bulone V. A Novel (1,4)-β-Linked Glucoxylan Is Synthesized by Members of the Cellulose Synthase-Like F Gene Family in Land Plants. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:73-84. [PMID: 30693327 PMCID: PMC6346400 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As a significant component of monocot cell walls, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan has conclusively been shown to be synthesized by the cellulose synthase-like F6 protein. In this study, we investigated the synthetic activity of other members of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) CslF gene family using heterologous expression. As expected, the majority of the genes encode proteins that are capable of synthesizing detectable levels of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan. However, overexpression of HvCslF3 and HvCslF10 genes resulted in the synthesis of a novel linear glucoxylan that consists of (1,4)-β-linked glucose and xylose residues. To demonstrate that this product was not an aberration of the heterologous system, the characteristic (1,4)-β-linkage between glucose and xylose was confirmed to be present in wild type barley tissues known to contain HvCslF3 and HvCslF10 transcripts. This polysaccharide linkage has also been reported in species of Ulva, a marine green alga, and has significant implications for defining the specificity of the cell wall content of many crop species. This finding supports previous observations that members of a single CSL family may not possess the same carbohydrate synthetic activity, with the CSLF family now associated with the formation of not only (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-glucosidic linkages, but also (1,4)-β-glucosidic and (1,4)-β-xylosidic linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Little
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Adelaide
Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - David W. Jeffery
- School
of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University
of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen
Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Shi F. Khor
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Michelle Hooi
- Adelaide
Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Adelaide
Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- School
of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University
of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen
Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Adelaide
Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- School
of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University
of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen
Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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12
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Kaur S, Dhugga KS, Beech R, Singh J. Genome-wide analysis of the cellulose synthase-like (Csl) gene family in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:193. [PMID: 29100539 PMCID: PMC5670714 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemicelluloses are a diverse group of complex, non-cellulosic polysaccharides, which constitute approximately one-third of the plant cell wall and find use as dietary fibres, food additives and raw materials for biofuels. Genes involved in hemicellulose synthesis have not been extensively studied in small grain cereals. RESULTS In efforts to isolate the sequences for the cellulose synthase-like (Csl) gene family from wheat, we identified 108 genes (hereafter referred to as TaCsl). Each gene was represented by two to three homeoalleles, which are named as TaCslXY_ZA, TaCslXY_ZB, or TaCslXY_ZD, where X denotes the Csl subfamily, Y the gene number and Z the wheat chromosome where it is located. A quarter of these genes were predicted to have 2 to 3 splice variants, resulting in a total of 137 putative translated products. Approximately 45% of TaCsl genes were located on chromosomes 2 and 3. Sequences from the subfamilies C and D were interspersed between the dicots and grasses but those from subfamily A clustered within each group of plants. Proximity of the dicot-specific subfamilies B and G, to the grass-specific subfamilies H and J, respectively, points to their common origin. In silico expression analysis in different tissues revealed that most of the genes were expressed ubiquitously and some were tissue-specific. More than half of the genes had introns in phase 0, one-third in phase 2, and a few in phase 1. CONCLUSION Detailed characterization of the wheat Csl genes has enhanced the understanding of their structural, functional, and evolutionary features. This information will be helpful in designing experiments for genetic manipulation of hemicellulose synthesis with the goal of developing improved cultivars for biofuel production and increased tolerance against various stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simerjeet Kaur
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Kanwarpal S. Dhugga
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Texcoco, Estado de México Mexico
| | - Robin Beech
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
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13
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He C, Wu K, Zhang J, Liu X, Zeng S, Yu Z, Zhang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Deng R, Tan J, Luo J, Duan J. Cytochemical Localization of Polysaccharides in Dendrobium officinale and the Involvement of DoCSLA6 in the Synthesis of Mannan Polysaccharides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:173. [PMID: 28261235 PMCID: PMC5306395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale is a precious traditional Chinese medicinal plant because of its abundant polysaccharides found in stems. We determined the composition of water-soluble polysaccharides and starch content in D. officinale stems. The extracted water-soluble polysaccharide content was as high as 35% (w/w). Analysis of the composition of monosaccharides showed that the water-soluble polysaccharides were dominated by mannose, to a lesser extent glucose, and a small amount of galactose, in a molar ratio of 223:48:1. Although starch was also found, its content was less than 10%. This result indicated that the major polysaccharides in D. officinale stems were non-starch polysaccharides, which might be mannan polysaccharides. The polysaccharides formed granules and were stored in plastids similar to starch grains, were localized in D. officinale stems by semi-thin and ultrathin sections. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A (CSLA) family members encode mannan synthases that catalyze the formation of mannan polysaccharides. To determine whether the CSLA gene from D. officinale was responsible for the synthesis of mannan polysaccharides, 35S:DoCSLA6 transgenic lines were generated and characterized. Our results suggest that the CSLA family genes from D. officinale play an important role in the biosynthesis of mannan polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhenming Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | | | - Rufang Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Luo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
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14
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He C, Wu K, Zhang J, Liu X, Zeng S, Yu Z, Zhang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Deng R, Tan J, Luo J, Duan J. Cytochemical Localization of Polysaccharides in Dendrobium officinale and the Involvement of DoCSLA6 in the Synthesis of Mannan Polysaccharides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28261235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00173/1664-462x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale is a precious traditional Chinese medicinal plant because of its abundant polysaccharides found in stems. We determined the composition of water-soluble polysaccharides and starch content in D. officinale stems. The extracted water-soluble polysaccharide content was as high as 35% (w/w). Analysis of the composition of monosaccharides showed that the water-soluble polysaccharides were dominated by mannose, to a lesser extent glucose, and a small amount of galactose, in a molar ratio of 223:48:1. Although starch was also found, its content was less than 10%. This result indicated that the major polysaccharides in D. officinale stems were non-starch polysaccharides, which might be mannan polysaccharides. The polysaccharides formed granules and were stored in plastids similar to starch grains, were localized in D. officinale stems by semi-thin and ultrathin sections. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A (CSLA) family members encode mannan synthases that catalyze the formation of mannan polysaccharides. To determine whether the CSLA gene from D. officinale was responsible for the synthesis of mannan polysaccharides, 35S:DoCSLA6 transgenic lines were generated and characterized. Our results suggest that the CSLA family genes from D. officinale play an important role in the biosynthesis of mannan polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenming Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Rufang Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Luo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, China
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15
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Douchkov D, Lueck S, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Rajaraman J, Johrde A, Doblin MS, Beahan CT, Kopischke M, Fuchs R, Lipka V, Niks RE, Bulone V, Chowdhury J, Little A, Burton RA, Bacic A, Fincher GB, Schweizer P. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) cellulose synthase-like D2 gene (HvCslD2) mediates penetration resistance to host-adapted and nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:421-33. [PMID: 27352228 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls and cellular turgor pressure shape and suspend the bodies of all vascular plants. In response to attack by fungal and oomycete pathogens, which usually breach their host's cell walls by mechanical force or by secreting lytic enzymes, plants often form local cell wall appositions (papillae) as an important first line of defence. The involvement of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes in the formation of these papillae is still poorly understood, especially in cereal crops. To investigate the role in plant defence of a candidate gene from barley (Hordeum vulgare) encoding cellulose synthase-like D2 (HvCslD2), we generated transgenic barley plants in which HvCslD2 was silenced through RNA interference (RNAi). The transgenic plants showed no growth defects but their papillae were more successfully penetrated by host-adapted, virulent as well as avirulent nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. Papilla penetration was associated with lower contents of cellulose in epidermal cell walls and increased digestion by fungal cell wall degrading enzymes. The results suggest that HvCslD2-mediated cell wall changes in the epidermal layer represent an important defence reaction both for nonhost and for quantitative host resistance against nonadapted wheat and host-adapted barley powdery mildew pathogens, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lueck
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Annika Johrde
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Cherie T Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - René Fuchs
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Rients E Niks
- Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycocience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jamil Chowdhury
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
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16
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He C, Zhang J, Liu X, Zeng S, Wu K, Yu Z, Wang X, Teixeira da Silva JA, Lin Z, Duan J. Identification of genes involved in biosynthesis of mannan polysaccharides in Dendrobium officinale by RNA-seq analysis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:219-31. [PMID: 25924595 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. The stems of D. officinale contain mannan polysaccharides, which are promising bioactive polysaccharides for use as drugs. However, the genes involved in the biosynthesis of mannan polysaccharides in D. officinale have not yet been identified. In this study, four digital gene expression profiling analyses were performed on developing stems of greenhouse-grown D. officinale to identify such genes. Based on the accumulation of mannose and on gene expression levels, eight CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE A genes (CSLA), which are highly likely to be related to the biosynthesis of bioactive mannan polysaccharides, were identified from the differentially expressed genes database. In order to further analyze these DoCSLA genes, a full-length cDNA of each was obtained by RACE. The eight genes, belonging to the CSLA family of the CesA superfamily, contain conserved domains of the CesA superfamily. Most of the genes, which were highly expressed in the stems of D. officinale, were related to abiotic stress. Our results suggest that the CSLA family genes from D. officinale are involved in the biosynthesis of bioactive mannan polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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17
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Pinard D, Mizrachi E, Hefer CA, Kersting AR, Joubert F, Douglas CJ, Mansfield SD, Myburg AA. Comparative analysis of plant carbohydrate active enZymes and their role in xylogenesis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:402. [PMID: 25994181 PMCID: PMC4440533 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate metabolism is a key feature of vascular plant architecture, and is of particular importance in large woody species, where lignocellulosic biomass is responsible for bearing the bulk of the stem and crown. Since Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZymes) in plants are responsible for the synthesis, modification and degradation of carbohydrate biopolymers, the differences in gene copy number and regulation between woody and herbaceous species have been highlighted previously. There are still many unanswered questions about the role of CAZymes in land plant evolution and the formation of wood, a strong carbohydrate sink. RESULTS Here, twenty-two publically available plant genomes were used to characterize the frequency, diversity and complexity of CAZymes in plants. We find that a conserved suite of CAZymes is a feature of land plant evolution, with similar diversity and complexity regardless of growth habit and form. In addition, we compared the diversity and levels of CAZyme gene expression during wood formation in trees using mRNA-seq data from two distantly related angiosperm tree species Eucalyptus grandis and Populus trichocarpa, highlighting the major CAZyme classes involved in xylogenesis and lignocellulosic biomass production. CONCLUSIONS CAZyme domain ratio across embryophytes is maintained, and the diversity of CAZyme domains is similar in all land plants, regardless of woody habit. The stoichiometric conservation of gene expression in woody and non-woody tissues of Eucalyptus and Populus are indicative of gene balance preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desre Pinard
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Charles A Hefer
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Anna R Kersting
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Hufferstr. 1, Munster, D48149, Germany.
| | - Fourie Joubert
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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Kalluri UC, Yin H, Yang X, Davison BH. Systems and synthetic biology approaches to alter plant cell walls and reduce biomass recalcitrance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1207-16. [PMID: 25363806 PMCID: PMC4265275 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fine-tuning plant cell wall properties to render plant biomass more amenable to biofuel conversion is a colossal challenge. A deep knowledge of the biosynthesis and regulation of plant cell wall and a high-precision genome engineering toolset are the two essential pillars of efforts to alter plant cell walls and reduce biomass recalcitrance. The past decade has seen a meteoric rise in use of transcriptomics and high-resolution imaging methods resulting in fresh insights into composition, structure, formation and deconstruction of plant cell walls. Subsequent gene manipulation approaches, however, commonly include ubiquitous mis-expression of a single candidate gene in a host that carries an intact copy of the native gene. The challenges posed by pleiotropic and unintended changes resulting from such an approach are moving the field towards synthetic biology approaches. Synthetic biology builds on a systems biology knowledge base and leverages high-precision tools for high-throughput assembly of multigene constructs and pathways, precision genome editing and site-specific gene stacking, silencing and/or removal. Here, we summarize the recent breakthroughs in biosynthesis and remodelling of major secondary cell wall components, assess the impediments in obtaining a systems-level understanding and explore the potential opportunities in leveraging synthetic biology approaches to reduce biomass recalcitrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya C Kalluri
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN, USA
- * Correspondence (Tel 1 865 576 9495, fax 1 865 576 9939; email )
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Brian H Davison
- BioEnergy Science Center and Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN, USA
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Penium margaritaceum: A Unicellular Model Organism for Studying Plant Cell Wall Architecture and Dynamics. PLANTS 2014; 3:543-58. [PMID: 27135519 PMCID: PMC4844280 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Penium margaritaceum is a new and valuable unicellular model organism for studying plant cell wall structure and developmental dynamics. This charophyte has a cell wall composition remarkably similar to the primary cell wall of many higher plants and clearly-defined inclusive zones containing specific polymers. Penium has a simple cylindrical phenotype with a distinct region of focused wall synthesis. Specific polymers, particularly pectins, can be identified using monoclonal antibodies raised against polymers of higher plant cell walls. Immunofluorescence-based labeling is easily performed using live cells that subsequently can be returned to culture and monitored. This feature allows for rapid assessment of wall expansion rates and identification of multiple polymer types in the wall microarchitecture during the cell cycle. Cryofixation by means of spray freezing provides excellent transmission electron microscopy imaging of the cell, including its elaborate endomembrane and cytoskeletal systems, both integral to cell wall development. Penium’s fast growth rate allows for convenient microarray screening of various agents that alter wall biosynthesis and metabolism. Finally, recent successful development of transformed cell lines has allowed for non-invasive imaging of proteins in cells and for RNAi reverse genetics that can be used for cell wall biosynthesis studies.
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Joët T, Laffargue A, Salmona J, Doulbeau S, Descroix F, Bertrand B, Lashermes P, Dussert S. Regulation of galactomannan biosynthesis in coffee seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:323-337. [PMID: 24203356 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The seed of Coffea arabica accumulates large amounts of cell wall storage polysaccharides (CWSPs) of the mannan family in the cell walls of the endosperm. The variability induced by the growing environment and extensive pairwise correlation analysis with stringent significance thresholds was used to investigate transcript-transcript and transcript-metabolite relationships among 26 sugar-related genes, and the amount of CWSPs and seven soluble low molecular weight carbohydrates in the developing coffee endosperm. A dense module of nine quantitatively co-expressed genes was detected at the mid-developmental stage when CWSPs accumulate. This module included the five genes of the core galactomannan synthetic machinery, namely genes coding for the enzymes needed to assemble the mannan backbone (mannan synthase, ManS), and genes that introduce the galactosyl side chains (galactosyltransferase, GMGT), modulate the post-depositional degree of galactose substitution (α-galactosidase), and produce the nucleotide sugar building blocks GDP-mannose and UDP-galactose (mannose-1P guanyltransferase and UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase, respectively). The amount of CWSPs stored in the endosperm at the onset of their accumulation was primarily and quantitatively modulated at the transcriptional level (i.e. positively correlated with the expression level of these key galactomannan biosynthetic genes). This analysis also suggests a role for sorbitol and raffinose family oligosaccharides as transient auxiliary sources of building blocks for galactomannan synthesis. Finally, a microarray-based analysis of the developing seed transcriptome revealed that all genes of the core galactomannan synthesis machinery grouped in a single cluster of 209 co-expressed genes. Analysis of the gene composition of this cluster revealed remarkable functional coherence and identified transcription factors that putatively control galactomannan biosynthesis in coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Joët
- IRD, UMR DIADE, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
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21
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Shu X, Rasmussen SK. Quantification of amylose, amylopectin, and β-glucan in search for genes controlling the three major quality traits in barley by genome-wide association studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:197. [PMID: 24860587 PMCID: PMC4030205 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for amylose, amylopectin and β-glucan concentration in a collection of 254 European spring barley varieties allowed to identify 20, 17, and 21 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, respectively, associated with these important grain quality traits. Negative correlations between the content of amylose and β-glucan (R = -0.62, P < 0.01) and amylopectin and β-glucan (R = -0.487, P < 0.01) were found in this large collection of spring barley varieties. Besides HvCslF6, amo1 and AGPL2, sex6, and waxy were identified among the major genes responsible for β-glucan, amylose and amylopectin content, respectively. Several minor genes like HvGSL4, HvGSL3, and HvCesA6, PWD were also detected by GWAS for the first time. Furthermore, the gene encoding β-fructofuranosidase, located on the short arm of chromosome 7H at 1.49 cM, and SRF6, encoding "leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase protein" on chromosome 2 H, are proposed to be new candidate genes for amylopectin formation in barley endosperm. Several of the associated SNPs on chromosome 1, 5, 6, and 7H mapped to overlapping regions containing QTLs and genes controlling the three grain constituents. In particular chromosomes 5 and 7H carry many QTLs controlling barley grain quality. Amylose, amylopectin and β-glucan were interacted among each other through a metabolic network connected by UDP showing pleiotropic effects. Taken together, these results showed that cereal quality traits related each other and regulated through an interaction network, the identified major genes and genetic regions for amylose, amylopectin and β-glucan is a helpful for further research on carbohydrates and barley breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren K. Rasmussen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Søren K. Rasmussen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark e-mail:
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Wojtasik W, Kulma A, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Żebrowski J, Szopa J. Fibres from flax overproducing β-1,3-glucanase show increased accumulation of pectin and phenolics and thus higher antioxidant capacity. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:10. [PMID: 23394294 PMCID: PMC3598203 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, in order to improve the resistance of flax plants to pathogen infection, transgenic flax that overproduces β-1,3-glucanase was created. β-1,3-glucanase is a PR protein that hydrolyses the β-glucans, which are a major component of the cell wall in many groups of fungi. For this study, we used fourth-generation field-cultivated plants of the Fusarium -resistant transgenic line B14 to evaluate how overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene influences the quantity, quality and composition of flax fibres, which are the main product obtained from flax straw. RESULTS Overproduction of β-1,3-glucanase did not affect the quantity of the fibre obtained from the flax straw and did not significantly alter the essential mechanical characteristics of the retted fibres. However, changes in the contents of the major components of the cell wall (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin) were revealed. Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene resulted in higher cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin contents and a lower lignin content in the fibres. Increases in the uronic acid content in particular fractions (with the exception of the 1 M KOH-soluble fraction of hemicelluloses) and changes in the sugar composition of the cell wall were detected in the fibres of the transgenic flax when compared to the contents for the control plants. The callose content was lower in the fibres of the transgenic flax. Additionally, the analysis of phenolic compound contents in five fractions of the cell wall revealed important changes, which were reflected in the antioxidant potential of these fractions. CONCLUSION Overexpression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene has a significant influence on the biochemical composition of flax fibres. The constitutive overproduction of β-1,3-glucanase causes a decrease in the callose content, and the resulting excess glucose serves as a substrate for the production of other polysaccharides. The monosaccharide excess redirects the phenolic compounds to bind with polysaccharides instead of to partake in lignin synthesis. The mechanical properties of the transgenic fibres are strengthened by their improved biochemical composition, and the increased antioxidant potential of the fibres supports the potential use of transgenic flax fibres for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 50-345, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering, University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 50-345, Wrocław, Poland
- Institute of Low Temperatures and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okolna 2, 50-422, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Żebrowski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland
- Linum Fundation, Stabłowicka 149-147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
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