1
|
Zhang S, Meng F, Pan X, Qiu X, Li C, Lu S. Chromosome-level genome assembly of Prunella vulgaris L. provides insights into pentacyclic triterpenoid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:731-752. [PMID: 38226777 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Prunella vulgaris is one of the bestselling and widely used medicinal herbs. It is recorded as an ace medicine for cleansing and protecting the liver in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and has been used as the main constitutions of many herbal tea formulas in China for centuries. It is also a traditional folk medicine in Europe and other countries of Asia. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are a major class of bioactive compounds produced in P. vulgaris. However, their biosynthetic mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we report a chromosome-level reference genome of P. vulgaris using an approach combining Illumina, ONT, and Hi-C technologies. It is 671.95 Mb in size with a scaffold N50 of 49.10 Mb and a complete BUSCO of 98.45%. About 98.31% of the sequence was anchored into 14 pseudochromosomes. Comparative genome analysis revealed a recent WGD in P. vulgaris. Genome-wide analysis identified 35 932 protein-coding genes (PCGs), of which 59 encode enzymes involved in 2,3-oxidosqualene biosynthesis. In addition, 10 PvOSC, 358 PvCYP, and 177 PvUGT genes were identified, of which five PvOSCs, 25 PvCYPs, and 9 PvUGTs were predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenoids. Biochemical activity assay of PvOSC2, PvOSC4, and PvOSC6 recombinant proteins showed that they were mixed amyrin synthase (MAS), lupeol synthase (LUS), and β-amyrin synthase (BAS), respectively. The results provide a solid foundation for further elucidating the biosynthetic mechanism of pentacyclic triterpenoids in P. vulgaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixuan Zhang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xian Pan
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Caili Li
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Gao H, Chen X, Tu L, Luo Y, Jiang Z, Yin Y, Zhou J, Hu T, Wu X, Wang J, Gao W, Huang L. Characterization of the Cytochrome P450 CYP716C52 in Celastrol Biosynthesis and Its Applications in Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:176-185. [PMID: 38277488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Celastrol is a bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoid with promising therapeutic effects that is mainly distributed in Celastraceae plants. Although some enzymes involved in the celastrol biosynthesis pathway have been reported, many biosynthetic steps remain unknown. Herein, transcriptomics and metabolic profiles of multiple species in Celastraceae were integrated to screen for cytochrome P450s (CYPs) that are closely related to celastrol biosynthesis. The CYP716 enzyme, TwCYP716C52, was found to be able to oxidize the C-2 position of polpunonic acid, a precursor of celastrol, to form the wilforic acid C. RNAi-mediated repression of TwCYP716C52 in Tripterygium wilfordii suspension cells further confirmed its involvement in celastrol biosynthesis. The C-2 catalytic mechanisms of TwCYP716C52 were further explored by using molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Moreover, a modular optimization strategy was used to construct an engineered yeast to produce wilforic acid C at a titer of 5.8 mg·L-1. This study elucidates the celastrol biosynthetic pathway and provides important functional genes and sufficient precursors for further enzyme discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Haiyun Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaochao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yunfeng Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yan Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jiadian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hodgins CL, Salama EM, Kumar R, Zhao Y, Roth SA, Cheung IZ, Chen J, Arganosa GC, Warkentin TD, Bhowmik P, Ham B, Ro D. Creating saponin-free yellow pea seeds by CRISPR/Cas9-enabled mutagenesis on β-amyrin synthase. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e563. [PMID: 38222934 PMCID: PMC10784647 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Dry pea (Pisum sativum) seeds are valuable sources of plant protein, dietary fiber, and starch, but their uses in food products are restricted to some extent due to several off-flavor compounds. Saponins are glycosylated triterpenoids and are a major source of bitter, astringent, and metallic off-flavors in pea products. β-amyrin synthase (BAS) is the entry point enzyme for saponin biosynthesis in pea and therefore is an ideal target for knock-out using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to produce saponin deficient pea varieties. Here, in an elite yellow pea cultivar (CDC Inca), LC/MS analysis identified embryo tissue, not seed coat, as the main location of saponin storage in pea seeds. Differential expression analysis determined that PsBAS1 was preferentially expressed in embryo tissue relative to seed coat and was selected for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. The efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of PsBAS1 was systematically optimized in pea hairy roots. From these optimization procedures, the AtU6-26 promoter was found to be superior to the CaMV35S promoter for gRNA expression, and the use of 37°C was determined to increase the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. These promoter and culture conditions were then applied to stable transformations. As a result, a bi-allelic mutation (deletion and inversion mutations) was generated in the PsBAS1 coding sequence in a T1 plant, and the segregated psbas1 plants from the T2 population showed a 99.8% reduction of saponins in their seeds. Interestingly, a small but statistically significant increase (~12%) in protein content with a slight decrease (~5%) in starch content was observed in the psbas1 mutants under phytotron growth conditions. This work demonstrated that flavor-improved traits can be readily introduced in any pea cultivar of interest using CRISPR/Cas9. Further field trials and sensory tests for improved flavor are necessary to assess the practical implications of the saponin-free pea seeds in food applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor L. Hodgins
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Eman M. Salama
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Yang Zhao
- Global Institute for Food SecurityUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Susan A. Roth
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Irene Z. Cheung
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Jieyu Chen
- Global Institute for Food SecurityUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Gene C. Arganosa
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Thomas D. Warkentin
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Pankaj Bhowmik
- Aquatic and Crop Resource DevelopmentNational Research Council of CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Byung‐Kook Ham
- Global Institute for Food SecurityUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Dae‐Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dinday S, Ghosh S. Recent advances in triterpenoid pathway elucidation and engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108214. [PMID: 37478981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are among the most assorted class of specialized metabolites found in all the taxa of living organisms. Triterpenoids are the leading active ingredients sourced from plant species and are utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The triterpenoid precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene, which is biosynthesized via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway is structurally diversified by the oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and other scaffold-decorating enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and acyltransferases (ATs). A majority of the bioactive triterpenoids are harvested from the native hosts using the traditional methods of extraction and occasionally semi-synthesized. These methods of supply are time-consuming and do not often align with sustainability goals. Recent advancements in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have shown prospects for the green routes of triterpenoid pathway reconstruction in heterologous hosts such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana, which appear to be quite promising and might lead to the development of alternative source of triterpenoids. The present review describes the biotechnological strategies used to elucidate complex biosynthetic pathways and to understand their regulation and also discusses how the advances in triterpenoid pathway engineering might aid in the scale-up of triterpenoid production in engineered hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Dinday
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu B, Patterson N, Zaharia LI. Saponin Biosynthesis in Pulses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243505. [PMID: 36559617 PMCID: PMC9780904 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulses are a group of leguminous crops that are harvested solely for their dry seeds. As the demand for plant-based proteins grows, pulses are becoming important food crops worldwide. In addition to being a rich source of nutrients, pulses also contain saponins that are traditionally considered anti-nutrients, and impart bitterness and astringency. Saponins are plant secondary metabolites with great structural and functional diversity. Given their diverse functional properties and biological activities, both undesirable and beneficial, saponins have received growing attention. It can be expected that redirecting metabolic fluxes to control the saponin levels and produce desired saponins would be an effective approach to improve the nutritional and sensory quality of the pulses. However, little effort has been made toward understanding saponin biosynthesis in pulses, and, thus there exist sizable knowledge gaps regarding its pathway and regulatory network. In this paper, we summarize the research progress made on saponin biosynthesis in pulses. Additionally, phylogenetic relationships of putative biosynthetic enzymes among multiple pulse species provide a glimpse of the evolutionary routes and functional diversification of saponin biosynthetic enzymes. The review will help us to advance our understanding of saponin biosynthesis and aid in the development of molecular and biotechnological tools for the systematic optimization of metabolic fluxes, in order to produce the desired saponins in pulses.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ribeiro B, Erffelinck ML, Lacchini E, Ceulemans E, Colinas M, Williams C, Van Hamme E, De Clercq R, Perassolo M, Goossens A. Interference between ER stress-related bZIP-type and jasmonate-inducible bHLH-type transcription factors in the regulation of triterpene saponin biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903793. [PMID: 36247618 PMCID: PMC9562455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene saponins (TS) are a structurally diverse group of metabolites that are widely distributed in plants. They primarily serve as defense compounds and their production is often triggered by biotic stresses through signaling cascades that are modulated by phytohormones such as the jasmonates (JA). Two JA-modulated basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs), triterpene saponin biosynthesis activating regulator 1 (TSAR1) and TSAR2, have previously been identified as direct activators of TS biosynthesis in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Here, we report on the involvement of the core endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TFs bZIP17 and bZIP60 in the regulation of TS biosynthesis. Expression and processing of M. truncatula bZIP17 and bZIP60 proteins were altered in roots with perturbed TS biosynthesis or treated with JA. Accordingly, such roots displayed an altered ER network structure. M. truncatula bZIP17 and bZIP60 proteins were shown to localize in the nucleus and appeared to be capable of interfering with the TSAR-mediated transactivation of TS biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, interference between ER stress-related bZIP and JA-modulated bHLH TFs in the regulation of JA-dependent terpene biosynthetic pathways may be widespread in the plant kingdom, as we demonstrate that it also occurs in the regulation of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Laure Erffelinck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elia Lacchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evi Ceulemans
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maite Colinas
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Clara Williams
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Rebecca De Clercq
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Perassolo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malhotra K, Franke J. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated tailoring of triterpenoids and steroids in plants. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1289-1310. [PMID: 36225725 PMCID: PMC9520826 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) superfamily comprises hemethiolate enzymes that perform remarkable regio- and stereospecific oxidative chemistry. As such, CYPs are key agents for the structural and functional tailoring of triterpenoids, one of the largest classes of plant natural products with widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and agricultural industries. In this review, we provide a full overview of 149 functionally characterised CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in primary as well as in specialised metabolism. We describe the phylogenetic distribution of triterpenoid- and steroid-modifying CYPs across the plant CYPome, present a structure-based summary of their reactions, and highlight recent examples of particular interest to the field. Our review therefore provides a comprehensive up-to-date picture of CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in plants as a starting point for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li L, Lin S, Chen Y, Wang Y, Xiao L, Ye X, Sun L, Zhan R, Xu H. Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase/Cytochrome P450 Reductase Bi-Enzymatic System Isolated From Ilex asprella for Regio-Specific Oxidation of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:831401. [PMID: 35422828 PMCID: PMC9004391 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.831401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ilex asprella is a plant from Aquifoliaceae. Its root is commonly used as folk medicinal materials in southern China. The chemical compositions of I. asprella are rich in pentacyclic triterpenoids, which show various biological activities and demonstrate a good prospect for drug development. The elucidation of biosynthesis mechanism of triterpenoids in I. asprella could lay important foundations for the production of these precious plant secondary metabolites by metabolic engineering. Our previous studies have revealed IaAO1 (a CYP716A210 homolog) responsible for the C-28 oxidation of α- and β-amyrin. Herein, we reported the identification of three more cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes IaAO2 (a CYP716A212 homolog), IaAO4 (CYP714E88), IaAO5 (CYP93A220), and a cytochrome P450 reductase gene IaCPR by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae eukaryotic expression system and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among them, the protein encoded by IaAO2 can catalyze the C-28 oxidation of α-amyrin and β-amyrin, IaAO4 can catalyze the C-23 oxidation of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, while IaAO5 is responsible for the C-24 oxidation of β-amyrin. By introducing three genes IaAO1, IaAO4 and IaCPR into S. cerevisiae. We constructed an engineered yeast strain that can produce C-23 hydroxyl ursane-type triterpenoid derivatives. This study contributes to a thorough understanding of triterpenoid biosynthesis of medicinal plants and provides important tools for further metabolic engineering.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yates PS, Roberson J, Ramsue LK, Song BH. Bridging the Gaps between Plant and Human Health: A Systematic Review of Soyasaponins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14387-14401. [PMID: 34843230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, prominent secondary plant metabolites, are recognized for their roles in plant defense and medicinal benefits. Soyasaponins, commonly derived from legumes, are a class of triterpenoid saponins that demonstrate significant potential for plant and human health applications. Previous research and reviews largely emphasize human health effects of soyasaponins. However, the biological effects of soyasaponins and their implications for plants in the context of human health have not been well-discussed. This review provides comprehensive discussions on the biological roles of soyasaponins in plant defense and rhizosphere microbial interactions; biosynthetic regulation and compound production; immunological effects and potential for therapeutics; and soyasaponin acquisition attributed to processing effects, bioavailability, and biotransformation processes based on recent soyasaponin research. Given the multifaceted biological effects elicited by soyasaponins, further research warrants an integrated approach to understand molecular mechanisms of regulations in their production as well as their applications in plant and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping S Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Julia Roberson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Lyric K Ramsue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| | - Bao-Hua Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28262, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Confalonieri M, Carelli M, Gianoglio S, Moglia A, Biazzi E, Tava A. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Mutagenesis of CYP93E2 Modulates the Triterpene Saponin Biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690231. [PMID: 34381478 PMCID: PMC8350446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the Medicago genus, triterpene saponins are a group of bioactive compounds extensively studied for their different biological and pharmaceutical properties. In this work, the CRISPR/Cas9-based approach with two single-site guide RNAs was used in Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) to knock-out the CYP93E2 and CYP72A61 genes, which are responsible for the biosynthesis of soyasapogenol B, the most abundant soyasapogenol in Medicago spp. No transgenic plants carrying mutations in the target CYP72A61 gene were recovered while fifty-two putative CYP93E2 mutant plant lines were obtained following Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Among these, the fifty-one sequenced plant lines give an editing efficiency of 84%. Sequencing revealed that these lines had various mutation patterns at the target sites. Four T0 mutant plant lines were further selected and examined for their sapogenin content and plant growth performance under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that all tested CYP93E2 knock-out mutants did not produce soyasapogenols in the leaves, stems and roots, and diverted the metabolic flux toward the production of valuable hemolytic sapogenins. No adverse influence was observed on the plant morphological features of CYP93E2 mutants under greenhouse conditions. In addition, differential expression of saponin pathway genes was observed in CYP93E2 mutants in comparison to the control. Our results provide new and interesting insights into the application of CRISPR/Cas9 for metabolic engineering of high-value compounds of plant origin and will be useful to investigate the physiological functions of saponins in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Confalonieri
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria Carelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianoglio
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elisa Biazzi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi, Italy
| | - Aldo Tava
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Waseem M, Huang F, Wang Q, Aslam MM, Abbas F, Ahmad F, Ashraf U, Hassan W, Fiaz S, Ye X, Yu L, Ke Y. Identification, methylation profiling, and expression analysis of stress-responsive cytochrome P450 genes in rice under abiotic and phytohormones stresses. GM CROPS & FOOD 2021; 12:551-563. [PMID: 33877001 PMCID: PMC8820252 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2021.1908813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a large and complex eukaryotic gene superfamily with enzymatic activities involved in several physiological and regulatory processes. As an objective, an in-silico genome-wide DNA methylation (5mC) analysis was performed in rice (Oryza sativa cv. Zhonghua11), and the epigenetic role of CYPs in two abiotic stresses was observed. Being a stable representative mark, DNA-methylation alters the gene expression under stressful environmental conditions. Rice plants under salinity and drought stresses were analyzed through MeDIP-chip hybridization, and 14 unique genes of the CYP family were identified in the rice genome with varying degrees of methylation. The gene structure, promoter sequences, and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Furthermore, the responses of CYPs to various abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, and cold were revealed. Similarly, the expression profile of potential CYPs was also investigated under various phytohormone stresses, which revealed the potential involvement of CYPs to hormone regulations. Overall, the current study provides evidence for CYP's stress regulation and fundamental for further characterization and understanding their epigenetic roles in gene expression regulation and environmental stress regulation in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waseem
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, P.R. China
| | - Feiyan Huang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering & Technological Research Centre, Kunming University, Kunming China
| | - Qiyu Wang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering & Technological Research Centre, Kunming University, Kunming China
| | - Mehtab Muhammad Aslam
- College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and 5 Nutrient in Cops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Farhat Abbas
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Fiaz Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing PR China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Hassan
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agricultural, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Xianwen Ye
- Kunming Tobacco Corporation of Yunnan Province, Kunming China
| | - Lei Yu
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering & Technological Research Centre, Kunming University, Kunming China
| | - Yanguo Ke
- College of Economics and Management, Kunming University, Kunming China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li W, Sun W, Li C. Engineered microorganisms and enzymes for efficiently synthesizing plant natural products. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
13
|
Yao L, Wang J, He J, Huang L, Gao W. Endophytes, biotransforming microorganisms, and engineering microbial factories for triterpenoid saponins production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:249-272. [PMID: 33472430 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are structurally diverse secondary metabolites. They are the main active ingredient of many medicinal plants and have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Traditional production of triterpenoid saponins, directly extracted from cultivated plants, cannot meet the rapidly growing demand of pharmaceutical industry. Microorganisms with triterpenoid saponins production ability (especially Agrobacterium genus) and biotransformation ability, such as fungal species in Armillaria and Aspergillus genera and bacterial species in Bacillus and Intestinal microflora, represent a valuable source of active metabolites. With the development of synthetic biology, engineering microorganisms acquired more potential in terms of triterpenoid saponins production. This review focusses on potential mechanisms and the high yield strategies of microorganisms with inherent production or biotransformation ability of triterpenoid saponins. Advances in the engineering of microorganisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Escherichia coli, for the biosynthesis triterpenoid saponins de novo have also been reported. Strategies to increase the yield of triterpenoid saponins in engineering microorganisms are summarized following four aspects, that is, introduction of high efficient gene, optimization of enzyme activity, enhancement of metabolic flux to target compounds, and optimization of fermentation conditions. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions for improving the yield of triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis in engineering microorganisms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Z, Zhang R, Yang Q, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Yang J. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 114:1-35. [PMID: 33934850 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids, as the largest group of chemicals in the domains of life, constitute more than 50,000 members. These compounds consist of different numbers of isoprene units (C5H8), by which they are typically classified into hemiterpenoids (C5), monoterpenoids (C10), sesquiterpenoids (C15), diterpenoids (C20), triterpenoids (C30), and tetraterpenoids (C40). In recent years, isoprenoids have been employed as food additives, in the pharmaceutical industry, as advanced biofuels, and so on. To realize the sufficient and efficient production of valuable isoprenoids on an industrial scale, fermentation using engineered microorganisms is a promising strategy compared to traditional plant extraction and chemical synthesis. Due to the advantages of mature genetic manipulation, robustness and applicability to industrial bioprocesses, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become an attractive microbial host for biochemical production, including that of various isoprenoids. In this review, we summarized the advances in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in engineered S. cerevisiae over several decades, including synthetic pathway engineering, microbial host engineering, and central carbon pathway engineering. Furthermore, the challenges and corresponding strategies towards improving isoprenoid production in engineered S. cerevisiae were also summarized. Finally, suggestions and directions for isoprenoid production in engineered S. cerevisiae in the future are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jintian Zhang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Youxi Zhao
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luchnikova NA, Grishko VV, Ivshina IB. Biotransformation of Oleanane and Ursane Triterpenic Acids. Molecules 2020; 25:E5526. [PMID: 33255782 PMCID: PMC7728323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanane and ursane pentacyclic triterpenoids are secondary metabolites of plants found in various climatic zones and regions. This group of compounds is highly attractive due to their diverse biological properties and possible use as intermediates in the synthesis of new pharmacologically promising substances. By now, their antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, and other activities have been confirmed. In the last decade, methods of microbial synthesis of these compounds and their further biotransformation using microorganisms are gaining much popularity. The present review provides clear evidence that industrial microbiology can be a promising way to obtain valuable pharmacologically active compounds in environmentally friendly conditions without processing huge amounts of plant biomass and using hazardous and expensive chemicals. This review summarizes data on distribution, microbial synthesis, and biological activities of native oleanane and ursane triterpenoids. Much emphasis is put on the processes of microbial transformation of selected oleanane and ursane pentacyclic triterpenoids and on the bioactivity assessment of the obtained derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Luchnikova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081 Perm, Russia;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State National Research University, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Victoria V. Grishko
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia;
| | - Irina B. Ivshina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 614081 Perm, Russia;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State National Research University, 614990 Perm, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
New frontiers: harnessing pivotal advances in microbial engineering for the biosynthesis of plant-derived terpenoids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 65:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
17
|
Dale MP, Moses T, Johnston EJ, Rosser SJ. A systematic comparison of triterpenoid biosynthetic enzymes for the production of oleanolic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231980. [PMID: 32357188 PMCID: PMC7194398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are high-value plant metabolites with numerous applications in medicine, agriculture, food, and home and personal care products. However, plants produce triterpenoids in low abundance, and their complex structures make their chemical synthesis prohibitively expensive and often impossible. As such, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been explored as an alternative means of production. An important triterpenoid is oleanolic acid because it is the precursor to many bioactive triterpenoids of commercial interest, such as QS-21 which is being evaluated as a vaccine adjuvant in clinical trials against HIV and malaria. Oleanolic acid is derived from 2,3-oxidosqualene (natively produced by yeast) via a cyclisation and a multi-step oxidation reaction, catalysed by a β-amyrin synthase and a cytochrome P450 of the CYP716A subfamily, respectively. Although many homologues have been characterised, previous studies have used arbitrarily chosen β-amyrin synthases and CYP716As to produce oleanolic acid and its derivatives in yeast. This study presents the first comprehensive comparison of β-amyrin synthase and CYP716A enzyme activities in yeast. Strains expressing different homologues are compared for production, revealing 6.3- and 4.5-fold differences in β-amyrin and oleanolic acid productivities and varying CYP716A product profiles, which are important to consider when engineering strains for the production of bioactive oleanolic acid derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Dale
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa Moses
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J Johnston
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Rosser
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hansen NL, Miettinen K, Zhao Y, Ignea C, Andreadelli A, Raadam MH, Makris AM, Møller BL, Stærk D, Bak S, Kampranis SC. Integrating pathway elucidation with yeast engineering to produce polpunonic acid the precursor of the anti-obesity agent celastrol. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:15. [PMID: 31992268 PMCID: PMC6988343 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-1284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celastrol is a promising anti-obesity agent that acts as a sensitizer of the protein hormone leptin. Despite its potent activity, a sustainable source of celastrol and celastrol derivatives for further pharmacological studies is lacking. RESULTS To elucidate the celastrol biosynthetic pathway and reconstruct it in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we mined a root-transcriptome of Tripterygium wilfordii and identified four oxidosqualene cyclases and 49 cytochrome P450s as candidates to be involved in the early steps of celastrol biosynthesis. Using functional screening of the candidate genes in Nicotiana benthamiana, TwOSC4 was characterized as a novel oxidosqualene cyclase that produces friedelin, the presumed triterpenoid backbone of celastrol. In addition, three P450s (CYP712K1, CYP712K2, and CYP712K3) that act downstream of TwOSC4 were found to effectively oxidize friedelin and form the likely celastrol biosynthesis intermediates 29-hydroxy-friedelin and polpunonic acid. To facilitate production of friedelin, the yeast strain AM254 was constructed by deleting UBC7, which afforded a fivefold increase in friedelin titer. This platform was further expanded with CYP712K1 to produce polpunonic acid and a method for the facile extraction of products from the yeast culture medium, resulting in polpunonic acid titers of 1.4 mg/L. CONCLUSION Our study elucidates the early steps of celastrol biosynthesis and paves the way for future biotechnological production of this pharmacologically promising compound in engineered yeast strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj L Hansen
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karel Miettinen
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yong Zhao
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Codruta Ignea
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Aggeliki Andreadelli
- Institute of Applied Biosciences-Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), P.O. Box 60361, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Morten H Raadam
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Antonios M Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences-Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (INAB-CERTH), P.O. Box 60361, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Birger L Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dan Stærk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sotirios C Kampranis
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun Y, Feng F, Nie B, Cao J, Zhang F. High throughput identification of pentacyclic triterpenes in Hippophae rhamnoides using multiple neutral loss markers scanning combined with substructure recognition (MNLSR). Talanta 2019; 205:120011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
20
|
Fanani MZ, Fukushima EO, Sawai S, Tang J, Ishimori M, Sudo H, Ohyama K, Seki H, Saito K, Muranaka T. Molecular Basis of C-30 Product Regioselectivity of Legume Oxidases Involved in High-Value Triterpenoid Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1520. [PMID: 31850023 PMCID: PMC6901910 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The triterpenes are structurally diverse group of specialized metabolites with important roles in plant defense and human health. Glycyrrhizin, with a carboxyl group at C-30 of its aglycone moiety, is a valuable triterpene glycoside, the production of which is restricted to legume medicinal plants belonging to the Glycyrrhiza species. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are important for generating triterpene chemodiversity by catalyzing site-specific oxidation of the triterpene scaffold. CYP72A154 was previously identified from the glycyrrhizin-producing plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis as a C-30 oxidase in glycyrrhizin biosynthesis, but its regioselectivity is rather low. In contrast, CYP72A63 from Medicago truncatula showed superior regioselectivity in C-30 oxidation, improving the production of glycyrrhizin aglycone in engineered yeast. The underlying molecular basis of C-30 product regioselectivity is not well understood. Here, we identified two amino acid residues that control C-30 product regioselectivity and contribute to the chemodiversity of triterpenes accumulated in legumes. Amino acid sequence comparison combined with structural analysis of the protein model identified Leu149 and Leu398 as important amino acid residues for C-30 product regioselectivity. These results were further confirmed by mutagenesis of CYP72A154 homologs from glycyrrhizin-producing species, functional phylogenomics analyses, and comparison of corresponding residues of C-30 oxidase homologs in other legumes. These findings could be combined with metabolic engineering to further enhance the production of high-value triterpene compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Much Zaenal Fanani
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Satoru Sawai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Tokiwa Phytochemical Co., Ltd., Sakura, Japan
| | - Jianwei Tang
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Ishimori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Suzuki H, Fukushima EO, Shimizu Y, Seki H, Fujisawa Y, Ishimoto M, Osakabe K, Osakabe Y, Muranaka T. Lotus japonicus Triterpenoid Profile and Characterization of the CYP716A51 and LjCYP93E1 Genes Involved in Their Biosynthesis In Planta. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2496-2509. [PMID: 31418782 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lotus japonicus is an important model legume plant in several fields of research, such as secondary (specialized) metabolism and symbiotic nodulation. This plant accumulates triterpenoids; however, less information regarding its composition, content and biosynthesis is available compared with Medicago truncatula and Glycine max. In this study, we analyzed the triterpenoid content and composition of L. japonicus. Lotus japonicus accumulated C-28-oxidized triterpenoids (ursolic, betulinic and oleanolic acids) and soyasapogenols (soyasapogenol B, A and E) in a tissue-dependent manner. We identified an oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) and two cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis using a yeast heterologous expression system. OSC9 was the first enzyme derived from L. japonicus that showed α-amyrin (a precursor of ursolic acid)-producing activity. CYP716A51 showed triterpenoid C-28 oxidation activity. LjCYP93E1 converted β-amyrin into 24-hydroxy-β-amyrin, a metabolic intermediate of soyasapogenols. The involvement of the identified genes in triterpenoid biosynthesis in L. japonicus plants was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Furthermore, gene loss-of-function analysis of CYP716A51 and LjCYP93E1 was conducted. The cyp716a51-mutant L. japonicus hairy roots generated by the genome-editing technique produced no C-28 oxidized triterpenoids. Likewise, the complete abolition of soyasapogenols and soyasaponin I was observed in mutant plants harboring Lotus retrotransposon 1 (LORE1) in LjCYP93E1. These results indicate that the activities of these P450 enzymes are essential for triterpenoid biosynthesis in L. japonicus. This study increases our understanding of triterpenoid biosynthesis in leguminous plants and provides information that will facilitate further studies of the physiological functions of triterpenoids using L. japonicus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Universidad Regional Amaz�nica IKIAM, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Napo, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Yuko Shimizu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujisawa
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuriko Osakabe
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tzin V, Snyder JH, Yang DS, Huhman DV, Watson BS, Allen SN, Tang Y, Miettinen K, Arendt P, Pollier J, Goossens A, Sumner LW. Integrated metabolomics identifies CYP72A67 and CYP72A68 oxidases in the biosynthesis of Medicago truncatula oleanate sapogenins. Metabolomics 2019; 15:85. [PMID: 31144047 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triterpene saponins are important bioactive plant natural products found in many plant families including the Leguminosae. OBJECTIVES We characterize two Medicago truncatula cytochrome P450 enzymes, MtCYP72A67 and MtCYP72A68, involved in saponin biosynthesis including both in vitro and in planta evidence. METHODS UHPLC-(-)ESI-QToF-MS was used to profile saponin accumulation across a collection of 106 M. truncatula ecotypes. The profiling results identified numerous ecotypes with high and low saponin accumulation in root and aerial tissues. Four ecotypes with significant differential saponin content in the root and/or aerial tissues were selected, and correlated gene expression profiling was performed. RESULTS Correlation analyses between gene expression and saponin accumulation revealed high correlations between saponin content with gene expression of β-amyrin synthase, MtCYP716A12, and two cytochromes P450 genes, MtCYP72A67 and MtCYP72A68. In vivo and in vitro biochemical assays using yeast microsomes containing MtCYP72A67 revealed hydroxylase activity for carbon 2 of oleanolic acid and hederagenin. This finding was supported by functional characterization of MtCYP72A67 using RNAi-mediated gene silencing in M. truncatula hairy roots, which revealed a significant reduction of 2β-hydroxylated sapogenins. In vivo and in vitro assays with MtCYP72A68 produced in yeast showed multifunctional oxidase activity for carbon 23 of oleanolic acid and hederagenin. These findings were supported by overexpression of MtCYP72A68 in M. truncatula hairy roots, which revealed significant increases of oleanolic acid, 2β-hydroxyoleanolic acid, hederagenin and total saponin levels. CONCLUSIONS The cumulative data support that MtCYP72A68 is a multisubstrate, multifunctional oxidase and MtCYP72A67 is a 2β-hydroxylase, both of which function during the early steps of triterpene-oleanate sapogenin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vered Tzin
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA.
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel.
| | - John H Snyder
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Sik Yang
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Material Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - David V Huhman
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
| | - Bonnie S Watson
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
| | - Stacy N Allen
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA
| | - Karel Miettinen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OKLA, 73401, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Moser S, Pichler H. Identifying and engineering the ideal microbial terpenoid production host. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5501-5516. [PMID: 31129740 PMCID: PMC6597603 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
More than 70,000 different terpenoid structures are known so far; many of them offer highly interesting applications as pharmaceuticals, flavors and fragrances, or biofuels. Extraction of these compounds from their natural sources or chemical synthesis is—in many cases—technically challenging with low or moderate yields while wasting valuable resources. Microbial production of terpenoids offers a sustainable and environment-friendly alternative starting from simple carbon sources and, frequently, safeguards high product specificity. Here, we provide an overview on employing recombinant bacteria and yeasts for heterologous de novo production of terpenoids. Currently, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are the two best-established production hosts for terpenoids. An increasing number of studies have been successful in engineering alternative microorganisms for terpenoid biosynthesis, which we intend to highlight in this review. Moreover, we discuss the specific engineering challenges as well as recent advances for microbial production of different classes of terpenoids. Rationalizing the current stages of development for different terpenoid production hosts as well as future prospects shall provide a valuable decision basis for the selection and engineering of the cell factory(ies) for industrial production of terpenoid target molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moser
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Perez de Souza L, Scossa F, Proost S, Bitocchi E, Papa R, Tohge T, Fernie AR. Multi-tissue integration of transcriptomic and specialized metabolite profiling provides tools for assessing the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) metabolome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:1132-1153. [PMID: 30480348 PMCID: PMC6850281 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume species with a rich natural diversity of landraces that originated from the wild forms following multiple independent domestication events. After the publication of its genome, several resources for this relevant crop have been made available. A comprehensive characterization of specialized metabolism in P. vulgaris, however, is still lacking. In this study, we used a metabolomics approach based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to dissect the chemical composition at a tissue-specific level in several accessions of common bean belonging to different gene pools. Using a combination of literature search, mass spectral interpretation, 13 C-labeling, and correlation analyses, we were able to assign chemical classes and/or putative structures for approximately 39% of all measured metabolites. Additionally, we integrated this information with transcriptomics data and phylogenetic inference from multiple legume species to reconstruct the possible metabolic pathways and identify sets of candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. A particular focus was given to flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins and hydroxycinnamates, as they represent metabolites involved in important ecological interactions and they are also associated with several health-promoting benefits when integrated into the human diet. The data are presented here in the form of an accessible resource that we hope will set grounds for further studies on specialized metabolism in legumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Scossa
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Müehlenberg 1Potsdam‐Golm14476Germany
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l′analisi dell′economia agrariaCREA‐OFAVia di Fioranello 5200134RomeItaly
| | - Sebastian Proost
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Müehlenberg 1Potsdam‐Golm14476Germany
| | - Elena Bitocchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle Marche60131AnconaItaly
| | - Roberto Papa
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental SciencesUniversità Politecnica delle Marche60131AnconaItaly
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Müehlenberg 1Potsdam‐Golm14476Germany
- Graduate School of Biological SciencesNara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Nara630‐0192Japan
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max‐Planck‐Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAm Müehlenberg 1Potsdam‐Golm14476Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shang Y, Huang S. Multi-omics data-driven investigations of metabolic diversity of plant triterpenoids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:101-111. [PMID: 30341835 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of structurally diverse metabolites play essential roles in mediating the interactions between plant and environment, and constitute a valuable resource for industrial applications. Recent breakthroughs in sequencing technology have greatly accelerated metabolic studies of natural plant products, providing opportunities to investigate the molecular basis underlying the diversity of specialized plant metabolites through large-scale analysis. Here, we focus on the biosynthesis of plant triterpenoids, especially the three diversifying reactions (cyclization, oxidation and glycosylation) that largely contribute to the structural diversity of triterpenoids. Gene mining through large-scale omics data and functional characterization of metabolic genes including enzymes, transcription factors and transporters could provide important insights into the evolution of specialized plant metabolism and pave the way for the production of high-value metabolites or derivatives using synthetic biology approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shang
- The CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xiao H, Zhang Y, Wang M. Discovery and Engineering of Cytochrome P450s for Terpenoid Biosynthesis. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:618-631. [PMID: 30528904 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids represent 60% of known natural products, including many drugs and drug candidates, and their biosynthesis is attracting great interest. However, the unknown cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in terpenoid biosynthetic pathways make the heterologous production of related terpenoids impossible, while the slow kinetics of some known CYPs greatly limit the efficiency of terpenoid biosynthesis. Thus, there is a compelling need to discover and engineer CYPs for terpenoid biosynthesis to fully realize their great potential for industrial application. This review article summarizes the current state of CYP discovery and engineering in terpenoid biosynthesis, focusing on recent synthetic biology approaches toward prototyping CYPs in heterologous hosts. We also propose several strategies for further accelerating CYP discovery and engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China; Co-first author with equal contribution.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Co-first author with equal contribution
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao YJ, Li C. Biosynthesis of Plant Triterpenoid Saponins in Microbial Cell Factories. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12155-12165. [PMID: 30387353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are triterpenoid glycoside compounds which have been widely used in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries. Traditionally, they are extracted from plants, which is time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. Recently, de novo synthesis of triterpenoid saponins in microbial cell factories was realized, which provides a promising and green approach to alter the traditional supply way. However, the complex biosynthetic pathway and the poor suitability between the endogenous and heterogeneous pathways tremendously limit the yield of triterpenoid saponins. We introduce the biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins first, and we then summarize the microbial cell factories developed to produce these compounds. Further, we discuss the strategies applied to enhance the production. This paper systematically illustrates the biosynthesis of plant triterpenoid saponins in microbial cell factories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jia Zhao
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Chun Li
- Institute for Synthetic Biosystem, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Suzuki H, Fukushima EO, Umemoto N, Ohyama K, Seki H, Muranaka T. Comparative analysis of CYP716A subfamily enzymes for the heterologous production of C-28 oxidized triterpenoids in transgenic yeast. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:131-139. [PMID: 31819715 PMCID: PMC6879395 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several enzymes of the CYP716A subfamily have been reported to be involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis. Members of this subfamily oxidize various positions along the triterpenoid backbone and the majority of them catalyze a three-step oxidation at the C-28 position. Interestingly, C-28 oxidation is a common feature in oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and betulinic acid, which are widely distributed in plants and exhibit important biological activities. In this work, three additional CYP716A enzymes isolated from olive, sugar beet, and coffee, were characterized as multifunctional C-28 oxidases. Semi-quantitative comparisons of in vivo catalytic activity were made against the previously characterized enzymes CYP716A12, CYP716A15, and CYP716A52v2. When heterologously expressed in yeast, the isolated enzymes differed in both catalytic activity and substrate specificity. This study indicates that the screening of enzymes from different plants could be a useful means of identifying enzymes with enhanced catalytic activity and desired substrate specificity. Furthermore, we show that "naturally-evolved" enzymes can be useful in the heterologous production of pharmacologically and industrially important triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Open Innovation Research and Education, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- Central Laboratories for Frontier Technology, Kirin Holdings Co., Ltd., Sakura, Tochigi 329-1414, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0045, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0045, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-6-6879-7423 Fax: +81-6-6879-7426
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim OT, Um Y, Jin ML, Kim JU, Hegebarth D, Busta L, Racovita RC, Jetter R. A Novel Multifunctional C-23 Oxidase, CYP714E19, is Involved in Asiaticoside Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1200-1213. [PMID: 29579306 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Centella asiatica is widely used as a medicinal plant due to accumulation of the ursane-type triterpene saponins asiaticoside and madecassoside. The molecular structure of both compounds suggests that they are biosynthesized from α-amyrin via three hydroxylations, and the respective Cyt P450-dependent monooxygenases (P450 enzymes) oxidizing the C-28 and C-2α positions have been reported. However, a third enzyme hydroxylating C-23 remained elusive. We previously identified 40,064 unique sequences in the transcriptome of C. asiatica elicited by methyl jasmonate, and among them we have now found 149 unigenes encoding putative P450 enzymes. In this set, 23 full-length cDNAs were recognized, 13 of which belonged to P450 subfamilies previously implicated in secondary metabolism. Four of these genes were highly expressed in response to jasmonate treatment, especially in leaves, in accordance with the accumulation patterns of asiaticoside. The functions of these candidate genes were tested using heterologous expression in yeast cells. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that yeast expressing only the oxidosqualene synthase CaDDS produced the asiaticoside precursor α-amyrin (along with its isomer β-amyrin), while yeast co-expressing CaDDS and CYP716A83 also contained ursolic acid along with oleanolic acid. This P450 enzyme thus acts as a multifunctional triterpenoid C-28 oxidase converting amyrins into corresponding triterpenoid acids. Finally, yeast strains co-expressing CaDDS, CYP716A83 and CYP714E19 produced hederagenin and 23-hydroxyursolic acid, showing that CYP714E19 is a multifunctional triterpenoid oxidase catalyzing the C-23 hydroxylation of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. Overall, our results demonstrate that CaDDS, CYP716A83 and CYP714E19 are C. asiatica enzymes catalyzing consecutive steps in asiaticoside biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ok Tae Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, South Korea
| | - Yurry Um
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, South Korea
| | - Mei Lan Jin
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, South Korea
| | - Jang Uk Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, South Korea
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Radu C Racovita
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Van Dingenen J, Antoniou C, Filippou P, Pollier J, Gonzalez N, Dhondt S, Goossens A, Fotopoulos V, Inzé D. Strobilurins as growth-promoting compounds: how Stroby regulates Arabidopsis leaf growth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1748-1760. [PMID: 28444690 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Strobilurins are an important class of agrochemical fungicides used throughout the world on a wide variety of crops as protection against fungal pathogens. In addition to this protective role, they are reported to also positively influence plant physiology. In this study, we analysed the effect of Stroby® WG, a commercially available fungicide consisting of 50% (w/w) kresoxim-methyl (KM) as active strobilurin compound, on Arabidopsis leaf growth. Treatment of seedlings with Stroby resulted in larger leaves due to an increase in cell number. Transcriptome analysis of Stroby-treated rosettes demonstrated an increased expression of genes involved in redox homeostasis, iron metabolism and sugar transport. Stroby treatment strongly induced the expression of the subgroup Ib basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, which have a role in iron homeostasis under iron-limiting conditions. Single loss-of-function mutants of three bHLHs and their triple bhlh039, bhlh100 and bhlh101 mutant did not respond to Stroby treatment. Although iron and sucrose content was not affected, nitric oxide (NO) levels and nitrate reductase (NR) activity were significantly increased in Stroby-treated rosettes as compared with control plants. In conclusion, we suggest that the Stroby-mediated effects on growth depend on the increased expression of the subgroup Ib bHLHs and higher NO levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Van Dingenen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chrystalla Antoniou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, PO Box 50329, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Panagiota Filippou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, PO Box 50329, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, PO Box 50329, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Reed J, Stephenson MJ, Miettinen K, Brouwer B, Leveau A, Brett P, Goss RJM, Goossens A, O'Connell MA, Osbourn A. A translational synthetic biology platform for rapid access to gram-scale quantities of novel drug-like molecules. Metab Eng 2017; 42:185-193. [PMID: 28687337 PMCID: PMC5555447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are an excellent source of drug leads. However availability is limited by access to source species, low abundance and recalcitrance to chemical synthesis. Although plant genomics is yielding a wealth of genes for natural product biosynthesis, the translation of this genetic information into small molecules for evaluation as drug leads represents a major bottleneck. For example, the yeast platform for artemisinic acid production is estimated to have taken >150 person years to develop. Here we demonstrate the power of plant transient transfection technology for rapid, scalable biosynthesis and isolation of triterpenes, one of the largest and most structurally diverse families of plant natural products. Using pathway engineering and improved agro-infiltration methodology we are able to generate gram-scale quantities of purified triterpene in just a few weeks. In contrast to heterologous expression in microbes, this system does not depend on re-engineering of the host. We next exploit agro-infection for quick and easy combinatorial biosynthesis without the need for generation of multi-gene constructs, so affording an easy entrée to suites of molecules, some new-to-nature, that are recalcitrant to chemical synthesis. We use this platform to purify a suite of bespoke triterpene analogs and demonstrate differences in anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activity in bioassays, providing proof of concept of this system for accessing and evaluating medicinally important bioactives. Together with new genome mining algorithms for plant pathway discovery and advances in plant synthetic biology, this advance provides new routes to synthesize and access previously inaccessible natural products and analogs and has the potential to reinvigorate drug discovery pipelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Reed
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michael J Stephenson
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Karel Miettinen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bastiaan Brouwer
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Aymeric Leveau
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Brett
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rebecca J M Goss
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Maria A O'Connell
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tamura K, Teranishi Y, Ueda S, Suzuki H, Kawano N, Yoshimatsu K, Saito K, Kawahara N, Muranaka T, Seki H. Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase CYP716A141 is a Unique β-Amyrin C-16β Oxidase Involved in Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:874-884. [PMID: 28371833 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The roots of Platycodon grandiflorus are widely used as a crude drug. The active components include a variety of triterpenoid saponins. Recent studies have revealed that Cyt P450 monooxygenases (P450s) function as triterpene oxidases in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in many plant species. However, there have been no reports regarding triterpene oxidases in P. grandiflorus. In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis of three different P. grandiflorus tissues (roots, leaves and petals) using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology. We cloned six P450 genes that were highly expressed in roots, and classified them as belonging to the CYP716A, CYP716D and CYP72A subfamilies. We heterologously expressed these P450s in an engineered yeast strain that produces β-amyrin, one of the most common triterpenes in plants. Two of the CYP716A subfamily P450s catalyzed oxidation reactions of the β-amyrin skeleton. One of these P450s, CYP716A140v2, catalyzed a three-step oxidation reaction at C-28 on β-amyrin to produce oleanolic acid, a reaction performed by CYP716A subfamily P450s in a variety of plant species. The other P450, CYP716A141, catalyzed the hydroxylation of β-amyrin at C-16β. This reaction is unique among triterpene oxidases isolated to date. These results enhance our knowledge of functional variation among CYP716A subfamily enzymes involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis, and provide novel molecular tools for use in synthetic biology to produce triterpenoid saponins with pre-defined structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Tamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuga Teranishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinya Ueda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Research & Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawano
- Tsukuba Division, Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kayo Yoshimatsu
- Tsukuba Division, Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Tsukuba Division, Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wen L, Yun X, Zheng X, Xu H, Zhan R, Chen W, Xu Y, Chen Y, Zhang J. Transcriptomic Comparison Reveals Candidate Genes for Triterpenoid Biosynthesis in Two Closely Related Ilex Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:634. [PMID: 28503180 PMCID: PMC5408325 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Native to Southern China, Ilex pubescens and Ilex asprella are frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine. Both of them produce a large variety of ursane-type triterpenoid saponins, which have been demonstrated to have different pharmacological effects. However, little is known about their biosynthesis. In this study, transcriptomic analysis of I. pubescens and comparison with its closely related specie I. asprella were carried out to identify potential genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and de novo transcriptome assembly of I. pubescens, a total of 68,688 UniGene clusters are obtained, of which 32,184 (46.86%) are successfully annotated by comparison with the sequences in major public databases (NCBI, Swiss-Prot, and KEGG). It includes 128 UniGenes related to triterpenoid backbone biosynthesis, 11 OSCs (oxidosqualene cyclases), 233 CYPs (cytochrome P450), and 269 UGTs (UDP-glycosyltransferases). By homology-based blast and phylogenetic analysis with well-characterized genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis, 5 OSCs, 14 CYPs, and 1 UGT are further proposed as the most promising candidate genes. Transcriptomic comparison between two Ilex species using blastp and OrthoMCL method reveals high sequence similarity. All OSCs and UGTs as well as most CYPs are classified as orthologous genes, while only 5 CYPs in I. pubescens and 3 CYPs in I. asprella are species-specific. One of OSC candidates, named as IpAS1, was successfully cloned and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae INVSc1. Analysis of the yeast extract by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) shows IpAS1 is a mixed amyrin synthase, producing α-amyrin and β-amyrin at ratio of 5:1, which is similar to its ortholog IaAS1 from I. asprella. This study is the first exploration to profile the transcriptome of I. pubescens, the generated data and gene models will facilitate further molecular studies on the physiology and metabolism in this plant. By comparative transcriptomic analysis, a series of candidate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoid saponins are identified, providing new insight into their biosynthesis at transcriptome level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiasheng Zheng
- Zhongshan Zhongzhi Pharmaceutical Group, Key Laboratory for Technologies and Applications of Ultrafine Granular Powder of Herbal Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineZhongshan, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Weiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Misra RC, Sharma S, Garg A, Chanotiya CS, Ghosh S. Two CYP716A subfamily cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of sweet basil play similar but nonredundant roles in ursane- and oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpene biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:706-720. [PMID: 28967669 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal plant sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) accumulates bioactive ursane- and oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenes (PCTs), ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, respectively, in a spatio-temporal manner; however, the biosynthetic enzymes and their contributions towards PCT biosynthesis remain to be elucidated. Two CYP716A subfamily cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP716A252 and CYP716A253) are identified from a methyl jasmonate-responsive expression sequence tag collection and functionally characterized, employing yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expression platform and adapting virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in sweet basil. CYP716A252 and CYP716A253 catalyzed sequential three-step oxidation at the C-28 position of α-amyrin and β-amyrin to produce ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, respectively. Although CYP716A253 was more efficient than CYP716A252 for amyrin C-28 oxidation in yeast, VIGS revealed essential roles for both of these CYP716As in constitutive biosynthesis of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid in sweet basil leaves. However, CYP716A253 played a major role in elicitor-induced biosynthesis of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid. Overall, the results suggest similar as well as distinct roles of CYP716A252 and CYP716A253 for the spatio-temporal biosynthesis of PCTs. CYP716A252 and CYP716A253 might be useful for the alternative and sustainable production of PCTs in microbial host, besides increasing plant metabolite content through genetic modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chandra Misra
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shubha Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anchal Garg
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Chandan Singh Chanotiya
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Miettinen K, Pollier J, Buyst D, Arendt P, Csuk R, Sommerwerk S, Moses T, Mertens J, Sonawane PD, Pauwels L, Aharoni A, Martins J, Nelson DR, Goossens A. The ancient CYP716 family is a major contributor to the diversification of eudicot triterpenoid biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14153. [PMID: 28165039 PMCID: PMC5303825 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are widespread bioactive plant defence compounds with potential use as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other high-value products. Enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 family have an essential role in creating the immense structural diversity of triterpenoids across the plant kingdom. However, for many triterpenoid oxidation reactions, the corresponding enzyme remains unknown. Here we characterize CYP716 enzymes from different medicinal plant species by heterologous expression in engineered yeasts and report ten hitherto unreported triterpenoid oxidation activities, including a cyclization reaction, leading to a triterpenoid lactone. Kingdom-wide phylogenetic analysis of over 400 CYP716s from over 200 plant species reveals details of their evolution and suggests that in eudicots the CYP716s evolved specifically towards triterpenoid biosynthesis. Our findings underscore the great potential of CYP716s as a source for generating triterpenoid structural diversity and expand the toolbox available for synthetic biology programmes for sustainable production of bioactive plant triterpenoids. Cytochrome P450 family enzymes have an essential role in the creation of triterpenoid diversity in plants. Here, the authors describe triterpenoid synthesis as mediated by CYP716 enzymes in medicinal plant species, and perform phylogenetic analysis to describe CYP716 molecular evolution in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Miettinen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Buyst
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sven Sommerwerk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tessa Moses
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Mertens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - José Martins
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ghosh S. Triterpene Structural Diversification by Plant Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1886. [PMID: 29170672 PMCID: PMC5684119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) represent the largest enzyme family of the plant metabolism. Plants typically devote about 1% of the protein-coding genes for the P450s to execute primary metabolism and also to perform species-specific specialized functions including metabolism of the triterpenes, isoprene-derived 30-carbon compounds. Triterpenes constitute a large and structurally diverse class of natural products with various industrial and pharmaceutical applications. P450-catalyzed structural modification is crucial for the diversification and functionalization of the triterpene scaffolds. In recent times, a remarkable progress has been made in understanding the function of the P450s in plant triterpene metabolism. So far, ∼80 P450s are assigned biochemical functions related to the plant triterpene metabolism. The members of the subfamilies CYP51G, CYP85A, CYP90B-D, CYP710A, CYP724B, and CYP734A are generally conserved across the plant kingdom to take part in plant primary metabolism related to the biosynthesis of essential sterols and steroid hormones. However, the members of the subfamilies CYP51H, CYP71A,D, CYP72A, CYP81Q, CYP87D, CYP88D,L, CYP93E, CYP705A, CYP708A, and CYP716A,C,E,S,U,Y are required for the metabolism of the specialized triterpenes that might perform species-specific functions including chemical defense toward specialized pathogens. Moreover, a recent advancement in high-throughput sequencing of the transcriptomes and genomes has resulted in identification of a large number of candidate P450s from diverse plant species. Assigning biochemical functions to these P450s will be of interest to extend our knowledge on triterpene metabolism in diverse plant species and also for the sustainable production of valuable phytochemicals.
Collapse
|
37
|
Li J, Wang C, Han X, Qi W, Chen Y, Wang T, Zheng Y, Zhao X. Transcriptome Analysis to Identify the Putative Biosynthesis and Transport Genes Associated with the Medicinal Components of Achyranthes bidentata Bl. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1860. [PMID: 28018396 PMCID: PMC5149546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Achyranthes bidentata is a popular perennial medicine herb used for 1000s of years in China to treat various diseases. Although this herb has multiple pharmaceutical purposes in China, no transcriptomic information has been reported for this species. In addition, the understanding of several key pathways and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of oleanolic acid and ecdysterone, two pharmacologically active classes of metabolites and major chemical constituents of A. bidentata root extracts, is limited. The aim of the present study was to characterize the transcriptome profile of the roots and leaves of A. bidentata to uncover the biosynthetic and transport mechanisms of the active components. In this study, we identified 100,987 transcripts, with an average length of 1146.8 base pairs. A total of 31,634 (31.33%) unigenes were annotated, and 12,762 unigenes were mapped to 303 pathways according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database. Moreover, we identified a total of 260 oleanolic acid and ecdysterone genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes. Furthermore, the key enzymes involved in the oleanolic acid and ecdysterone synthesis pathways were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, revealing that the roots expressed these enzymes to a greater extent than the leaves. In addition, we identified 85 ATP-binding cassette transporters, some of which might be involved in the translocation of secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Biotechnology for Green Medicinal Plant of Henan ProvinceXinxiang, China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Xueping Han
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Wanzhen Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Yanqiong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Taixia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, IthacaNY, USA
| | - Xiting Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Biotechnology for Green Medicinal Plant of Henan ProvinceXinxiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Du H, Ran F, Dong HL, Wen J, Li JN, Liang Z. Genome-Wide Analysis, Classification, Evolution, and Expression Analysis of the Cytochrome P450 93 Family in Land Plants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165020. [PMID: 27760179 PMCID: PMC5070762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 93 family (CYP93) belonging to the cytochrome P450 superfamily plays important roles in diverse plant processes. However, no previous studies have investigated the evolution and expression of the members of this family. In this study, we performed comprehensive genome-wide analysis to identify CYP93 genes in 60 green plants. In all, 214 CYP93 proteins were identified; they were specifically found in flowering plants and could be classified into ten subfamilies—CYP93A–K, with the last two being identified first. CYP93A is the ancestor that was derived in flowering plants, and the remaining showed lineage-specific distribution—CYP93B and CYP93C are present in dicots; CYP93F is distributed only in Poaceae; CYP93G and CYP93J are monocot-specific; CYP93E is unique to legumes; CYP93H and CYP93K are only found in Aquilegia coerulea, and CYP93D is Brassicaceae-specific. Each subfamily generally has conserved gene numbers, structures, and characteristics, indicating functional conservation during evolution. Synonymous nucleotide substitution (dN/dS) analysis showed that CYP93 genes are under strong negative selection. Comparative expression analyses of CYP93 genes in dicots and monocots revealed that they are preferentially expressed in the roots and tend to be induced by biotic and/or abiotic stresses, in accordance with their well-known functions in plant secondary biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Du
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Feng Ran
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hong-Li Dong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jia-Na Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
- * E-mail: (JNL); (ZL)
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (JNL); (ZL)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Biazzi E, Carelli M, Tava A, Abbruscato P, Losini I, Avato P, Scotti C, Calderini O. CYP72A67 Catalyzes a Key Oxidative Step in Medicago truncatula Hemolytic Saponin Biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1493-506. [PMID: 26079384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the Medicago genus, triterpenic saponins are bioactive secondary metabolites constitutively synthesized in the aerial and subterranean parts of plants via the isoprenoid pathway. Exploitation of saponins as pharmaceutics, agrochemicals and in the food and cosmetic industries has raised interest in identifying the enzymes involved in their synthesis. We have identified a cytochrome P450 (CYP72A67) involved in hemolytic sapogenin biosynthesis by a reverse genetic TILLING approach in a Medicago truncatula ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenized collection. Genetic and biochemical analyses, mutant complementation, and expression of the gene in a microsome yeast system showed that CYP72A67 is responsible for hydroxylation at the C-2 position downstream of oleanolic acid synthesis. The affinity of CYP72A67 for substrates with different substitutions at multiple carbon positions was investigated in the same in vitro yeast system, and in relation to two other CYP450s (CYP72A68) responsible for the production of medicagenic acid, the main sapogenin in M. truncatula leaves and roots. Full sib mutant and wild-type plants were compared for their sapogenin profile, expression patterns of the genes involved in sapogenin synthesis, and response to inoculation with Sinorhizobium meliloti. The results obtained allowed us to revise the hemolytic sapogenin pathway in M. truncatula and contribute to highlighting the tissue specificities (leaves/roots) of sapogenin synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Biazzi
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), Centro di Ricerche per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero Casearie, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria Carelli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), Centro di Ricerche per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero Casearie, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Aldo Tava
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), Centro di Ricerche per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero Casearie, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | - Pinarosa Avato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Carla Scotti
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CRA), Centro di Ricerche per le Produzioni Foraggere e Lattiero Casearie, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - Ornella Calderini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Seki H, Tamura K, Muranaka T. P450s and UGTs: Key Players in the Structural Diversity of Triterpenoid Saponins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1463-71. [PMID: 25951908 PMCID: PMC7107090 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The recent spread of next-generation sequencing techniques has facilitated transcriptome analyses of non-model plants. As a result, many of the genes encoding enzymes related to the production of specialized metabolites have been identified. Compounds derived from 2,3-oxidosqualene (the common precursor of sterols, steroids and triterpenoids), a linear compound of 30 carbon atoms produced through the mevalonate pathway, are called triterpenes. These include essential sterols, which are structural components of biomembranes; steroids such as the plant hormones, brassinolides and the toxin in potatoes, solanine; as well as the structurally diverse triterpenoids. Triterpenoids containing one or more sugar moieties attached to triterpenoid aglycones are called triterpenoid saponins. Triterpenoid saponins have been shown to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancerogenic and antiviral effects. This review summarizes the recent progress in gene discovery and elucidates the biochemical functions of biosynthetic enzymes in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Special focus is placed on key players in generating the structural diversity of triterpenoid saponins, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and the UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Perspectives on further gene discovery and the use of biosynthetic genes for the microbial production of plant-derived triterpenoid saponins are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| |
Collapse
|