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Yue H, Tian Y, Zhu H, Wu X, Xu P, Ji X, Qin G, Sang N. Fetal Origin of Abnormal Glucose Tolerance in Adult Offspring Induced by Maternal Bisphenol A Analogs Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10910-10919. [PMID: 38862419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
With the widespread use of bisphenol A (BPA) analogs, their health risks have attracted attention. The effects of maternal BPA analogs exposure on glucose homeostasis in adult offspring and the underlying fetal origins require further exploration. Herein, we exposed pregnant mice to two types of BPA analogs─BPB and BPAF; we evaluated glucose homeostasis in adult offspring and maternal-fetal glucose transport by testing intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, determining glucose and glycogen contents, conducting positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT), detecting expression of placental nutrient transport factors, and assessing placental barrier status. We observed that adult female offspring maternally exposed to BPB and BPAF exhibited low fasting blood glucose in adulthood, with even abnormal glucose tolerance in the BPAF group. This phenomenon can be traced back to the elevated fetal glucose induced by the increased efficiency of placenta glucose transport in late pregnancy. On the other hand, the expression of genes associated with vascular development and glucose transport was significantly altered in the placenta in the BPAF group, potentially contributing to enhanced fetal glucose. These findings provide preliminary insights into potential mechanisms underlying the disturbance of glucose metabolism in adult female offspring mice induced by maternal exposure to BPA analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yue
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Yuchai Tian
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Huizhen Zhu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Pengchong Xu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Qin
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
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Sajjad MU, Henriksen T, Roland MCP, Haugen G, Michelsen TM. Maternal body mass index, birthweight, and placental glucose metabolism: evidence for a role of placental hexokinase. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 230:677.e1-677.e10. [PMID: 37925123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The principal fetal energy source is glucose provided by the placental transfer of maternal glucose. However, the placenta's glucose consumption exhibits considerable variation. Hexokinase is the first and one of the rate-limiting enzymes of glycolysis that phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. The role of placental hexokinase activity in human placental glucose metabolism is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to test the hypothesis that placental hexokinase activity is related to maternal body mass index, placental glucose uptake and consumption, and birthweight. STUDY DESIGN Overall, 67 healthy pregnant participants at term were included in this study at Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Placental hexokinase activity was measured by using a colorimetric assay. The mass of glucose taken up by the uteroplacental unit and the fetus was obtained by measuring arteriovenous glucose differences combined with Doppler assessment of uterine and umbilical blood flow. Blood samples were obtained from the maternal radial artery, uterine vein, and umbilical artery and vein. The uteroplacental glucose consumption constituted the difference between uteroplacental and fetal glucose uptakes. The Spearman rank correlation was performed for statistical analyses to study the correlation of placental hexokinase activity (milliunit per milligram of protein) with prepregnancy body mass index, maternal glucose and insulin, birthweight, uteroplacental glucose uptake and consumption, and fetal glucose uptake (micromole per minute). Partial rank correlation analysis was performed when controlling for hours of fasting or placental weight. RESULTS Hexokinase activity was detectable in all placental tissue samples. The mean activity was 19.6 (standard deviation, 4.64) mU/mg protein. Placental hexokinase activity correlated positively with prepregnancy body mass index (Spearman rho=0.33; P=.006). On controlling for hours of fasting, hexokinase activity showed positive correlations with both maternal glucose (r=0.30; P=.01) and insulin (r=0.28; P=.02). Hexokinase activity was positively correlated with uteroplacental glucose uptake (Spearman rho=0.31; P=.01) and consumption (Spearman rho=0.28; P=.02). Hexokinase activity did not correlate with fetal glucose uptake. On controlling for placental weight, hexokinase activity showed a positive correlation with birthweight (r=0.31; P=.01). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that placental hexokinase, being crucial for uteroplacental retention of glucose for disposition, is related to both maternal body mass index and birthweight independent of placental weight. Placental hexokinase may play a central role in the relationship between maternal glucose dysregulation and fetal growth. Thus, the current study supports the need to develop clinically useful tools to assess the metabolic properties of the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Sajjad
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Henriksen
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Cecilie P Roland
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Haugen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Fetal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M Michelsen
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Henriksen T, Sajjad MU, Haugen G, Michelsen TM. Placental energy metabolism: Evidence for a placental-maternal lactate-ketone trade in the human. Placenta 2024; 148:31-37. [PMID: 38350223 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucose from placenta is the predominant energy source for the fetus. Individual placentas exhibit a range of glucose handling from apparent net production to high consumption, presumably reflecting an ability of placenta to secure both own and fetal energy needs. A dependency of placenta on glucose as the main energy source could impede fetal supply. Placenta seems to release lactate to maternal side implying loss of energy. Whether placenta takes up ketones is unclear. Our main hypothesis was that the human placenta can release lactate to the maternal side but take up maternal ketones. METHODS An in vivo study of term uncomplicated pregnancies including 56 women delivered by cesarean section. We measured uterine and umbilical blood flow by Doppler ultrasonography, combined with blood sampling from maternal radial artery, uterine vein, umbilical artery and vein. Lactate and ketones were determined by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance. RESULTS Placenta released lactate to the maternal side (median -36.65 μmol/min. Q1, Q3: 78.53, 13.29), p < 0.001), but not to the fetal side. A net uptake of maternal ketones was found (median (Q1, Q3): 59.12 (30.64, 131.46) μmol acetate equivalents/min, p < 0.001) which largely was metabolized by the uteroplacenta. The uptake of ketones was comparable in energy to the loss of lactate. DISCUSSION Placenta may release lactate to the maternal side. The energy lost by lactate may be compensated by uptake of maternal ketones. This lactate-ketone trade could benefit both placenta and the fetus by providing lactate for maternal gluconeogenesis and ketones for uteroplacental oxidative energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Henriksen
- Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Muhammad U Sajjad
- Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Haugen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Fetal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M Michelsen
- Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Kandzija N, Payne S, Cooke WR, Seedat F, Fischer R, Vatish M. Protein Profiling of Placental Extracellular Vesicles in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1947. [PMID: 38396626 PMCID: PMC10887986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Throughout pregnancy, some degree of insulin resistance is necessary to divert glucose towards the developing foetus. In gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), insulin resistance is exacerbated in combination with insulin deficiency, causing new-onset maternal hyperglycaemia. The rapid reversal of insulin resistance following delivery strongly implicates the placenta in GDM pathogenesis. In this case-control study, we investigated the proteomic cargo of human syncytiotrophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles (STBEVs), which facilitate maternal-fetal signalling during pregnancy, in a UK-based cohort comprising patients with a gestational age of 38-40 weeks. Medium/large (m/l) and small (s) STBEVs were isolated from GDM (n = 4) and normal (n = 5) placentae using ex vivo dual-lobe perfusion and subjected to mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics were used to identify differentially carried proteins and mechanistic pathways. In m/lSTBEVs, 56 proteins were differently expressed while in sSTBEVs, no proteins reached statistical difference. Differences were also observed in the proteomic cargo between m/lSTBEVs and sSTBEVs, indicating that the two subtypes of STBEVs may have divergent modes of action and downstream effects. In silico functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed proteins in m/lSTBEVs from GDM and normal pregnancy found positive regulation of cytoskeleton organisation as the most significantly enriched biological process. This work presents the first comparison of two populations of STBEVs' protein cargos (m/l and sSTBEVs) from GDM and normal pregnancy isolated using placenta perfusion. Further investigation of differentially expressed proteins may contribute to an understanding of GDM pathogenesis and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neva Kandzija
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (N.K.); (S.P.); (W.R.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Sophie Payne
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (N.K.); (S.P.); (W.R.C.); (F.S.)
| | - William R. Cooke
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (N.K.); (S.P.); (W.R.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Faheem Seedat
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (N.K.); (S.P.); (W.R.C.); (F.S.)
| | - Roman Fischer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7BN Oxford, UK;
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (N.K.); (S.P.); (W.R.C.); (F.S.)
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Nishio N, Isobe KI. Hen egg only diets support healthy aging in adult mice. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023. [PMID: 36688451 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hen eggs (eggs) are a conventional food, known to contain the nutrients required for the growth of chicken embryos. These eggs are rich in important proteins and fats, with a very low amount of carbohydrate, and include all of the vitamins and minerals needed for the development of mice. We found that mice fed eggs grew to the same weight as mice fed a normal chow diet (ND) and remained healthy until the 20-months. As expected, the serological indicators of fat content were higher in egg-only mice than in ND mice. However, surprisingly the serum glucose levels in the egg-only mice were nearly identical to those in the ND mice. Given the high fat content in eggs, we expected that our egg-only mice would develop fatty liver or other metabolic diseases. However, we observed no pathological changes in the livers of egg-only mice until 20-months with their serological indicators (ALT and AST) and histological features (no fat droplets) remaining normal. However, when we examined the pups nursed by mothers of the egg-only diet group we noted that almost the animals died 2 to 4 weeks after birth. This is likely because these pups presented with reduced enzymes for metabolism in their liver when compared to pups of the ND group. In addition, we also found that the expression of various development proteins were severely lacking in liver of these pups. From these results, our report suggested that eggs could support healthy aging in adult mice, but not in pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Nishio
- Department of school health, Faculty of Education, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Isobe
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's Uuniversity, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Medical technology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shubun University, Ichinomiya, Japan
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Wang S, Ning J, Huai J, Yang H. Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy-Associated Oxidative Stress Augments Altered Placental Glucose Transporter 1 Trafficking via AMPKα/p38MAPK Signaling Cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158572. [PMID: 35955706 PMCID: PMC9369398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GLUT1, being a ubiquitous transporter isoform, is considered primarily responsible for glucose uptake during glycolysis. However, there is still uncertainty about the regulatory mechanisms of GLUT1 in hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP, PGDM, and GDM) accompanied by abnormal oxidative stress responses. In the present study, it was observed that the glycolysis was enhanced in GDM and PGDM pregnancies. In line with this, the antioxidant system was disturbed and GLUT1 expression was increased due to diabetes impairment in both placental tissues and in vitro BeWo cells. GLUT1 responded to high glucose stimulation through p38MAPK in an AMPKα-dependent manner. Both the medical-mediated and genetic depletion of p38MAPK in BeWo cells could suppress GLUT1 expression and OS-induced proapoptotic effects. Furthermore, blocking AMPKα with an inhibitor or siRNA strategy promoted p38MAPK, GLUT1, and proapoptotic molecules expression and vice versa. In general, a new GLUT1 regulation pathway was identified, which could exert effects on placental transport function through the AMPKα-p38MAPK pathway. AMPKα may be a therapeutic target in HIP for alleviating diabetes insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (S.W.); (J.N.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jie Ning
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (S.W.); (J.N.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jing Huai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (S.W.); (J.N.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Huixia Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; (S.W.); (J.N.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Beijing 100034, China
- Correspondence:
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Wang YN, Ye YX, Guo ZW, Xiong ZL, Sun QS, Zhou D, Jiang SW, Chen H. Inducible knockout of syncytin-a leads to poor placental glucose transport in mice. Placenta 2022; 121:155-163. [PMID: 35349915 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell-cell fusion of cytotrophoblasts into the syncytiotrophoblast layer is a key process in placental development. Syncytin, an endogenous retroviral envelope protein, is expressed in placental trophoblasts and specifically mediates syncytiotrophoblast layer formation. Syncytin deficiency has been observed in fetal growth-restricted placentas. Abnormal fetal growth, especially fetal growth restriction, is associated with the decreased expression of glucose transporters. Here, we aimed to determine the role of syncytin in fetal growth restriction in placental glucose transport capacity. METHODS To better explore the function of syncytin in fetal growth-restricted placenta, we generated an inducible knockout mouse model of syncytin-a gene. The expression levels of glucose transporters in BeWo cells were measured before and after HERV-W knockdown. RESULTS Syncytin-A disruption was associated with significant abnormalities in placental and fetal development in mice. Syncytin-A destruction causes extensive abnormalities in the maternal-fetal exchange structures in the labyrinth, including an extremely reduced number and dramatically irregular distribution of fetal vessels. Moreover, glucose transporter 1, glucose transporters 3, and connexin 26 expression levels decreased after E14.5. Consistently, low glucose transporter 1, glucose transporter 3, and connexin 26 levels were observed in HERV-W-silenced BeWo cells. DISCUSSION Syncytin-A is crucial for both syncytiotrophoblast layer development and morphogenesis, suggesting that syncytin-A disruption leads to fetal growth restriction associated with abnormalities in the maternal-fetal exchange barrier and decreased glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Yi-Xin Ye
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Ze-Wen Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shantou Central Hospital, China
| | - Zhe-Lei Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Qi-Si Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Da Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China.
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Alawadhi M, Mouihate A, Kilarkaje N, Al-Bader M. Progesterone partially recovers placental glucose transporters in dexamethasone-induced intrauterine growth restriction. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 44:595-607. [PMID: 35232674 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION How does progesterone improve fetal outcome and change the expression of placental glucose transporters (GLUT) in dexamethasone-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)? DESIGN A total of 64 rats were divided randomly into four different treatment groups based on daily i.p. injections of either saline or dexamethasone in the presence or absence of progesterone. Injections started on the 15th day of gestation (15dg) and lasted until the day of sacrifice at 19dg or 21dg. Maternal plasma progesterone concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The gene and protein expression of placental GLUT1 and GLUT3 were evaluated in the placental labyrinth and basal zones by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The localization of GLUT1 and GLUT3 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Dexamethasone induced significant decreases in maternal serum progesterone concentrations (P = 0.029) and placental (P < 0.001) and fetal body (P = 0.009) weights. Dexamethasone also reduced the expression of GLUT1 in the labyrinth zone (P = 0.028) and GLUT3 in both the labyrinth (P = 0.002) and basal zones (P = 0.026). Coadministration of dexamethasone and progesterone prevented the reduction in fetal body weight, placental weight and placental GLUT expression compared with that seen in dexamethasone-treated groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that progesterone prevents the significant reduction in fetal and placental weights in dexamethasone-induced IUGR, possibly through improving the expression of placental GLUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Alawadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University Safat PO Box 13060, Kuwait
| | - Abdeslam Mouihate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University Safat PO Box 13060, Kuwait
| | - Narayana Kilarkaje
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University Safat PO Box 13060, Kuwait
| | - Maie Al-Bader
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University Safat PO Box 13060, Kuwait.
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Zhang L, Yu X, Wu Y, Fu H, Xu P, Zheng Y, Wen L, Yang X, Zhang F, Hu M, Wang H, Liu X, Qiao J, Peng C, Gao R, Saffery R, Fu Y, Qi H, Tong C, Kilby MD, Baker PN. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Hyperglycemia Impairs Glucose Transporter 3 Trafficking in Trophoblasts Through the Downregulation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:722024. [PMID: 34796169 PMCID: PMC8593042 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.722024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important regulator of glucose metabolism, and glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) is an efficient glucose transporter in trophoblasts. Whether placental AMPK and GLUT3 respond accordingly to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains uncertain. Here, we explored the regulatory role of AMPK in the GLUT3-dependent uptake of glucose by placental trophoblasts and the viability of the cells. In this study, the level of glycolysis in normal and GDM-complicated placentas was assessed by LC-MS/MS. The trophoblast hyperglycemia model was induced by the incubation of HTR8/SVneo cells with a high glucose concentration. GDM animal models were generated with db/ + mice and C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet, and AMPK was manipulated by the oral administration of metformin. The uptake of glucose by trophoblasts was assessed using 2-NBDG or 2-deoxy-D-[3H] glucose. The results showed that GDM is associated with impaired glycolysis, AMPK activity, GLUT3 expression in the plasma membrane (PM) and cell survival in the placenta. Hyperglycemia induced similar changes in trophoblasts, and these changes were rescued by AMPK activation. Both hyperglycemic db/ + and high-fat diet-induced GDM mice exhibited a compromised AMPK–GLUT3 axis and suppressed cell viability in the placenta as well as excessive fetal growth, and all of these effects were partially alleviated by metformin. Taken together, our findings support the notion that AMPK activation upregulates trophoblast glucose uptake by stimulating GLUT3 translocation, which is beneficial for viability. Thus, the modulation of glucose metabolism in trophoblasts by targeting AMPK might ameliorate the adverse intrauterine environment caused by GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyang Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huijia Fu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yangxi Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotao Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fumei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiyao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China
| | - Rufei Gao
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Richard Saffery
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Paediatrics, Cancer, Disease and Developmental Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing, China.,International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mark D Kilby
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip N Baker
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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10
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Halloran KM, Hoskins EC, Stenhouse C, Moses RM, Dunlap KA, Satterfield MC, Seo H, Johnson GA, Wu G, Bazer FW. Pre-implantation exogenous progesterone and pregnancy in sheep. II. Effects on fetal-placental development and nutrient transporters in late pregnancy. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:46. [PMID: 33827696 PMCID: PMC8028684 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of progesterone (P4) to ewes during the first 9 to 12 days of pregnancy accelerates blastocyst development by day 12 of pregnancy, likely due to P4-induced up-regulation of key genes in uterine epithelia responsible for secretion and transport of components of histotroph into the uterine lumen. This study determined if acceleration of blastocyst development induced by exogenous P4 during the pre-implantation period affects fetal-placental development on day 125 of pregnancy. Suffolk ewes (n = 35) were mated to fertile rams and assigned randomly to receive daily intramuscular injections of either corn oil vehicle (CO, n = 18) or 25 mg progesterone in CO (P4, n = 17) for the first 8 days of pregnancy. All ewes were hysterectomized on day 125 of pregnancy and: 1) fetal and placental weights and measurements were recorded; 2) endometrial and placental tissues were analyzed for the expression of candidate mRNAs involved in nutrient transport and arginine metabolism; and 3) maternal plasma, fetal plasma, allantoic fluid, and amniotic fluid were analyzed for amino acids, agmatine, polyamines, glucose, and fructose. RESULTS Treatment of ewes with exogenous P4 did not alter fetal or placental growth, but increased amounts of aspartate and arginine in allantoic fluid and amniotic fluid, respectively. Ewes that received exogenous P4 had greater expression of mRNAs for SLC7A1, SLC7A2, SLC2A1, AGMAT, and ODC1 in endometria, as well as SLC1A4, SLC2A5, SLC2A8 and ODC1 in placentomes. In addition, AZIN2 protein was immunolocalized to uterine luminal and glandular epithelia in P4-treated ewes, whereas AZIN2 localized only to uterine luminal epithelia in CO-treated ewes. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that exogenous P4 administered in early pregnancy influenced expression of selected genes for nutrient transporters and the expression of a protein involved in polyamine synthesis on day 125 of pregnancy, suggesting a 'programming' effect of P4 on gene expression that affected the composition of nutrients in fetal-placental fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Halloran
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Emily C Hoskins
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Claire Stenhouse
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Robyn M Moses
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Kathrin A Dunlap
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - M Carey Satterfield
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Heewon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA.
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11
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Bowman CE, Arany Z, Wolfgang MJ. Regulation of maternal-fetal metabolic communication. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1455-1486. [PMID: 33084944 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy may be the most nutritionally sensitive stage in the life cycle, and improved metabolic health during gestation and early postnatal life can reduce the risk of chronic disease in adulthood. Successful pregnancy requires coordinated metabolic, hormonal, and immunological communication. In this review, maternal-fetal metabolic communication is defined as the bidirectional communication of nutritional status and metabolic demand by various modes including circulating metabolites, endocrine molecules, and other secreted factors. Emphasis is placed on metabolites as a means of maternal-fetal communication by synthesizing findings from studies in humans, non-human primates, domestic animals, rabbits, and rodents. In this review, fetal, placental, and maternal metabolic adaptations are discussed in turn. (1) Fetal macronutrient needs are summarized in terms of the physiological adaptations in place to ensure their proper allocation. (2) Placental metabolite transport and maternal physiological adaptations during gestation, including changes in energy budget, are also discussed. (3) Maternal nutrient limitation and metabolic disorders of pregnancy serve as case studies of the dynamic nature of maternal-fetal metabolic communication. The review concludes with a summary of recent research efforts to identify metabolites, endocrine molecules, and other secreted factors that mediate this communication, with particular emphasis on serum/plasma metabolomics in humans, non-human primates, and rodents. A better understanding of maternal-fetal metabolic communication in health and disease may reveal novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn E Bowman
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Kong FE, Tang YQ, Gong YF, Mo JQ, Zhao Y, Li MM, Cheng W, Li HL, Zhu WJ, Liu SS, Huang L, Guan XY, Ma NF, Liu M. Identification of prognostic claudins signature in hepatocellular carcinoma from a hepatocyte differentiation model. Hepatol Int 2020; 14:521-533. [PMID: 32304089 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-020-10035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of terminal differentiation markers and gain of stem cell-like properties are a major hallmark of cancer malignant progression. Identification of novel biomarkers representing tumor developmental progeny and predictive of patients' prognosis would greatly benefit clinical cancer management. METHODS Human embryonic stem cells were induced to differentiate into hepatocytes along hepatic lineages. Transcriptomic data from different liver developmental stages were analyzed combining with the RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analyses were used to analyze the clinical significance in HCC patients. RESULTS A shifted expression pattern of claudin (CLDN) family genes were identified to be closely associated with liver development and tumor progression. Claudins with hepatic features were found to be significantly down-regulated and predicted better prognosis in HCC patients. Conversely, another set of claudins with embryonic stem cell features were found to be significantly up-regulated and predicted worse prognosis in HCC patients. A claudin signature score system was further established by combining the two sets of claudin genes. The newly established claudins signature could robustly predict HCC patients' prognosis in the training, testing, and independent validation cohorts. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we developed a novel embryonic developmental claudins signature to monitor the extent of tumor dedifferentiation in HCC from an in vitro hepatocyte differentiation model. The claudins signature might present a great potential in predicting prognostic significance in HCC as cell surface biomarkers, and provide novel therapeutic targets for precision oncology further in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-En Kong
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yun-Qiang Tang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Yuan-Feng Gong
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Mo
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mei-Mei Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Hao-Long Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Shan-Shan Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Li Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Ning-Fang Ma
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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13
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Michelsen TM, Holme AM, Holm MB, Roland MC, Haugen G, Powell TL, Jansson T, Henriksen T. Uteroplacental Glucose Uptake and Fetal Glucose Consumption: A Quantitative Study in Human Pregnancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:873-882. [PMID: 30339207 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Maternal glucose levels and body mass index (BMI) are determinants of fetal overgrowth, but their relation to fetal glucose consumption is not well characterized in human pregnancy. OBJECTIVES To quantify uteroplacental glucose uptake and the allocation of glucose between the placenta and fetus and to identify factors that affect fetal glucose consumption. DESIGN Human in vivo study in term pregnancies. SETTING Oslo University Hospital, Norway. PARTICIPANTS One hundred seventy-nine healthy women with elective cesarean section. INTERVENTIONS Uterine and umbilical blood flow was determined using Doppler ultrasonography. Glucose and insulin were measured in the maternal radial artery and uterine vein and the umbilical artery and vein. In a subcohort (n = 33), GLUT1 expression was determined in isolated syncytiotrophoblast basal and microvillous plasma membranes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Uteroplacental glucose uptake and placental and fetal glucose consumption quantified by the Fick principle. RESULTS Median (Q1, Q3) uteroplacental glucose uptake was 117.1 (59.1, 224.9) μmol⋅min-1, and fetal and placental glucose consumptions were 28.9 (15.4, 41.8) µmol⋅min-1⋅kg fetus-1 and 51.4 (-65.8, 185.4) µmol⋅min-1⋅kg placenta-1, respectively. Fetal glucose consumption correlated with birth weight (ρ: 0.34; P < 0.001) and maternal-fetal glucose gradient (ρ: 0.60; P < 0.001), but not with maternal BMI or uteroplacental glucose uptake. Uteroplacental glucose uptake was correlated to placental glucose consumption (ρ: 0.77; P < 0.001). Fetal and placental glucose consumptions were inversely correlated (ρ: -0.47; P < 0.001), but neither was correlated with placental GLUT1 expression. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that fetal glucose consumption is balanced against the placental needs for glucose and that placental glucose consumption is a key modulator of maternal-fetal glucose transfer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond M Michelsen
- Department of Obstetrics Rikshospitalet, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Research Unit, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | - Ane M Holme
- Department of Obstetrics Rikshospitalet, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maia B Holm
- Department of Obstetrics Rikshospitalet, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie C Roland
- Department of Obstetrics Rikshospitalet, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Advisory Unit on Women's Health, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Haugen
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Fetal Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tore Henriksen
- Department of Obstetrics Rikshospitalet, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Nigam A, Varun N, Sharma S, Munjal YP, Prakash A. Glycaemic profile in the second and third trimesters of normal pregnancy compared to non-pregnant adult females. Obstet Med 2019; 13:30-36. [PMID: 32284730 DOI: 10.1177/1753495x18807549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To assess the glycaemic profile and glycaemic variation in the second and third trimesters of normal pregnancies. Methodology Healthy pregnant women aged 19-35 years between 24 and 36 weeks of gestation were recruited for ambulatory glucose profile monitoring. A total of 18 women in the second trimester, 15 women in the third trimester and 9 healthy non-pregnant women were recruited providing, respectively, 205 days (19,680 data points), 147 days (14,112 data points) and 100 days (9,600 data points) for analysis. Results Mean blood glucose level was 20.2% lower in the second trimester and 10.6% lower in the third trimester than non-pregnant women (p < 0.001). In pregnancy, it took 15 to 20 minutes more to reach peak postprandial blood glucose levels compared to non-pregnant women (p = 0.003). Glycaemic variability was more in the third trimester (p < 0.001). Conclusion There is tight blood sugar control along with lower mean blood glucose in healthy pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women. Despite this tight glycaemic control, glycaemic variability is higher during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Nigam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Varun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumedha Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Y P Munjal
- Diabetes Centre, Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Prakash
- Department of Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated SSK Hospital, New Delhi, India
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15
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Naik D, Hesarghatta Shyamasunder A, Doddabelavangala Mruthyunjaya M, Gupta Patil R, Paul TV, Christina F, Inbakumari M, Jose R, Lionel J, Regi A, Jeyaseelan PV, Thomas N. Masked hypoglycemia in pregnancy. J Diabetes 2017; 9:778-786. [PMID: 27625296 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoglycemia is a major hindrance for optimal glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on insulin. In the present study, masked hypoglycemia (glucose <2.77mmol/L for ≥30 min) was estimated in pregnant women using a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system. METHODS Twenty pregnant women with GDM on insulin (cases) and 10 age-matched euglycemic pregnant women (controls) between 24 and 36 weeks gestation were recruited. Both groups performed self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and underwent CGM for 72 h to assess masked hypoglycemia. Masked hypoglycemic episodes were further stratified into two groups based on interstitial glucose (2.28-2.77 and ≤2.22 mmol/L). RESULTS Masked hypoglycemia was recorded in 35% (7/20) of cases and 40% (4/10) of controls using CGM, with an average of 1.28 and 1.25 episodes per subject, respectively. Time spent at glucose levels between 2.28 and 2.77 mmol/L did not differ between the two groups (mean 114 vs 90 min; P = 0.617), but cases spent a longer time with glucose ≤2.2 mmol/L. Babies born to women with GDM were significantly lighter than those born to controls (2860 vs 3290 g; P = 0.012). There was no significant difference in birth weight within the groups among babies born to women with or without hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION Euglycemic pregnant women and those with GDM on insulin had masked hypoglycemia. Masked hypoglycemia was not associated with adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Therefore, low glucose levels in the hypoglycemic range may represent a physiologic adaptation in pregnancy. This response is exaggerated in women with GDM on insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukhabandhu Naik
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Rita Gupta Patil
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Thomas Vizhalil Paul
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Flory Christina
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Mercy Inbakumari
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ruby Jose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jessie Lionel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Annie Regi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Nihal Thomas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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16
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PET/CT imaging reveals unrivaled placental avidity for glucose compared to other tissues. Placenta 2014; 36:115-20. [PMID: 25555498 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this study was to define the kinetics of glucose transport from maternal blood to placenta to fetus using real time imaging. METHODS Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the glucose-tracer [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was used to temporally and spatially define, in vivo, the kinetics of glucose transport from maternal blood into placentae and fetuses, in the late gestational gravid rat. Computed tomography (CT), with intravenous contrast, co-registered to the PET images allowed anatomic differentiation of placentae from fetal and maternal tissues. RESULTS FDG was rapidly taken up by placentae and subsequently appeared in fetuses with minimal temporal lag. FDG standardized uptake values in placentae and fetuses approached that of maternal brain. In both anesthetized and awake dams, one quarter of the administered FDG ultimately was accrued in the collective fetuses and placentae. Accordingly, kinetic modeling demonstrated that the placentae had very high avidity for FDG, 2-fold greater than that of the fetus and maternal brain, when accounting for the fact that fetal FDG necessarily must first be taken up by placentae. Consistent with this, placental expression of glucose transporter 1 exceeded that of all other tissues. DISCUSSION Fetal and placental tissues place a substantial glucose metabolic burden on the mother, owing to very high avidity of placentae for glucose coupled with the large relative mass of fetal and placental tissues. CONCLUSIONS The placenta has a tremendous capacity to uptake and transport glucose. PET/CT imaging is an ideal means to study metabolite transport kinetics in the fetoplacental unit.
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17
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Remy S, Govarts E, Bruckers L, Paulussen M, Wens B, Hond ED, Nelen V, Baeyens W, van Larebeke N, Loots I, Sioen I, Schoeters G. Expression of the sFLT1 gene in cord blood cells is associated to maternal arsenic exposure and decreased birth weight. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92677. [PMID: 24664213 PMCID: PMC3963915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing epidemiologic evidence that arsenic exposure in utero is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and may contribute to long-term health effects. These effects may occur at low environmental exposures but the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. We collected cord blood samples of 183 newborns to identify associations between arsenic levels and birth anthropometric parameters in an area with very low arsenic exposure. Our core research aim was to screen for transcriptional marks that mechanistically explain these associations. Multiple regression analyses showed that birth weight decreased with 47 g (95% CI: 16–78 g) for an interquartile range increase of 0.99 μg/L arsenic. The model was adjusted for child’s sex, maternal smoking during pregnancy, gestational age, and parity. Higher arsenic concentrations and reduced birth weight were positively associated with changes in expression of the sFLT1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1) gene in cord blood cells in girls. The protein product of sFLT1 is a scavenger of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the extracellular environment and plays a key role in the inhibition of placental angiogenesis. In terms of fetal development, inhibition of placental angiogenesis leads to impaired nutrition and hence to growth retardation. Various genes related to DNA methylation and oxidative stress showed also changed expression in relation to arsenic exposure but were not related to birth outcome parameters. In conclusion, this study suggests that increased expression of sFLT1 is an intermediate marker that points to placental angiogenesis as a pathway linking prenatal arsenic exposure to reduced birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Remy
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Govarts
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Bruckers
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Melissa Paulussen
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Britt Wens
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Department of Health, Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AEGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas van Larebeke
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AEGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Radiotherapy and Experimental cancer research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Loots
- Department Sociology, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- FWO Research Foundation, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Placental nutrient uptake and transfer may have a unique role, as changes in trophoblast nutrient-sensing signaling pathways regulate cell metabolism and may affect the fetal growth and health programming in the offspring. RECENT FINDINGS The functionality of the placenta could affect the neonatal adiposity and the fetal levels of key nutrients such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Insulin, oxygen and amino acid concentrations may regulate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) nutrient sensor in the human placenta affecting trophoblast metabolism and nutrient delivery. SUMMARY The mechanisms involved in both placental uptake and transfer of macronutrients are reviewed. Fatty acid, cholesterol and amino acid transport across the placenta involves a complex system to ensure nutrient delivery to the growing fetus. The placental glucose transfer is important for fetal macrosomia, but lipid disturbances in both maternal and placental compartments may contribute to neonatal fat accretion. Maternal insulin has little effect on the avidity of glucose transport by the placenta, but may interfere in placental metabolism via mTOR nutrient sensor. mTOR is a positive regulator of the amino acid carriers and constitutes a critical link between maternal nutrient availability and fetal growth, thereby influencing the long-term health of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Larqué
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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19
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Novakovic B, Gordon L, Robinson WP, Desoye G, Saffery R. Glucose as a fetal nutrient: dynamic regulation of several glucose transporter genes by DNA methylation in the human placenta across gestation. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:282-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ouhilal S, Vuguin P, Cui L, Du XQ, Gelling RW, Reznik SE, Russell R, Parlow AF, Karpovsky C, Santoro N, Charron MJ. Hypoglycemia, hyperglucagonemia, and fetoplacental defects in glucagon receptor knockout mice: a role for glucagon action in pregnancy maintenance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E522-31. [PMID: 22167521 PMCID: PMC3311287 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00420.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in insulin signaling as well as insulin action predispose to infertility as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, little is known about the role of glucagon signaling in reproduction. The glucagon receptor knockout (Gcgr(-/-)) mouse created by our laboratory was used to define the role of glucagon signaling in maintaining normal reproduction. In this mouse model, lack of glucagon signaling did not alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Pregnant Gcgr(-/-) female mice displayed persistent hypoglycemia and hyperglucagonemia. Gcgr(-/-) pregnancies were associated with decreased fetal weight, increased late-gestation fetal demise, and significant abnormalities of placentation. Gcgr(-/-) placentas contained areas of extensive mineralization, fibrinoid necrosis, narrowing of the vascular channels, and a thickened interstitium associated with trophoblast hyperplasia. Absent glucagon signaling did not alter glycogen content in Gcgr(-/-) placentas but significantly downregulated genes that control growth, adrenergic signaling, vascularization, oxidative stress, and G protein-coupled receptors. Our data suggest that, similarly to insulin, glucagon action contributes to normal female reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ouhilal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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Lee J, Romero R, Dong Z, Lee DC, Dong Y, Mittal P, Chaiworapongsa T, Hassan SS, Kim CJ. Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB plasma concentration is elevated in pregnancy and preterm preeclampsia. Hypertension 2012; 59:274-82. [PMID: 22215716 PMCID: PMC3488461 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.177444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen phosphorylase is a key enzyme in glycogenolysis. Released with myocardial ischemia, blood concentration of glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (GPBB) is a marker of acute coronary syndromes. Pregnancy imposes metabolic stress, and preeclampsia is associated with cardiac complications. However, plasma GPBB concentration during pregnancy is unknown. This study was conducted to determine maternal plasma GPBB concentration in normal pregnancy and in preeclampsia. Plasma samples from 6 groups (n=396) were studied: nonpregnant and pregnant women with normal term delivery, term and preterm preeclampsia, and term and preterm small-for-gestational-age neonates. GPBB concentration was measured with a specific immunoassay. Placental tissues (n=45) obtained from pregnant women with preterm and term preeclampsia, spontaneous preterm delivery, and normal term delivery were analyzed for potential GPBB expression by immunoblotting. Median plasma GPBB concentration was higher in pregnant women than in nonpregnant women (38.7 versus 9.2 ng/mL; P<0.001), which remained significant after adjusting for age, race, and parity. Maternal plasma GPBB concentrations did not change throughout gestation. Cases of preterm (but not term) preeclampsia had higher median plasma GPBB concentrations than gestational age-matched normal pregnancy cases (72.6 versus 26.0 ng/mL; P=0.001). Small-for-gestational-age neonates did not affect plasma GPBB concentration. GPBB was detected in the placenta and was less abundant in preterm preeclampsia than in preterm delivery cases (P<0.01). There is physiological elevation of plasma GPBB concentration during pregnancy; an increase in maternal plasma GPBB is a novel phenotype of preterm preeclampsia. It is strongly suggested that these changes are attributed to GPBB of placental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoonHo Lee
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhong Dong
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Deug-Chan Lee
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yi Dong
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Norris AW, Wang C, Yao J, Walsh SA, Sawatzke AB, Hu S, Sunderland JJ, Segar JL, Ponto LLB. Effect of insulin and dexamethasone on fetal assimilation of maternal glucose. Endocrinology 2011; 152:255-62. [PMID: 21084442 PMCID: PMC3219051 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing fetus depends upon transfer of glucose from maternal blood to fetal tissues. Insulin and glucocorticoid impact maternal glucose metabolism, but the effects of these hormones on fetal glucose assimilation in vivo are understudied. We thus used positron emission tomography imaging to determine the disposition of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in rats on gestational d 20, quantifying the kinetic competition of maternal tissues and fetus for glucose. Three fasting maternal states were studied: after 2-d dexamethasone (DEX), during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp insulin receiving (INS), and control (CON). In CON and DEX mothers, FDG accumulation in fetuses and placentae was substantial, rivaling that of maternal brain. By contrast, FDG accumulation was reduced in INS fetuses, placentae, and maternal brain by approximately 2-fold, despite no diminution in FDG extraction kinetics from maternal blood into these structures. The reduced FDG accumulation was due to more rapid clearance of FDG from the circulation in INS mothers, related to increased FDG avidity in INS select maternal tissues, including skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, and heart. DEX treatment of mothers reduced fetal weight by nearly 10%. Nonetheless, the accumulation of FDG into placentae and fetuses was similar in DEX and CON mothers. In our rat model, fetal growth restriction induced by DEX does not involve diminished glucose transport to the fetus. Maternal insulin action has little effect on the inherent avidity of the fetal-placental unit for glucose but increases glucose utilization by maternal tissues, thus indirectly reducing the glucose available to the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Norris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Shenoy V, Kanasaki K, Kalluri R. Pre-eclampsia: connecting angiogenic and metabolic pathways. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:529-36. [PMID: 20646932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a hypertensive disease of pregnancy with a worldwide incidence of 5-8%. This review focuses on recent developments in pre-eclampsia research related to angiogenesis and metabolism. We first address the 'angiogenic imbalance' theory, which hypothesizes that pre-eclampsia results from an imbalance of factors that promote or antagonize angiogenesis, such as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt1), 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Next, we analyze the association between pre-eclampsia and dysfunctional metabolism of both homocysteine and placental glycogen. We hope that illuminating some of the various connections existing between angiogenesis and metabolism in pre-eclampsia will facilitate the update or reconsideration of old models of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Shenoy
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Barta E, Drugan A. Glucose transport from mother to fetus--a theoretical study. J Theor Biol 2009; 263:295-302. [PMID: 20006624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The factors that affect and govern the glucose transfer from maternal blood to the fetus are not completely deciphered. We present a steady state, one dimensional mathematical simulation which integrates the main mechanisms that have been shown to exist: metabolic consumption of the placenta, simple and facilitated diffusion via the two membranes of the microvillous and simple diffusion within the placenta. The model uses all available physiologic data we could collect. Numerical results indicate that the most crucial factor in determining the fetal glucose concentration is the facilitated diffusion process at the basal membrane or, more specifically: the permeability of the basal membrane and the density of the transporter GLUT1 on its faces. The gradient between the maternal and the fetal glucose concentration is important as is the metabolic consumption of the placenta. The diffusion within the placenta and the conditions that prevail at the apical microvillous plasma membrane are much less significant. Intrasyncytial concentration of glucose is close to that of maternal blood. The adjustment of the fetal glucose concentration to abrupt changes of its surrounding is estimated to be quite rapid hence for all practical purposes this steady state model can serve as a reasonable approximation. Parameters that await experimental determination are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrath Barta
- Bar-Code Computers Ltd., POB 2065, Tirat-Carmel 39120, Israel.
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25
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Abstract
Premature infants are a population prone to nutrient deficiencies. Because the early diet of these infants is entirely amenable to intervention, understanding the pathophysiology behind these deficiencies is important for both the neonatologists who care for them acutely and for pediatricians who are responsible for their care through childhood. This article reviews the normal accretion of nutrients in the fetus, discusses specific nutrient deficiencies that are exacerbated in the postnatal period, and identifies key areas for future research.
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Zanotti-Fregonara P, Jan S, Champion C, Trébossen R, Maroy R, Devaux JY, Hindié E. In vivo quantification of 18f-fdg uptake in human placenta during early pregnancy. HEALTH PHYSICS 2009; 97:82-85. [PMID: 19509511 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000346703.78971.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
18F-FDG is the most widely used PET radiopharmaceutical. Nevertheless, no data for 18F-FDG uptake in the human placenta have been reported. We recently reported on embryo dosimetry in a woman who underwent an 18F-FDG PET/CT scan during early pregnancy. In the present work we attempt an in vivo quantification of the 18F-FDG uptake by the placenta. The 27-y-old woman received 320 MBq of 18F-FDG for a follow-up study for Hodgkin's lymphoma and was later discovered to be pregnant (embryo age = 8 wk). Imaging started 1 h after injection. The maximum placental tissue uptake (SUVmax) was 2.5. This value was conservatively attributed to the entire placental volume, i.e., 45 mL, a value representative of the average dimensions of a normal placenta at 8 wk. On the basis of these measurements, placenta 18F-FDG uptake in our patient was 0.19% of the injected activity. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to derive the photon dose to the embryo from the placenta (0.022 x 10(-2) mGy per MBq of injected 18F-FDG) and from the surrounding amniotic fluid (0.017 x 10(-2) mGy MBq(-1)). This increases our previously calculated dose (3.3 x 10(-2) mGy MBq(-1)) by only a small fraction (1.18%), which does not justify modifying the previous estimate given the overall uncertainties.
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Esquiliano DR, Guo W, Liang L, Dikkes P, Lopez MF. Placental glycogen stores are increased in mice with H19 null mutations but not in those with insulin or IGF type 1 receptor mutations. Placenta 2009; 30:693-9. [PMID: 19524295 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The function of glycogen in the placenta remains controversial. Whether it is used as a source of fuel for placental consumption or by the fetus in times of need has yet to be determined. Two imprinted genes, insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and H19 are highly expressed in the placenta. We have previously demonstrated that mice with Igf2 deficiency have lower levels of placental glycogen. In this study, we used mice with targeted disruption of the H19 gene (H19(-/-)) to determine the importance of Igf2 over-expression in placental growth and glycogen stores. In addition, since Igf2 mediates most of its functions by signaling through the insulin and/or IGF Type 1 receptors, we determined whether gene deletions to these receptors could affect placental glycogen stores. Our data demonstrate that placentas from H19(-/-) mice are heavier, have higher number of glycogen cells, and contain larger glycogen concentrations than those of H19(+/+) mice. No differences in GSK-3, ERK, or total Akt expression or phosphorylation were found between genotypes; however, Akt1 protein expression levels were significantly increased in H19(-/-) placentas. Results obtained from insulin receptor or IGF Type 1 receptor mutant mice did not show differences in placental glycogen content compared to their wild-type littermates, supporting the notion of a specific placental Igf2 receptor. Taken together, these results support a role for Igf2 and Akt1, but not the insulin nor the IGF Type 1 receptors, in the regulation of placental growth and glycogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego R Esquiliano
- Endocrine Division, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Vahter ME. Interactions between arsenic-induced toxicity and nutrition in early life. J Nutr 2007; 137:2798-804. [PMID: 18029502 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.12.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic through drinking water is a major public health problem affecting most countries, although the situation is particularly severe in low-income nations. The health consequences of chronic arsenic exposure include increased risk for various forms of cancer and numerous noncancer effects, including diabetes, skin diseases, chronic cough, and toxic effects on liver, kidney, cardiovascular system, and peripheral and central nervous systems. In recent years increasing reports of effects on fetal and child development have appeared. There seems to be a wide variation in susceptibility to arsenic toxicity, which is likely to be related to factors such as variation in arsenic metabolism, nutrition, host-related defense mechanisms, and genetic predisposition. The main mechanisms of arsenic-nutrition interactions include arsenic-induced oxidative stress, which requires nutrient-dependent defense systems, and arsenic metabolism (methylation) via 1-carbon metabolism, which requires methyl groups, folic acid, vitamin B-12, and betaine for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. An efficient first methylation step in combination with a slow second methylation step seems to be most critical from a toxicological point of view. A third mode of arsenic-nutrition interaction involves epigenetic effects and fetal programming via DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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