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Gong GS, Muyayalo KP, Zhang YJ, Lin XX, Liao AH. Flip a coin: cell senescence at the maternal-fetal interface†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:244-255. [PMID: 37402700 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, cell senescence at the maternal-fetal interface is required for maternal well-being, placental development, and fetal growth. However, recent reports have shown that aberrant cell senescence is associated with multiple pregnancy-associated abnormalities, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restrictions, recurrent pregnancy loss, and preterm birth. Therefore, the role and impact of cell senescence during pregnancy requires further comprehension. In this review, we discuss the principal role of cell senescence at the maternal-fetal interface, emphasizing its "bright side" during decidualization, placentation, and parturition. In addition, we highlight the impact of its deregulation and how this "dark side" promotes pregnancy-associated abnormalities. Furthermore, we discuss novel and less invasive therapeutic practices associated with the modulation of cell senescence during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Shun Gong
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Kahindo P Muyayalo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
| | - Yu-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Xiu Lin
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Hua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P.R. China
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Guibourdenche J, Leguy MC, Pidoux G, Hebert-Schuster M, Laguillier C, Anselem O, Grangé G, Bonnet F, Tsatsaris V. Biochemical Screening for Fetal Trisomy 21: Pathophysiology of Maternal Serum Markers and Involvement of the Placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087669. [PMID: 37108840 PMCID: PMC10146970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that maternal serum markers are often abnormal in fetal trisomy 21. Their determination is recommended for prenatal screening and pregnancy follow-up. However, mechanisms leading to abnormal maternal serum levels of such markers are still debated. Our objective was to help clinicians and scientists unravel the pathophysiology of these markers via a review of the main studies published in this field, both in vivo and in vitro, focusing on the six most widely used markers (hCG, its free subunit hCGβ, PAPP-A, AFP, uE3, and inhibin A) as well as cell-free feto-placental DNA. Analysis of the literature shows that mechanisms underlying each marker's regulation are multiple and not necessarily directly linked with the supernumerary chromosome 21. The crucial involvement of the placenta is also highlighted, which could be defective in one or several of its functions (turnover and apoptosis, endocrine production, and feto-maternal exchanges and transfer). These defects were neither constant nor specific for trisomy 21, and might be more or less pronounced, reflecting a high variability in placental immaturity and alteration. This explains why maternal serum markers can lack both specificity and sensitivity, and are thus restricted to screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guibourdenche
- Hormonologie CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
- FHU Préma, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Christelle Laguillier
- Hormonologie CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
- UMR-S1139, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Olivia Anselem
- FHU Préma, 75014 Paris, France
- Maternité Port Royal CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Grangé
- FHU Préma, 75014 Paris, France
- Maternité Port Royal CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Fidéline Bonnet
- Hormonologie CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
- FHU Préma, 75014 Paris, France
- Maternité Port Royal CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
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3
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Brockway HM, Wilson SL, Kallapur SG, Buhimschi CS, Muglia LJ, Jones HN. Characterization of methylation profiles in spontaneous preterm birth placental villous tissue. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279991. [PMID: 36952446 PMCID: PMC10035933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is a global public health crisis which results in significant neonatal and maternal mortality. Yet little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth, and we have few diagnostic markers for adequate assessment of placental development and function. Previous studies of placental pathology and our transcriptomics studies suggest a role for placental maturity in idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth. It is known that placental DNA methylation changes over gestation. We hypothesized that if placental hypermaturity is present in our samples, we would observe a unique idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth DNA methylation profile potentially driving the gene expression differences we previously identified in our placental samples. Our results indicate the idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth DNA methylation pattern mimics the term birth methylation pattern suggesting hypermaturity. Only seven significant differentially methylated regions fitting the idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth specific (relative to the controls) profile were identified, indicating unusually high similarity in DNA methylation between idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth and term birth samples. We identified an additional 1,718 significantly methylated regions in our gestational age matched controls where the idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth DNA methylation pattern mimics the term birth methylation pattern, again indicating a striking level of similarity between the idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth and term birth samples. Pathway analysis of these regions revealed differences in genes within the WNT and Cadherin signaling pathways, both of which are essential in placental development and maturation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth samples display a hypermature methylation signature than expected given their respective gestational age which likely impacts birth timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Brockway
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suhas G. Kallapur
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Catalin S. Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Helen N. Jones
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Holt WV, Fazeli A, Otero-Ferrer F. Sperm transport and male pregnancy in seahorses: An unusual model for reproductive science. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106854. [PMID: 34579988 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Syngnathidae (seahorses and pipefishes) are a group of teleost fishes in which, uniquely, developing embryos are hosted throughout pregnancy by males, using a specialized brood pouch situated on the abdomen or tail. Seahorses have evolved the most advanced form of brood pouch, whereby zygotes and embryos are intimately connected to the host's circulatory system and also bathed in pouch fluid. The pouch is closed to the external environment and has to perform functions such as gaseous exchange, removal of waste and maintenance of appropriate osmotic conditions, much like the mammalian placenta. Fertilization of the oocytes occurs within the brood pouch, but unlike the mammalian situation the sperm transport mechanism from the ejaculatory duct towards the pouch is unclear, and the sperm: egg ratio (about 5:1) is possibly the least of any vertebrate. In this review, there is highlighting of the difficulty of elucidating the sperm transport mechanism, based on studies of Hippocampus kuda. The similarities between seahorse pouch function and the mammalian placenta have led to suggestions that the pouch provides important nutritional support for the developing embryos, supplementing the nutritional functions of the yolk sac provided by the oocytes. In this review, there is a description of the recent evidence in support of this hypothesis, and also emphasis, as in mammals, that embryonic development depends on nutritional support from the placenta-like pouch at important stages of the gestational period ("critical windows").
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Affiliation(s)
- William V Holt
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK.
| | - Alireza Fazeli
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia; Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Francisco Otero-Ferrer
- University Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU ECOAQUA) Scientific and Technological Marine Park, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35200, Spain
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Wang LQ, Fernandez-Boyano I, Robinson WP. Genetic variation in placental insufficiency: What have we learned over time? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1038358. [PMID: 36313546 PMCID: PMC9613937 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1038358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation shapes placental development and function, which has long been known to impact fetal growth and pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage or maternal pre-eclampsia. Early epidemiology studies provided evidence of a strong heritable component to these conditions with both maternal and fetal-placental genetic factors contributing. Subsequently, cytogenetic studies of the placenta and the advent of prenatal diagnosis to detect chromosomal abnormalities provided direct evidence of the importance of spontaneously arising genetic variation in the placenta, such as trisomy and uniparental disomy, drawing inferences that remain relevant to this day. Candidate gene approaches highlighted the role of genetic variation in genes influencing immune interactions at the maternal-fetal interface and angiogenic factors. More recently, the emergence of molecular techniques and in particular high-throughput technologies such as Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) arrays, has facilitated the discovery of copy number variation and study of SNP associations with conditions related to placental insufficiency. This review integrates past and more recent knowledge to provide important insights into the role of placental function on fetal and perinatal health, as well as into the mechanisms leading to genetic variation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qing Wang
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Icíar Fernandez-Boyano
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wendy P. Robinson
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Involvement of the HERV-derived cell-fusion inhibitor, suppressyn, in the fusion defects characteristic of the trisomy 21 placenta. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10552. [PMID: 35732788 PMCID: PMC9218086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppressyn (SUPYN) is the first host-cell encoded mammalian protein shown to inhibit cell–cell fusion. Its expression is restricted to the placenta, where it negatively regulates syncytia formation in villi. Since its chromosomal localization overlaps with the Down syndrome critical region and the TS21 placenta is characterized by delayed maturation of cytotrophoblast cells and reduced syncytialization, we hypothesized a potential link between changes in SUPYN expression and morphologic abnormalities in the TS21 placenta. Here we demonstrate that an increase in chromosomal copy number in the TS21 placenta is associated with: (1) reduced fusion of cytotrophoblast cells into syncytiotrophoblast in vivo, (2) increased SUPYN transcription, translation and secretion in vivo, (3) increased SUPYN/syncytin-1 receptor degradation in vivo, (4) increased SUPYN transcription and secretion ex vivo, (5) decreased cytotrophoblast cell fusion ex vivo, and (6) reciprocal response of changes in SUPYN and CGB in TS21 placental cells ex vivo. These data suggest direct links between immature placentation in Down syndrome and increased SUPYN. Finally, we report a significant increase in secreted SUPYN concentration in maternal serum in women with pregnancies affected by Down syndrome, suggesting that SUPYN may be useful as an alternate or additional diagnostic marker for this disease.
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Nikitina TV, Lebedev IN. Stem Cell-Based Trophoblast Models to Unravel the Genetic Causes of Human Miscarriages. Cells 2022; 11:1923. [PMID: 35741051 PMCID: PMC9221414 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Miscarriage affects approximately 15% of clinically recognized pregnancies, and 1-3% of couples experience pregnancy loss recurrently. Approximately 50-60% of miscarriages result from chromosomal abnormalities, whereas up to 60% of euploid recurrent abortions harbor variants in candidate genes. The growing number of detected genetic variants requires an investigation into their role in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since placental defects are the main cause of first-trimester miscarriages, the purpose of this review is to provide a survey of state-of-the-art human in vitro trophoblast models that can be used for the functional assessment of specific abnormalities/variants implicated in pregnancy loss. Since 2018, when primary human trophoblast stem cells were first derived, there has been rapid growth in models of trophoblast lineage. It has been found that a proper balance between self-renewal and differentiation in trophoblast progenitors is crucial for the maintenance of pregnancy. Different responses to aneuploidy have been shown in human embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages. Stem cell-based models provide a powerful tool to explore the effect of a specific aneuploidy/variant on the fetus through placental development, which is important, from a clinical point of view, for deciding on the suitability of embryos for transfer after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Nikitina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
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Hernández MH, Dos Santos E, Rodriguez Y, Priou C, Berveiller P, Vialard F, Dieudonné MN. Influence of maternal obesity on human trophoblast differentiation: The role of mitochondrial status. Reprod Biol 2022; 22:100650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2022.100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xing P, Hong L, Yan G, Tan B, Qiao J, Wang S, Li Z, JieYang, Zheng E, Cai G, Wu Z, Gu T. Neuronatin gene expression levels affect foetal growth and development by regulating glucose transport in porcine placenta. Gene 2021; 809:146051. [PMID: 34756962 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Imprinted genes play important regulatory roles in the growth and development of placentas and foetuses during pregnancy. In a previous study, we found that the imprinted gene Neuronatin (NNAT) is involved in foetal development; NNAT expression was significantly lower in the placentas of piglets that died neonatally compared to the placentas of surviving piglets. However, the function and mechanism of NNAT in regulating porcine placental development is still unknown. In this study, we collected the placentas of high- and low-weight foetuses at gestational day (GD 65, 90), (n = 4-5 litters/GD) to investigate the role of NNAT in regulating foetal growth and development. We found that the mRNA and protein levels of NNAT were significantly higher in the placentas of high-weight than low-weight foetuses. We then overexpressed NNAT in porcine placental trophoblast cell lines (pTr2) and demonstrated that NNAT activated the PI3K-AKT pathway, and further promoted the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and increased cellular calcium ion levels, which improved glucose transport in placental trophoblast cells in vitro. To conclude, our study suggests that NNAT expression impacts porcine foetal development by regulating placental glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Xing
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linjun Hong
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanhao Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baohua Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - JieYang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd, Yunfu, China
| | - Ting Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, China & College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Goldman-Wohl D, Greenfield C, Eisenberg-Loebl I, Denichenko P, Jbara A, Karni R, Ariel I, Yagel S. Trophoblast lineage specific expression of the alternative splicing factor RBFOX2 suggests a role in placental development. Placenta 2020; 100:142-149. [PMID: 32762877 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RBFOX2, an RNA-binding protein, controls tissue-specific alternative splicing of exons in diverse processes of development. The progenitor cytotrophoblast of the human placenta differentiates into either the syncytiotrophoblast, formed via cell fusion, or the invasive extravillous trophoblast lineage. The placenta affords a singular system where a role for RBFOX2 in both cell invasion and cell fusion may be studied. We investigated a role for RBFOX2 in trophoblast cell differentiation, as a foundation for investigations of RBFOX2 in embryo implantation and placental development. METHODS Immunohistochemistry of RBFOX2 was performed on placental tissue sections from three trimesters of pregnancy and from pathological pregnancies. Primary trophoblast cell culture and immunofluorescence were employed to determine RBFOX2 expression upon cell fusion. Knockdown of RBFOX2 expression was performed with βhCG and syncytin-1 as molecular indicators of fusion. RESULTS In both normal and pathological placentas, RBFOX2 expression was confined to the cytotrophoblast and the extravillous trophoblast, but absent from the syncytiotrophoblast. Additionally, we showed that primary trophoblasts that spontaneously fused in cell culture downregulated RBFOX2 expression. In functional experiments, knockdown expression of RBFOX2 significantly upregulated βhCG, while the upregulation of syncytin-1 did not reach statistical significance. DISCUSSION RBFOX2, by conferring mRNA diversity, may act as a regulator switch in trophoblast differentiation to either the fusion or invasive pathways. By studying alternative splicing we further our understanding of placental development, yielding possible insights into preeclampsia, where expression of antiangiogenic isoforms produced through alternative splicing play a critical role in disease development and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Goldman-Wohl
- The Magda and Richard Hoffman Center for Human Placenta Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Caryn Greenfield
- The Magda and Richard Hoffman Center for Human Placenta Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iris Eisenberg-Loebl
- The Magda and Richard Hoffman Center for Human Placenta Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Polina Denichenko
- IMRIC Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amina Jbara
- IMRIC Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rotem Karni
- IMRIC Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilana Ariel
- Department of Pathology Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Simcha Yagel
- The Magda and Richard Hoffman Center for Human Placenta Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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11
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Bastida-Ruiz D, Wuillemin C, Pederencino A, Yaron M, Martinez de Tejada B, Pizzo SV, Cohen M. Activated α 2-macroglobulin binding to cell surface GRP78 induces trophoblastic cell fusion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9666. [PMID: 32541810 PMCID: PMC7295802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The villous cytotrophoblastic cells have the ability to fuse and differentiate, forming the syncytiotrophoblast (STB). The syncytialisation process is essential for placentation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms involved in cell fusion and differentiation are yet to be fully elucidated. It has been suggested that cell surface glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) was involved in this process. In multiple cancer cells, cell membrane-located GRP78 has been reported to act as a receptor binding to the active form of α2-macroglobulin (α2M*), activating thus several cellular signalling pathways implicated in cell growth and survival. We hypothesised that GRP78 interaction with α2M* may also activate signalling pathways in trophoblastic cells, which, in turn, may promote cell fusion. Here, we observed that α2M mRNA is highly expressed in trophoblastic cells, whereas it is not expressed in the choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo. We thus took advantage of forskolin-induced syncytialisation of BeWo cells to study the effect of exogenous α2M* on syncytialisation. We first demonstrated that α2M* induced trophoblastic cell fusion. This effect is dependent on α2M*-GRP78 interaction, ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation, and unfolded protein response (UPR) activation. Overall, these data provide novel insights into the signalling molecules and mechanisms regulating trophoblastic cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bastida-Ruiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christine Wuillemin
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aude Pederencino
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michal Yaron
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Begoña Martinez de Tejada
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marie Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.
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12
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Zedníková I, Chylíková B, Šeda O, Korabečná M, Pazourková E, Břešťák M, Krkavcová M, Calda P, Hořínek A. Genome-wide miRNA profiling in plasma of pregnant women with down syndrome fetuses. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4531-4540. [PMID: 32472298 PMCID: PMC7295716 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05545-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common causes of intellectual disability and new approaches allowing its rapid and effective prenatal detection are being explored. In this study, we investigated the diagnostic potential of plasma microRNAs (miRNAs). This study builds upon our previous study in DS placentas, where seven miRNAs were found to be significantly up-regulated. A total of 70 first-trimester plasma samples from pregnant women were included in the present study (35 samples with DS fetuses; 35 with euploid fetuses). Genome-wide miRNA profiling was performed in the pilot study using Affymetrix GeneChip™ miRNA 4.1 Array Strips (18 samples). Selected miRNAs were then analysed in the validation study using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR; 52 samples). Based on the current pilot study results (12 miRNAs), our previous research on chorionic villi samples (7 miRNAs) and the literature (4 miRNAs), a group of 23 miRNAs was selected for the validation study. Although the results of the pilot study were promising, the validation study using the more sensitive RT-qPCR technique and a larger group of samples revealed no significant differences in miRNA profiles between the compared groups. Our results suggest that testing of the first-trimester plasma miRNAs is probably not suitable for non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). Different results could be theoretically achieved at later gestational ages; however, such a result probably would have limited use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Zedníková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Blanka Chylíková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Šeda
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Korabečná
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pazourková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Břešťák
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Screening Center ProfiG2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pavel Calda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hořínek
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Ducat A, Couderc B, Bouter A, Biquard L, Aouache R, Passet B, Doridot L, Cohen MB, Ribaux P, Apicella C, Gaillard I, Palfray S, Chen Y, Vargas A, Julé A, Frelin L, Cocquet J, San Martin CR, Jacques S, Busato F, Tost J, Méhats C, Laissue P, Vilotte JL, Miralles F, Vaiman D. Molecular Mechanisms of Trophoblast Dysfunction Mediated by Imbalance between STOX1 Isoforms. iScience 2020; 23:101086. [PMID: 32371375 PMCID: PMC7200942 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STOX1 is a transcription factor involved in preeclampsia and Alzheimer disease. We show that the knock-down of the gene induces rather mild effect on gene expression in trophoblast cell lines (BeWo). We identified binding sites of STOX1 shared by the two major isoforms, STOX1A and STOX1B. Profiling gene expression of cells overexpressing either STOX1A or STOX1B, we identified genes downregulated by both isoforms, with a STOX1 binding site in their promoters. Among those, STOX1-induced Annexin A1 downregulation led to abolished membrane repair in BeWo cells. By contrast, overexpression of STOX1A or B has opposite effects on trophoblast fusion (acceleration and inhibition, respectively) accompanied by syncytin genes deregulation. Also, STOX1A overexpression led to abnormal regulation of oxidative and nitrosative stress. In sum, our work shows that STOX1 isoform imbalance is a cause of gene expression deregulation in the trophoblast, possibly leading to placental dysfunction and preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Ducat
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Betty Couderc
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Anthony Bouter
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nano-objects, UMR 5248, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Louise Biquard
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Rajaa Aouache
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Bruno Passet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ludivine Doridot
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Marie-Benoîte Cohen
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Ribaux
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clara Apicella
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Irène Gaillard
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Sophia Palfray
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Yulian Chen
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Alexandra Vargas
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Amélie Julé
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Léo Frelin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nano-objects, UMR 5248, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, IPB, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Julie Cocquet
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Camino Ruano San Martin
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Sébastien Jacques
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Florence Busato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat àl'Energie Atomique, Evry 91057, France
| | - Jorg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat àl'Energie Atomique, Evry 91057, France
| | - Céline Méhats
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Paul Laissue
- Biopas Laboratoires, BIOPAS GROUP, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Francisco Miralles
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France
| | - Daniel Vaiman
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris 75014, France.
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14
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Buchrieser J, Degrelle SA, Couderc T, Nevers Q, Disson O, Manet C, Donahue DA, Porrot F, Hillion KH, Perthame E, Arroyo MV, Souquere S, Ruigrok K, Dupressoir A, Heidmann T, Montagutelli X, Fournier T, Lecuit M, Schwartz O. IFITM proteins inhibit placental syncytiotrophoblast formation and promote fetal demise. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 365:176-180. [PMID: 31296770 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw7733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of type I interferon (IFN) during pregnancy are associated with intrauterine growth retardation, preterm birth, and fetal demise through mechanisms that are not well understood. A critical step of placental development is the fusion of trophoblast cells into a multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (ST) layer. Fusion is mediated by syncytins, proteins deriving from ancestral endogenous retroviral envelopes. Using cultures of human trophoblasts or mouse cells, we show that IFN-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), a family of restriction factors blocking the entry step of many viruses, impair ST formation and inhibit syncytin-mediated fusion. Moreover, the IFN inducer polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid promotes fetal resorption and placental abnormalities in wild-type but not in Ifitm-deleted mice. Thus, excessive levels of IFITMs may mediate the pregnancy complications observed during congenital infections and other IFN-induced pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Séverine A Degrelle
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Inovarion, Paris, France
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Nevers
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Manet
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniel A Donahue
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Kenzo-Hugo Hillion
- Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Perthame
- Institut Pasteur, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marlene V Arroyo
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- Plateforme de Microscopie Electronique Cellulaire, UMS AMMICA, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Katinka Ruigrok
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Virology Unit and CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Anne Dupressoir
- Unité Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, CNRS UMR 9196, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,UMR 9196, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Thierry Heidmann
- Unité Physiologie et Pathologie Moléculaires des Rétrovirus Endogènes et Infectieux, CNRS UMR 9196, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,UMR 9196, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Xavier Montagutelli
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. .,CNRS-UMR3569, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
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15
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Meler E, Sisterna S, Borrell A. Genetic syndromes associated with isolated fetal growth restriction. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:432-446. [PMID: 31891188 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) may be due to impaired placentation, environmental or toxic exposure, congenital infections or genetic abnormalities. Remarkable research, mainly based on retrospective series, has been published on the diverse genetic causes. Those have become more and more relevant with the improvement in the accuracy of the analysis techniques and the rising of breakthrough genomewide methods such as the whole genome sequencing. However, no publication has presented an integrated view of management of those fetuses with an early and severe affection. In this review, we explored to which extent genetic syndromes can cause FGR fetuses without structural defects. The most common chromosomal abnormalities (Triploidies and Trisomy 18), submicroscopic chromosomal anomalies (22q11.2 microduplication syndrome) and single gene disorders (often associated with mild ultrasound findings) related to early and severe FGR had been analysed. Finally, we addressed the impact of epigenetic marks on fetal growth, a matter of growing importance. At the end of this review, we should be able to provide an adequate counseling to parents in terms of diagnosis, prognosis and management of those pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Meler
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvina Sisterna
- Clinical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Hospital Privado de Comunidad - Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clínica Colon - Reproduction and human genetics center CRECER. Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antoni Borrell
- BCNatal - Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu), Institut Clinic de Ginecologia, Obstetricia i Neonatologia, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Fetal i+D Fetal Medicine Research, and Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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16
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Adams AD, Guedj F, Bianchi DW. Placental development and function in trisomy 21 and mouse models of Down syndrome: Clues for studying mechanisms underlying atypical development. Placenta 2020; 89:58-66. [PMID: 31683073 PMCID: PMC10040210 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder leading to developmental disability. The phenotypes associated with DS are complex and vary between affected individuals. Placental abnormalities in DS include differences in cytotrophoblast fusion that affect subsequent conversion to syncytiotrophoblast, atypical oxidative stress/antioxidant balance, and increased expression of genes that are also upregulated in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Placentas in DS are prematurely senescent, showing atypical evidence of mineralization. Fetuses with DS are especially susceptible to adverse obstetric outcomes, including early in utero demise, stillbirth and growth restriction, all of which are related to placental function. The placenta, therefore, may provide key insights towards understanding the phenotypic variability observed in individuals with DS and aid in identifying biomarkers that can be used to evaluate phenotypic severity and prenatal treatments in real time. To address these issues, many different mouse models of DS have been generated to identify the mechanisms underlying developmental changes in many organ systems. Little is known, however, regarding placental development in the currently available mouse models of DS. Based upon the relative paucity of data on placental development in preclinical mouse models of DS, we recommend that future evaluation of new and existing models routinely include histologic and functional assessments of the placenta. In this paper we summarize studies performed in the placentas of both humans and mouse models with DS, highlighting gaps in knowledge and suggesting directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- April D Adams
- Medical Genetics Branch (Prenatal Genomics and Therapy Section), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Faycal Guedj
- Medical Genetics Branch (Prenatal Genomics and Therapy Section), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diana W Bianchi
- Medical Genetics Branch (Prenatal Genomics and Therapy Section), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Leon-Martinez D, Robinson JF, Zdravkovic T, Genbacev O, Gormley M, Mcmaster M, Fisher SJ, Bianco K. Trisomy 21 is Associated with Caspase-2 Upregulation in Cytotrophoblasts at the Maternal-Fetal Interface. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:100-109. [PMID: 32046398 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired placentation is implicated in poor perinatal outcomes associated with Trisomy 21. Earlier studies revealed abnormal cytotrophoblast differentiation along the invasive pathway as a contributing mechanism. To further elucidate the causes, we evaluated Caspase-2 expression at the protein level (immunolocalization and immunoblot) in samples from Trisomy 21 (n = 9) and euploid (n = 4) age-matched placentas. Apoptosis was investigated via the TUNEL assay. An immunolocalization approach was used to characterize Caspase-3, Fas (CD95), and Fas ligand in the same samples. Caspase-2 was significantly overexpressed in Trisomy 21 placentas, with the highest expression in villous cores and invasive cytotrophoblasts. Immunolocalization showed that Caspase-3 had a similar expression pattern as Caspase-2. Using the TUNEL approach, we observed high variability in the number of apoptotic cells in biopsies from different regions of the same placenta and among different placentas. However, Trisomy 21 placentas had more apoptotic cells, specifically in cell columns and basal plates. Furthermore, Caspase-2 co-immunolocalized with Fas (CD95) and FasL in TUNEL-positive extravillous cytotrophoblasts, but not in villous cores. These results help explain the higher levels of apoptosis among placental cells of Trisomy 21 pregnancies in molecular terms. Specifically, the co-expression of Caspase-2 and Caspase-3 with other regulators of the apoptotic process in TUNEL-positive cells suggests these molecules may cooperate in launching the observed apoptosis. Among trophoblasts, only the invasive subpopulation showed this pattern, which could help explain the higher rates of adverse outcomes in these pregnancies. In future experiments, this relationship will be further examined at a functional level in cultured human trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Leon-Martinez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joshua F Robinson
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Tamara Zdravkovic
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Olga Genbacev
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Matthew Gormley
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Michael Mcmaster
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Susan J Fisher
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Katherine Bianco
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr. HH333 MC 5317, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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18
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Gerbaud P, Murthi P, Guibourdenche J, Guimiot F, Sarazin B, Evain-Brion D, Badet J, Pidoux G. Study of Human T21 Placenta Suggests a Potential Role of Mesenchymal Spondin-2 in Placental Vascular Development. Endocrinology 2019; 160:684-698. [PMID: 30715257 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Placental development is particularly altered in trisomy of chromosome 21 (T21)-affected pregnancies. We previously described in T21-affected placentae an abnormal paracrine crosstalk between the villus mesenchymal core and villus trophoblasts. T21-affected placentae are known to be characterized by their hypovascularity. However, the causes of this anomaly remain not fully elucidated. Therefore, the hypothesis of an abnormal paracrine crosstalk between fetal mesenchymal core and placental endothelial cells (PLECs) was evocated. Villus mesenchymal cells from control (CMCs) and T21 placentae (T21MCs) were isolated and grown in culture to allow their characterization and collection of conditioned media for functional analyses (CMC-CM and T21MC-CM, respectively). Interestingly, PLEC proliferation and branching ability were less stimulated by T21MC-CM than by CMC-CM. Protein array analysis identified secreted proangiogenic growth factors in CMC-CM, which were reduced in T21MC-CM. Combined mass spectrometry and biochemical analysis identified spondin-2 as a factor decreased in T21MC-CM compared with CMC-CM. We found that exogenous spondin-2 stimulated PLEC proliferation and established that T21MC-CM supplemented with spondin-2 recovered conditioned media ability to induce PLEC proliferation and angiogenesis. Hence, this study demonstrates a crosstalk between villus mesenchymal and fetal endothelial cells, in which spondin-2 secreted from mesenchymal cells plays a central role in placental vascular functions. Furthermore, our results also suggest that a reduction in spondin-2 secretion may contribute to the pathogenesis of T21 placental hypovascularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Gerbaud
- INSERM, UMR-S 1139, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1180, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Padma Murthi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean Guibourdenche
- INSERM, UMR-S 1139, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Service d'Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CHU Cochin, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- Unité de Foetopathologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CHU Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Danièle Evain-Brion
- INSERM, UMR-S 1139, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Josette Badet
- INSERM, UMR-S 1139, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pidoux
- INSERM, UMR-S 1139, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1180, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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19
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Bustos JC, Herrera A, Sepulveda W. Umbilical artery pulsatility index and half-peak systolic velocity deceleration time in fetuses with trisomy 21. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:3469-3475. [PMID: 30741044 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1575357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze placental vascular resistance and the role of placental insufficiency in the etiology of reduced fetal growth in fetuses with trisomy 21 as determined by umbilical artery (UA) Doppler velocimetry.Methods: Second- and third-trimester UA Doppler ultrasound studies were performed in fetuses with trisomy 21 at the time of clinically indicated obstetric ultrasound assessment. The UA pulsatility index (PI) and half-peak systolic velocity deceleration time (hPSV-DT) were measured and recorded. Perinatal outcome was reviewed and the results from UA Doppler velocimetry were compared with birthweight according to gestational age at the time of the delivery.Results: A total of 60 fetuses with trisomy 21 were studied and information from 147 UA Doppler studies was analyzed. Overall, at least one of the UA PI and hPSV-DT values was abnormal in 82% (n = 49) and 90% (n = 54) of the cases, respectively. The incidence of abnormal UA PI values increased with gestational age from 39% (7/18) before 21 weeks to 78% (18/23) after 35 weeks (p < .05). The increase was even more evident for UA hPSV-DT values from 28% (5/18) before 20 weeks to 91% (21/23) after 35 weeks (p < .01). After exclusion of four fetuses with hydrops or isolated hydrothorax/ascites, 16 (29%) were classified at birth as small for gestational age (SGA), 34 (61%) as adequate for gestational age, and six (11%) as large for gestational age, with a mean birthweight z-score of -0.36. When only considering the last Doppler ultrasound assessment prior to delivery, UA PI and hPSV-DT values were abnormal in 73% (41/56, mean z-score = +1.72) and 82% (46/56; mean z-score = -2.18) of the cases, respectively. Mean gestational age at delivery and birth weight were significantly lower in the group with abnormal compared to normal UA PI and hPSV-DT values. Similarly, the incidence of SGA fetuses was significantly higher in the group with abnormal compared to normal UA PI and hPSV-DT values, with 94 (n = 15) and 100% of the 16 SGA newborn infants having abnormal UA PI and hPSV-DT values prior to delivery, respectively.Conclusions: Trisomy 21 fetuses have a progressively higher incidence of abnormal UA impedance indices throughout pregnancy, which suggests developing placental vascular resistance as the pregnancy progresses. This alteration likely begins around the mid second trimester and increases with gestational age; however, increasing placental vascular resistance seems to produce a discrete decrease in fetal growth, despite severe alteration of the UA Doppler impedance indices. As a general hypothesis, we postulate that trisomy 21 fetuses have increasing placental vascular resistance but there may be some factors that protect these fetuses from severe fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Bustos
- Ultrasound Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro Herrera
- Ultrasound Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Waldo Sepulveda
- Fetal Imaging Unit, FETALMED-Maternal-Fetal Diagnostic Center, Santiago, Chile
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20
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Shoaito H, Petit J, Chissey A, Auzeil N, Guibourdenche J, Gil S, Laprévote O, Fournier T, Degrelle SA. The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) in Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (MEHP)-Mediated Cytotrophoblast Differentiation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:27003. [PMID: 30810372 PMCID: PMC6752943 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are environmental contaminants commonly used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. Recently, exposure to phthalates has been associated with preterm birth, low birth weight, and pregnancy loss. There is limited information about the possible mechanisms linking maternal phthalate exposure and placental development, but one such mechanism may be mediated by peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ). PPARγ belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates, in a ligand-dependent manner, the transcription of target genes. Studies of PPARγ-deficient mice have demonstrated its essential role in lipid metabolism and placental development. In the human placenta, PPARγ is expressed in the villous cytotrophoblast (VCT) and is activated during its differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to investigate the action of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on PPARγ activity during in vitro differentiation of VCTs. METHODS We combined immunofluorescence, PPARγ activity/hCG assays, western blotting, and lipidomics analyses to characterize the impacts of physiologically relevant concentrations of MEHP (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) on cultured VCTs isolated from human term placentas. RESULTS Doses of 0.1 and 1 μM MEHP showed significantly lower PPARγ activity and less VCT differentiation in comparison with controls, whereas, surprisingly, a 10 μM dose had the opposite effect. MEHP exposure inhibited hCG production and significantly altered lipid composition. In addition, MEHP had significant effects on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that MEHP has a U-shaped dose–response effect on trophoblast differentiation that is mediated by the PPARγ pathway and acts as an endocrine disruptor in the human placenta. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3730.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Shoaito
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julia Petit
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR 8638, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (Cnrs, National Center for Scientific Research), Paris, France
| | - Audrey Chissey
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Auzeil
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR 8638, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (Cnrs, National Center for Scientific Research), Paris, France
| | - Jean Guibourdenche
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUp, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Endocrinology, CHU Cochin, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Sophie Gil
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUp, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- UMR 8638, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (Cnrs, National Center for Scientific Research), Paris, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUp, Paris, France
| | - Séverine A. Degrelle
- UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Institut national de la santé et de la recherché médicale (Inserm, National Institute of Health & Medical Research), Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUp, Paris, France
- Inovarion, Paris, France
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21
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Lappas M, McCracken S, McKelvey K, Lim R, James J, Roberts CT, Fournier T, Alfaidy N, Powell KL, Borg AJ, Morris JM, Leaw B, Singh H, Ebeling PR, Wallace EM, Parry LJ, Dimitriadis E, Murthi P. Formyl peptide receptor-2 is decreased in foetal growth restriction and contributes to placental dysfunction. Mol Hum Reprod 2019; 24:94-109. [PMID: 29272530 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gax067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the association between placental formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) and trophoblast and endothelial functions in pregnancies affected by foetal growth restriction (FGR)? SUMMARY ANSWER Reduced FPR2 placental expression in idiopathic FGR results in significantly altered trophoblast differentiation and endothelial function in vitro. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY FGR is associated with placental insufficiency, where defective trophoblast and endothelial functions contribute to reduced feto-placental growth. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The expression of FPR2 in placental tissues from human pregnancies complicated with FGR was compared to that in gestation-matched uncomplicated control pregnancies (n = 25 from each group). Fpr2 expression was also determined in placental tissues obtained from a murine model of FGR (n = 4). The functional role of FPR2 in primary trophoblasts and endothelial cells in vitro was assessed in diverse assays in a time-dependent manner. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Placentae from third-trimester pregnancies complicated by idiopathic FGR (n = 25) and those from gestation-matched pregnancies with appropriately grown infants as controls (n = 25) were collected at gestation 27-40 weeks. Placental tissues were also collected from a spontaneous CBA/CaH × DBA/2 J murine model of FGR. Placental FPR2/Fpr2 mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR, while protein expression was examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. siRNA transfection was used to silence FPR2 expression in primary trophoblasts and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), and the quantitation of cytokines, chemokines and apoptosis was performed following a cDNA array analyses. Functional effects of trophoblast differentiation were measured using HCGB/β-hCG and syncytin-2 expression as well as markers of apoptosis, tumour protein 53 (TP53), caspase 8, B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and BCL associated X (BAX). Endothelial function was assessed by proliferation, network formation and permeability assays. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Placental FPR2/Fpr2 expression was significantly decreased in FGR placentae (n = 25, P < 0.05) as well as in murine FGR placentae compared to controls (n = 4, P < 0.05). FPR2 siRNA (siFPR2) in term trophoblasts significantly increased differentiation markers, HCGB and syncytin-2; cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, CXCL8; and apoptotic markers, TP53, caspase 8 and BAX, but significantly reduced the expression of the chemokines CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7; CXCL16 and its receptor, CXCR6; and cytokine, IL-10, compared with control siRNA (siCONT). Treatment of HUVECs with siFPR2 significantly reduced proliferation and endothelial tube formation, but significantly increased permeability of HUVECs. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Reduced expression of placental FPR2/Fpr2 was observed in the third trimester at delivery after development of FGR, suggesting that FPR2 is associated with FGR pregnancies. However, there is a possibility that the decreased placental FPR2 observed in FGR may be a consequence rather than a cause of FGR, although our in vitro functional analyses using primary trophoblasts and endothelial cells suggest that FPR2 may have a direct or indirect regulatory role on trophoblast differentiation and endothelial function in FGR. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study linking placental FPR2 expression with changes in the trophoblast and endothelial functions that may explain the placental insufficiency observed in FGR. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS P.M. and P.R.E. received funding from the Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, Western Health, St. Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia. M.L. is supported by a Career Development Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; Grant no. 1047025). Monash Health is supported by the Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Programme. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in publishing this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lappas
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3079, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3079, Australia
| | - Sharon McCracken
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Kelly McKelvey
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ratana Lim
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria 3079, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3079, Australia
| | - Joanna James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claire T Roberts
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75006 France.,Fondation PremUp, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Nadia Alfaidy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble-Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), iRTSV- Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Katie L Powell
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony J Borg
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Morris
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Bryan Leaw
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Harmeet Singh
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Euan M Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Laura J Parry
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Padma Murthi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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22
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Drwal E, Rak A, Gregoraszczuk EL. Review: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-Action on placental function and health risks in future life of newborns. Toxicology 2018; 411:133-142. [PMID: 30321648 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common environmental pollutants, which are released as products of incomplete combustion processes. Harmful effects of PAHs exposure on human health are observed in increased morbidity of respiratory, cardiovascular and immunological diseases. A particularly sensitive group to PAHs exposure are pregnant women and their developing offspring. PAHs can cross the placental barrier and a lot of published data indicated that prenatal or early postnatal exposure to PAHs can lead to developmental toxicity. Epidemiological data shows increased incidence and prevalence of conditions associated with PAHs exposure, like intrauterine growth retardation. Even more, negative effect of PAHs are observed later in development, low IQ, problems with behavior, allergies or asthma. This review will briefly summarize currently available data on the effects of PAHs on placental function with a specific emphasis on placental differentiation, angiogenesis, hormone signaling and consequences of exposure to PAHs in childhood and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Drwal
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa L Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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23
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Wong OGW, Cheung CLY, Ip PPC, Ngan HYS, Cheung ANY. Amyloid Precursor Protein Overexpression in Down Syndrome Trophoblast Reduces Cell Invasiveness and Interferes with Syncytialization. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2307-2317. [PMID: 30031727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The placentas of Down syndrome (DS) pregnancies exhibit morphologic and functional abnormalities. Although the increase in dosage of certain genes on chromosome 21 has been associated with the DS phenotype, the effects on placenta have seldom been studied. Herein, we examine the expression of four dosage-sensitive genes (APP, ETS2, SOD1, and HMGN1) in normal and DS placentas. We demonstrated significant overexpression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in DS placentas at RNA and protein levels by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Inducible APP overexpression trophoblast cell line models were established using a Tet-On system. APP induction in HTR-8/SVneo dose-dependently decelerated cell growth, enhanced apoptosis, and reduced cell migration and invasion when compared with the uninduced controls. Concomitantly, decreased β-human chorionic gonadotropin in the culture medium was also detected on induction. Moreover, although forskolin treatment induced α/β-human chorionic gonadotropin and syncytin expression in BeWo cells, such induction of syncytialization was inhibited by APP overexpression. E-cadherin immunofluorescence also demonstrated a decrease in syncytia formation in forskolin-treated BeWo-overexpressing APP. By liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, proteins related to cell-cell adhesion, protein translation, processing, and folding were found to be up-regulated in APP-induced HTR-8/SVneo clones. Our data demonstrated, for the first time, the effects of increased APP expression in DS placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar G W Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Claire L Y Cheung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Philip P C Ip
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hextan Y S Ngan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Annie N Y Cheung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Malhotra SS, Banerjee P, Gupta SK. Regulation of trophoblast differentiation during embryo implantation and placentation: Implications in pregnancy complications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrhm.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentrations during the late first trimester are associated with fetal growth in a fetal sex-specific manner. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 32:135-144. [PMID: 27709449 PMCID: PMC5374189 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a pregnancy-specific hormone that regulates placental development. hCG concentrations vary widely throughout gestation and differ based on fetal sex. Abnormal hCG concentrations are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including fetal growth restriction. We studied the association of hCG concentrations with fetal growth and birth weight. In addition, we investigated effect modification by gestational age of hCG measurement and fetal sex. Total serum hCG (median 14.4 weeks, 95 % range 10.1–26.2), estimated fetal weight (measured by ultrasound during 18–25th weeks and >25th weeks) and birth weight were measured in 7987 mother–child pairs from the Generation R cohort and used to establish fetal growth. Small for gestational age (SGA) was defined as a standardized birth weight lower than the 10th percentile of the study population. There was a non-linear association of hCG with birth weight (P = 0.009). However, only low hCG concentrations measured during the late first trimester (11th and 12th week) were associated with birth weight and SGA. Low hCG concentrations measured in the late first trimester were also associated with decreased fetal growth (P = 0.0002). This was the case for both male and female fetuses. In contrast, high hCG concentrations during the late first trimester were associated with increased fetal growth amongst female, but not male fetuses. Low hCG in the late first trimester is associated with lower birth weight due to a decrease in fetal growth. Fetal sex differences exist in the association of hCG concentrations with fetal growth.
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26
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Genetics of the human placenta: implications for toxicokinetics. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2563-2581. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Carrillo I, Droguett D, Castillo C, Liempi A, Muñoz L, Maya JD, Galanti N, Kemmerling U. Caspase-8 activity is part of the BeWo trophoblast cell defense mechanisms against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Exp Parasitol 2016; 168:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Liempi A, Castillo C, Carrillo I, Muñoz L, Droguett D, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. A local innate immune response against Trypanosoma cruzi in the human placenta: The epithelial turnover of the trophoblast. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:123-129. [PMID: 27554274 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is partially responsible for the progressive globalization of Chagas disease despite of its low transmission rate. The probability of congenital transmission depends on complex interactions between the parasite, the maternal and fetus/newborn immune responses and placental factors, being the latter the least studied one. During transplacental transmission, the parasite must cross the placental barrier where the trophoblast, a continuous renewing epithelium, is the first tissue to have contact with the parasite. Importantly, the epithelial turnover is considered part of the innate immune system since pathogens, prior to cell invasion, must attach to the surface of cells. The trophoblast turnover involves cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic cell death, all of them are induced by the parasite. In the present review, we analyze the current evidence about the trophoblast epithelial turnover as a local placental innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Lorena Muñoz
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Daniel Droguett
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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29
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Svobodová I, Korabečná M, Calda P, Břešťák M, Pazourková E, Pospíšilová Š, Krkavcová M, Novotná M, Hořínek A. Differentially expressed miRNAs in trisomy 21 placentas. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:775-84. [PMID: 27323694 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Molecular pathogenesis of Down syndrome (DS) is still incompletely understood. Epigenetic mechanisms, including miRNAs gene expression regulation, belong to potential influencing factors. The aims of this study were to compare miRNAs expressions in placentas with normal and trisomic karyotype and to associate differentially expressed miRNAs with concrete biological pathways. METHODS A total of 80 CVS samples - 41 with trisomy 21 and 39 with normal karyotype - were included in our study. Results obtained in the pilot study using real-time PCR technology and TaqMan Human miRNA Array Cards were subsequently validated on different samples using individual TaqMan miRNA Assays. RESULTS Seven miRNAs were verified as upregulated in DS placentas (miR-99a, miR-542-5p, miR-10b, miR-125b, miR-615, let-7c and miR-654); three of these miRNAs are located on chromosome 21 (miR-99a, miR-125b and let-7c). Many essential biological processes, transcriptional regulation or apoptosis, were identified as being potentially influenced by altered miRNA levels. Moreover, miRNAs overexpressed in DS placenta apparently regulate genes involved in placenta development (GJA1, CDH11, EGF, ERVW-1, ERVFRD-1, LEP or INHA). CONCLUSION These findings suggest the possible participation of miRNAs in Down syndrome impaired placentation and connected pregnancy pathologies. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Svobodová
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Korabečná
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Calda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Břešťák
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,Screening Center ProfiG2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pazourková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Pospíšilová
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Michaela Novotná
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hořínek
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,3rd Medical Department of Internal Medicine of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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30
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Human pluripotent stem cells as a model of trophoblast differentiation in both normal development and disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3882-91. [PMID: 27325764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604747113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast is the primary epithelial cell type in the placenta, a transient organ required for proper fetal growth and development. Different trophoblast subtypes are responsible for gas/nutrient exchange (syncytiotrophoblasts, STBs) and invasion and maternal vascular remodeling (extravillous trophoblasts, EVTs). Studies of early human placental development are severely hampered by the lack of a representative trophoblast stem cell (TSC) model with the capacity for self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into both STBs and EVTs. Primary cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) isolated from early-gestation (6-8 wk) human placentas are bipotential, a phenotype that is lost with increasing gestational age. We have identified a CDX2(+)/p63(+) CTB subpopulation in the early postimplantation human placenta that is significantly reduced later in gestation. We describe a reproducible protocol, using defined medium containing bone morphogenetic protein 4 by which human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be differentiated into CDX2(+)/p63(+) CTB stem-like cells. These cells can be replated and further differentiated into STB- and EVT-like cells, based on marker expression, hormone secretion, and invasive ability. As in primary CTBs, differentiation of hPSC-derived CTBs in low oxygen leads to reduced human chorionic gonadotropin secretion and STB-associated gene expression, instead promoting differentiation into HLA-G(+) EVTs in an hypoxia-inducible, factor-dependent manner. To validate further the utility of hPSC-derived CTBs, we demonstrated that differentiation of trisomy 21 (T21) hPSCs recapitulates the delayed CTB maturation and blunted STB differentiation seen in T21 placentae. Collectively, our data suggest that hPSCs are a valuable model of human placental development, enabling us to recapitulate processes that result in both normal and diseased pregnancies.
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31
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Tang C, Tang L, Wu X, Xiong W, Ruan H, Hussain M, Wu J, Zou C, Wu X. Glioma-associated Oncogene 2 Is Essential for Trophoblastic Fusion by Forming a Transcriptional Complex with Glial Cell Missing-a. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5611-5622. [PMID: 26769961 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion of human villous trophoblasts, referred to as a process of syncytialization, acts as a prerequisite for the proper development and functional maintenance of the human placenta. Given the fact that the main components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway are expressed predominantly in the syncytial layer of human placental villi, in this study, we investigated the potential roles and underlying mechanisms of Hedgehog signaling in trophoblastic fusion. Activation of Hedgehog signaling by a variety of approaches robustly induced cell fusion and the expression of syncytial markers, whereas suppression of Hedgehog signaling significantly attenuated cell fusion and the expression of syncytial markers in both human primary cytotrophoblasts and trophoblast-like BeWo cells. Moreover, among glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) family transcriptional factors in Hedgehog signaling, knockdown of GLI2 but not GLI1 and GLI3 significantly attenuated Hedgehog-induced cell fusion, whereas overexpression of the GLI2 activator alone was sufficient to induce cell fusion. Finally, GLI2 not only stabilized glial cell missing-a, a pivotal transcriptional factor for trophoblastic syncytialization, but also formed a transcriptional heterodimer with glial cell missing-a to transactivate syncytin-1, a trophoblastic fusogen, and promote trophoblastic syncytialization. Taken together, this study uncovered a so far uncharacterized role of Hedgehog/GLI2 signaling in trophoblastic fusion, implicating that Hedgehog signaling, through GLI2, could be required for human placental development and pregnancy maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,; the Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130033, Japan, and
| | | | - Xiaokai Wu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Hongfeng Ruan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Musaddique Hussain
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junsong Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | | | - Ximei Wu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China,.
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Parast MM. Toward better understanding of the human placenta: development of “disease-in-a-dish” models. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015. [PMCID: PMC4402578 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-15-s1-a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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33
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Murthi P, Brouillet S, Pratt A, Borg A, Kalionis B, Goffin F, Tsatsaris V, Munaut C, Feige JJ, Benharouga M, Fournier T, Alfaidy N. An EG-VEGF-Dependent Decrease in Homeobox Gene NKX3.1 Contributes to Cytotrophoblast Dysfunction: A Possible Mechanism in Human Fetal Growth Restriction. Mol Med 2015. [PMID: 26208047 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic fetal growth restriction (FGR) is frequently associated with placental insufficiency. Previous reports have provided evidence that endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF), a placental secreted protein, is expressed during the first trimester of pregnancy, controls both trophoblast proliferation and invasion, and its increased expression is associated with human FGR. In this study, we hypothesize that EG-VEGF-dependent changes in placental homeobox gene expressions contribute to trophoblast dysfunction in idiopathic FGR. The changes in EG-VEGF-dependent homeobox gene expressions were determined using a homeobox gene cDNA array on placental explants of 8-12 wks gestation after stimulation with EG-VEGF in vitro for 24 h. The homeobox gene array identified a greater-than-five-fold increase in HOXA9, HOXC8, HOXC10, HOXD1, HOXD8, HOXD9 and HOXD11, while NKX 3.1 showed a greater-than-two-fold decrease in mRNA expression compared with untreated controls. Homeobox gene NKX3.1 was selected as a candidate because it is a downstream target of EG-VEGF and its expression and functional roles are largely unknown in control and idiopathic FGR-affected placentae. Real-time PCR and immunoblotting showed a significant decrease in NKX3.1 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in placentae from FGR compared with control pregnancies. Gene inactivation in vitro using short-interference RNA specific for NKX3.1 demonstrated an increase in BeWo cell differentiation and a decrease in HTR-8/SVneo proliferation. We conclude that the decreased expression of homeobox gene NKX3.1 downstream of EG-VEGF may contribute to the trophoblast dysfunction associated with idiopathic FGR pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Murthi
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophie Brouillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique (CEA), iRTSV-Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, Centre Clinique et Biologique d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, La Tronche, France
| | - Anita Pratt
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Borg
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederic Goffin
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Cochin, Maternité Port-Royal, Université Rene Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Carine Munaut
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Feige
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique (CEA), iRTSV-Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Benharouga
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5249, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, U1139; Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S1139; and PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Alfaidy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique (CEA), iRTSV-Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
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Malhotra SS, Suman P, Gupta SK. Alpha or beta human chorionic gonadotropin knockdown decrease BeWo cell fusion by down-regulating PKA and CREB activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11210. [PMID: 26053549 PMCID: PMC4459146 DOI: 10.1038/srep11210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to delineate the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in trophoblast fusion. In this direction, using shRNA lentiviral particles, α- and β-hCG silenced ‘BeWo’ cell lines were generated. Treatment of both α- and β-hCG silenced BeWo cells with either forskolin or exogenous hCG showed a significant reduction in cell fusion as compared with control shRNA treated cells. Studies by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence revealed down-regulation of fusion-associated proteins such as syncytin-1 and syndecan-1 in the α- and β-hCG silenced cells. Delineation of downstream signaling pathways revealed that phosphorylation of PKA and CREB were compromised in the silenced cells whereas, no significant changes in p38MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were observed. Moreover, β-catenin activation was unaffected by either α- or β-hCG silencing. Further, inhibition of PKA by H89 inhibitor led to a significant decrease in BeWo cell fusion but had no effect on β-catenin activation suggesting the absence of non-canonical β-catenin stabilization via PKA. Interestingly, canonical activation of β-catenin was associated with the up-regulation of Wnt 10b expression. In summary, this study establishes the significance of hCG in the fusion of trophoblastic BeWo cells, but there may be additional factors involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Saryu Malhotra
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110 067, India
| | - Pankaj Suman
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh-201 301, India
| | - Satish Kumar Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110 067, India
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Tabata T, Petitt M, Zydek M, Fang-Hoover J, Larocque N, Tsuge M, Gormley M, Kauvar LM, Pereira L. Human cytomegalovirus infection interferes with the maintenance and differentiation of trophoblast progenitor cells of the human placenta. J Virol 2015; 89:5134-47. [PMID: 25741001 PMCID: PMC4403461 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03674-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of birth defects that include severe neurological deficits, hearing and vision loss, and intrauterine growth restriction. Viral infection of the placenta leads to development of avascular villi, edema, and hypoxia associated with symptomatic congenital infection. Studies of primary cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) revealed that HCMV infection impedes terminal stages of differentiation and invasion by various molecular mechanisms. We recently discovered that HCMV arrests earlier stages involving development of human trophoblast progenitor cells (TBPCs), which give rise to the mature cell types of chorionic villi-syncytiotrophoblasts on the surfaces of floating villi and invasive CTBs that remodel the uterine vasculature. Here, we show that viral proteins are present in TBPCs of the chorion in cases of symptomatic congenital infection. In vitro studies revealed that HCMV replicates in continuously self-renewing TBPC lines derived from the chorion and alters expression and subcellular localization of proteins required for cell cycle progression, pluripotency, and early differentiation. In addition, treatment with a human monoclonal antibody to HCMV glycoprotein B rescues differentiation capacity, and thus, TBPCs have potential utility for evaluation of the efficacies of novel antiviral antibodies in protecting and restoring placental development. Our results suggest that HCMV replicates in TBPCs in the chorion in vivo, interfering with the earliest steps in the growth of new villi, contributing to virus transmission and impairing compensatory development. In cases of congenital infection, reduced responsiveness of the placenta to hypoxia limits the transport of substances from maternal blood and contributes to fetal growth restriction. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of birth defects in the United States. Congenital infection can result in permanent neurological defects, mental retardation, hearing loss, visual impairment, and pregnancy complications, including intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and stillbirth. Currently, there is neither a vaccine nor any approved treatment for congenital HCMV infection during gestation. The molecular mechanisms underlying structural deficiencies in the placenta that undermine fetal development are poorly understood. Here we report that HCMV replicates in trophoblast progenitor cells (TBPCs)-precursors of the mature placental cells, syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts, in chorionic villi-in clinical cases of congenital infection. Virus replication in TBPCs in vitro dysregulates key proteins required for self-renewal and differentiation and inhibits normal division and development into mature placental cells. Our findings provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms by which HCMV replication interferes with placental maturation and transport functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Tabata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew Petitt
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martin Zydek
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - June Fang-Hoover
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Larocque
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA The Eli & Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitsuru Tsuge
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew Gormley
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA The Eli & Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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36
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The potential impact of the fetal genotype on maternal blood pressure during pregnancy. J Hypertens 2015; 32:1553-61; discussion 1561. [PMID: 24842698 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heritability of pregnancy-induced hypertension (encompassing both gestational hypertension and preeclampsia) is around 0.47, suggesting that there is a genetic component to its development. However, the maternal genetic risk variants discovered so far only account for a small proportion of the heritability. Other genetic variants that may affect maternal blood pressure in pregnancy arise from the fetal genome, for example wild-type pregnant mice carrying offspring with Cdkn1c or Stox1 disrupted develop hypertension and proteinuria. In humans, there is a higher risk for preeclampsia in women carrying fetuses with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (including those fetuses with CDKN1C mutations) and a lower risk for women carrying babies with trisomy 21. Other risk may be associated with imprinted fetal growth genes and genes that are highly expressed in the placenta such as GCM1. This article reviews the current state of knowledge linking the fetal genotype with maternal blood pressure in pregnancy.
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37
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Conflicting umbilical artery Doppler findings in fetuses with trisomy 21. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292:613-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Borg AJ, Yong HEJ, Lappas M, Degrelle SA, Keogh RJ, Da Silva-Costa F, Fournier T, Abumaree M, Keelan JA, Kalionis B, Murthi P. Decreased STAT3 in human idiopathic fetal growth restriction contributes to trophoblast dysfunction. Reproduction 2015; 149:523-32. [PMID: 25713425 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal trophoblast function is associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR). The JAK-STAT pathway is one of the principal signalling mechanisms by which cytokines and growth factors modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, cell migration and apoptosis. The expression of placental JAK-STAT genes in human idiopathic FGR is unknown. In this study, we propose the hypothesis that JAK-STAT pathway genes are differentially expressed in idiopathic FGR-affected pregnancies and contribute to abnormal feto-placental growth by modulating the expression of the amino acid transporter SNAT2, differentiation marker CGB/human chorionic gonadotrophin beta-subunit (β-hCG) and apoptosis markers caspases 3 and 8, and TP53. Expression profiling of FGR-affected placentae revealed that mRNA levels of STAT3, STAT2 and STAT5B decreased by 69, 52 and 50%, respectively, compared with gestational-age-matched controls. Further validation by real-time PCR and immunoblotting confirmed significantly lower STAT3 mRNA and STAT3 protein (total and phosphorylated) levels in FGR placentae. STAT3 protein was localised to the syncytiotrophoblast (ST) in both FGR and control placentae. ST differentiation was modelled by in vitro differentiation of primary villous trophoblast cells from first-trimester and term placentae, and by treating choriocarcinoma-derived BeWo cells with forskolin in cell culture. Differentiation in these models was associated with increased STAT3 mRNA and protein levels. In BeWo cells treated with siRNA targeting STAT3, the mRNA and protein levels of CGB/β-hCG, caspases 3 and 8, and TP53 were significantly increased, while that of SNAT2 was significantly decreased compared with the negative control siRNA. In conclusion, we report that decreased STAT3 expression in placentae may contribute to abnormal trophoblast function in idiopathic FGR-affected pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Borg
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - H E J Yong
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Lappas
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S A Degrelle
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesP
| | - R J Keogh
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - F Da Silva-Costa
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - T Fournier
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Abumaree
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J A Keelan
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - B Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P Murthi
- Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia Department of Perinatal MedicinePregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaINSERM-U767Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris F-75006, FranceUniversite Paris DescartesParis F-75006, FrancePremUp FoundationParis F-75006, FranceCollege of Science and Health ProfessionsKing Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaSchool of Women's and Infants' HealthKing Edward Memorial Hospital, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
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Leguy MC, Brun S, Pidoux G, Salhi H, Choiset A, Menet MC, Gil S, Tsatsaris V, Guibourdenche J. Pattern of secretion of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) during pregnancies complicated by fetal aneuploidy, in vivo and in vitro. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:129. [PMID: 25543334 PMCID: PMC4293003 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy-associated placental protein-A (PAPP-A) is a metalloprotease which circulates as an hetero-tetramer in maternal blood. Its maternal serum concentration in fetal trisomy 21 is decreased during the first trimester, so that PAPP-A is a useful screening biomarker. However, the regulation of PAPP-A placental secretion is unclear. We therefore investigated the secretion of PAPP-A in pregnancies complicated by fetal aneuploidies, both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Maternal serum collected between 10 WG and 33 WG during 7014 normal pregnancies and 96 pregnancies complicated by fetal trisomy 21, 18, and 13 were assayed for PAPP-A using the Immulite 2000xpi system®. The pregnancies were monitored using ultrasound scanning, fetal karyotyping and placental analysis. Villous cytotrophoblasts were isolated from normal and trisomic placenta and cultured to investigate PAPP-A secretion in vitro (n=6). RESULTS An increased nuchal translucency during the first trimester is a common feature of many chromosomal defect but each aneuploidy has its own syndromic pattern of abnormalities detectable at the prenatal ultrasound scanning and confirmed at the fetal examination thereafter. PAPP-A levels rise throughout normal pregnancy whereas in trisomy 21, PAPP-A levels were significantly decreased, but only during the first trimester. PAPP-A levels were decreased in trisomy 13 and sharply in trisomy 18, whatever the gestational age. In vitro, PAPP-A secretion was decreased in aneuploidy, and associated with decreased hCG secretion in Trisomy 21 and 18. These biochemical profiles did not appear to be linked to any specific histological lesions affecting the placenta. CONCLUSIONS These profiles may reflect different quantitative and qualitative placental dysfunctions in the context of these aneuploidies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Brun
- />Maternity CHU Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Houria Salhi
- />Foeto-pathology CHU Cochin AP-HP, 27 rue du Fbg St Jacques, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Choiset
- />Cytogenetic CHU Cochin AP-HP, 27 rue du Fbg St Jacques, Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Gil
- />INSERM UMR 1139, 4 av de l’observatoire, Paris, France
- />PremUp foundation, 27 rue du Fbg St Jacques, Paris, France
- />Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 av de l’observatoire, Paris, France
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- />INSERM UMR 1139, 4 av de l’observatoire, Paris, France
- />PremUp foundation, 27 rue du Fbg St Jacques, Paris, France
- />Maternity CHU Cochin AP-HP, 27 rue du Fbg St Jacques, Paris, France
| | - Jean Guibourdenche
- />Hormonology CHU Cochin AP-HP, 27 rue du Fbg St Jacques, Paris, France
- />INSERM UMR 1139, 4 av de l’observatoire, Paris, France
- />PremUp foundation, 27 rue du Fbg St Jacques, Paris, France
- />Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 av de l’observatoire, Paris, France
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Racca AC, Ridano ME, Camolotto S, Genti-Raimondi S, Panzetta-Dutari GM. A novel regulator of human villous trophoblast fusion: the Krüppel-like factor 6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:347-58. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Poidatz D, Dos Santos E, Gronier H, Vialard F, Maury B, De Mazancourt P, Dieudonné MN. Trophoblast syncytialisation necessitates mitochondrial function through estrogen-related receptor-γ activation. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 21:206-16. [PMID: 25376642 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pregnancy needs a correct placentation which depends on adequate cytotrophoblast proliferation, differentiation and invasion. In this study, using specific mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors, we observed a decrease of hormone production (hCG and leptin) and cell fusion of human primary villous cytotrophoblasts (CT). These results demonstrated that mitochondria are involved in the control of CT differentiation process. Moreover, we also observed a decrease of mitochondrial mass associated with an increase of mitochondrial DNA during CT differentiation. Furthermore, lactate production increased during CT differentiation suggesting that anaerobic metabolism was enhanced in differentiated CTs, and that the role of mitochondria in CT fusion is not only related to its energetic function. Otherwise, the orphan nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is known to orchestrate transcriptional control of energy metabolism genes. In this study, using RNA knockdown and transcriptional activation with DY131 (an ERRγ agonist), we clearly demonstrated that ERRγ promotes hormone production and cell fusion indicating that ERRγ is a key positive transcriptional factor involved in CT differentiation. Finally, we showed that ERRγ promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and function during CT differentiation, and that the role of ERRγ during trophoblast differentiation is mainly mediated by the control of mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Poidatz
- UPRES-EA 2493, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, UFR des sciences de la santé, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Esther Dos Santos
- UPRES-EA 2493, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, UFR des sciences de la santé, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France Service de biologie médicale, CHI de Poissy-st-Germain, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - Héloïse Gronier
- UPRES-EA 2493, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, UFR des sciences de la santé, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - François Vialard
- UPRES-EA 2493, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, UFR des sciences de la santé, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France Département de Biologie de la Reproduction, Cytogénétique, Gynécologie et Obstétrique, CHI de Poissy-st-Germain, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - Benoit Maury
- UPRES-EA 2493, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, UFR des sciences de la santé, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Philippe De Mazancourt
- UPRES-EA 2493, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, UFR des sciences de la santé, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France Service de biochimie et génétique moléculaire, Hôpital A. Paré, 92100 Boulogne, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Dieudonné
- UPRES-EA 2493, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, UFR des sciences de la santé, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France
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Gangooly S, Muttukrishna S, Jauniaux E. In-vitro study of the effect of anti-hypertensive drugs on placental hormones and angiogenic proteins synthesis in pre-eclampsia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107644. [PMID: 25251016 PMCID: PMC4175458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antihypertensive drugs lower the maternal blood pressure in pre-eclampsia (PE) by direct or central vasodilatory mechanisms but little is known about the direct effects of these drugs on placental functions. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of labetolol, hydralazine, α-methyldopa and pravastatin on the synthesis of placental hormonal and angiogenic proteins know to be altered in PE. DESIGN Placental villous explants from late onset PE (n = 3) and normotensive controls (n = 6) were cultured for 3 days at 10 and 20% oxygen (O2) with variable doses anti-hypertensive drugs. The levels of activin A, inhibin A, human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sEng) were measured in explant culture media on day 1, 2 and 3 using standard immunoassays. Data at day 1 and day 3 were compared. RESULTS Spontaneous secretion of sEndoglin and sFlt-1 were higher (p < 0.05) in villous explants from PE pregnancies compared to controls. There was a significant time dependent decrease in the secretion of sFlt-1 and sEndoglin in PE cases, which was seen only for sFlt-1 in controls. In both PE cases and controls the placental protein secretions were not affected by varying doses of anti-hypertensive drugs or the different O2 concentration cultures, except for Activin, A which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in controls at 10% O2. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that the changes previously observed in maternal serum hormones and angiogenic proteins level after anti-hypertensive treatment in PE could be due to a systemic effect of the drugs on maternal blood pressure and circulation rather than a direct effect of these drugs on placental biosynthesis and/or secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Gangooly
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shanthi Muttukrishna
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Anu Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Eric Jauniaux
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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United we stand not dividing: The syncytiotrophoblast and cell senescence. Placenta 2014; 35:341-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Takahashi H, Yuge K, Matsubara S, Ohkuchi A, Kuwata T, Usui R, Suzuki M, Takizawa T. Differential Expression of ADAM (a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase) Genes between Human First Trimester Villous and Extravillous Trophoblast Cells. J NIPPON MED SCH 2014; 81:122-9. [DOI: 10.1272/jnms.81.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School
| | - Kazuya Yuge
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School
| | | | - Akihide Ohkuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University
| | - Tomoyuki Kuwata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University
| | - Rie Usui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University
| | - Mitsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University
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Placental trophoblast cell differentiation: Physiological regulation and pathological relevance to preeclampsia. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:981-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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A novel human endogenous retroviral protein inhibits cell-cell fusion. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1462. [PMID: 23492904 PMCID: PMC3598002 DOI: 10.1038/srep01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While common in viral infections and neoplasia, spontaneous cell-cell fusion, or syncytialization, is quite restricted in healthy tissues. Such fusion is essential to human placental development, where interactions between trophoblast-specific human endogenous retroviral (HERV) envelope proteins, called syncytins, and their widely-distributed cell surface receptors are centrally involved. We have identified the first host cell-encoded protein that inhibits cell fusion in mammals. Like the syncytins, this protein, called suppressyn, is HERV-derived, placenta-specific and well-conserved over simian evolution. In vitro, suppressyn binds to the syn1 receptor and inhibits syn1-, but not syn2-mediated trophoblast syncytialization. Suppressyn knock-down promotes cell-cell fusion in trophoblast cells and cell-associated and secreted suppressyn binds to the syn1 receptor, ASCT2. Identification of the first host cell-encoded inhibitor of mammalian cell fusion may encourage improved understanding of cell fusion mechanisms, of placental morphogenesis and of diseases resulting from abnormal cell fusion.
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Goldman-Wohl D, Greenfield C, Eisenberg-Loebl I, Skarzinski G, Haimov-Kochman R, Imbar T, Ariel I, Yagel S. snRNAs are reduced in the syncytiotrophoblast: a possible mechanism for regulation of human placental protein production. Mol Hum Reprod 2013; 19:737-44. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Shaw GM, Currier RJ, Stevenson DK, Baer RJ, O'Brodovich HM, Gould JB. Association of early-preterm birth with abnormal levels of routinely collected first- and second-trimester biomarkers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208:492.e1-11. [PMID: 23395922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between typically measured prenatal screening biomarkers and early-preterm birth in euploid pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN The study included 345 early-preterm cases (<30 weeks of gestation) and 1725 control subjects who were drawn from a population-based sample of California pregnancies who had both first- and second-trimester screening results. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare patterns of biomarkers in cases and control subjects and to develop predictive models. Replicability of the biomarker early-preterm relationships that was revealed by the models was evaluated by examination of the frequency and associated adjusted relative risks (RRs) for early-preterm birth and for preterm birth in general (<37 weeks of gestation) in pregnancies with identified abnormal markers compared with pregnancies without these markers in a subsequent independent California cohort of screened pregnancies (n = 76,588). RESULTS The final model for early-preterm birth included first-trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in the ≤5th percentile, second-trimester alpha-fetoprotein in the ≥95th percentile, and second-trimester inhibin in the ≥95th percentile (odds ratios, 2.3-3.6). In general, pregnancies in the subsequent cohort with a biomarker pattern that were found to be associated with early-preterm delivery in the first sample were at an increased risk for early-preterm birth and preterm birth in general (<37 weeks of gestation; adjusted RR, 1.6-27.4). Pregnancies with ≥2 biomarker abnormalities were at particularly increased risk (adjusted RR, 3.6-27.4). CONCLUSION When considered across cohorts and in combination, abnormalities in routinely collected biomarkers reveal predictable risks for early-preterm birth.
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Dreux S, Nguyen C, Czerkiewicz I, Schmitz T, Azria E, Fouré MA, Muller F. Down syndrome maternal serum marker screening after 18 weeks of gestation: a countrywide study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208:397.e1-5. [PMID: 23353023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of maternal serum markers in detecting Down syndrome after 18 weeks of gestation in women who book late for maternity care in a large national retrospective study. STUDY DESIGN During the period 2007-2012, 27,648 women, regardless of maternal age (17.4% were 35 years old and over), were included in a late Down syndrome screening program (18(+0) to 35(+6) weeks) using the maternal serum markers alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin-beta. Samples were assayed in a single laboratory. A dataset of median markers previously established in our laboratory was used for risk calculation. The control group consisted of 27,648 women (14(+0) to 17(+6) weeks) randomly selected from the routine database. RESULTS When the later screening group was compared with the standard second-trimester control group, the median multiples of medians (1.01 vs 0.98 for alpha-fetoprotein, 1.03 vs 0.98 for human chorionic gonadotrophin-beta), median risks (1 of 2414 vs 1 of 2720), false-positive rates (11.1% vs 11.6%), and trisomy 21 detection rates (83.3% vs 85.7%) did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION Late Down syndrome maternal serum screening is feasible with a good sensitivity/specificity compromise throughout gestation and is of clinical value in late-booking women.
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Chen Y, Allars M, Pan X, Maiti K, Angeli G, Smith R, Nicholson RC. Effects of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) on cell viability and differentiation in the human BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line: a potential syncytialisation inducer distinct from cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:30. [PMID: 23587111 PMCID: PMC3639788 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placental production of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) rises exponentially as pregnancy progresses, and has been linked with the onset of normal and preterm labour. CRH is produced in syncytiotrophoblast cells and production is increased by glucocorticoids and cAMP. It remains unclear whether cAMP acts by inducing differentiation of cytotrophoblasts and/or through induction of syncytialisation. As CRH can stimulate cAMP pathways we have tested whether a feed-forward system may exist in placental cells during syncytialisation. METHODS The choriocarcinoma BeWo cell line was treated with cAMP, CRH or vehicle. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay, while apoptosis was analysed by DAPI staining and by FACS. Differentiation was measured by assaying message for hCG and ERVW-1 (syncytin1) by qRT-PCR, as well as the respective protein by ELISA. Fusion of BeWo cells was assessed by co-staining cell membrane and nuclei with CellMask and Hoechst 33342. CRHR1 and CRHR2 mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR. RESULTS We show that cAMP has an inductive effect on syncytialisation, as evidenced by induction of hCG secretion, by ERVW-1 mRNA expression and by formation of multinuclear cells. CRH mRNA expression was found to increase prior to the changes in the other syncytialisation markers. cAMP had an inhibitory effect on BeWo cell viability, but exogenous CRH did not. However, CRH did mimic the differentiation inducing effect of cAMP, suggesting a link between CRH and cAMP signalling in syncytialisation. We also found that treatment of BeWo cells with exogenous CRH resulted in elevated cellular CRHR1 levels. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a positive feed-forward role exists for CRH in trophoblast cell differentiation, which may underlie the exponential rise in CRH observed as gestation advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuXia Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Mothers & Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Megan Allars
- Mothers & Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Xin Pan
- Mothers & Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Kaushik Maiti
- Mothers & Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Giavanna Angeli
- Mothers & Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Mothers & Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Richard C Nicholson
- Mothers & Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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