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Liu Y, Yuan J, Li Y, Bi Y, Prusky DB. The sensor protein AaSho1 regulates infection structures differentiation, osmotic stress tolerance and virulence via MAPK module AaSte11-AaPbs2-AaHog1 in Alternaria alternata. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:1594-1607. [PMID: 38680872 PMCID: PMC11047198 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The high-osmolarity-sensitive protein Sho1 functions as a key membrane receptor in phytopathogenic fungi, which can sense and respond to external stimuli or stresses, and synergistically regulate diverse fungal biological processes through cellular signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of AaSho1 in Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of pear black spot. Targeted gene deletion revealed that AaSho1 is essential for infection structure differentiation, response to external stresses and synthesis of secondary metabolites. Compared to the wild-type (WT), the ∆AaSho1 mutant strain showed no significant difference in colony growth, morphology, conidial production and biomass accumulation. However, the mutant strain exhibited significantly reduced levels of melanin production, cellulase (CL) and ploygalacturonase (PG) activities, virulence, resistance to various exogenous stresses. Moreover, the appressorium and infection hyphae formation rates of the ∆AaSho1 mutant strain were significantly inhibited. RNA-Seq results showed that there were four branches including pheromone, cell wall stress, high osmolarity and starvation in the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade pathway. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that AaSho1 activates the MAPK pathway via AaSte11-AaPbs2-AaHog1. These results suggest that AaSho1 of A. alternata is essential for fungal development, pathogenesis and osmotic stress response by activating the MAPK cascade pathway via Sho1-Ste11-Pbs2-Hog1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dov B. Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization Volcani Center Information Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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2
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Zhang W, Guo M, Guo H, Yang W, Wang Z, Cheng S, Chen G. Cuticle properties, wax composition, and crystal morphology of Hami melon cultivars (Cucumis melo L.) with differential resistance to fruit softening. Food Chem 2024; 449:139234. [PMID: 38608604 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Cuticle wax chemicals are cultivar-dependent and contribute to storage quality. Few research reported on wax analysis between melting flesh-type (MF; 'Jinhuami 25') and nonmelting flesh-type (NMF; 'Xizhoumi 17' and 'Chougua') Hami melons. Chemicals and crystal structures of Hami melon cuticular wax, cell wall metabolism related to fruit melting, and fruit physiology were analyzed to observe wax functions. Results showed that Hami melon cuticle wax predominantly consists of esters, alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, and terpenoids. MF-type has a lower alkane/terpenoid ratio, concomitant to its higher weight loss and cuticle permeability. Micromorphology of wax crystals appears as numerous platelets with irregular crystals, and the transformation of wax structure in NMF Hami melon is delayed. Waxy components affect cell wall metabolism and physiological quality, which results in the pulp texture difference between MF-type and NMF-type during storage. Results provide a reference for the regulation of wax synthesis in both types of melons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China
| | - Minrui Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China
| | - Huijing Guo
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China
| | - Wanting Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Shaobo Cheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China.
| | - Guogang Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China.
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3
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Kumachova TK, Voronkov AS. Cutinsomes of Malus Mill. (Rosaceae) leaf and pericarp: genesis, localization, and transport. Micron 2024; 183:103657. [PMID: 38735105 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
New data were obtained on specific bionanostructures, cutinsomes, which are involved in the formation of cuticles on the surface of leaf blades and pericarp of Malus domestica Borkh (Malus Mill., Rosaceae)introduced to the mountains at the altitudes of 1200 and 1700 m above sea level. Cutinsomes, which are electron-dense structures of spherical shape, have been identified by transmission electron microscopy. It was demonstrated that plastids can be involved in the synthesis of their constituent nanocomponents. The greatest number of nanoparticles was observed in the granal thylakoid lumen of the chloroplasts in palisade mesophyll cells and pericarp hypodermal cells. The transmembrane transport of cutinsomes into the cell wall cuticle proper by exocytosis has been visualized for the first time. The plasma membrane is directly involved in the excretion of nanostructures from the cell. Nanoparticles of cutinsomes in the form of necklace-like formations line up in a chain near cell walls, merge into larger conglomerates and are loaded into plasmalemma invaginations, and then, in membrane packing, they move into the cuticle, which covers both outer and inner cell walls of external tissues. The original materials obtained by us supplement the ideas about the non-enzymatic synthesis of cuticle components available in the literature and expand the cell compartment geography involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kh Kumachova
- Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Timiryazevskaya 49, Moscow 127550, Russia
| | - Alexander S Voronkov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.
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4
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Wu C, Liang Y, Jiang S, Shi Z. Mechanistic and data-driven perspectives on plant uptake of organic pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172415. [PMID: 38631647 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Establishing reliable predictive models for plant uptake of organic pollutants is crucial for environmental risk assessment and guiding phytoremediation efforts. This study compiled an expanded dataset of plant cuticle-water partition coefficients (Kcw), a useful indicator for plant uptake, for 371 data points of 148 unique compounds and various plant species. Quantum/computational chemistry software and tools were utilized to compute various molecular descriptors, aiming to comprehensively characterize the properties and structures of each compound. Three types of models were developed to predict Kcw: a mechanism-driven pp-LFER model, a data-driven machine learning model, and an integrated mechanism-data-driven model. The mechanism-data-driven GBRT-ppLFER model exhibited superior performance, achieving RMSEtrain = 0.133 and RMSEtest = 0.301 while maintaining interpretability. The Shapley Additive Explanation analysis indicated that pp-LFER parameters, ESPI, FwRadicalmax, ExtFP607, and RDF70s are the key factors influencing plant uptake in the GBRT-ppLFER model. Overall, pp-LFER parameter, ESPI, and ExtFP607 show positive effects, while the remaining factors exhibit negative effects. Partial dependency analysis further indicated that plant uptake is not solely determined by individual factors but rather by the combined interactions of multiple factors. Specifically, compounds with ppLFER parameter >4, ESPI > -25.5, 0.098 < FwRadicalmax <0.132, and 2 < RFD70s < 3, are generally more readily taken up by plants. Besides, the predicted Kcw values from the GBRT-ppLFER model were effectively employed to estimate the plant-water partition coefficients and bioconcentration factors across different plant species and growth media (water, sand, and soil), achieving an outstanding performance with an RMSE of 0.497. This study provides effective tools for assessing plant uptake of organic pollutants and deepens our understanding of plant-environment-compound interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunya Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Liang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqing Shi
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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5
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Holden AC, Cohen H, Berry HM, Rickett DV, Aharoni A, Fraser PD. Carotenoid retention during post-harvest storage of Capsicum annuum: the role of the fruit surface structure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1997-2012. [PMID: 38064717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) panel for post-harvest carotenoid retention was studied to elucidate underlying mechanisms associated with this commercial trait of interest. Following drying and storage, some lines within the panel had an increase in carotenoids approaching 50% compared with the initial content at the fresh fruit stage. Other lines displayed a 25% loss of carotenoids. The quantitative determination of carotenoid pigments with concurrent cellular analysis indicated that in most cases, pepper fruit with thicker (up to 4-fold) lipid exocarp layers and smooth surfaces exhibit improved carotenoid retention properties. Total cutin monomer content increased in medium/high carotenoid retention fruits and subepidermal cutin deposits were responsible for the difference in exocarp thickness. Cutin biosynthesis and cuticle precursor transport genes were differentially expressed between medium/high and low carotenoid retention genotypes, and this supports the hypothesis that the fruit cuticle can contribute to carotenoid retention. Enzymatic degradation of the cuticle and cell wall suggests that in Capsicum the carotenoids (capsanthin and its esters) are embedded in the lipidic exocarp layer. This was not the case in tomato. Collectively, the data suggest that the fruit cuticle could provide an exploitable resource for the enhancement of fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Holden
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Nella and Leon Benoziyo Building for Biological Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Harriet M Berry
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Daniel V Rickett
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Nella and Leon Benoziyo Building for Biological Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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6
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Zhang L, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Kosetsu K, Aoyama T, Murata T, Kabeya Y, Sato Y, Koshimizu S, Shimojima M, Ohta H, Hasebe M, Ishikawa M. An ABCB transporter regulates anisotropic cell expansion via cuticle deposition in the moss Physcomitrium patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:665-675. [PMID: 37865886 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic cell expansion is crucial for the morphogenesis of land plants, as cell migration is restricted by the rigid cell wall. The anisotropy of cell expansion is regulated by mechanisms acting on the deposition or modification of cell wall polysaccharides. Besides the polysaccharide components in the cell wall, a layer of hydrophobic cuticle covers the outer cell wall and is subjected to tensile stress that mechanically restricts cell expansion. However, the molecular machinery that deposits cuticle materials in the appropriate spatiotemporal manner to accommodate cell and tissue expansion remains elusive. Here, we report that PpABCB14, an ATP-binding cassette transporter in the moss Physcomitrium patens, regulates the anisotropy of cell expansion. PpABCB14 localized to expanding regions of leaf cells. Deletion of PpABCB14 resulted in impaired anisotropic cell expansion. Unexpectedly, the cuticle proper was reduced in the mutants, and the cuticular lipid components decreased. Moreover, induced PpABCB14 expression resulted in deformed leaf cells with increased cuticle lipid accumulation on the cell surface. Taken together, PpABCB14 regulates the anisotropy of cell expansion via cuticle deposition, revealing a regulatory mechanism for cell expansion in addition to the mechanisms acting on cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liechi Zhang
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuko Sasaki-Sekimoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ken Kosetsu
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Aoyama
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Murata
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kabeya
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | | | - Mie Shimojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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7
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Zhu S, Huang S, Lin X, Wan X, Zhang Q, Peng J, Luo D, Zhang Y, Dong X. The Relationships between Waxes and Storage Quality Indexes of Fruits of Three Plum Cultivars. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081717. [PMID: 37107512 PMCID: PMC10137498 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the cuticular wax morphology, composition and the relationship with storage quality in three plum cultivars of Prunus salicina 'Kongxin' (KXL), Prunus salicina 'Fengtang' (FTL) and Prunus salicina 'Cuihong' (CHL) were investigated during storage at room temperature of 25 ± 1 °C. The results illustrated that the highest cuticular wax concentration was discovered in KXL, followed by FTL and the lowest in CHL. The fruit wax composition of the three plum cultivars was similar and principally composed of alkanes, alcohols, fatty acids, ketones, aldehydes, esters, triterpenes and olefins. Alcohols, alkanes and triterpenes were the dominant fruit wax compounds of the three plum cultivars. After storage for 20 d at room temperature, the variation of cuticular wax crystal structure and composition showed significant cultivar-associated differences. The total wax content decreased for FTL and CHL and increased for KXL, and the wax crystal degraded and melted together over time. The higher contents of the main components in the three plum cultivars were nonacosane, 1-triacontanol, 1-heneicosanol, nonacosan-10-one, octacosanal, ursolic aldehyde and oleic acid. Alcohols, triterpenes, fatty acids and aldehydes were most dramatically correlated with the softening of fruit and storage quality, and alkanes, esters and olefins were most significantly correlated with the water loss. Nonacosane and ursolic aldehyde can enhance the water retention of fruit. Overall, this study will provide a theoretical reference for the further precise development of edible plum fruit wax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouliang Zhu
- Guizhou Workstation for Fruit and Vegetables, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shian Huang
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guiyang Agricultural Reclamation Investment Development Group Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuan Wan
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Junsen Peng
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dengcan Luo
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dong
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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8
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Hernández-Fuentes AD, Arroyo-Aguilar JE, Gutiérrez-Tlahque J, Santiago-Saenz YO, Quintero-Lira A, Reyes-Fuentes M, López-Palestina CU. Application of Cu Nanoparticles in Chitosan-PVA Hydrogels in a Native Tomato Genotype: Evaluation of the Postharvest Behavior of the Physicochemical and Bioactive Components of the Fruits. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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9
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Tessmer MA, Ribeiro BG, Kluge RA, Salvador A, Appezzato-da-Glória B. Characterization of the Epidermis and Cuticle of the Cashew Pseudofruit during Its Development and Maturation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:293. [PMID: 36679007 PMCID: PMC9866660 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis and cuticle play an important role in reducing dehydration and protecting the cashew pseudofruit in both the production environment and the postharvest stage. This study analyzes the alterations on the epidermis and cuticle of CCP 76 cashew pseudofruits harvested in five developmental and maturation stages (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5). The epidermis and cuticle of the samples were analyzed under light microscopy (LM) (quantitative analysis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The epidermal cells at S3 reached maximum outer periclinal wall thickness, which reduced during ripening (S4 and S5), while the cuticle increased in thickness during the same period. These changes coincided with the rapid initial growth of the cashew pseudofruit when the epidermis and cuticle need to accompany the expansion of internal tissues. At the ultrastructural level, lipid material is transported via vesicles through the cell wall to the cuticle, increasing its thickness. Epicuticular waxes, previously deposited as plates and globules, began to develop an amorphous shape during maturation. This process possibly occurs due to changes in wax composition that can be related to the development of greasiness on the fruit skin. These findings provide a better understanding of cashew pseudofruit skin, which will aid future studies and strategies to preserve quality during the postharvest stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Andréia Tessmer
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Geraldelli Ribeiro
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alfredo Kluge
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Salvador
- Postharvest Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
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Reynoud N, Geneix N, Petit J, D’Orlando A, Fanuel M, Marion D, Rothan C, Lahaye M, Bakan B. The cutin polymer matrix undergoes a fine architectural tuning from early tomato fruit development to ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1821-1840. [PMID: 36018278 PMCID: PMC9614491 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a complex polymer matrix that protects all aerial organs of plants, fulfills multiple roles in plant-environment interactions, and is critical for plant development. These functions are associated with the structural features of cuticles, and the architectural modeling of cuticles during plant development is crucial for understanding their physical properties and biological functions. In this work, the in-depth architecture of the cutin polymer matrix during fruit development was investigated. Using cherry tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model from the beginning of the cell expansion phase to the red ripe stage, we designed an experimental scheme combining sample pretreatment, Raman mapping, multivariate data analyses, and biochemical analyses. These approaches revealed clear chemical areas with different contributions of cutin, polysaccharides, and phenolics within the cutin polymer matrix. Besides, we demonstrated that these areas are finely tuned during fruit development, including compositional and macromolecular rearrangements. The specific spatiotemporal accumulation of phenolic compounds (p-coumaric acid and flavonoids) suggests that they fulfill distinct functions during fruit development. In addition, we highlighted an unexpected dynamic remodeling of the cutin-embedded polysaccharides pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Such structural tuning enables consistent adaption of the cutin-polysaccharide continuum and the functional performance of the fruit cuticle at the different developmental stages. This study provides insights into the plant cuticle architecture and in particular into the organization of the epidermal cell wall-cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoud
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Nathalie Geneix
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Johann Petit
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, F-33140, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Angelina D’Orlando
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F- 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F- 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | | | - Marc Lahaye
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
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11
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Zhao X, Hao Z, Luo H, Yuan Z. Transcriptional profiling of long non-coding RNAs regulating fruit cracking in Punica granatum L. under bagging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:943547. [PMID: 36304394 PMCID: PMC9592827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.943547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cracking tremendously damages the appearance of fruit, easily leads to pathogen invasion, greatly reduces the marketability and causes immense economic losses. The pivotal role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in diverse biological processes has been confirmed, while the roles of lncRNAs underlying fruit cracking remain poorly understood. In this study, the incidence of fruit cracking was 7.26% under the bagging treatment, the control group was 38.11%, indicating that bagging considerably diminished the fruit cracking rate. LncRNA libraries for fruit cracking (FC), fruit non-cracking (FNC) and fruit non-cracking under bagging (FB) in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) were performed and analysed via high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. A total of 3194 lncRNAs were obtained with a total length of 4898846 nt and an average length of 1533.77 nt in pomegranate. We identified 42 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) and 137 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) in FC vs FNC and 35 DELs and 160 DEGs in FB vs FC that formed co-expression networks respectively, suggesting that there are involved in phytohormone signaling pathway, lignin catabolic process, lipid transport/binding, cutin biosynthetic process and cell wall organization. We also found that 18 cis-acting DELs regulated 18 target genes, and 10 trans-acting DELs regulated 24 target genes in FC vs FNC, 23 DELs regulate 23 target genes for the cis-acting lncRNAs and 12 DELs regulated 36 target genes in FB vs FC, which provides an understanding for the regulation of the fruit cracking. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis results demonstrated that DELs participated in calcium ion binding, glycerophospholipid metabolism, flavonoid biosynthetic process, cell wall biogenesis, xyloglucan metabolic process, hormone signal transduction and starch and sucrose metabolism. Our findings provide new insights into the roles of lncRNAs in regulating the fruit cracking and lay the foundation for further improvement of pomegranate quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqing Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Hao
- Zaozhuang Pomegranate Research Center, Institute of Botany, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Zaozhuang Pomegranate Research Center, Institute of Botany, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Zhaohe Yuan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Surapaneni VA, Schindler M, Ziege R, de Faria LC, Wölfer J, Bidan CM, Mollen FH, Amini S, Hanna S, Dean MN. Groovy and Gnarly: Surface Wrinkles as a Multifunctional Motif for Terrestrial and Marine Environments. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac079. [PMID: 35675323 PMCID: PMC9703940 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
From large ventral pleats of humpback whales to nanoscale ridges on flower petals, wrinkled structures are omnipresent, multifunctional, and found at hugely diverse scales. Depending on the particulars of the biological system-its environment, morphology, and mechanical properties-wrinkles may control adhesion, friction, wetting, or drag; promote interfacial exchange; act as flow channels; or contribute to stretching, mechanical integrity, or structural color. Undulations on natural surfaces primarily arise from stress-induced instabilities of surface layers (e.g., buckling) during growth or aging. Variation in the material properties of surface layers and in the magnitude and orientation of intrinsic stresses during growth lead to a variety of wrinkling morphologies and patterns which, in turn, reflect the wide range of biophysical challenges wrinkled surfaces can solve. Therefore, investigating how surface wrinkles vary and are implemented across biological systems is key to understanding their structure-function relationships. In this work, we synthesize the literature in a metadata analysis of surface wrinkling in various terrestrial and marine organisms to review important morphological parameters and classify functional aspects of surface wrinkles in relation to the size and ecology of organisms. Building on our previous and current experimental studies, we explore case studies on nano/micro-scale wrinkles in biofilms, plant surfaces, and basking shark filter structures to compare developmental and structure-vs-function aspects of wrinkles with vastly different size scales and environmental demands. In doing this and by contrasting wrinkle development in soft and hard biological systems, we provide a template of structure-function relationships of biological surface wrinkles and an outlook for functionalized wrinkled biomimetic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata A Surapaneni
- City University of Hong Kong, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Brandenburg 14476, Germany
| | - Mike Schindler
- City University of Hong Kong, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ricardo Ziege
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Brandenburg 14476, Germany
| | | | - Jan Wölfer
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin 10099, Germany
| | - Cécile M Bidan
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Brandenburg 14476, Germany
| | - Frederik H Mollen
- Elasmobranch Research Belgium, Rehaegenstraat 4, 2820 Bonheiden, Belgium
| | - Shahrouz Amini
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Brandenburg 14476, Germany
| | - Sean Hanna
- University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, UK
| | - Mason N Dean
- City University of Hong Kong, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Brandenburg 14476, Germany
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13
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Tan J, Weng Y. Functional copy number variation of CsSHINE1 is associated with fruit skin netting intensity in cucumber, Cucumis sativus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:2101-2119. [PMID: 35524817 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit skin netting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is associated with important fruit quality attributes. Two simply inherited genes H (Heavy netting) and Rs (Russet skin) control skin netting, but their molecular basis is unknown. Here, we reported map-based cloning and functional characterization of the candidate gene for the Rs locus that encodes CsSHINE1 (CsSHN1), an AP2 domain containing ethylene-responsive transcription factor protein. Comparative phenotypic analysis in near-isogenic lines revealed that fruit with netted skin had different epidermal structures from that with smooth skin including thicker cuticles, smaller, palisade-shaped epidermal and sub-epidermal cells with heavily suberized and lignified cell walls, higher peroxidase activities, which suggests multiple functions of CsSHN1 in regulating fruit skin netting and epidermal cell patterning. Among three representative cucumber inbred lines, three haplotypes at three polymorphic sites were identified inside CsSHN1: a functional copy in Gy14 (wild type) with light fruit skin netting, a copy number variant with two tandemly arrayed functional copies in WI7120 with heavy skin netting, and a loss-of-function copy in 9930 with smooth skin. The expression level of CsSHN1 in fruit exocarp of three lines was positively correlated with the skin netting intensity. Comparative analysis between cucumber and melon revealed conserved and divergent genetic mechanisms underlying fruit skin netting/reticulation that may reflect the different selection histories in the two crops. A discussion was made on genetic basis of fruit skin netting in the context of natural and artificial selections of fruit quality-related epidermal features during cucumber breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 10000, China
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junyi Tan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- USDA-ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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14
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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum SsCut1 Modulates Virulence and Cutinase Activity. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050526. [PMID: 35628781 PMCID: PMC9143608 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cuticle is one of the protective layers of the external surface of plant tissues. Plants use the cuticle layer to reduce water loss and resist pathogen infection. Fungi release cell wall-degrading enzymes to destroy the epidermis of plants to achieve the purpose of infection. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum secretes a large amount of cutinase to disrupt the cuticle layer of plants during the infection process. In order to further understand the role of cutinase in the pathogenic process of S. sclerotiorum, the S. sclerotiorum cutinsae 1 (SsCut1) gene was cloned and analyzed. The protein SsCut1 contains the conserved cutinase domain and a fungal cellulose-binding domain. RT-qPCR results showed that the expression of SsCut1 was significantly upregulated during infection. Split-Marker recombination was utilized for the deletion of the SsCut1 gene, ΔSsCut1 mutants showed reduced cutinase activity and virulence, but the deletion of the SsCut1 gene had no effect on the growth rate, colony morphology, oxalic acid production, infection cushion formation and sclerotial development. Complementation with the wild-type SsCut1 allele restored the cutinase activity and virulence to the wild-type level. Interestingly, expression of SsCut1 in plants can trigger defense responses, but it also enhanced plant susceptibility to SsCut1 gene knock-out mutants. Taken together, our finding demonstrated that the SsCut1 gene promotes the virulence of S. sclerotiorum by enhancing its cutinase activity.
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15
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Gómez-Pulido LDM, González-Cano RC, Benítez JJ, Domínguez E, Heredia A. Structural analysis of mixed α- and β-amyrin samples. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211787. [PMID: 35425629 PMCID: PMC9006005 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the structure and molecular arrangement of α- and β-amyrin, a class of triterpenoids found within the cuticle of higher plants. Blends of both amyrin isomers with different ratios have been studied taking into consideration a combined methodology of density functional theory (DFT) calculations with experimental data from scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and Raman vibrational spectroscopy. Results indicate that trigonal trimeric aggregations of isomer mixtures are more stable, especially in the 1 : 2 (α : β) ratio. A combination of Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations has allowed to develop an equation to determine the amount of β-amyrin in a mixed sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz D. M. Gómez-Pulido
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael C. González-Cano
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José J. Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla. Centro Mixto CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, E-41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
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16
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Jiang B, Liu R, Fang X, Tong C, Chen H, Gao H. Effects of salicylic acid treatment on fruit quality and wax composition of blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Ait). Food Chem 2022; 368:130757. [PMID: 34404000 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The cuticular wax layer in fruit is a hydrophobic barrier which protects fruit from biotic and abiotic stress. The cuticular wax also affect fruit quality. This paper investigated the effects of salicylic acid on fruit quality and the cuticular wax in blueberry fruit during storage at room temperature (25 °C). 'Powderblue' blueberries (Vaccinium virgatum Ait) were treated with 1.0 mmol L-1 salicylic acid. The composition of cuticular wax layer and structure of epicuticular wax layer were analyzed at 4 d intervals during storage. Salicylic acid could efficiently delay the reduction of total wax content and affected the proportions of its constituents, including triterpenoids, esters, sterols, fatty acids, alcohols and alkanes. Our results also showed that there was no significant difference on the structure of epicuticular wax in salicylic acid treated fruits compared with that of the control. Salicylic acid delayed deterioration of blueberry fruit and enhanced its resistance to disease during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiangjun Fang
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hangjun Chen
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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17
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Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses of Different Jujube Cultivars Reveal the Co-Regulation of Multiple Pathways during Fruit Cracking. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010105. [PMID: 35052445 PMCID: PMC8775106 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit cracking is a common physiological disorder in many fruit species. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an economically valuable fruit in which fruit cracking seriously affects fruit yield and quality and causes significant economic losses. To elucidate cracking-related molecular mechanisms, the cracking-susceptible cultivars ‘Cuizaohong’ and ‘Jinsixiaozao’ and the cracking-resistant cultivar ‘Muzao’ were selected, and comparative transcriptome analyses of cracking and non-cracking ‘Cuizaohong’ (CC and NC), cracking and non-cracking ‘Jinsixiaozao’ (CJ and NJ), and non-cracking ‘Muzao’ (NM) were conducted. A total of 131 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were common to the CC vs. NC and CJ vs. NJ comparisons. To avoid passive processes after fruit cracking, we also mainly focused on the 225 gradually downregulated DEGs in the CJ, NJ, and NM samples. The functional annotation of the candidate DEGs revealed that 61 genes related to calcium, the cell wall, the cuticle structure, hormone metabolism, starch/sucrose metabolism, transcription factors, and water transport were highly expressed in cracking fruits. We propose that expression-level changes in these genes might increase the turgor pressure and weaken mechanical properties, ultimately leading to jujube fruit cracking. These results may serve as a rich genetic resource for future investigations on fruit cracking mechanisms in jujube and in other fruit species.
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18
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Huang H, Wang L, Qiu D, Zhang N, Bi F. Changes of Morphology, Chemical Compositions, and the Biosynthesis Regulations of Cuticle in Response to Chilling Injury of Banana Fruit During Storage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:792384. [PMID: 34956291 PMCID: PMC8703112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.792384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle covers almost all the outermost surface of aerial plant organs, which play a primary function in limiting water loss and responding to the environmental interactions. Banana fruit is susceptible to thermal changes with chilling injury below 13°C and green ripening over 25°C. Herein, the changes of surface morphology, chemical compositions of cuticle, and the relative expression of cuticle biosynthesis genes in banana fruit under low-temperature storage were investigated. Banana fruit exhibited chilling injury rapidly with browned peel appearance stored at 4°C for 6 days. The surface altered apparently from the clear plateau with micro-crystals to smooth appearance. As compared to normal ones, the overall coverage of the main cuticle pattern of waxes and cutin monomers increased about 22% and 35%, respectively, in browned banana stored under low temperature at 6 days. Fatty acids (C16-C18) and ω-OH, mid-chain-epoxy fatty acids (C18) dominated cutin monomers. The monomers of fatty acids, the low abundant ω, mid-chain-diOH fatty acids, and 2-hydroxy fatty acids increased remarkably under low temperature. The cuticular waxes were dominated by fatty acids (> C19), n-alkanes, and triterpenoids; and the fatty acids and aldehydes were shifted to increase accompanied by the chilling injury. Furthermore, RNA-seq highlighted 111 cuticle-related genes involved in fatty acid elongation, biosynthesis of very-long-chain (VLC) aliphatics, triterpenoids, and cutin monomers, and lipid-transfer proteins were significantly differentially regulated by low temperature in banana. Results obtained indicate that the cuticle covering on the fruit surface was also involved to respond to the chilling injury of banana fruit after harvest. These findings provide useful insights to link the cuticle on the basis of morphology, chemical composition changes, and their biosynthesis regulations in response to the thermal stress of fruit during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Diyang Qiu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangcheng Bi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Si Y, Khanal BP, Schlüter OK, Knoche M. Direct Evidence for a Radial Gradient in Age of the Apple Fruit Cuticle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:730837. [PMID: 34745165 PMCID: PMC8567170 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.730837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of cuticle deposition plays an important role in managing strain buildup in fruit cuticles. Cuticular strain is the primary trigger for numerous fruit-surface disorders in many fruit crop species. Recent evidence indicates a strain gradient may exist within the apple fruit cuticle. The outer layers of the cuticle are more strained and thus more susceptible to microcracking than the inner layers. A radial gradient in cuticle age is the most likely explanation. Our study aimed to establish whether (or not) deposition of new cutin in a developing apple fruit occurs on the inner surface of the cuticle, i.e., immediately abutting the outward-facing epidermal cell wall. Developing apples were fed with 13C oleic acid through the skin. Following a 14-d period for incorporation, the fruit was harvested and the cuticular membranes (CMs) isolated enzymatically. The CMs were then ablated to varying extents from the inner or the outer surfaces, using a cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP). Afterwards, the ablated CMs were dewaxed and the 13C contents were determined by mass spectrometry. The incorporation of 13C in the cutin fraction was higher than in the wax fraction. The 13C content was highest in non-ablated, dewaxed CM (DCM) and decreased as ablation depth from the inner surface increased. There was no change in 13C content when ablation was carried out from the outer surface. As fruit development proceeded, more 13C label was found towards the middle of the DCM. These results offered direct evidence for deposition of cutin being on the inner surface of the cuticle, resulting in a radial gradient in cuticular age-the most recent deposition (youngest) being on the inner cuticle surface (abutting the epidermal cell wall) and the earliest deposition (oldest) being on the outer surface (abutting the atmosphere).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Si
- Fruit Science Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bishnu P. Khanal
- Fruit Science Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver K. Schlüter
- Department of Horticultural Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Fruit Science Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Gao Y, Hu Y, Shen J, Meng X, Suo J, Zhang Z, Song L, Wu J. Acceleration of Aril Cracking by Ethylene in Torreya grandis During Nut Maturation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761139. [PMID: 34745193 PMCID: PMC8565854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' is a famous nut with great nutritional value and high medicinal value. Aril cracking is an important process for seed dispersal, which is also an indicator of seed maturation. However, the cracking mechanism of T. grandis aril during the maturation stage remains largely unknown. Here, we provided a comprehensive view of the physiological and molecular levels of aril cracking in T. grandis by systematically analyzing its anatomical structure, physiological parameters, and transcriptomic response during the cracking process. These results showed that the length of both epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers significantly increased from 133 to 144 days after seed protrusion (DASP), followed by a clear separation between parenchymatous cell layers and kernel, which was accompanied by a breakage between epidermal and parenchymatous cell layers. Moreover, analyses of cell wall composition showed that a significant degradation of cellular wall polysaccharides occurred during aril cracking. To examine the global gene expression changes in arils during the cracking process, the transcriptomes (96 and 141 DASP) were analyzed. KEGG pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that 4 of the top 10 enriched pathways were involved in cell wall modification and 2 pathways were related to ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signal transduction. Furthermore, combining the analysis results of co-expression networks between different transcription factors, cell wall modification genes, and exogenous ethylene treatments suggested that the ethylene signal transcription factors (ERF11 and ERF1A) were involved in aril cracking of T. grandis by regulation of EXP and PME. Our findings provided new insights into the aril cracking trait in T. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Jiayi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Xuecheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Jinwei Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Zuying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an City, China
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21
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Linke M, Praeger U, Mahajan PV, Geyer M. Water vapour condensation on the surface of bulky fruit: Some basics and a simple measurement method. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Chen M. The Tea Plant Leaf Cuticle: From Plant Protection to Tea Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751547. [PMID: 34659320 PMCID: PMC8519587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis (tea tree) is a perennial evergreen woody crop that has been planted in more than 50 countries worldwide; its leaves are harvested to make tea, which is one of the most popular nonalcoholic beverages. The cuticle is the major transpiration barrier to restrict nonstomatal water loss and it affects the drought tolerance of tea plants. The cuticle may also provide molecular cues for the interaction with herbivores and pathogens. The tea-making process almost always includes a postharvest withering treatment to reduce leaf water content, and many studies have demonstrated that withering treatment-induced metabolite transformation is essential to shape the quality of the tea made. Tea leaf cuticle is expected to affect its withering properties and the dynamics of postharvest metabolome remodeling. In addition, it has long been speculated that the cuticle may contribute to the aroma quality of tea. However, concrete experimental evidence is lacking to prove or refute this hypothesis. Even though its relevance to the abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and postharvest processing properties of tea tree, tea cuticle has long been neglected. Recently, there are several studies on the tea cuticle regarding its structure, wax composition, transpiration barrier organization, environmental stresses-induced wax modification, and structure-function relations. This review is devoted to tea cuticle, the recent research progresses were summarized and unresolved questions and future research directions were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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Tredenick EC, Farquhar GD. Dynamics of moisture diffusion and adsorption in plant cuticles including the role of cellulose. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5042. [PMID: 34413297 PMCID: PMC8377085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food production must increase significantly to sustain a growing global population. Reducing plant water loss may help achieve this goal and is especially relevant in a time of climate change. The plant cuticle defends leaves against drought, and so understanding water movement through the cuticle could help future proof our crops and better understand native ecology. Here, via mathematical modelling, we identify mechanistic properties of water movement in cuticles. We model water sorption in astomatous isolated cuticles, utilising three separate pathways of cellulose, aqueous pores and lipophilic. The model compares well to data both over time and humidity gradients. Sensitivity analysis shows that the grouping of parameters influencing plant species variations has the largest effect on sorption, those influencing cellulose are very influential, and aqueous pores less so but still relevant. Cellulose plays a significant role in diffusion and adsorption in the cuticle and the cuticle surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Tredenick
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - G D Farquhar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Use of optical coherence tomography and light microscopy for characterisation of mechanical properties and cellular level responses of ‘Centurion’ blueberries during weight loss. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Benítez JJ, Guzmán-Puyol S, Vilaplana F, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Domínguez E, Heredia A. Mechanical Performances of Isolated Cuticles Along Tomato Fruit Growth and Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:787839. [PMID: 34975973 PMCID: PMC8718444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is the most external layer that protects fruits from the environment and constitutes the first shield against physical impacts. The preservation of its mechanical integrity is essential to avoid the access to epidermal cell walls and to prevent mass loss and damage that affect the commercial quality of fruits. The rheology of the cuticle is also very important to respond to the size modification along fruit growth and to regulate the diffusion of molecules from and toward the atmosphere. The mechanical performance of cuticles is regulated by the amount and assembly of its components (mainly cutin, polysaccharides, and waxes). In tomato fruit cuticles, phenolics, a minor cuticle component, have been found to have a strong influence on their mechanical behavior. To fully characterize the biomechanics of tomato fruit cuticle, transient creep, uniaxial tests, and multi strain dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements have been carried out. Two well-differentiated stages have been identified. At early stages of growth, characterized by a low phenolic content, the cuticle displays a soft elastic behavior. Upon increased phenolic accumulation during ripening, a progressive stiffening is observed. The increment of viscoelasticity in ripe fruit cuticles has also been associated with the presence of these compounds. The transition from the soft elastic to the more rigid viscoelastic regime can be explained by the cooperative association of phenolics with both the cutin and the polysaccharide fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: José J. Benítez,
| | - Susana Guzmán-Puyol
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José A. Heredia-Guerrero
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Kijpornyongpan T, Aime MC. Investigating the Smuts: Common Cues, Signaling Pathways, and the Role of MAT in Dimorphic Switching and Pathogenesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040368. [PMID: 33339287 PMCID: PMC7766764 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis serves as a model species for studying fungal dimorphism and its role in phytopathogenic development. The pathogen has two growth phases: a saprobic yeast phase and a pathogenic filamentous phase. Dimorphic transition of U. maydis involves complex processes of signal perception, mating, and cellular reprogramming. Recent advances in improvement of reference genomes, high-throughput sequencing and molecular genetics studies have been expanding research in this field. However, the biology of other non-model species is frequently overlooked. This leads to uncertainty regarding how much of what is known in U. maydis is applicable to other dimorphic fungi. In this review, we will discuss dimorphic fungi in the aspects of physiology, reproductive biology, genomics, and molecular genetics. We also perform comparative analyses between U. maydis and other fungi in Ustilaginomycotina, the subphylum to which U. maydis belongs. We find that lipid/hydrophobicity is a potential common cue for dimorphic transition in plant-associated dimorphic fungi. However, genomic profiles alone are not adequate to explain dimorphism across different fungi.
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Sun T, Wang Z, Zhang X, Niu Z, Chen J. Influences of high-level atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury on methylmercury accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114890. [PMID: 32544787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) leaves play an important role in stomatal uptake and surface adsorption of atmospheric mercury (Hg). However, the influence of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) on methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in maize plants is poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a field open-top chambers (OTCs) experiment and a soil Hg-enriched experiment to investigate the response of MeHg accumulation in maize tissues to different GEM levels in the air. Maize upper leaves had a higher average MeHg concentration (0.21 ± 0.08 ng g-1) than bottom leaves (0.15 ± 0.05 ng g-1) in the OTCs experiment, which was inconsistent with that in the soil Hg-enriched experiment (maize upper leaves: 0.41 ± 0.07 ng g-1, maize bottom leaves: 0.60 ± 0.05 ng g-1). Additionally, significantly positive correlations were found between MeHg concentrations in maize leaves and air Hg levels, suggesting that elevated air Hg levels enhanced MeHg accumulation in maize leaves, which was possibly attributed to methylation of Hg on leaf surfaces. Mature maize grains from the OTCs experiment had low MeHg concentrations (0.12-0.23 ng g-1), suggesting a low accumulation capability of MeHg by maize grains. Approximately 93-96% of MeHg and 51-73% of total Hg in maize grains were lost from the grain-filling stage to the grain-ripening stage at all GEM level treatments, implying that self-detoxification in maize grains occurred. MeHg concentrations in maize roots showed a significant linear relationship (R2 = 0.98, p < 0.01) with soil Hg levels, confirming that MeHg in maize roots is primarily from soil. This study provides a new finding that elevated air GEM levels could enhance MeHg accumulation in maize leaves, and self-detoxification may occur in maize grains. Further studies are needed to clarify these mechanisms of Hg methylation on maize leaf surfaces and self-detoxification of Hg by maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Western University, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Zhangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenchuan Niu
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Shen Y, Khir R, Wood D, McHugh TH, Pan Z. Pear peeling using infrared radiation heating technology. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The Role of Cutinsomes in Plant Cuticle Formation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081778. [PMID: 32722473 PMCID: PMC7465133 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle commonly appears as a continuous lipophilic layer located at the outer epidermal cell walls of land plants. Cutin and waxes are its main components. Two methods for cutin synthesis are considered in plants. One that is based on enzymatic biosynthesis, in which cutin synthase (CUS) is involved, is well-known and commonly accepted. The other assumes the participation of specific nanostructures, cutinsomes, which are formed in physicochemical self-assembly processes from cutin precursors without enzyme involvement. Cutinsomes are formed in ground cytoplasm or, in some species, in specific cytoplasmic domains, lipotubuloid metabolons (LMs), and are most probably translocated via microtubules toward the cuticle-covered cell wall. Cutinsomes may additionally serve as platforms transporting cuticular enzymes. Presumably, cutinsomes enrich the cuticle in branched and cross-linked esterified polyhydroxy fatty acid oligomers, while CUS1 can provide both linear chains and branching cutin oligomers. These two systems of cuticle formation seem to co-operate on the surface of aboveground organs, as well as in the embryo and seed coat epidermis. This review focuses on the role that cutinsomes play in cuticle biosynthesis in S. lycopersicum, O. umbellatum and A. thaliana, which have been studied so far; however, these nanoparticles may be commonly involved in this process in different plants.
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Victório CP, Dos Santos MS, de Mello MC, Bento JPSP, da Costa Souza M, Simas NK, do Carmo de Oliveira Arruda R. The presence of heavy metals in Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechman ex Moldenke leaf and epicuticular wax from different mangroves around Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23714-23729. [PMID: 32301084 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the leaf epicuticular wax and the presence of heavy metals in leaves of Avicennia shaueriana, a halophyte found in Brazilian mangroves. We evaluated plants collected in mangroves located around Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro State. Heavy metals were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Chemical analysis of epicuticular wax was made by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We also evaluated the micromorphology of leaf surface using scanning electronic and light microscopy. The leaves from each mangrove presented alterations in wax layer. Fagarasterol (lupeol) in high quantity was the main triterpene identified in the leaf wax from plants collected in all mangroves: Coroa Grande (76.43%), Pedra de Guaratiba (38.91%), and Marambaia (62.56%). Al, Fe, Mn, and Zn were the main heavy metals detected in leaves from the three mangroves by ICP-OES. Thus, we show that that plants able to survive in the mangrove swamp can adapt to the exposure of heavy metals, accumulate them in their leaves, and be used in coastal area recovery projects as a phytoremediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Pimentel Victório
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Estadual da Zona Oeste do Rio de Janeiro (UEZO), Campo Grande, Av. Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga 1.203, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23070-200, Brazil.
| | - Mayara Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Estadual da Zona Oeste do Rio de Janeiro (UEZO), Campo Grande, Av. Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga 1.203, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23070-200, Brazil
| | - Marise Costa de Mello
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia Ambiental, Universidade Estadual da Zona Oeste do Rio de Janeiro (UEZO), Campo Grande, Av. Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga 1.203, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23070-200, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Silvério Pena Bento
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo da Costa Souza
- Herbário da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (RBR), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Naomi Kato Simas
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, CCS, Bloco A, sala A2-16, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Rosani do Carmo de Oliveira Arruda
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
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Konagaya K, Riza DFA, Ogawa Y, Kohno Y, Kuramoto M, Takahashi N, Suzuki T, Kondo N. Autofluorescence changes of tomato surface tissues during overripening. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:879-884. [PMID: 32579662 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00125b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the autofluorescence of tomato surface tissues during overripening at 25 °C for 13 days. Microscopic images and fluorescence spectra of tissues, including the epidermis and cuticle, were examined (excitation at 360 nm), revealing that the autofluorescence changes were related to the epidermis, particularly the fluorophores in the cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Konagaya
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, Japan. .,Faculty of Collaborative Regional Innovation, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, 790-8577, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Dimas Firmanda Al Riza
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya, 65145, Jl. Veteran, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Yuichi Ogawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kohno
- Ehime Research Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ko 311, Kaminanba, 799-2405, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuramoto
- Advanced Research Support Centre, Ehime University, 2-5, Bunkyo-cho, 790-8577, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime, Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, 790-0905, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuhito Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoshi Kondo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, Japan
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Transcriptome analysis of metabolisms related to fruit cracking during ripening of a cracking-susceptible grape berry cv. Xiangfei (Vitis vinifera L.). Genes Genomics 2020; 42:639-650. [PMID: 32274647 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape is an economically valuable fruit around the world. However, some cultivars are prone to fruit cracking during ripening, leading to severe losses. OBJECTIVE We aimed to find important metabolisms related to fruit cracking during ripening process. METHODS RNA-Sequence and analysis was applied to the pericarp of cracking-susceptible 'Xiang Fei' at 1 (W1), 2 (W2) and 3 weeks (W3) after veraison on Illumina HiSeq xten; RESULTS: Compared with W1, the berry cracking rate increased significantly in W2 and W3. Through transcriptomic analysis, a total of 22,609 genes were expressed in the grape pericarp, among which 805 and 2758 genes were significantly differentially regulated in W1-vs.-W2 and W1-vs.-W3 comparison, respectively. Besides, 304 and 354 genes were up- and down-regulated in both comparisons. The significantly enriched GO terms of both W1-W2 and W1-W3 are related to cell wall and wax biosynthesis. And lipid metabolism, which are involved in the top 20 enriched KEGG pathways of both comparisons, was related to wax biosynthesis. Further, GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with same regulatory changes also indicated that the continuously up-regulated DEGs are significantly enriched in cell wall component biosynthesis and hydrolase. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that genes related to cell wall metabolism and cuticle biosynthesis may play important roles in regulating grape berry cracking. Our results provide a reference for further studies on the molecular mechanism underlying fruit cracking.
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Jaroensuk J, Intasian P, Wattanasuepsin W, Akeratchatapan N, Kesornpun C, Kittipanukul N, Chaiyen P. Enzymatic reactions and pathway engineering for the production of renewable hydrocarbons. J Biotechnol 2020; 309:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Conesa MÀ, Fullana-Pericàs M, Granell A, Galmés J. Mediterranean Long Shelf-Life Landraces: An Untapped Genetic Resource for Tomato Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1651. [PMID: 31998340 PMCID: PMC6965163 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean long shelf-life (LSL) tomatoes are a group of landraces with a fruit remaining sound up to 6-12 months after harvest. Most have been selected under semi-arid Mediterranean summer conditions with poor irrigation or rain-fed and thus, are drought tolerant. Besides the convergence in the latter traits, local selection criteria have been very variable, leading to a wide variation in fruit morphology and quality traits. The different soil characteristics and agricultural management techniques across the Mediterranean denote also a wide range of plant adaptive traits to different conditions. Despite the notorious traits for fruit quality and environment adaptation, the LSL landraces have been poorly exploited in tomato breeding programs, which rely basically on wild tomato species. In this review, we describe most of the information currently available for Mediterranean LSL landraces in order to highlight the importance of this genetic resource. We focus on the origin and diversity, the main selective traits, and the determinants of the extended fruit shelf-life and the drought tolerance. Altogether, the Mediterranean LSL landraces are a very valuable heritage to be revalued, since constitutes an alternative source to improve fruit quality and shelf-life in tomato, and to breed for more resilient cultivars under the predicted climate change conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel À. Conesa
- Department Biologia-INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Mateu Fullana-Pericàs
- Department Biologia-INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Department Biologia-INAGEA, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Romero P, Lafuente MT. Abscisic Acid Deficiency Alters Epicuticular Wax Metabolism and Morphology That Leads to Increased Cuticle Permeability During Sweet Orange ( Citrus sinensis) Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:594184. [PMID: 33362823 PMCID: PMC7755607 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.594184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruit ripening is coupled with the synthesis and deposition of epicuticular waxes, which reduces water loss during fruit postharvest storage. Although abscisic acid (ABA) is a major regulator of citrus fruit ripening, whether ABA mediates epicuticular wax formation during this process remains poorly understood. We investigated the implication of ABA in cuticle properties and epicuticular wax metabolism, composition, and morphology by comparing the Navelate orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and its ABA biosynthesis-impaired mutant Pinalate in four ripening stages. ABA deficiency had minor effects on cuticle thickness and epicuticular wax load, but correlated with cuticle permeability. ABA content aligned with mostly fatty acids accumulation in both cultivars, and also with specific alkane, terpenoid, and aldehyde constituents in the parental fruit. In turn, cuticle permeability correlated with the fatty acid profile during fruit ripening in the Navelate and Pinalate, and with primary alcohols, terpenoids, and aldehydes, but only in the mutant fruit. Low ABA levels increased the susceptibility of waxes to crack and were lost from the epicuticular layer. The RNA-seq analysis highlighted the differential regulation of a list of 87 cuticle-related genes between genotypes and ripening stages. Changes in the gene expression of the selected genes in both cultivars were consistent with the content of the aliphatics and terpenoid fractions during ripening. The results suggest a role for ABA in the regulation of fatty acid content and primary alcohol composition, and point out the importance of alkane and triterpenoid for controlling water permeance through fruit cuticles.
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Chechanovsky N, Hovav R, Frenkel R, Faigenboim A, Eselson Y, Petreikov M, Moy M, Shen S, Schaffer AA. Low temperature upregulates cwp expression and modifies alternative splicing patterns, increasing the severity of cwp-induced tomato fruit cuticular microfissures. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:122. [PMID: 31728197 PMCID: PMC6838111 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cwp (cuticular water permeability) gene controls the development of cuticular microfissuring and subsequent fruit dehydration in tomato. The gene underwent silencing in the evolution of the fleshy cultivated tomato but is expressed in the primitive wild tomato relatives. The introgression of the expressed allele from the wild S. habrochaites (cwp h ) into the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leads to the phenotype of fruit water loss during and following ripening. In this report, we show that low temperature impacts on the severity of the cuticular microfissure phenotype via a combination of effects on both expression and alternative splicing of cwp h . The cwp gene, comprising four exons and three introns, undergoes post-transcriptional alternative splicing processes, leading to seven alternative transcripts that differ in reading-frame lengths. Transgenic plants expressing each of the alternative transcripts identified the longest reading frame (VAR1) as the functional splice variant. Low temperature led to a strong upregulation of cwp h expression, compounded by an increase in the relative proportion of the functional VAR1 transcript, leading to increased severity of microfissuring of the cuticle. In summary, we demonstrate the molecular mechanism behind the horticultural phenomenon of the low-temperature effect on cuticular microfissures in the dehydrating tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Chechanovsky
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ran Hovav
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rina Frenkel
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yelena Eselson
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Marina Petreikov
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michal Moy
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shmuel Shen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arthur A. Schaffer
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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37
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Characterization and Application of Agave salmiana Cuticle as Bio-Membrane in Low-Temperature Electrolyzer and Fuel Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9204461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the application of the Agave salmiana cuticle as a new protonic exchange biological membrane (0.080 ± 0.001 mm thickness). Different chemical, electrochemical and mechanical treatments were evaluated to stimulate the ionic exchange properties of the cuticle. Thermal treatment was adequate for its application in a two-chamber electrolyzer. Under optimal conditions an ionic conductivity value of 10 ± 3 mS cm−1 was obtained; this value is similar to the value achieved using a Nafion membrane. The thermally-activated bio-membrane was also evaluated in a fuel cell, where the highest potential was obtained using methanol and hydrogen (0.46 ± 0.01 V). This result makes the Agave salmiana cuticle a competitive choice to replace the commercial membrane. Its surface morphology and their functional groups were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy. This thermally-treated Agave salmiana cuticle is an ecofriendly alternative to replace Nafion membranes in electrolyzer and fuel cells.
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Romero P, Rose JK. A relationship between tomato fruit softening, cuticle properties and water availability. Food Chem 2019; 295:300-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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39
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Huss JC, Spaeker O, Gierlinger N, Merritt DJ, Miller BP, Neinhuis C, Fratzl P, Eder M. Temperature-induced self-sealing capability of Banksia follicles. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0190. [PMID: 29925581 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plants in fire-prone regions retain their seeds in woody fruits in the plant canopy until the passage of a fire causes the fruit to open and release the seeds. To enable this function, suitable tissues are required that effectively store and protect seeds until they are released. Here, we show that three different species of the Australian genus Banksia incorporate waxes at the interface of the two valves of the follicle enclosing the seeds, which melt between 45°C and 55°C. Since the melting temperature of the waxes is lower than the opening temperatures of the follicles in all investigated species (B. candolleana, B. serrata, B. attenuata), we propose that melting of these waxes allows the sealing of micro-fissures at the interface of the two valves while they are still closed. Such a self-sealing mechanism likely contributes to the structural integrity of the seed pods, and benefits seed viability and persistence during storage on the plants. Furthermore, we show in a simplified, bioinspired model system that temperature treatments seal artificially applied surface cuts and restore the barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Huss
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oliver Spaeker
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - David J Merritt
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA 6005, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ben P Miller
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA 6005, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christoph Neinhuis
- Institute for Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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Wang JG, Gao XM, Ma ZL, Chen J, Liu YN, Shi WQ. Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of three types of litchi pericarps reveals that changes in the hormone balance constitute the molecular basis of the fruit cracking susceptibility of Litchi chinensis cv. Baitangying. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5295-5308. [PMID: 31440876 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many Litchi chinensis cv. Baitangying orchards are suffering from a serious fruit cracking problem, but few studies have improved our understanding of the mechanism or the molecular basis of cracking susceptibility in 'Baitangying'. We conducted metabolome and transcriptome analyses of three types of litchi pericarps. To prevent passive progression after fruit cracking from affecting the results, we mainly focused on 11 metabolites and 101 genes that showed the same regulatory status and overlap in pairwise comparisons of cracking 'Baitangying' versus noncracking 'Baitangying' and noncracking 'Baitangying' versus noncracking 'Feizixiao'. Compared with the cracking-resistant cultivar 'Feizixiao', the 'Baitangying' pericarp has higher abscisic acid contents, and the presence of relevant metabolites and genes suggests increased biosynthesis of ethylene and jasmonic acid and decreased auxin and brassinosteroid biosynthesis. The fruit cracking-susceptible trait in 'Baitangying' might be associated with differences in the balance of these five types of hormones between the pericarp of this cultivar and that of 'Feizixiao'. Additionally, combined analyses showed a correspondence between the metabolite profiles and transcript patterns. qRT-PCR validation indicated the reliability of our high-throughput results. The acquired information might help in further studying the mechanisms that mediate fruit cracking susceptibility in 'Baitangying' and other litchi cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Gang Wang
- College of Agro-forestry Engineering & Planning, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China. .,South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Zhanjiang, 524091, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Min Gao
- College of Agro-forestry Engineering & Planning, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China.,South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Ma
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China
| | - Jing Chen
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Zhanjiang, 524091, Hainan Province, China
| | - Ya-Nan Liu
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Zhanjiang, 524091, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wei-Qi Shi
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Zhanjiang, 524091, Hainan Province, China
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41
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Probing of Nanoscale Friction and Mechanical Characteristics of Cotton Fiber’s Surface. FIBERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fib7070064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The surface topography and nanomechanical attributes of two samples of cotton fibers, namely, A and B, were characterized with various operation modes of an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The surface topography and friction images of the fibers were obtained in contact mode. The nanomechanical properties images—i.e., adhesion and deformation—were obtained in force tapping mode. The results indicate that the surface nanomechanical and nanoscale frictional properties of the fibers vary significantly between two samples. The plots of friction versus normal force of the fibers’ surface from both samples are fitted to the equation of single-asperity, adhesion-controlled friction. Nevertheless, within the range of the applied normal force, the friction curves of sample A surfaces show a characteristic transition phase. That is, under low normal forces, the friction curves closely conform with the Hertzian component of friction; after the transition takes place at higher normal forces, the friction curves follow Amontons’ law of friction. We demonstrated that the transition phase corresponds to a state at which the cuticle layer molecules are displaced from the fibers’ surface. The average adhesion force of the samples is consistent with the average friction signal strength collected under low normal forces.
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Lara I, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Shelf Life Potential and the Fruit Cuticle: The Unexpected Player. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:770. [PMID: 31244879 PMCID: PMC6581714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an extracellular barrier that protects the aerial, non-lignified parts of plants from the surrounding environment, and furthermore plays important functions in organ growth and development. The role of the cuticle in post-harvest quality of fruits is a topic currently driving a lot of interest since an increasing bulk of research data show its modulating influence on a number of important traits determining shelf life and storage potential, including water transpiration and fruit dehydration, susceptibility to rots, pests and disorders, and even firmness. Moreover, the properties of fruit cuticles keep evolving after harvest, and have also been shown to be highly responsive to the external conditions surrounding the fruit. Indeed, common post-harvest treatments will have an impact on cuticle integrity and performance that needs to be evaluated for a deeper understanding of changes in post-harvest quality. In this review, chemical and biophysical properties of fruit cuticles are summarized. An overview is also provided of post-harvest changes in cuticles and the effects thereupon of some post-harvest procedures, with the purpose of offering a comprehensive summary of currently available information. Identification of natural sources of variability in relevant quality traits would allow breeding for the improvement of post-harvest life of fruit commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lara
- Unitat de Postcollita-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
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43
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Tang S, Chen N, Song B, He J, Zhou Y, Jenks MA, Xu X. Compositional and transcriptomic analysis associated with cuticle lipid production on rosette and inflorescence stem leaves in the extremophyte Thellungiella salsuginea. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:584-603. [PMID: 29761500 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is a complex structure composed primarily of wax and cutin, but also contains cutan, glycerolipids, phenolics, polysaccharides and proteins. The cuticle plays an important protective role as barrier between plants and their environment. In this paper, 4-week-old leaves produced either on the rosette or on the inflorescence stem of the model extremophyte Thellungiella salsuginea were examined using scanning electron microscopy, cuticle permeability assays and chemical composition analysis. Results showed that stem leaves (SL) had more abundant cuticle lipids and lower cuticle permeability than rosette leaves (RL). SL were dominated by alkanes, especially the C29 and C31 homologs, whereas in RL the most abundant wax class was free very long-chain acids. The major cutin monomers for both leaf types were C18:2 dioic acids and 18-OH C18:2 acids. We performed Illumina high-throughput sequencing for SL and RL, and 3577 differentially expressed genes were identified. Sixty-five genes possibly involved in cuticular lipid biosynthesis, transport, or regulation was selected for further analysis. Many cuticle-associated genes exhibited differential expression levels that could be associated with compositional differences between these two leaf types. Furthermore, transcription factors and other regulatory proteins previously associated with cuticle production were expressed at higher levels in SL than in RL. The associations between gene expression and characteristics of this extremophile's leaf cuticles sheds new light on cuticle as an adaptive trait in extreme environments, and contributes new information that may guide efforts to modify crop cuticles for improved stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ningmei Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Buerbatu Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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44
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de Carvalho Faria MA, da Silva Sousa M, Dos Santos KF, de Souza NC, Silva JR. Preparation and characterization of epicuticular wax films. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01319. [PMID: 30906896 PMCID: PMC6411503 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipping films from epicuticular wax (EW) were prepared as model systems of epicuticular wax films found in plants. In these films, the growth uniformity, surface morphology, and hydrophobicity were examined. It was observed growth uniformity (linear growth) only from the fifth layer onwards because of the influence of substrate. The surface morphology of the films was found to be composed of pores formed by aggregates of EW molecules, both with a fractal form. An increase in the number of film layers resulted in the increase of the number of pores up to a maximum value followed by a decrease. Such increase was assigned to the growth of aggregates whereas the decrease was explained by the increase of pore sizes, because during the growth of the aggregates, the small pores are replaced by the large pores. Hydrophobicity increased with the number of layers, which was associated with the increase of irregularities on the surface caused by the pores and aggregates. In addition, it was observed that the number of pores increased with temperature. This was explained by the increase in the mobility of EW molecules, which led to a larger amount of EW molecules deposited. Based on our results and the advantages offered by dipping films – including the control of thickness and structure – this type of film is feasible as a model for studies of cuticular water transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcos da Silva Sousa
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Kevin Figueiredo Dos Santos
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nara C de Souza
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Josmary R Silva
- Grupo de Materiais Nanoestruturados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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45
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Wang J, Gao X, Ma Z, Chen J, Liu Y. Analysis of the molecular basis of fruit cracking susceptibility in Litchi chinensis cv. Baitangying by transcriptome and quantitative proteome profiling. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 234-235:106-116. [PMID: 30753966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cracking is a serious problem in Litchi chinensis cv. Baitangying orchards, but few advances have been made in understanding the molecular basis of cracking susceptibility in 'Baitangying'. In this work, we conducted transcriptome and quantitative proteome analyses of the pericarps of three kinds of litchi: noncracking 'Feizixiao' (cracking-resistant cultivar, F), noncracking 'Baitangying' (B), and cracking 'Baitangying' (CB). A total of 101 genes and 14 proteins with the same regulatory changes were found to overlap between CB vs. B and B vs. F, and we focused on these results to avoid the effects of passive progression after fruit cracking. The obtained data suggest that fruit cracking susceptibility in 'Baitangying' is related to pericarp photosynthetic characteristics and the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in this cultivar, which lead to changes in cuticle structure. Furthermore, differences in the pericarp hormone balance between 'Baitangying' and 'Feizixiao' may influence the susceptibility of 'Baitangying' to fruit cracking. This integrated analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data indicates that susceptibility to fruit cracking in 'Baitangying' litchi is regulated both translationally and posttranslationally. Our results may help provide a new perspective for further study of the mechanisms that govern fruit cracking susceptibility in 'Baitangying' litchi and other fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugang Wang
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, 524091, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China, 524091, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Hainan Province, 524091, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Xiaomin Gao
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, 524091, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China, 524091, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Zhiling Ma
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, 524091, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China, 524091, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, 524091, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China, 524091, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Hainan Province, 524091, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yanan Liu
- South Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, 524091, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China, 524091, Zhanjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Nutrition, Hainan Province, 524091, Zhanjiang, China.
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46
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Innes SN, Arve LE, Zimmermann B, Nybakken L, Melby TI, Solhaug KA, Olsen JE, Torre S. Elevated air humidity increases UV mediated leaf and DNA damage in pea (Pisum sativum) due to reduced flavonoid content and antioxidant power. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:387-399. [PMID: 30480699 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00401c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth in high relative air humidity (RH, >85%) affects plant morphology and causes diminished response to stomatal closing signals. Many greenhouses are prone to high RH conditions, which may negatively affect production and post-harvest quality. UV radiation induces stomatal closure in several species, and facilitates disease control. We hypothesised that UV exposure may trigger stomatal closure in pea plants (Pisum sativum) grown in high RH, thereby restoring stomatal function. The effects of UV exposure were tested on plants grown in moderate (60%) or high (90%) RH. UV exposure occurred at night, according to a disease control protocol. Lower stomatal conductance rates were found in UV-exposed plants, though UV exposure did not improve the rate of response to closing stimuli or desiccation tolerance. UV-exposed plants showed leaf curling, chlorosis, necrosis, and DNA damage measured by the presence of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), all of which were significantly greater in high RH plants. These plants also had lower total flavonoid content than moderate RH plants, and UV-exposed plants had less than controls. Plants exposed to UV had a higher content of cuticular layer uronic compounds than control plants. However, high RH plants had a higher relative amount of cuticular waxes, but decreased proteins and uronic compounds. Plants grown in high RH had reduced foliar antioxidant power compared to moderate RH. These results indicate that high RH plants were more susceptible to UV-induced damage than moderate RH plants due to reduced flavonoid content and oxidative stress defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheona N Innes
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Louise E Arve
- The Norwegian Food Safety Authority, Brumundal, 2831, Norway
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Line Nybakken
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Tone I Melby
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Knut Asbjørn Solhaug
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
| | - Sissel Torre
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway.
- CERAD, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway.
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47
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Sharma S, Sarika Bharti A, Singh R, Uttam KN. Non-destructive Phenotyping of Chili Pepper Ripening Using Spectroscopic Probes: A Potential Approach for Shelf-Life Measurement. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1558231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Abhi Sarika Bharti
- Centre for Environmental Science, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Renu Singh
- Department of Physics, Saha’s Spectroscopy Laboratory, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - K. N. Uttam
- Department of Physics, Saha’s Spectroscopy Laboratory, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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48
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Moreau RA, Harron AF, Hoyt JL, Powell MJ, Hums ME. Analysis of wax esters in seven commercial waxes using C30 reverse phase HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1485036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Moreau
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Andrew F. Harron
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Hoyt
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Michael J. Powell
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Megan E. Hums
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
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Borisjuk N, Peterson AA, Lv J, Qu G, Luo Q, Shi L, Chen G, Kishchenko O, Zhou Y, Shi J. Structural and Biochemical Properties of Duckweed Surface Cuticle. Front Chem 2018; 6:317. [PMID: 30094233 PMCID: PMC6070633 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cuticle, which consists of cutin and waxes, forms a hydrophobic coating covering the aerial surfaces of all plants. It acts as an interface between plants and their surrounding environment whilst also protecting them against biotic and abiotic stresses. In this research, we have investigated the biodiversity and cuticle properties of aquatic plant duckweed, using samples isolated from four different locations around Hongze lake in Jiangsu province, China. The samples were genotyped using two chloroplast markers and nuclear ribosomal DNA markers, which revealed them as ecotypes of the larger duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza. Duckweed cuticle properties were investigated by compositional analysis using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), and ultrastructural observation by cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy (cryo-SEM). Cuticle compositional analysis indicated that fatty acids and primary alcohols, the two typical constituents found in many land plant cuticle, are the major duckweed wax components. A large portion of the duckweed wax fraction is composed of phytosterols, represented by campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and their common precursor squalene. The cryo-SEM observation uncovered significant differences between the surface structures of the top air-facing and bottom water-facing sides of the plant fronds. The top side of the fronds, containing multiple stomata complexes, appeared to be represented by a rather flat waxy film sporadically covered with wax crystals. Underneath the waxy film was detected a barely distinguished nanoridge net, which became distinctly noticeable after chloroform treatment. On the bottom side of the fronds, the large epidermal cells were covered by the well-structured net, whose sections became narrower and sharper under cryo-SEM following chloroform treatment. These structural differences between the abaxial and adaxial sides of the fronds evidently relate to their distinct physiological roles in interacting with the contrasting environments of sunlight/air and nutrients/water. The unique structural and biochemical features of Spirodela frond surfaces with their rapid reproductive cycle and readily availability genome sequence, make duckweed an attractive monocot model for studying the fundamental processes related to plant protection against ultraviolet irradiation, pathogens and other environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Borisjuk
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Anton A. Peterson
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jiyang Lv
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guorun Qu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guimin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Olena Kishchenko
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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50
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Abstract
This review discusses the important concept of cotton fiber friction at both the macro- and nanoscale. First, the technological importance of fiber friction and its role in fiber breakage during fiber processing is discussed. Next, previous studies on frictional properties of cotton fibers are reviewed and different experimental procedures to measure friction between fibers or against another surface are evaluated. Friction models developed to explain friction process during various experimental procedures are considered and their limitations are discussed. Since interpretation of friction processes at the macroscale can be challenging (mainly due to difficulties in analyzing the multiple asperities in contact), a separate section is devoted to surveying studies on the emerging field of single-asperity friction experiments with atomic force microscope (AFM). Special attention is given to studies on nanoscale frictional characteristics of rough viscoelastic surfaces (e.g., plant cuticular biopolymers and cotton fibers). Due to the close relationship between friction and adhesion hysteresis at the nanoscale, adhesion studies with AFM on viscoelastic surfaces are also reviewed. Lastly, recommendations are made for future research in the field of frictional properties of cotton fibers.
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