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Li Y, Zhang W, Yang Y, Liang X, Lu S, Ma C, Dai C. BnaPLDα1-BnaMPK6 Involved in NaCl-Mediated Overcoming of Self-Incompatibility in Brassica napus L. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 345:112116. [PMID: 38750797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is an important genetic mechanism exploited by numerous angiosperm species to prevent inbreeding. This mechanism has been widely used in the breeding of SI trilinear hybrids of Brassica napus. The SI responses in these hybrids can be overcome by using a salt (NaCl) solution, which is used for seed propagation in SI lines. However, the mechanism underlying the NaCl-induced breakdown of the SI response in B. napus remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of two key proteins, BnaPLDα1 and BnaMPK6, in the breakdown of SI induced by NaCl. Pollen grain germination and seed set were reduced in BnaPLDα1 triple mutants following incompatible pollination with NaCl treatment. Conversely, SI responses were partially abolished by overexpression of BnaC05.PLDα1 without salt treatment. Furthermore, we observed that phosphatidic acid (PA) produced by BnaPLDα1 bound to B. napus BnaMPK6. The suppression and enhancement of the NaCl-induced breakdown of the SI response in B. napus were observed in BnaMPK6 quadruple mutants and BnaA05.MPK6 overexpression lines, respectively. Moreover, salt-induced stigmatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation had a minimal effect on the NaCl-induced breakdown of the SI response. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the essential role of the BnaPLDα1-PA-BnaMPK6 pathway in overcoming the SI response to salt treatment in SI B. napus. Additionally, our study provides new insights into the relationship between SI signaling and salt stress response. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A new molecular mechanism underlying the breakdown of the NaCl-induced self-incompatibility (SI) response in B. napus has been discovered. It involves the induction of BnaPLDα1 expression by NaCl, followed by the activation of BnaMPK6 through the production of phosphatidic acid (PA) by BnaPLDα1. Ultimately, this pathway leads to the breakdown of SI. The involvement of the BnaPLDα1-PA-BnaMPK6 pathway in overcoming the SI response following NaCl treatment provides new insights into the relationship between SI signalling and the response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - WenXuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaomei Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Chen L, Xiao J, Li Y, Song Y, Liu J, Zhou Q, Sun T, Wang HB, Liu B. The Raf-like MAPKKKs STY8, STY17, and STY46 negatively regulate Botrytis cinerea resistance by limiting MKK7 protein accumulation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1503-1516. [PMID: 38059690 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases, which seriously damage crop production, are in most cases caused by fungal pathogens. In this study, we found that the Raf-like MAPKKKs STY8 (SERINE/THREONINE/TYROSINE KINASE 8), STY17, and STY46 negatively regulate resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea through jasmonate response in Arabidopsis. Moreover, STY8/STY17/STY46 homologs negatively contribute to chitin signaling. We further identified MKK7 as the MAPKK component interacting with STY8/STY17/STY46 homologs. MKK7 positively contributes to resistance to B. cinerea and chitin signaling. Furthermore, we found that STY8/STY17/STY46 homologs negatively affect the accumulation of MKK7, in accordance with the opposite roles of MKK7 and STY8/STY17/STY46 homologs in defense against B. cinerea. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms precisely regulating plant immunity via Raf-like MAPKKKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, 510640, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - You Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiao Song
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 510006, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
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Lin J, Zhao J, Du L, Wang P, Sun B, Zhang C, Shi Y, Li H, Sun H. Activation of MAPK-mediated immunity by phosphatidic acid in response to positive-strand RNA viruses. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100659. [PMID: 37434356 PMCID: PMC10811337 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant defense against viruses. However, the mechanisms that underlie the activation of MAPK cascades in response to viral infection remain unclear. In this study, we discovered that phosphatidic acid (PA) represents a major class of lipids that respond to Potato virus Y (PVY) at an early stage of infection. We identified NbPLDα1 (Nicotiana benthamiana phospholipase Dα1) as the key enzyme responsible for increased PA levels during PVY infection and found that it plays an antiviral role. 6K2 of PVY interacts with NbPLDα1, leading to elevated PA levels. In addition, NbPLDα1 and PA are recruited by 6K2 to membrane-bound viral replication complexes. On the other hand, 6K2 also induces activation of the MAPK pathway, dependent on its interaction with NbPLDα1 and the derived PA. PA binds to WIPK/SIPK/NTF4, prompting their phosphorylation of WRKY8. Notably, spraying with exogenous PA is sufficient to activate the MAPK pathway. Knockdown of the MEK2-WIPK/SIPK-WRKY8 cascade resulted in enhanced accumulation of PVY genomic RNA. 6K2 of Turnip mosaic virus and p33 of Tomato bushy stunt virus also interacted with NbPLDα1 and induced the activation of MAPK-mediated immunity. Loss of function of NbPLDα1 inhibited virus-induced activation of MAPK cascades and promoted viral RNA accumulation. Thus, activation of MAPK-mediated immunity by NbPLDα1-derived PA is a common strategy employed by hosts to counteract positive-strand RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Lin
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhao
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Linlin Du
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Pengkun Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Bingjian Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yan Shi
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Hangjun Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
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Zhang L, Ma C, Kang X, Pei ZQ, Bai X, Wang J, Zheng S, Zhang TG. Identification and expression analysis of MAPK cascade gene family in foxtail millet ( Setaria italica). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2246228. [PMID: 37585594 PMCID: PMC10435010 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2246228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade pathway is a highly conserved plant cell signaling pathway that plays an important role in plant growth and development and stress response. Currently, MAPK cascade genes have been identified and reported in a variety of plants including Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Triticum aestivum, but have not been identified in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). In this study, a total of 93 MAPK cascade genes, including 15 SiMAPKs, 10 SiMAPKKs and 68 SiMAPKKKs genes, were identified by genome-wide analysis of foxtail millet, and these genes were distributed on nine chromosomes of foxtail millet. Using phylogenetic analysis, we divided the SiMAPKs and SiMAPKKs into four subgroups, respectively, and the SiMAPKKKs into three subgroups (Raf, ZIK, and MEKK). Whole-genome duplication analysis revealed that there are 14 duplication pairs in the MAPK cascade family in foxtail millet, and they are expanded by segmental replication events. Results from quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the expression levels of most SiMAPKs and SiMAPKKs were changed under both exogenous hormone and abiotic stress treatments, with SiMAPK3 and SiMAPKK4-2 being induced under almost all treatments, while the expression of SiMAPKK5 was repressed. In a nutshell, this study will shed some light on the evolution of MAPK cascade genes and the functional mechanisms underlying MAPK cascade genes in response to hormonal and abiotic stress signaling pathways in foxtail millet (Setaria italica).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Laboratory of plant molecular physiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Laboratory of plant molecular physiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Laboratory of plant molecular physiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zi-Qi Pei
- Laboratory of plant molecular physiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Laboratory of plant molecular physiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Laboratory of plant molecular physiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zheng
- Laboratory of plant molecular physiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Teng-Guo Zhang
- Laboratory of plant molecular physiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
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5
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van Hooren M, Darwish E, Munnik T. Stress- and phospholipid signalling responses in Arabidopsis PLC4-KO and -overexpression lines under salt- and osmotic stress. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 216:113862. [PMID: 37734512 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Several drought and salt tolerant phenotypes have been reported when overexpressing (OE) phospholipase C (PLC) genes across plant species. In contrast, a negative role for Arabidopsis PLC4 in salinity stress was recently proposed, showing that roots of PLC4-OE seedlings were more sensitive to NaCl while plc4 knock-out (KO) mutants were more tolerant. To investigate this apparent contradiction, and to analyse the phospholipid signalling responses associated with salinity stress, we performed root growth- and phospholipid analyses on plc4-KO and PLC4-OE seedlings subjected to salinity (NaCl) or osmotic (sorbitol) stress and compared these with wild type (WT). Only very minor differences between PLC4 mutants and WT were observed, which even disappeared after normalization of the data, while in soil, PLC4-OE plants were clearly more drought tolerant than WT plants, as was found earlier when overexpressing Arabidopsis PLC2, -3, -5, -7 or -9. We conclude that PLC4 plays no opposite role in salt-or osmotic stress and rather behaves like the other Arabidopsis PLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max van Hooren
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 1210, 1000, BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Essam Darwish
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 1210, 1000, BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 1210, 1000, BE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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6
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Yang Z, Qiao Y, Konakalla NC, Strøbech E, Harris P, Peschel G, Agler-Rosenbaum M, Weber T, Andreasson E, Ding L. Streptomyces alleviate abiotic stress in plant by producing pteridic acids. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7398. [PMID: 37968347 PMCID: PMC10652019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbiota can confer fitness advantages to plants and increase crop resilience to drought and other abiotic stressors. However, there is little evidence on the mechanisms correlating a microbial trait with plant abiotic stress tolerance. Here, we report that Streptomyces effectively alleviate drought and salinity stress by producing spiroketal polyketide pteridic acid H (1) and its isomer F (2), both of which promote root growth in Arabidopsis at a concentration of 1.3 nM under abiotic stress. Transcriptomics profiles show increased expression of multiple stress responsive genes in Arabidopsis seedlings after pteridic acids treatment. We confirm in vivo a bifunctional biosynthetic gene cluster for pteridic acids and antimicrobial elaiophylin production. We propose it is mainly disseminated by vertical transmission and is geographically distributed in various environments. This discovery reveals a perspective for understanding plant-Streptomyces interactions and provides a promising approach for utilising beneficial Streptomyces and their secondary metabolites in agriculture to mitigate the detrimental effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yijun Qiao
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Naga Charan Konakalla
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 14, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Emil Strøbech
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 206, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gundela Peschel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam Agler-Rosenbaum
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tilmann Weber
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Erik Andreasson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sundsvägen 14, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Li J, Yang Y. How do plants maintain pH and ion homeostasis under saline-alkali stress? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1217193. [PMID: 37915515 PMCID: PMC10616311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1217193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Salt and alkaline stresses often occur together, severely threatening plant growth and crop yields. Salt stress induces osmotic stress, ionic stress, and secondary stresses, such as oxidative stress. Plants under saline-alkali stress must develop suitable mechanisms for adapting to the combined stress. Sustained plant growth requires maintenance of ion and pH homeostasis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of ion and pH homeostasis in plant cells under saline-alkali stress, including regulation of ion sensing, ion uptake, ion exclusion, ion sequestration, and ion redistribution among organs by long-distance transport. We also discuss outstanding questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Sun M, Liu X, Zhang B, Yu W, Xiao Y, Peng F. Lipid Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal That Phosphatidylcholine Enhanced the Resistance of Peach Seedlings to Salt Stress through Phosphatidic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37262364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major conlinet limiting sustainable agricultural development in peach tree industry. In this study, lipid metabolomic pathway analysis indicated that phosphatidic acid is essential for root resistance to salt stress in peach seedlings. Through functional annotation analysis of differentially expressed genes in transcriptomics, we found that MAPK signaling pathway is closely related to peach tree resistance to salt stress, wherein PpMPK6 expression is significantly upregulated. Under salt conditions, the OE-PpMPK6 Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. line showed higher resistance to salt stress than WT and KO-AtMPK6 lines. Furthermore, we found that the Na+ content in OE-PpMPK6 roots was significantly lower than that in WT and KO-AtMPK6 roots, indicating that phosphatidic acid combined with PpMPK6 activated the SOS1 (salt-overly-sensitive 1) protein to enhance Na+ efflux, thus alleviating the damage caused by NaCl in roots; these findings provide insight into the salt stress-associated transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Seed and Facility Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, Shandong, China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Futian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
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Li J, Shen L, Han X, He G, Fan W, Li Y, Yang S, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Jin W, Wang Y, Zhang W, Guo Y. Phosphatidic acid-regulated SOS2 controls sodium and potassium homeostasis in Arabidopsis under salt stress. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112401. [PMID: 36811145 PMCID: PMC10106984 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of sodium/potassium (Na+ /K+ ) homeostasis in plant cells is essential for salt tolerance. Plants export excess Na+ out of cells mainly through the Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway, activated by a calcium signal; however, it is unknown whether other signals regulate the SOS pathway and how K+ uptake is regulated under salt stress. Phosphatidic acid (PA) is emerging as a lipid signaling molecule that modulates cellular processes in development and the response to stimuli. Here, we show that PA binds to the residue Lys57 in SOS2, a core member of the SOS pathway, under salt stress, promoting the activity and plasma membrane localization of SOS2, which activates the Na+ /H+ antiporter SOS1 to promote the Na+ efflux. In addition, we reveal that PA promotes the phosphorylation of SOS3-like calcium-binding protein 8 (SCaBP8) by SOS2 under salt stress, which attenuates the SCaBP8-mediated inhibition of Arabidopsis K+ transporter 1 (AKT1), an inward-rectifying K+ channel. These findings suggest that PA regulates the SOS pathway and AKT1 activity under salt stress, promoting Na+ efflux and K+ influx to maintain Na+ /K+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Like Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiuli Han
- School of Life Sciences and MedicineShandong University of TechnologyZiboChina
| | - Gefeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenxia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ziding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weiwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- National Maize Improvement Center of China and Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Cao Y, Song H, Zhang L. New Insight into Plant Saline-Alkali Tolerance Mechanisms and Application to Breeding. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416048. [PMID: 36555693 PMCID: PMC9781758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Saline-alkali stress is a widespread adversity that severely affects plant growth and productivity. Saline-alkaline soils are characterized by high salt content and high pH values, which simultaneously cause combined damage from osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, high pH and HCO3-/CO32- stress. In recent years, many determinants of salt tolerance have been identified and their regulatory mechanisms are fairly well understood. However, the mechanism by which plants respond to comprehensive saline-alkali stress remains largely unknown. This review summarizes recent advances in the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of plants tolerance to salinity or salt- alkali stress. Focused on the progress made in elucidating the regulation mechanisms adopted by plants in response to saline-alkali stress and present some new views on the understanding of plants in the face of comprehensive stress. Plants generally promote saline-alkali tolerance by maintaining pH and Na+ homeostasis, while the plants responding to HCO3-/CO32- stress are not exactly the same as high pH stress. We proposed that pH-tolerant or sensitive plants have evolved distinct mechanisms to adapt to saline-alkaline stress. Finally, we highlight the areas that require further research to reveal the new components of saline-alkali tolerance in plants and present the current and potential application of key determinants in breed improvement and molecular breeding.
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11
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Liu Q, Feng Z, Huang C, Wen J, Li L, Yu S. Insights into the Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes of Senescence-Related Traits in Upland Cotton via GWAS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158584. [PMID: 35955713 PMCID: PMC9368895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence is the last stage of plant development and is controlled by both internal and external factors. Premature senescence significantly affects the yield and quality of cotton. However, the genetic architecture underlying cotton senescence remains unclear. In this study, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed based on 3,015,002 high-quality SNP markers from the resequencing data of 355 upland cotton accessions to detect genomic regions for cotton senescence. A total of 977 candidate genes within 55 senescence-related genomic regions (SGRs), SGR1-SGR55, were predicted. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of candidate genes revealed that a set of biological processes was enriched, such as salt stress, ethylene processes, and leaf senescence. Furthermore, in the leaf senescence GO term, one candidate gene was focused on: Gohir.A12G270900 (GhMKK9), located in SGR36, which encodes a protein of the MAP kinase kinase family. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that GhMKK9 was up-regulated in old cotton leaves. Overexpression of GhMKK9 in Arabidopsis accelerated natural leaf senescence. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of GhMKK9 in cotton increased drought tolerance. These results suggest that GhMKK9 is a positive regulator and might be involved in drought-induced senescence in cotton. The results provide new insights into the genetic basis of cotton senescence and will be useful for improving cotton breeding in the future.
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12
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Zhu Y, Hu X, Wang P, Wang H, Ge X, Li F, Hou Y. The phospholipase D gene GhPLDδ confers resistance to Verticillium dahliae and improves tolerance to salt stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111322. [PMID: 35696922 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant phospholipase D (PLD) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) function in both abiotic and biotic stress signaling. However, to date, a PLD gene conferring the desired resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses has not been found in cotton. Here, we isolated and identified a PLD gene GhPLDδ from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), which functions in Verticillium wilt resistance and salt tolerance. GhPLDδ was highly induced by salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), hydrogen peroxide, PEG 6000, NaCl, and Verticillium dahliae in cotton plants. The positive role of GhPLDδ in regulating plant resistance to V. dahliae was confirmed by loss- and gain-of-function analyses. Upon chitin treatment, accumulation of PA, hydrogen peroxide, JA, SA, and the expression of genes involved in MAPK cascades, JA- and SA-related defense responses were positively related to the level of GhPLDδ in plants. The treatment by exogenous PA could activate the expression of genes related to MAPK, SA, and JA signaling pathways. Moreover, GhPLDδ overexpression enhanced salt tolerance in Arabidopsis as demonstrated by the increased germination rate, longer seedling root, higher chlorophyll content, larger fresh weight, lower malondialdehyde content, and fully expand rosette leaves. Additionally, the PA content and the expression of the genes of the MAPK cascades regulated by PA were increased in GhPLDδ-overexpressed Arabidopsis under salt stress. Taken together, these findings suggest that GhPLDδ and PA are involved in regulating plant defense against both V. dahliae infection and salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Yuxia Hou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Zhang B, Hou L, Qi H, Hou L, Zhang T, Zhao F, Miao M. An extremely streamlined macronuclear genome in the free-living protozoan Fabrea salina. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6553891. [PMID: 35325184 PMCID: PMC9004412 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliated protists are among the oldest unicellular organisms with a heterotrophic lifestyle and share a common ancestor with Plantae. Unlike any other eukaryotes, there are two distinct nuclei in ciliates with separate germline and somatic cell functions. Here, we assembled a near-complete macronuclear genome of Fabrea salina, which belongs to one of the oldest clades of ciliates. Its extremely minimized genome (18.35 Mb) is the smallest among all free-living heterotrophic eukaryotes and exhibits typical streamlined genomic features, including high gene density, tiny introns, and shrinkage of gene paralogs. Gene families involved in hypersaline stress resistance, DNA replication proteins, and mitochondrial biogenesis are expanded, and the accumulation of phosphatidic acid may play an important role in resistance to high osmotic pressure. We further investigated the morphological and transcriptomic changes in the macronucleus during sexual reproduction and highlighted the potential contribution of macronuclear residuals to this process. We believe that the minimized genome generated in this study provides novel insights into the genome streamlining theory and will be an ideal model to study the evolution of eukaryotic heterotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lina Hou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongli Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-ecology and Aquaculture, Fisheries College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Lingling Hou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiancheng Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangqing Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Miao Miao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Phosphatidic Acid in Plant Hormonal Signaling: From Target Proteins to Membrane Conformations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063227. [PMID: 35328648 PMCID: PMC8954910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells sense a variety of extracellular signals balancing their metabolism and physiology according to changing growth conditions. Plasma membranes are the outermost informational barriers that render cells sensitive to regulatory inputs. Membranes are composed of different types of lipids that play not only structural but also informational roles. Hormones and other regulators are sensed by specific receptors leading to the activation of lipid metabolizing enzymes. These enzymes generate lipid second messengers. Among them, phosphatidic acid (PA) is a well-known intracellular messenger that regulates various cellular processes. This lipid affects the functional properties of cell membranes and binds to specific target proteins leading to either genomic (affecting transcriptome) or non-genomic responses. The subsequent biochemical, cellular and physiological reactions regulate plant growth, development and stress tolerance. In the present review, we focus on primary (genome-independent) signaling events triggered by rapid PA accumulation in plant cells and describe the functional role of PA in mediating response to hormones and hormone-like regulators. The contributions of individual lipid signaling enzymes to the formation of PA by specific stimuli are also discussed. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and future perspectives needed to decipher the mode of action of PA in the regulation of cell functions.
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15
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Li L, Li N, Qi X, Bai Y, Chen Q, Fang H, Yu X, Liu D, Liang C, Zhou Y. Characterization of the Glehnia littoralis Non-specific Phospholipase C Gene GlNPC3 and Its Involvement in the Salt Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:769599. [PMID: 34956268 PMCID: PMC8695444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.769599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glehnia littoralis is a medicinal halophyte that inhabits sandy beaches and has high ecological and commercial value. However, the molecular mechanism of salt adaptation in G. littoralis remains largely unknown. Here, we cloned and identified a non-specific phospholipase C gene (GlNPC3) from G. littoralis, which conferred lipid-mediated signaling during the salt stress response. The expression of GlNPC3 was induced continuously by salt treatment. Overexpression of GlNPC3 in Arabidopsis thaliana increased salt tolerance compared to wild-type (WT) plants. GlNPC3-overexpressing plants had longer roots and higher fresh and dry masses under the salt treatment. The GlNPC3 expression pattern revealed that the gene was expressed in most G. littoralis tissues, particularly in roots. The subcellular localization of GlNPC3 was mainly at the plasma membrane, and partially at the tonoplast. GlNPC3 hydrolyzed common membrane phospholipids, such as phosphotidylserine (PS), phosphoethanolamine (PE), and phosphocholine (PC). In vitro enzymatic assay showed salt-induced total non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) activation in A. thaliana GlNPC3-overexpressing plants. Plant lipid profiling showed a significant change in the membrane-lipid composition of A. thaliana GlNPC3-overexpressing plants compared to WT after the salt treatment. Furthermore, downregulation of GlNPC3 expression by virus-induced gene silencing in G. littoralis reduced the expression levels of some stress-related genes, such as SnRK2, P5SC5, TPC1, and SOS1. Together, these results indicated that GlNPC3 and GlNPC3-mediated membrane lipid change played a positive role in the response of G. littoralis to a saline environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Naiwei Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiwu Qi
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Qiutong Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Hailing Fang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
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Patra N, Hariharan S, Gain H, Maiti MK, Das A, Banerjee J. TypiCal but DeliCate Ca ++re: Dissecting the Essence of Calcium Signaling Network as a Robust Response Coordinator of Versatile Abiotic and Biotic Stimuli in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:752246. [PMID: 34899779 PMCID: PMC8655846 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.752246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth, development, and ultimately crop productivity are largely impacted by the interaction of plants with different abiotic and biotic factors throughout their life cycle. Perception of different abiotic stresses, such as salt, cold, drought, heat, and heavy metals, and interaction with beneficial and harmful biotic agents by plants lead to transient, sustained, or oscillatory changes of [calcium ion, Ca2+]cyt within the cell. Significant progress has been made in the decoding of Ca2+ signatures into downstream responses to modulate differential developmental and physiological responses in the whole plant. Ca2+ sensor proteins, mainly calmodulins (CaMs), calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), and others, such as Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), and calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) have played critical roles in coupling the specific stress stimulus with an appropriate response. This review summarizes the current understanding of the Ca2+ influx and efflux system in plant cells and various Ca2+ binding protein-mediated signal transduction pathways that are delicately orchestrated to mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses. The probable interactions of different components of Ca2+ sensor relays and Ca2+ sensor responders in response to various external stimuli have been described diagrammatically focusing on established pathways and latest developments. Present comprehensive insight into key components of the Ca2+ signaling toolkit in plants can provide an innovative framework for biotechnological manipulations toward crop improvability in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh Patra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Shruthi Hariharan
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Hena Gain
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mrinal K. Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Arpita Das
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, India
| | - Joydeep Banerjee
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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17
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Han X, Yang Y. Phospholipids in Salt Stress Response. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102204. [PMID: 34686013 PMCID: PMC8540237 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
High salinity threatens crop production by harming plants and interfering with their development. Plant cells respond to salt stress in various ways, all of which involve multiple components such as proteins, peptides, lipids, sugars, and phytohormones. Phospholipids, important components of bio-membranes, are small amphoteric molecular compounds. These have attracted significant attention in recent years due to the regulatory effect they have on cellular activity. Over the past few decades, genetic and biochemical analyses have partly revealed that phospholipids regulate salt stress response by participating in salt stress signal transduction. In this review, we summarize the generation and metabolism of phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphoinositides (PIs), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), as well as the regulatory role each phospholipid plays in the salt stress response. We also discuss the possible regulatory role based on how they act during other cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Han
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China;
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-62732030
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18
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Hu Q, Cui H, Ma C, Li Y, Yang C, Wang K, Sun Y. Lipidomic metabolism associated with acetic acid priming-induced salt tolerance in Carex rigescens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:665-677. [PMID: 34488152 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acetic acid priming may mitigate salt stress to plants by modulating lipid metabolism. Carex rigescens is a stress-tolerant turfgrass species with a widespread distribution in north China. The objective of this study was to figure out whether modification of lipid profiles, including the contents, compositions and saturation levels of leaf lipids, may contribute to acetic acid modulated salt tolerance in C. rigescens. Plants of C. rigescens were primed with or without acetic acid (30 mM) and subsequently exposed to salt stress (300 mM NaCl) for 15 days. Salt stress affected the physiological performance of C. rigescens, while acetic acid-primed plants showed significantly lower malondialdehyde content, proline content, and electrolyte leakage than non-primed plants under salt stress. Acetic acid priming enhanced the contents of phospholipids and glycolipids involved in membrane stabilization and stress signaling (phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, digalactosyl diacylglycerol, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol), reduced the content of toxic lipid intermediates (free fatty acids) during subsequent exposure to salt stress. Furthermore, expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism such as CK and PLDα changed due to acetic acid priming. These results demonstrated that acetic acid priming could enhance salt tolerance of C. rigescens by regulating lipid metabolism. The lipids could be used as biomarkers to select for salt-tolerant grass germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Hu
- Department of Turfgrass Science and Engineering, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Huiting Cui
- Department of Turfgrass Science and Engineering, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Chengze Ma
- Department of Turfgrass Science and Engineering, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Turfgrass Science and Engineering, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Department of Turfgrass Science and Engineering, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Kehua Wang
- Department of Turfgrass Science and Engineering, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Turfgrass Science and Engineering, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Yan Z, Wang J, Wang F, Xie C, Lv B, Yu Z, Dai S, Liu X, Xia G, Tian H, Li C, Ding Z. MPK3/6-induced degradation of ARR1/10/12 promotes salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52457. [PMID: 34402578 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are phytohormones that regulate plant development, growth, and responses to stress. In particular, cytokinin has been reported to negatively regulate plant adaptation to high salinity; however, the molecular mechanisms that counteract cytokinin signaling and enable salt tolerance are not fully understood. Here, we provide evidence that salt stress induces the degradation of the cytokinin signaling components Arabidopsis (Arabidopisis thaliana) response regulator 1 (ARR1), ARR10 and ARR12. Furthermore, the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) and MPK6 interact with and phosphorylate ARR1/10/12 to promote their degradation in response to salt stress. As expected, salt tolerance is decreased in the mpk3/6 double mutant, but enhanced upon ectopic MPK3/MPK6 activation in an MKK5DD line. Importantly, salt hypersensitivity phenotypes of the mpk3/6 line were significantly alleviated by mutation of ARR1/12. The above results indicate that MPK3/6 enhance salt tolerance in part via their negative regulation of ARR1/10/12 protein stability. Thus, our work reveals a new molecular mechanism underlying salt-induced stress adaptation and the inhibition of plant growth, via enhanced degradation of cytokinin signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuantian Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bingsheng Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zipeng Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
| | - Guangmin Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuiling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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20
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Rufián JS, Rueda-Blanco J, López-Márquez D, Macho AP, Beuzón CR, Ruiz-Albert J. The bacterial effector HopZ1a acetylates MKK7 to suppress plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1138-1156. [PMID: 33960430 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas syringae type III secretion system translocates effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to suppress plant basal immunity. Effector HopZ1a suppresses local and systemic immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors, through target acetylation. HopZ1a has been shown to target several plant proteins, but none fully substantiates HopZ1a-associated immune suppression. Here, we investigate Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs) as potential targets, focusing on AtMKK7, a positive regulator of local and systemic immunity. We analyse HopZ1a interference with AtMKK7 by translocation of HopZ1a from bacteria inoculated into Arabidopsis expressing MKK7 from an inducible promoter. Reciprocal phenotypes are analysed on plants expressing a construct quenching MKK7 native expression. We analyse HopZ1a-MKK7 interaction by three independent methods, and the relevance of acetylation by in vitro kinase and in planta functional assays. We demonstrate the AtMKK7 contribution to immune signalling showing MKK7-dependent flg22-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, MAP kinas (MAPK) activation and callose deposition, plus AvrRpt2-triggered MKK7-dependent signalling. Furthermore, we demonstrate HopZ1a suppression of all MKK7-dependent responses, HopZ1a-MKK7 interaction in planta and HopZ1a acetylation of MKK7 with a lysine required for full kinase activity. We demonstrate that HopZ1a targets AtMKK7 to suppress local and systemic plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Rufián
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Javier Rueda-Blanco
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
| | - Diego López-Márquez
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Carmen R Beuzón
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, E-29071, Spain
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21
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Xin J, Li C, Ning K, Qin Y, Shang JX, Sun Y. AtPFA-DSP3, an atypical dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase, affects salt stress response by modulating MPK3 and MPK6 activity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1534-1548. [PMID: 33464564 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation, especially serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation, plays significant roles in signalling during plant growth and development as well as plant responses to biotic or abiotic stresses. Dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatases dephosphorylate components of these signalling pathways. Here, we report that an atypical dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase, AtPFA-DSP3 (DSP3), negatively affects the response of plants to high-salt conditions. A DSP3 loss-of-function mutant showed reduced sensitivity to salt treatment. DSP3 was primarily localized in nuclei and was degraded during salt treatment. Compared to wild type, the level of ROS was lower in the dsp3 mutant and higher in plants ectopically expressing DSP3, indicating that higher DSP3 level was associated with increased ROS production. DSP3 interacted with and dephosphorylated MPK3 and MPK6. Genetic analyses of a dsp3mpk3 double mutant revealed that DSP3's effect on salt stress depends on MPK3. Moreover, the phosphatase activity of DSP3 was required for its role in salt signalling. These results indicate that DSP3 is a negative regulator of salt responses in Arabidopsis by directly modulating the accumulation of phosphorylated MPK3 and MPK6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chuanling Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kexin Ning
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jian-Xiu Shang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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22
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Li P, Liu J. Protein Phosphorylation in Plant Cell Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2358:45-71. [PMID: 34270045 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1625-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their sessile nature, plants have evolved sophisticated sensory mechanisms to respond quickly and precisely to the changing environment. The extracellular stimuli are perceived and integrated by diverse receptors, such as receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), and then transmitted to the nucleus by complex cellular signaling networks, which play vital roles in biological processes including plant growth, development, reproduction, and stress responses. The posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are important regulators for the diversification of protein functions in plant cell signaling. Protein phosphorylation is an important and well-characterized form of the PTMs, which influences the functions of many receptors and key components in cellular signaling. Protein phosphorylation in plants predominantly occurs on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues, which is dynamically and reversibly catalyzed by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, respectively. In this review, we focus on the function of protein phosphorylation in plant cell signaling, especially plant hormone signaling, and highlight the roles of protein phosphorylation in plant abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Junzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
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23
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Wang Z, Gou X. Receptor-Like Protein Kinases Function Upstream of MAPKs in Regulating Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207638. [PMID: 33076465 PMCID: PMC7590044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a group of protein kinase broadly involved in various signal pathways in eukaryotes. In plants, MAPK cascades regulate growth, development, stress responses and immunity by perceiving signals from the upstream regulators and transmitting the phosphorylation signals to the downstream signaling components. To reveal the interactions between MAPK cascades and their upstream regulators is important for understanding the functional mechanisms of MAPKs in the life span of higher plants. Typical receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are plasma membrane-located to perceive endogenous or exogenous signal molecules in regulating plant growth, development and immunity. MAPK cascades bridge the extracellular signals and intracellular transcription factors in many RLK-mediated signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current findings that RLKs regulate plant development through MAPK cascades and discusses questions that are worth investigating in the near future.
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24
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New Era of Diacylglycerol Kinase, Phosphatidic Acid and Phosphatidic Acid-Binding Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186794. [PMID: 32947951 PMCID: PMC7555651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Mammalian DGK consists of ten isozymes (α–κ) and governs a wide range of physiological and pathological events, including immune responses, neuronal networking, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, fragile X syndrome, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. DG and PA comprise diverse molecular species that have different acyl chains at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Because the DGK activity is essential for phosphatidylinositol turnover, which exclusively produces 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-DG, it has been generally thought that all DGK isozymes utilize the DG species derived from the turnover. However, it was recently revealed that DGK isozymes, except for DGKε, phosphorylate diverse DG species, which are not derived from phosphatidylinositol turnover. In addition, various PA-binding proteins (PABPs), which have different selectivities for PA species, were recently found. These results suggest that DGK–PA–PABP axes can potentially construct a large and complex signaling network and play physiologically and pathologically important roles in addition to DGK-dependent attenuation of DG–DG-binding protein axes. For example, 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PA produced by DGKδ interacts with and activates Praja-1, the E3 ubiquitin ligase acting on the serotonin transporter, which is a target of drugs for obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders, in the brain. This article reviews recent research progress on PA species produced by DGK isozymes, the selective binding of PABPs to PA species and a phosphatidylinositol turnover-independent DG supply pathway.
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25
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Shen L, Yang L, Zhang W. Multiple basic amino acid residues contribute to phosphatidic acid-mediated inhibition of rice potassium channel OsAKT2. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1789818. [PMID: 32649276 PMCID: PMC8550199 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1789818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anionic phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA) behaves as an important second messenger involved in many cellular processes, such as development, cytoskeletal dynamics, vesicle trafficking, and stress response. Recently, it was reported that PA can directly bind with the rice Shaker K+ channel OsAKT2 to inhibit its channel activity. Two adjacent arginine residues (R644 and R645) in ANK domain were identified as a PA-binding site essential to the PA-mediated inhibition of OsAKT2. However, there may be still other PA-binding sites unidentified in OsAKT2. Here, using a PA biosensor (PAleon), we found that the exogenous PA treatment significantly increased the PA level at the plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes which were used to express OsAKT2 for electrophysiological assays. As reported previously, exogenous PA markedly inhibited OsAKT2 K+ currents. Replacement of two adjacent basic residues (R190 and K191) in the S4 voltage sensor by glycine completely abolished the time-dependent K+ currents of OsAKT2, but this variant was insensitive to PA treatment. In addition, we also identified other two adjacent arginines (R755 and R756) located in the cytosolic domain as a PA-binding site, which were also essential to the PA-mediated inhibition of OsAKT2. These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of the PA-K+ channel interaction mechanism. Combining the findings here with the previous study, we propose that multiple basic residues (R190/K191, R644/R645, and R755/R756) in different domains of OsAKT2 contribute to PA-mediated regulation of OsAKT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lele Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Regulation of ABA-Non-Activated SNF1-Related Protein Kinase 2 Signaling Pathways by Phosphatidic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144984. [PMID: 32679718 PMCID: PMC7404309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as responses to various environmental stimuli. Several PA targets in plant cells were identified, including two SNF1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s), SnRK2.10 and SnRK2.4, which are not activated by abscisic acid (ABA). Here, we investigated the effects of PA on various elements of ABA-non-activated SnRK2 signaling. PA 16:0/18:1 was found to modulate the SnRK2 structure and the phosphorylation of some SnRK2 targets. Conversely, phosphorylation by the ABA-non-activated SnRK2s, of one of such targets, dehydrin Early Responsive to Dehydration 14 (ERD14), affects its interaction with PA and subcellular localization. Moreover, PA 16:0/18:1 modulates the activity and/or localization of negative regulators of the ABA-non-activated SnRK2s, not only of the ABA insensitive 1 (ABI1) phosphatase, which was identified earlier, but also of another protein phosphatase 2C, PP2CA. The activity of both phosphatases was inhibited by about 50% in the presence of 50 μM PA. PA 16:0/18:1 also impacts the phosphorylation and subcellular localization of SnRK2-interacting calcium sensor, known to inhibit SnRK2 activity in a calcium-dependent manner. Thus, PA was found to regulate ABA-non-activated SnRK2 signaling at several levels: the activity, phosphorylation status and/or localization of SnRK2 cellular partners.
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27
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Phosphatidic acid: an emerging versatile class of cellular mediators. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:533-546. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lipids function not only as the major structural components of cell membranes, but also as molecular messengers that transduce signals to trigger downstream signaling events in the cell. Phosphatidic acid (PA), the simplest and a minor class of glycerophospholipids, is a key intermediate for the synthesis of membrane and storage lipids, and also plays important roles in mediating diverse cellular and physiological processes in eukaryotes ranging from microbes to mammals and higher plants. PA comprises different molecular species that can act differently, and is found in virtually all organisms, tissues, and organellar membranes, with variations in total content and molecular species composition. The cellular levels of PA are highly dynamic in response to stimuli and multiple enzymatic reactions can mediate its production and degradation. Moreover, its unique physicochemical properties compared with other glycerophospholipids allow PA to influence membrane structure and dynamics, and interact with various proteins. PA has emerged as a class of new lipid mediators modulating various signaling and cellular processes via its versatile effects, such as membrane tethering, conformational changes, and enzymatic activities of target proteins, and vesicular trafficking.
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28
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Shen L, Tian Q, Yang L, Zhang H, Shi Y, Shen Y, Zhou Z, Wu Q, Zhang Q, Zhang W. Phosphatidic acid directly binds with rice potassium channel OsAKT2 to inhibit its activity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:649-665. [PMID: 32128922 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant Shaker K+ channel AtAKT2 has been identified as a weakly rectifying channel that can stabilize membrane potentials to promote photoassimilate phloem loading and translocation. Thus, studies on functional characterization and regulatory mechanisms of AtAKT2-like channels in crops are highly important for improving crop production. Here, we identified the rice OsAKT2 as the ortholog of Arabidopsis AtAKT2, which is primarily expressed in the shoot phloem and localized at the plasma membrane. Using an electrophysiological assay, we found that OsAKT2 operated as a weakly rectifying K+ channel, preventing H+ /sucrose-symport-induced membrane depolarization. Three critical amino acid residues (K193, N206, and S326) are essential to the phosphorylation-mediated gating change of OsAKT2, consistent with the roles of the corresponding sites in AtAKT2. Disruption of OsAKT2 results in delayed growth of rice seedlings under short-day conditions. Interestingly, the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) inhibits OsAKT2-mediated currents (both instantaneous and time-dependent components). Lipid dot-blot assay and liposome-protein binding analysis revealed that PA directly bound with two adjacent arginine residues in the ANK domain of OsAKT2, which is essential to PA-mediated inhibition of OsAKT2. Electrophysiological and phenotypic analyses also showed the PA-mediated inhibition of AtAKT2 and the negative correlation between intrinsic PA level and Arabidopsis growth, suggesting that PA may inhibit AKT2 function to affect plant growth and development. Our results functionally characterize the Shaker K+ channel OsAKT2 and reveal a direct link between phospholipid signaling and plant K+ channel modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Quanxiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lele Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiyuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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