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Cvetković B, Bajić A, Belović M, Pezo L, Dragojlović D, Šimurina O, Djordjević M, Korntheuer K, Philipp C, Eder R. Assessing Antioxidant Properties, Phenolic Compound Profiles, Organic Acids, and Sugars in Conventional Apple Cultivars ( Malus domestica): A Chemometric Approach. Foods 2024; 13:2291. [PMID: 39063376 PMCID: PMC11276096 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugars, and antioxidant activity in different conventional apple cultivars (Malus domestica) from the Serbian market. Polyphenol profiles, sugars, and organic acid contents were analyzed by HPLC, and antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH and FRAP. Notable findings included variations in phenolic compound presence, with certain compounds detected only in specific cultivars. 'Red Jonaprince' exhibited the highest arbutin (0.86 mg/kg FW) and quercetin-3-rhamnoside content (22.90 mg/kg FW), while 'Idared' stood out for its gallic acid content (0.22 mg/kg FW) and 'Granny Smith' for its catechin levels (21.19 mg/kg FW). Additionally, malic acid dominated among organic acids, with 'Granny Smith' showing the highest content (6958.48 mg/kg FW). Fructose was the predominant sugar across all cultivars. Chemometric analysis revealed distinct groupings based on phenolic and organic acid profiles, with 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious' exhibiting unique characteristics. Artificial neural network modeling effectively predicted antioxidant activity based on the input parameters. Global sensitivity analysis highlighted the significant influence of certain phenolic compounds and organic acids on antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Cvetković
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Aleksandra Bajić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Miona Belović
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12/V, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Danka Dragojlović
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Olivera Šimurina
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Marijana Djordjević
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (A.B.); (M.B.); (D.D.); (O.Š.); (M.D.)
| | - Karin Korntheuer
- Federal College and Research Institute for Oenology and Pomology, Wiener Street 74, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (K.K.); (C.P.); (R.E.)
| | - Christian Philipp
- Federal College and Research Institute for Oenology and Pomology, Wiener Street 74, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (K.K.); (C.P.); (R.E.)
| | - Reinhard Eder
- Federal College and Research Institute for Oenology and Pomology, Wiener Street 74, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (K.K.); (C.P.); (R.E.)
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Pedret A, Companys J, Calderón-Pérez L, Llauradó E, Pla-Pagà L, Salamanca P, Sandoval-Ramírez BA, Catalán Ú, Fernández-Castillejo S, Yuste S, Macià A, Gutiérrez-Tordera L, Bulló M, Camps J, Canela N, Valls RM, Rubió-Piqué L, Motilva MJ, Solà R. A red-fleshed apple rich in anthocyanins improves endothelial function, reduces inflammation, and modulates the immune system in hypercholesterolemic subjects: the AppleCOR study. Food Funct 2024; 15:5825-5841. [PMID: 38751340 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05114e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The study determines the sustained and acute effects of a red-fleshed apple (RFA), rich in anthocyanins (ACNs), a white-fleshed apple (WFA) without ACNs, and an infusion from Aronia melanocarpa (AI) with an equivalent content of ACNs as RFA, on different cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in hypercholesterolemic subjects. A randomized, parallel study was performed for 6 weeks and two dose-response studies were performed at the baseline and after intervention. At 6 weeks, RFA consumption improved ischemic reactive hyperemia and decreased C-reactive protein and interleukine-6 compared to WFA consumption. Moreover, at 6 weeks, AI decreased P-selectin compared to WFA and improved the lipid profile. Three products reduced C1q, C4 and Factor B, and RFA and AI reduced C3. Although both RFA and AI have a similar ACN content, RFA, by a matrix effect, induced more improvements in inflammation, whereas AI improved the lipid profile. Anti-inflammatory protein modulation by proteomic reduction of the complement system and immunoglobulins were verified after WFA, AI and RFA consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pedret
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Reus, Spain.
| | - Judit Companys
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, 43204, Spain
| | - Lorena Calderón-Pérez
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, 43204, Spain
| | - Elisabet Llauradó
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Reus, Spain.
| | - Laura Pla-Pagà
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Reus, 43204, Spain
| | - Patricia Salamanca
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Reus, Spain.
| | - Berner-Andree Sandoval-Ramírez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Reus, Spain.
| | - Úrsula Catalán
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Reus, Spain.
| | - Sara Fernández-Castillejo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Reus, Spain.
| | - Silvia Yuste
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alba Macià
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laia Gutiérrez-Tordera
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University RoviraiVirgili (URV), 43201 Reus, Spain
- Institute of Health Pere Virgili-IISPV, University Hospital Sant Joan, 43202 Reus, Spain
| | - Mónica Bulló
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University RoviraiVirgili (URV), 43201 Reus, Spain
- Institute of Health Pere Virgili-IISPV, University Hospital Sant Joan, 43202 Reus, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Núria Canela
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, Reus 43204, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Valls
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Reus, Spain.
| | - Laura Rubió-Piqué
- Food Technology Department, XaRTA-TPV, Agrotecnio Center, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria José Motilva
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Gobierno de la Rioja, Universidad de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - Rosa Solà
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Diseases Group (NFOC-Salut), Reus, Spain.
- Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
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Szymczak K, Zakłos-Szyda M, Mietlińska K, Eliašová A, Jodłowska I, Gruľová D, Hodun G, Bonikowski R. Old Apple Cultivars as a Natural Source of Phenolics and Triterpenoids with Cytoprotective Activity on Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells. Foods 2024; 13:1014. [PMID: 38611320 PMCID: PMC11011742 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apples are among the most consumed fruits worldwide. They serve as an excellent source of compounds that have a positive impact on human health. While new varieties of apples are being developed, numerous varieties have been forgotten. In this article, we present the results of research on 30 old apple cultivars, focusing on both qualitative and quantitative determination of antioxidant properties, and content of total phenolics, phenolic acids, triterpenoids and polyphenols. Our analyses show significant differences in the total content of each group of compounds between apple cultivars, as well as the phytochemical profile. The richest source of antioxidants was revealed to be 'Reneta Blenheimska' and 'Książę Albrecht Pruski' varieties, but the highest amount of phenolics had 'James Grieve' and 'Kantówka Gdańska' (KG). Among studied apples KG, 'Krótkonóżka Królewska' and 'Grochówka' (G) were the richest source of phenolic acids and polyphenols, whereas G, 'James Grieve' and 'Krótkonóżka Królewska' had the highest level of triterpenoids. Based on these findings, we selected two cultivars, G and KG, for further in vitro cell line-based studies. Based on biological activity analyses, we demonstrated not only antioxidant potential but also proapoptotic and cytoprotective properties within human-originated Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines. In the era of a dynamically growing number of lifestyle diseases, it is particularly important to draw the attention of producers and consumers to the need to choose fruit varieties with the highest possible content of health-promoting compounds and, therefore, with the strongest health-promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Szymczak
- Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (K.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (M.Z.-S.); (I.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Mietlińska
- Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (K.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Adriana Eliašová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, 17, Novembra 1, SK-081 16 Prešov, Slovakia; (A.E.); (D.G.)
| | - Iga Jodłowska
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (M.Z.-S.); (I.J.)
| | - Daniela Gruľová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, 17, Novembra 1, SK-081 16 Prešov, Slovakia; (A.E.); (D.G.)
| | - Grzegorz Hodun
- Department of Variety Studies, Nursery and Gene Resources, Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland;
| | - Radosław Bonikowski
- Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Łódź, Poland; (K.M.); (R.B.)
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He F, Du Y, Pan Z, Zeng H, Luo H, Wang J, Sun Y, Li M. The composition of phenolic compounds in Chinese olive ( Canarium album L.) cultivars and their contribution to the anti-inflammatory properties of the cultivars. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1334077. [PMID: 38439923 PMCID: PMC10910046 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1334077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the phenolic compounds (PCs) present in three Chinese olive (Canarium album L.) cultivars and the contribution of these PCs to the anti-inflammatory activities of the cultivars. Methods Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap/mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive/MS) was used to identify and quantify the PCs present in three Chinese olive cultivars, "Na zhong," "Tan xiang," and "Xiang zhong". 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonate) (ABTS); and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) assays were used to assess the antioxidant activities of the PCs. Furthermore, we analyzed the anti-inflammatory action of these PCs using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Results A total of 44 PCs were identified in the three cultivars. Of these, 17 PCs were previously unidentified in Chinese olive. Among the cultivars, the free phenolics (FPs) of "Tan xiang" showed the strongest antioxidant activity. All cultivars have shown significant inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 production. Clustering correlation analysis showed galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucose and paeonol have significant anti-inflammatory ability in FPs. Quininic, galloylquinic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and gallic acid hexoside have shown significant inhibition of IL-6 production in BPs. Furthermore, gallic acid, catechin, syringic acid, and nobiletin exhibit negative correlation in FPs and positive correlation in BPs of cytokine production, while corilagin and methyl ellagic acid pentoside exhibited opposite correlation. Conclusion In summary, this study contributed to the literature on PCs in Chinese olives and the potential health benefits of FPs and BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqing He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixuan Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuangguang Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huize Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haolin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Food Safety and Quality, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Shin J, Lee Y, Hahm S, Lee K, Park J. Effects of Exogenous Ethanol Treatment in Nutrient Solution on Growth and Secondary Metabolite Contents of Three Herb Species in an Indoor Vertical Farming System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3842. [PMID: 38005739 PMCID: PMC10675256 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the possibility of exogenous ethanol treatment as a technology to regulate the growth and the synthesis of secondary metabolites in herbaceous plants. After transplantation, sweet basil, Korean mint, and sweet wormwood were cultivated in a controlled vertical farming system and consistently exposed to exogenous ethanol at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mM. Their growth parameters, antioxidant activity, and secondary metabolite contents were Everything is fine. measured to investigate the effects of the exogenous ethanol treatment on the three plants. The low-concentration ethanol treatments increased the shoot dry weight of the sweet basil and sweet wormwood compared to that of the control. As the ethanol concentration increased, the shoot fresh weight and leaf area in the sweet basil and Korean mint decreased compared to those of the control (0 mM). The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of the three plants increased with the ethanol concentration, while the total flavonoid content did not demonstrate a significant trend. The chlorophyll and carotenoids of the basil showed no apparent concentration-dependent trends; however, the chlorophyll and carotenoids of the Korean mint and sweet wormwood decreased with high ethanol concentrations. Moreover, the antioxidant enzyme activity increased with high ethanol concentrations, indicating that high ethanol concentrations induce oxidative stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyung Shin
- Department of Bio-AI Convergence, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - YongJae Lee
- Department of Bio-AI Convergence, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Seungyong Hahm
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwangya Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseok Park
- Department of Bio-AI Convergence, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
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Kalinowska M, Gołebiewska E, Zawadzka M, Choińska R, Koronkiewicz K, Piasecka-Jóźwiak K, Bujak M. Sustainable extraction of bioactive compound from apple pomace through lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19310. [PMID: 37935832 PMCID: PMC10630348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple pomace (AP), a by-product of the juice industry, is a rich and inexpensive source of natural bioactive substances, including phenolic compounds, that exhibit health-promoting effects. The recovery of these compounds from plant material using only classical extraction techniques and environmentally friendly solvents is often ineffective due to the entrapment of some compounds in the complex structures of plant cell walls. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) fermentation can be a simple technology to increase the content of phenolic compounds, as well as the antioxidant activity of plant material. In this study, pomace from conventionally grown apples (Malus Domestica) of the Ligol cultivar were fermented with selected LAB strains (Lpb. plantarum KKP 3182, Lpb. plantarum KKP 1527, Lpb. plantarum ZFB 200), commercial starter cultures of Lpb. plantarum, and spontaneously. The fermented material was then subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction, and the resulting extracts were analysed for their composition (phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, simple organic acids), and antioxidant activity. We found that: (1) the total phenolic content of AP extracts fermented with Lpb. plantarum KKP 1527 was about 30% higher than that of non-fermented AP extracts, (2) extracts of AP fermented with Lpb. plantarum KKP 1527 characterized a higher value of the antioxidant activity, (3) an increase in gallic acid procyanidin A2, protocatechuic acid, and procyanidin B2, while a decrease in rutin and quercetin was observed. The results indicated that AP fermented with Lpb. plantarum KKP 1527 may be a powerful and low-cost source of natural antioxidants which have applications in many industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kalinowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Institute of Civil Engineering and Energetics, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Gołebiewska
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Institute of Civil Engineering and Energetics, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zawadzka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Institute of Civil Engineering and Energetics, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Renata Choińska
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute (IBPRS-PIB), Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Institute of Civil Engineering and Energetics, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piasecka-Jóźwiak
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute (IBPRS-PIB), Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Bujak
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology-State Research Institute (IBPRS-PIB), Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
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Santos LFD, Lopes ST, Nazari MT, Biduski B, Pinto VZ, Santos JSD, Bertolin TE, Santos LRD. Fruit pomace as a promising source to obtain biocompounds with antibacterial activity. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12597-12609. [PMID: 35866531 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2103510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The demand for natural compounds to replace synthetic additives has aroused the interest of different sectors of society, especially the scientific community, due to their safety, biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity. Alternative sources for antimicrobial compounds have been explored, such as fruit pomace. These by-products have essential compounds in their composition with different potential for application in food and packaging. In this context, this review systematizes the use of pomace from different fruits as a source of antibacterial compounds. Also, it summarizes the extraction methods and the applications of these compounds. Grape pomace, cranberry, and apple extracts are the most explored for antibacterial control, especially against genus Listeria, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia. In addition, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and proanthocyanins are the main compounds identified in the studied fruit pomace extracts. In the reviewed articles, the biocompounds recovery is performed by methods with the absence of high temperatures (>80 °C); in some studies, the solid-liquid extraction method at mild temperatures (<30 °C) was well explored, using ethanol and water as solvent. The use of fruit processing by-products for bacterial control highlights the possibility of favoring the three pillars of sustainability (social, economic, and environmental) in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bárbara Biduski
- University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vania Zanella Pinto
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Tecnology, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Parana, Brazil
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Lončarić A, Flanjak I, Kovač T, Tomac I, Skoko AMG, Babojelić MS, Fruk G, Zrinušić SZ, Čiček D, Babić J, Jozinović A. Unveiling Apple Diversity: The Quality of Juice Produced from Old vs. Commercial Apple Cultivars. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3733. [PMID: 37960090 PMCID: PMC10650719 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This research is focused on comparing the compositions of juice produced from old and commercially grown apple cultivars. We examined factors such as pH, total acids, soluble dry matter, polyphenol profile, and antioxidant activity, which impact the attributes, safety, shelf life, and nutritional value of the juice. Our analysis revealed differences between these two groups of cultivars. For instance, pH values ranged from 3.04 (in 'Bobovec') to 3.69 (in 'Fuji'). The proportions of acids varied from 0.07 g/100 mL (in 'Fuji') to 0.19 g/100 mL (in 'Wagener'). Soluble dry matter content ranged from 14.10% (in 'Fuji') to 18.50% (in 'Kraljevčica'). We also observed variations in sugar content and composition among cultivars; for example, sucrose levels varied from 16.11 g/L ('Fuji') to 39.36 g/L ('Golden Delicious). Glucose levels ranged from 4.95 g/L ('Jonagold') to 19.18 g/L ('Fuji'), while fructose levels spanned from 50.78 g/L ('Austrougarka') to 427.97 g/L ('Ilzer Rosenapfel'). Furthermore, old apple cultivars exhibited higher concentrations of phenols and flavonoids compared to commercial ones; we also noted significant variations in flavonol levels among different cultivars. The 'Wagener' and 'Božićnica' apple varieties had levels of myricetin measuring 0.53 and 0.52 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, 'Bobovec' stood out for its content of procyanidin B2 with a concentration of 422.61 µg/mL. When examining non-flavonoid compounds, it was found that old apple cultivars had higher concentrations of gallic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid. However, commercial cultivars showed dominance in caffeic and p-coumaric. Comparisons of antioxidant capacity using DPPH and ABTS assays clearly demonstrated the superiority of old apple cultivars. Overall, this study highlights the importance of utilizing apple cultivars for juice production. Their distinct compositions and higher antioxidant capacities contribute to potential health benefits. Preserving these cultivars for enhanced juice quality and nutritional value is encouraged. Further research could explore cultivation practices' impact on composition and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Lončarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.L.); (I.F.); (I.T.); (A.-M.G.S.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Ivana Flanjak
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.L.); (I.F.); (I.T.); (A.-M.G.S.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Tihomir Kovač
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.L.); (I.F.); (I.T.); (A.-M.G.S.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Ivana Tomac
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.L.); (I.F.); (I.T.); (A.-M.G.S.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Ana-Marija Gotal Skoko
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.L.); (I.F.); (I.T.); (A.-M.G.S.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
| | | | - Goran Fruk
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.S.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Sanja Zec Zrinušić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.L.); (I.F.); (I.T.); (A.-M.G.S.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Danijel Čiček
- Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food, Center of Pomology and Vegetable Crops, Gorice 68b, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Jurislav Babić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.L.); (I.F.); (I.T.); (A.-M.G.S.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Antun Jozinović
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (A.L.); (I.F.); (I.T.); (A.-M.G.S.); (S.Z.Z.); (J.B.); (A.J.)
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9
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Bindon K, Qi S, Kassara S, Nicolotti L, Jouin A, Beer M. Apple Pomace Compositional Data Highlighting the Proportional Contribution of Polymeric Procyanidins. Molecules 2023; 28:5494. [PMID: 37513366 PMCID: PMC10384618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an increase in research focusing on the amelioration of apple pomace waste for use in the food and nutraceutical industries. Much of this work has concentrated on the characterisation of the polyphenol composition of apple pomace materials to determine their role in conferring nutritional and health benefits. Although apples contain substantial quantities of polymeric procyanidins (condensed tannins), this class of compounds has received limited attention in apple research. This study quantified the polymeric procyanidins in apple pomace extracts using a rapid, methyl-cellulose precipitation (MCP) approach for the first time. In addition, a non-targeted metabolomics approach was applied to determine the most abundant phenolic classes present. Polymeric procyanidins were found to be the most abundant type of polyphenol in apple pomace extracts and were generally oligomeric in nature. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was most strongly correlated with the polymeric procyanidin concentration. Noting that polymeric procyanidins may not cross the cell layer to exert antioxidant activity in vivo, their presence in apple pomace extracts may therefore overestimate the FRAP. This work highlights the importance of polymeric procyanidins in the phenolic diversity of apple pomaces, and it is proposed that in future studies, rapid MCP assays may be used for their quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Bindon
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Waite Precinct, Hartley Grove cnr Paratoo Road, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Song Qi
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Waite Precinct, Hartley Grove cnr Paratoo Road, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Stella Kassara
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Waite Precinct, Hartley Grove cnr Paratoo Road, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Luca Nicolotti
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Waite Precinct, Hartley Grove cnr Paratoo Road, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia (SA Node), Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Alicia Jouin
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Waite Precinct, Hartley Grove cnr Paratoo Road, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
- Institute of Vine and Wine Science, The University of Bordeaux, 210 Chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Maggie Beer
- The Maggie Beer Foundation, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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10
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Grabska J, Beć KB, Ueno N, Huck CW. Analyzing the Quality Parameters of Apples by Spectroscopy from Vis/NIR to NIR Region: A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12101946. [PMID: 37238763 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectroscopic methods deliver a valuable non-destructive analytical tool that provides simultaneous qualitative and quantitative characterization of various samples. Apples belong to the world's most consumed crops and with the current challenges of climate change and human impacts on the environment, maintaining high-quality apple production has become critical. This review comprehensively analyzes the application of spectroscopy in near-infrared (NIR) and visible (Vis) regions, which not only show particular potential in evaluating the quality parameters of apples but also in optimizing their production and supply routines. This includes the assessment of the external and internal characteristics such as color, size, shape, surface defects, soluble solids content (SSC), total titratable acidity (TA), firmness, starch pattern index (SPI), total dry matter concentration (DM), and nutritional value. The review also summarizes various techniques and approaches used in Vis/NIR studies of apples, such as authenticity, origin, identification, adulteration, and quality control. Optical sensors and associated methods offer a wide suite of solutions readily addressing the main needs of the industry in practical routines as well, e.g., efficient sorting and grading of apples based on sweetness and other quality parameters, facilitating quality control throughout the production and supply chain. This review also evaluates ongoing development trends in the application of handheld and portable instruments operating in the Vis/NIR and NIR spectral regions for apple quality control. The use of these technologies can enhance apple crop quality, maintain competitiveness, and meet the demands of consumers, making them a crucial topic in the apple industry. The focal point of this review is placed on the literature published in the last five years, with the exceptions of seminal works that have played a critical role in shaping the field or representative studies that highlight the progress made in specific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Grabska
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Krzysztof B Beć
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nami Ueno
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Da Silva LC, Viganó J, Sanches VL, De Souza Mesquita LM, Pizani R, Rostagno MA. Simultaneous extraction and analysis of apple pomace by gradient pressurized liquid extraction coupled in-line with solid-phase extraction and on-line with HPLC. Food Chem 2023; 407:135117. [PMID: 36512911 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Due to the complex characteristics and variable composition of apple pomace, sample preparation for chromatographic analysis is a great challenge. To solve this problem, we proposed using a solvent gradient using Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE), where the solvent gradually changes from water to ethanol during the extraction. Different dynamic gradients, static time, and temperatures were evaluated and showed relevant effects on the yields of target analytes. It was possible to improve extraction yields of compounds with different characteristics using the extraction solvent gradient. By coupling solid-phase extraction in-line, it was possible to separate compounds into fractions, where furfural, HMF, and chlorogenic acid gradually eluted from the adsorbent. At the same time, flavonoids were retained and eluted in the later fractions. On-line analysis by HPLC provided real-time information about the process and permitted the creation of a 3D chromatogram of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise C Da Silva
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliane Viganó
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12 - SP 189, Buri, SP 18290-000, Brazil
| | - Vitor L Sanches
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo M De Souza Mesquita
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pizani
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio A Rostagno
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Kim J, Kim M, Choi I. Physicochemical Characteristics, Antioxidant Properties and Consumer Acceptance of Greek Yogurt Fortified with Apple Pomace Syrup. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091856. [PMID: 37174394 PMCID: PMC10178675 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite having high polyphenolic phytochemicals and functional components, apple pomace (AP) is often discarded in landfills, leading to pollution. The study aimed to find a sustainable application for AP in Greek yogurt fortified with AP syrup (APS). Physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant properties were analyzed for APS (APS0.00, APS1.25, APS2.50, APS3.75, APS5.00). As the AP content in the syrup increased, moisture content, titratable acidity, and viscosity significantly increased (p < 0.05). The total polyphenols and flavonoid content of APS increased with increasing AP content. In Greek yogurt fortified with APS (APY), reducing sugar content (0.55 mg/mL to 0.71 mg/mL) significantly increased with fermentation time and AP content, whereas pH level (6.85 to 4.28) decreased. The antioxidant activities by DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and reducing power were also significantly increased with the AP content and fermentation time. In the consumer acceptance test of APY, APY1.25 had significantly high scores in overall acceptance, taste acceptance, and aftertaste acceptance with purchase intent (p < 0.05). The Greek yogurt fortified with APS as functional food had improved antioxidant properties and consumer acceptance, suggesting the possibility of developing sustainable AP products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsook Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang Health Science University, 514, Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilsook Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
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13
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Triterpenoids of Three Apple Cultivars—Biosynthesis, Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties, and Fate during Processing. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062584. [PMID: 36985556 PMCID: PMC10058748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are a group of secondary plant metabolites, with a remarkable pharmacological potential, occurring in the cuticular waxes of the aerial parts of plants. The aim of this study was to analyze triterpenoid variability in the fruits and leaves of three apple cultivars during the growing season and gain new insights into their health-promoting properties and fate during juice and purée production. The identification and quantification of the compounds of interest were conducted using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The waxes of both matrices contained similar analytes; however, their quantitative patterns varied: triterpenic acids prevailed in the fruits, while higher contents of steroids and esterified forms were observed in the leaves. The total triterpenoid content per unit area was stable during the growing season; the percentage of esters increased in the later phases of growth. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated with a series of in vitro assays. Triterpenoids were found to be the main anti-inflammatory compounds in the apples, while their impact on antioxidant capacity was minor. The apples were processed on a lab scale to obtain juices and purées. The apple purée and cloudy juice contained only some of the triterpenoids present in the raw fruit, while the clear juices were virtually free of those lipophilic compounds.
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14
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Polyphenol mediated non-enzymatic browning and its inhibition in apple juice. Food Chem 2023; 404:134504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Rito M, Marques J, da Costa RMF, Correia S, Lopes T, Martin D, Canhoto JMPL, Batista de Carvalho LAE, Marques MPM. Antioxidant Potential of Tamarillo Fruits-Chemical and Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020536. [PMID: 36830094 PMCID: PMC9952541 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Native to South America, tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a small tree cultivated as a fruit crop in several regions of the world. Known for its sweet and sour taste, tamarillo fruits are very nutritious due to the presence of health-beneficial components such as fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants. Despite its nutritional value, tamarillo remains poorly known in global markets. The present work aims to study the antioxidant activity of four genotypes of tamarillo. Several chemical assays were performed to assess the antioxidant components and antioxidant activity of aqueous ethanolic extracts from each genotype. Overall, the Mealhada genotype (a red cultivar) showed the most interesting results, displaying the highest amount of total phenolic, flavonoids, and anthocyanin contents, as well as higher antioxidant activity. To evaluate the composition of the extract, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize important components in aqueous ethanolic extracts of the fruits, having revealed the presence of high amounts of phenols (the main compounds responsible for antioxidant activity), as well as triterpenoids and polysaccharides. The present results highlight the potential nutraceutical importance of tamarillo fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rito
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory Terra, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Marques
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo M. F. da Costa
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandra Correia
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory Terra, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- InnovPlantProtect CoLab, Estrada de Gil Vaz, 7351-901 Elvas, Portugal
| | - Tércia Lopes
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory Terra, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Martin
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. P. L. Canhoto
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory Terra, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Maria Paula M. Marques
- Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Microstructure analysis as a tool for understanding mechanical behavior and polyphenol transport in fruit tissue induced by combined impregnation techniques: prototypes with high potential as antioxidant source. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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17
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Ivanov G, Dimitrova-Dicheva M, Mihalev K, Ivanova I. Viability of lactic acid bacteria in polyphenol-enriched fermented milks. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20235801001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The enrichment of probiotic dairy products with polyphenol extracts from different plant origins is a good approach to enhance the beneficial health effects of functional foods. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) petals polyphenol extract (RPPE) fortification on the lactic acid production and the viability of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus S19 (Lb. bulgaricus), Lactobacillus rhamnosus YW (Lb. rhamnosus) and Streptococcus thermophilus S13 (S. thermophilus) in fermented milk samples during refrigerated storage. The fermented milk samples with RPPE (samples R1 and R2) and without RPPE (samples K1 and K2) were stored at 4 ± 2°C for 15 d. The results for physicochemical parameters showed a constant decrease in the pH values from 4.35 ± 0.04 to 3.99 ± 0.03 and an increase in the lactic acid concentration from 8.68 ± 0.17 g/L to 11.45 ± 0.26 g/L, respectively. The residual lactose concentration in the controls (K1 and K2) and supplemented samples (R1 and R2) at the end of the refrigerated storage was about 32.0 ± 0.24 g/L. Good survival of probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria was observed. The results show that on the 15th day of refrigerated storage, the total count of lactic acid bacteria remains high - about 2.8 × 108 CFU/ml. Thus, RPPE could be used as a functional ingredient in fermented milk production.
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18
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Skoko AMG, Šarkanj B, Lores M, Celeiro M, Babojelić MS, Kamenjak D, Flanjak I, Jozinović A, Kovač T, Lončarić A. Identification and Quantification of Polyphenols in Croatian Traditional Apple Varieties. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3540. [PMID: 36559658 PMCID: PMC9785508 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Apples and apple-based products are particularly interesting due to being a good source of polyphenols in an everyday diet. Recently there has been increased interest in the preservation of traditional apple varieties due to studies that suggest that traditional apple varieties have a higher content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity compared to commercial varieties. This study shows that traditional apple varieties contain higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds than conventional ones, such as chlorogenic acid (1.29-456 mg/kg dw), catechin (0.70-312 mg/kg dw), epicatechin (1.75-244 mg/kg dw), procyanidin B1 + B2 (4.08-358 mg/kg dw) and quercetin-3-glucoside (0.96-231 mg/kg dw). This research underlies the great potential of traditional apple varieties as a source of natural antioxidants and polyphenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Gotal Skoko
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University Centre Koprivnica, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Marta Lores
- LIDSA-CRETUS Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Celeiro
- LIDSA-CRETUS Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Dragutin Kamenjak
- Križevci College of Agriculture, M. Demerca 1, 48260 Križevci, Croatia
| | - Ivana Flanjak
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Antun Jozinović
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tihomir Kovač
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ante Lončarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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19
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Muñoz-Pina S, Duch-Calabuig A, Ruiz De Assín David E, Ros-Lis JV, Amorós P, Argüelles Á, Andrés A. Bioactive compounds and enzymatic browning inhibition in cloudy apple juice by a new magnetic UVM-7-SH mesoporous material. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112073. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Horvacki N, Andrić F, Gašić U, Đurović D, Tešić Ž, Fotirić Akšić M, Milojković-Opsenica D. Phenolic Compounds as Phytochemical Tracers of Varietal Origin of Some Autochthonous Apple Cultivars Grown in Serbia. Molecules 2022; 27:7651. [PMID: 36364475 PMCID: PMC9653822 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Domesticated international (standard) apple cultivars, together with resistant apple cultivars are the core of the Serbian apple production. Furthermore, autochthonous cultivars are characterized by a good adaptability to the local environmental conditions and represent a valuable source of genetic variability, as well as an important source of the gene pool for further breeding programs. Additionally, they show a higher phenolic content and a stronger antioxidant activity, in comparison to commercial cultivars. Therefore, they are more likely to be used as a functional food. The subjects of this study were seventeen samples of fruits and leaves from autochthonous apple cultivars, five international standard cultivars, and six resistant apple cultivars. The phenolic profile was determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), coupled with a diode array detector and a TSQ Quantum Access Max triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. A total of twenty compounds were quantified in the samples. Most of the analyzed phenolics were detected in higher amounts in the peel, compared to the mesocarp. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicate that 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid is present in the highest amount in the mesocarp, while in the peel and leaves, quercetin-glycosides were detected in the highest amount. According to the MANOVA: phloretin, phlorizin, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, kaempferol, and p-coumaric acid are present in significantly higher levels in the autochthonous cultivars, compared to the standard and resistant ones (in both fruits and leaves). Therefore, these compounds can be used as chemical tracers of the apple varietal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Horvacki
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry Ltd., Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Filip Andrić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Gašić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Đurović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Živoslav Tešić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Fotirić Akšić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Liu Z. A review of plant antipathogenic constituents: Source, activity and mechanism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105225. [PMID: 36464345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Green prevention and control of plant pathogens is a development direction of sustainable and low-carbon agriculture given the limitation of traditional chemicals. Plant-derived antipathogenic constituents (PAPCs) exhibit the advantages of being environmental benign and a broad spectrum of target pathogens over traditional chemicals. Here, we review the research advances on plant sources, chemical compositions, activities of antipathogenic constituents in the past 20 years. Reported PAPCs are classified into categories of phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids and antimicrobial peptides. Angiosperms, gymnosperms and some lower plants are the main plant source of detected PAPCs. The PAPCs act on pathogens through multiple pathways including destroying cell structures, blocking key composition synthesis and inhibiting cell metabolism. The development trends of PAPCs are finally prospected. This review serves as a comprehensive review on the study of plant antipathogenic constituents and a key reference for forecasting the source, characteristic and activity of PAPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyao Wang
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongdong Xu
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhidan Liu
- Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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22
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Innovations in the development and application of edible coatings for fresh and minimally processed Apple. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wang M, Bai Z, Zhu H, Zheng T, Chen X, Li P, Zhang J, Ma F. A New Strategy Based on LC-Q TRAP-MS for Determining the Distribution of Polyphenols in Different Apple Varieties. Foods 2022; 11:3390. [PMID: 36360003 PMCID: PMC9657627 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apples are a rich source of polyphenols in the human diet. However, the distribution of polyphenols in different apple varieties and tissues is still largely unclear. In this study, a new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) strategy was developed to reveal the spatial distribution of polyphenols in different apple tissues and varieties. A method based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-enhanced product ion (EPI) was established in the information-dependent acquisition (IDA) mode for pseudo-target screening of major apple polyphenols. A total of 39 apple polyphenolic metabolites were finally identified. Qualitative and quantitative results showed that the variety and content of polyphenols in apple peels were higher than those of other tissues. In apple roots, stems, and leaves, the highest polyphenol variety and content were found in wild species, followed by cultivars and elite varieties. Dihydrochalcone substances, one kind of major apple polyphenols, were more abundant in apple roots, stems, and leaves. This strategy can be applied as a model for other agricultural products, in addition to revealing the distribution of polyphenols in different tissues of apples, which provides a theoretical basis for the utilization of polyphenol resources and variety selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhangzhen Bai
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Huili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Zheng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiujiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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24
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Popescu PA, Palade LM, Nicolae IC, Popa EE, Miteluț AC, Drăghici MC, Matei F, Popa ME. Chitosan-Based Edible Coatings Containing Essential Oils to Preserve the Shelf Life and Postharvest Quality Parameters of Organic Strawberries and Apples during Cold Storage. Foods 2022; 11:3317. [PMID: 36359930 PMCID: PMC9657762 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible coatings and films have been researched for more than three decades due to their ability to be incorporated with different functional ingredients or compounds as an option to maintain the postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three types of chitosan-based (CH) edible coatings obtained from medium and high molecular weight chitosan, containing ascorbic or acetic acid and sea buckthorn or grape seed essential oils on the physical-chemical and microbiological properties of organic strawberries and apple slices during cold storage at 4 °C and 8 °C. Scanning electron microscope images showed both a smooth structure and a fracture and pore structure on strawberry coatings and a dense and smooth structure on the apple slices coatings. Further, the edible coatings managed to reduce the microbial load of yeasts and molds of the coated strawberries during the storage period. Overall, the treatments preserved the ascorbic acid, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity for all the tested samples compared to the control sample, throughout the storage period. In addition, the water activity (aw) of the coated samples presented lower values (0.96-0.98) than the control samples. The obtained results indicate that the developed chitosan-based edible coatings could maintain the postharvest parameters of the tested samples, also leading to their shelf-life prolongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Alexandru Popescu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Mihai Palade
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources-IBA Bucharest, 6 Dinu Vintilă Street, District 2, 021102 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana-Cătălina Nicolae
- Research Center for Studies of Food Quality and Agricultural Products, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Elena Popa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Amalia Carmen Miteluț
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Cristina Drăghici
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florentina Matei
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mona Elena Popa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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25
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Villamil-Galindo E, Piagentini AM. Sequential ultrasound-assisted extraction of pectin and phenolic compounds for the valorisation of ‘Granny Smith’ apple peel. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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26
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Zhang L, Ren Y, Meng F, Bao H, Xing F, Tian C. Verification of the Protective Effects of Poplar Phenolic Compounds Against Poplar Anthracnose. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2198-2206. [PMID: 35578737 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0509-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poplar anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is one of the most important diseases widely distributed in poplar-growing areas in China, causing serious economic and ecological losses. In this study, three poplar species showed different resistance to poplar anthracnose: Populus × canadensis was resistant, Populus tomentosa was susceptible, and P. × beijingensis showed intermediate resistance. However, it remains uncertain whether phenolic compounds in poplar are involved in this resistance. Therefore, we determined the concentrations of phenolic compounds and their antifungal activity. Before and after the C. gloeosporioides inoculation, 20 phenolic compounds were detected in P. × canadensis and the number increased from 12 to 14 in P. × beijingensis but decreased from seven to four in P. tomentosa. Thus, phenolic compounds may be positively correlated with the degree of disease resistance. We selected seven phenolic compounds for further analysis, which varied considerably in content after inoculation with C. gloeosporioides. These seven compounds were salicin, arbutin, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and naringenin, which helped poplar trees to limit the growth of C. gloeosporioides and differed in their antifungal effects, with phenolic acids having the strongest inhibitory effect. In addition, the optimal concentrations of different substances varied. We demonstrate that these phenolic compounds produced by poplar do play a certain role in the process of poplar resistance to anthracnose. These findings lay a foundation for future research into the antifungal mechanism of poplar trees and may be useful for enhancing the prevention and control of poplar anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue Ren
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fanli Meng
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hangbin Bao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Xing
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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27
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Xiang Z, Xia C, Feng S, Chen T, Zhou L, Liu L, Kong Q, Yang H, Ding C. Assessment of free and bound phenolics in the flowers and floral organs of two Camellia species flower and their antioxidant activities. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Roy S, Sarkar T, Chakraborty R. Vegetable seeds: A new perspective in future food development. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Roy
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata India
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Malda Polytechnic West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Govt. of West Bengal Malda India
| | - Runu Chakraborty
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata India
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29
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Sun Y, Luo M, Ge W, Zhou X, Zhou Q, Wei B, Cheng S, Ji S. Phenylpropanoid metabolism in relation to peel browning development of cold-stored 'Nanguo' pears. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111363. [PMID: 35750293 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cold-stored 'Nanguo' pears are susceptible to peel browning during subsequent shelf life. In this study, 'Nanguo' pears were cold-stored for different periods to elucidate the metabolism of phenylpropanoid accompanying browning. Changes in phenolics and flavonoids and the crucial enzyme activity and related gene expression involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway were monitored. It was found that the fruit that underwent long-term storage showed peel browning symptoms prior to softening, and the symptom got worse with increasing shelf life. Meanwhile, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the decrease of ROS scavenging ability were noted. The content of phenolics and flavonoids and the activity and expression of shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway decreased with prolonged storage. Correlation analysis revealed that browning was positively correlated with ROS accumulation, and the content of phenolics and flavonoids directly affected ROS scavenging ability. In addition, the decrease in phenolics and flavonoids might be owing to the reduced activity of SKDH, PAL, and 4CL and the down-regulated expression of PuPAL and Pu4CL. Collectively, this study indicated that the metabolism of phenylpropanoid is associated with the browning response induced by low-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Sun
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Manli Luo
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wanying Ge
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baodong Wei
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shunchang Cheng
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shujuan Ji
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, No.120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Kariñho-Betancourt E, Carlson D, Hollister J, Fischer A, Greiner S, Johnson MTJ. The evolution of multi-gene families and metabolic pathways in the evening primroses (Oenothera: Onagraceae): A comparative transcriptomics approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269307. [PMID: 35749399 PMCID: PMC9231714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant genus Oenothera has played an important role in the study of plant evolution of genomes and plant defense and reproduction. Here, we build on the 1kp transcriptomic dataset by creating 44 new transcriptomes and analyzing a total of 63 transcriptomes to present a large-scale comparative study across 29 Oenothera species. Our dataset included 30.4 million reads per individual and 2.3 million transcripts on average. We used this transcriptome resource to examine genome-wide evolutionary patterns and functional diversification by searching for orthologous genes and performed gene family evolution analysis. We found wide heterogeneity in gene family evolution across the genus, with section Oenothera exhibiting the most pronounced evolutionary changes. Overall, more significant gene family expansions occurred than contractions. We also analyzed the molecular evolution of phenolic metabolism by retrieving proteins annotated for phenolic enzymatic complexes. We identified 1,568 phenolic genes arranged into 83 multigene families that varied widely across the genus. All taxa experienced rapid phenolic evolution (fast rate of genomic turnover) involving 33 gene families, which exhibited large expansions, gaining about 2-fold more genes than they lost. Upstream enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and 4-coumaroyl: CoA ligase (4CL) accounted for most of the significant expansions and contractions. Our results suggest that adaptive and neutral evolutionary processes have contributed to Oenothera diversification and rapid gene family evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Carlson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jessie Hollister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Axel Fischer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephan Greiner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Manzoor S, Masoodi F, Rashid R, Dar MM. Effect of apple pomace-based antioxidants on the stability of mustard oil during deep frying of French fries. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Improving oxidative stability of soyabean oil by apple pomace extract during deep frying of french fries. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Yuste S, Ludwig IA, Romero MP, Motilva MJ, Rubió L. New red-fleshed apple cultivars: a comprehensive review of processing effects, (poly)phenol bioavailability and biological effects. Food Funct 2022; 13:4861-4874. [PMID: 35419577 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Red-fleshed apple cultivars with an enhanced content of anthocyanins have recently attracted the interest of apple producers and consumers due to their attractive color and promising added health benefits. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive overview of new hybrid red-fleshed apples, mainly focusing on their (poly)phenolic composition, the effect of processing, the (poly)phenolic bioavailability and the biological effects. Evidence so far from in vitro and in vivo studies supports their added beneficial effects compared to common apples on health outcomes such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammation and immune function, which are mainly related to their specific (poly)phenol composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Yuste
- Antioxidants Research Group, Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio-RECERCA Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación y Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - María-Paz Romero
- Antioxidants Research Group, Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio-RECERCA Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - María-José Motilva
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino-ICVV (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, Gobierno de La Rioja, Universidad de La Rioja), Finca "La Grajera", Carretera de Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Laura Rubió
- Antioxidants Research Group, Food Technology Department, Agrotecnio-RECERCA Center, University of Lleida, Av/Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Valková V, Ďúranová H, Havrlentová M, Ivanišová E, Mezey J, Tóthová Z, Gabríny L, Kačániová M. Selected Physico-Chemical, Nutritional, Antioxidant and Sensory Properties of Wheat Bread Supplemented with Apple Pomace Powder as a By-Product from Juice Production. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1256. [PMID: 35567257 PMCID: PMC9101174 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present article aimed to study the effects of four selected concentrations (1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%) of apple pomace powder (APP), obtained from juice production, on the nutritional value and selected physico-chemical, antioxidant, and sensory properties of wheat bread. We have found that the ash and total carbohydrate contents, total polyphenols content, and antioxidant activity of the supplemented bread loaves were markedly higher (p < 0.05) as compared to the control ones. On the other hand, values for protein and fat contents and loaf volume in APP-containing bread samples were statistically lower (p < 0.05). Finally, sensory evaluation revealed no significant differences in all tested attributes between the investigated groups of bread samples. The current results suggest that 10% APP addition appears to be an attractive ingredient applied to bread formulation to obtain a bakery product with high nutritional value and required qualitative and sensory properties. In such a manner, apple pomace as by-products from apple juice processing can be efficiently utilized in an eco-friendly way by the food industry to decrease unnecessary waste and environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Valková
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (V.V.); (H.Ď.); (Z.T.); (L.G.)
- Institute of Horticulture, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Hana Ďúranová
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (V.V.); (H.Ď.); (Z.T.); (L.G.)
| | - Michaela Havrlentová
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavska cesta 122, 92168 Piešťany, Slovakia;
- Department of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Ivanišová
- Institute of Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Ján Mezey
- Institute of Horticulture, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Zuzana Tóthová
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (V.V.); (H.Ď.); (Z.T.); (L.G.)
| | - Lucia Gabríny
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; (V.V.); (H.Ď.); (Z.T.); (L.G.)
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Institute of Horticulture, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Bioenergy, Food Technology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Str., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Oyenihi AB, Belay ZA, Mditshwa A, Caleb OJ. "An apple a day keeps the doctor away": The potentials of apple bioactive constituents for chronic disease prevention. J Food Sci 2022; 87:2291-2309. [PMID: 35502671 PMCID: PMC9321083 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apples are rich sources of selected micronutrients (e.g., iron, zinc, vitamins C and E) and polyphenols (e.g., procyanidins, phloridzin, 5′‐caffeoylquinic acid) that can help in mitigating micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) and chronic diseases. This review provides an up‐to‐date overview of the significant bioactive compounds in apples together with their reported pharmacological actions against chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. For consumers to fully gain these health benefits, it is important to ensure an all‐year‐round supply of highly nutritious and good‐quality apples. Therefore, after harvest, the physicochemical and nutritional quality attributes of apples are maintained by applying various postharvest treatments and hurdle techniques. The impact of these postharvest practices on the safety of apples during storage is also highlighted. This review emphasizes that advancements in postharvest management strategies that extend the storage life of apples should be optimized to better preserve the bioactive components crucial to daily dietary needs and this can help improve the overall health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji B Oyenihi
- Functional Foods Research Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Zinash A Belay
- Agri-Food Systems & Omics Laboratory, Post-Harvest and Agro-Processing Technologies (PHATs), Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Asanda Mditshwa
- School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (PMB-Campus), Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Oluwafemi J Caleb
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.,SARChI Postharvest Technology Laboratory, African Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Samaranayake CP, Mok JH, Heskitt BF, Sastry SK. Nonthermal inactivation of polyphenol oxidase in apple juice influenced by moderate electric fields: Effects of periodic on-off and constant exposure electrical treatments. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Cambeiro-Pérez N, Figueiredo-González M, Pérez-Gregorio MR, Bessa-Pereira C, De Freitas V, Sánchez B, Martínez-Carballo E. Unravelling the immunomodulatory role of apple phenolic rich extracts on human THP-1- derived macrophages using multiplatform metabolomics. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Analysis of Apple Fruit (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Quality Attributes Obtained from Organic and Integrated Production Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare total phenolic content (TPC), radical-scavenging activity (RSA), total anthocyanin content (TAC), sugar and polyphenolic profiles of two apple cultivars (‘Discovery’ and ‘Red Aroma Orelind’) from organic and integrated production systems in climatic conditions of Western Norway. Sixteen sugars and four sugar alcohols and 19 polyphenols were found in the peel, but less polyphenols were detected in the pulp. The peel of both apples and in both production systems had significantly higher TPC and RSA than the pulp. The peel from integrated apples had higher TPC than the peel from organic apples, while organic apples had higher TAC than the integrated. Sucrose and glucose levels were higher in organic apples; fructose was cultivar dependent while minor sugars were higher in integrated fruits. The most abundant polyphenolic compound in the peel of the tested cultivars was quercetin 3-O-galactoside, while chlorogenic acid was most abundant in the pulp. Regarding polyphenols, phloretin, phloridzin, protocatechuic acid, baicalein and naringenin were higher in organic apple, while quercetin 3-O-galactoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid and syringic acid was higher in integrated fruits. In conclusion, organic ‘Discovery’ and integrated ‘Red Aroma Orelind’ had higher bioavailability of health related compounds from the peel and the pulp.
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Hao K, Fei L, Liu L, Jie F, Peng Y, Liu X, Khan SA, Wang D, Wang X. Comprehensive Evaluation on the Yield, Quality, and Water-Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Mountain Apple Under Surge-Root Irrigation in the Loess Plateau Based on the Improved TOPSIS Method. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853546. [PMID: 35449894 PMCID: PMC9018000 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to know the controlling effects of water and nitrogen coupling on the yield, quality, and water-nitrogen utilization effectiveness of mountain apples under surge-root irrigation in the Loess Plateau. In order to optimize the water and nitrogen irrigation systems of superior quality and high yield, 7 years was selected for the mountain apple test material. The trial was designed with four tiers of irrigation, i.e., full irrigation (FI: 85-100% θ f , where θ f is the field capacity), light deficit irrigation (DIL: 70-85% θ f ), moderate deficit irrigation (DIM: 55-70% θ f ), and severe deficit irrigation (DIS: 40-55% θ f ) and three tiers of nitrogen, i.e., high nitrogen (NH: 600 kg ha-1), medium nitrogen (NM: 400 kg ha-1), and low nitrogen (NL: 200 kg ha-1). The subjective weight attained by the analytic hierarchy methods and the objective weight achieved by the enhanced coefficient of variation method were examined to find the comprehensive weight based on the notion of game hypothesis. Then, the weighted technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) process was utilized to comprehensively assess the yield, quality, and water-nitrogen use efficiency of the apples, and a binary quadratic regression model was created between the comprehensive evaluation index and water-nitrogen inputs. The results showed that the effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on the fruit yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), total water use efficiency (TWUE), nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP), and quality of mountain apples were significant (P < 0.05). The apple yield and TWUE first improved and then diminished with an escalating quantity of water-nitrogen inputs, the IWUE diminished with a boost in the irrigation quantity, the NPFP dwindled when the nitrogen amount was increased. The best water and nitrogen inputs for apple yield, quality, or water-nitrogen use efficiency were dissimilar. The best comprehensive evaluation index was DILNM treatment, and the worst comprehensive evaluation index was DISNL treatment, based on the TOPSIS system. The interval of irrigation and nitrogen attained from the mathematic model ranged in 95-115 mm and 470-575 kg ha-1, respectively. The outcome of this study may perhaps offer a theoretical basis for the scientific research of surge-root irrigation and the managing of mountain apple tree irrigation and fertilization in the Loess Plateau, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Liangjun Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Lihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Feilong Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Youliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Faculty of Modern Agricultural Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Sher Aslam Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Dong Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiukang Wang
- College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
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Francini A, Fidalgo-Illesca C, Raffaelli A, Romi M, Cantini C, Sebastiani L. Cocoa Bar Antioxidant Profile Enrichment with Underutilized Apples Varieties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:694. [PMID: 35453379 PMCID: PMC9025123 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of dried apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) addition on improving the antioxidant characteristics of dark chocolate was evaluated. The antioxidant activity was measured through DPPH scavenging activity and showed an increase in the cocoa bar with 'Nesta' dry apple (17.3% vs. 46.8%) in comparison to cocoa mass. The 15 polyphenols analyzed by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS indicated great variability among the apple varieties. Quercetin was detected in the highest concentrations (ranged from 753.3 to 1915.5 µg g-1), while the lowest were for kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, measured only in 'Mora' and 'Nesta' cocoa bars (from 0.034 to 0.069 µg g-1, respectively). P-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid contribute largely to the antioxidant activity in cocoa bars. Principal component analysis shows that a cocoa bar with the addition of 'Nesta' dry apple differ from others due to its higher content of polyphenols (1614 ± 61.8 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g). In conclusion, data confirm that cocoa bars with dry apples might be considered as a polyphenol-enriched food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Francini
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.F.-I.); (A.R.)
| | - Carmen Fidalgo-Illesca
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.F.-I.); (A.R.)
| | - Andrea Raffaelli
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.F.-I.); (A.R.)
| | - Marco Romi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Claudio Cantini
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, 58022 Follonica, Italy;
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.F.-I.); (A.R.)
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41
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He W, Laaksonen O, Tian Y, Heinonen M, Bitz L, Yang B. Phenolic compound profiles in Finnish apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) juices and ciders fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains. Food Chem 2022; 373:131437. [PMID: 34749087 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The phenolic compounds in juices and ciders made with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Schizosaccharomyces pombe from eleven Finnish apple cultivars were analyzed using liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods combined with multivariate data analysis. In general, the ciders contained less phenolic compounds than corresponding apple juices. In the studied apple juices and ciders, hydroxycinnamic acids were the most predominant, accounting for around 80% of total phenolic compounds. Apple juices contained more flavonol glycosides and dihydrochalcones whereas cider processing resulted in increased amount of free hydroxycinnamic acids. The contents of individual phenolic compounds were more dependent on the apple cultivars than the yeast species. Certain cultivars contained remarkably higher contents of dihydrochalcones and hydroxycinnamic acids when comparing with other cultivars. Ciders made using S. pombe remained higher contents of procyanidins and (+)-catechin while S. cerevisiae ciders contained higher individual hydroxycinnamic acids, such as 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, and 4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia He
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Oskar Laaksonen
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Ye Tian
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Maarit Heinonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production systems/Horticultural technologies, Myllytie 1, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Lidija Bitz
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production systems/Horticultural technologies, Myllytie 1, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 79, Longcheng Street, Taiyuan 030031, China.
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Catalán Ú, Pedret A, Yuste S, Rubió L, Piñol C, Sandoval-Ramírez BA, Companys J, Foguet E, Herrero P, Canela N, Motilva MJ, Solà R. Red-Fleshed Apples Rich in Anthocyanins and White-Fleshed Apples Modulate the Aorta and Heart Proteome in Hypercholesterolaemic Rats: The AppleCOR Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051047. [PMID: 35268023 PMCID: PMC8912372 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of a red-fleshed apple (RFA) rich in anthocyanins (ACNs), a white-fleshed apple (WFA) without ACNs, and an extract infusion from Aronia fruit (AI) equivalent in dose of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (main ACN) as RFA was determined by the proteome profile of aorta and heart as key cardiovascular tissues. Hypercholesterolaemic Wistar rats were separated into six groups (n = 6/group; three males and three females) and the proteomic profiles were analyzed using nanoliquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. No adverse events were reported and all products were well tolerated. RFA downregulated C1QB and CFP in aorta and CRP in heart. WFA downregulated C1QB and CFP in aorta and C9 and C3 in aorta and heart, among other proteins. AI downregulated PRKACA, IQGAP1, and HSP90AB1 related to cellular signaling. Thus, both apples showed an anti-inflammatory effect through the complement system, while RFA reduced CRP. Regardless of the ACN content, an apple matrix effect was observed that involved different bioactive components, and inflammatory proteins were reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Catalán
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and CVD Research Group (NFOC-Salut), Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain; (Ú.C.); (B.A.S.-R.); (R.S.)
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain
- Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, 43204 Reus, Spain;
| | - Anna Pedret
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and CVD Research Group (NFOC-Salut), Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain; (Ú.C.); (B.A.S.-R.); (R.S.)
- Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, 43204 Reus, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-977-75-9375
| | - Silvia Yuste
- Food Technology Department, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (S.Y.); (L.R.)
| | - Laura Rubió
- Food Technology Department, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO Center, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (S.Y.); (L.R.)
| | - Carme Piñol
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain;
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Fundació Dr. Pifarré-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Berner Andrée Sandoval-Ramírez
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and CVD Research Group (NFOC-Salut), Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain; (Ú.C.); (B.A.S.-R.); (R.S.)
| | - Judit Companys
- Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, 43204 Reus, Spain;
| | - Elisabet Foguet
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, 43204 Reus, Spain; (E.F.); (P.H.); (N.C.)
| | - Pol Herrero
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, 43204 Reus, Spain; (E.F.); (P.H.); (N.C.)
| | - Núria Canela
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira i Virgili-EURECAT, 43204 Reus, Spain; (E.F.); (P.H.); (N.C.)
| | - Maria-Jose Motilva
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, 26007 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Rosa Solà
- Functional Nutrition, Oxidation, and CVD Research Group (NFOC-Salut), Medicine and Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain; (Ú.C.); (B.A.S.-R.); (R.S.)
- Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, 43204 Reus, Spain;
- Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus (HUSJR), 43204 Reus, Spain
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An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Potential Role of miRNA 146 on Macrophages Treated with Exosomes Derived from Apples. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020415. [PMID: 35203624 PMCID: PMC8962404 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The constant dialogue between the plant world and the animal world (including man among them) has been known since the time of Adam and Eve, where an apple was the origin of the evils of the world. Apart from Snow White—who might have something to object to when it comes to the use of apples—fruits, plants, and natural extracts have been known for millennia as remedies for human health-related ailments. In the light of such evidence, the aim of the present work was to investigate from a biological point of view the potential role of apple exosomes in inflammatory processes on human cells. To this end we isolated and characterized apple exosomes and treated human cells such as macrophages and NCTC L929 as cancer cells in order to evaluate the tumorigenic and anti-inflammatory effect of apple exomes. Microscopic and molecular biology analyses were conducted to characterize exosomes and to assess cell proliferation, death, and miRNA line, as well as gene expression and the uptake of exosomes by cells. The results confirm the absolute biological safety of exosomes and their anti-inflammatory effect, mediated mainly by miRNA146 production by M2 macrophages.
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Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaf and twig extracts as rich sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1095. [PMID: 35058528 PMCID: PMC8776824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have served for centuries as sources of compounds useful for human health such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antitumor agents. They are also rich in nutrients that improve the human diet. Growing demands for these compounds make it important to seek new sources for them. Hippophae rhamnoides L. is known as a plant with health-promoting properties. In this study we investigated the chemical composition and biological properties of bioactive components of ethanol extracts from leaves and twigs of H. rhamnoides L. Chemical components such as the total content of phenolic compounds, vitamins and amino acids and the antioxidant activities of these compounds in cellular and cell-free systems were assessed. The results suggest that the studied extracts are rich in bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant properties. Cytotoxicity and hemotoxicity assays showed that the extracts had low toxicity on human cells over the range of concentrations tested. Interaction with human serum albumin was investigated and conformational changes were observed. Our results indicate that leaf and twig extracts of H. rhamnoides L. should be considered as a non-toxic source of bioactive compounds which may be of interest to the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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The Development of a Green Innovative Bioactive Film for Industrial Application as a New Emerging Technology to Protect the Quality of Fruits. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020486. [PMID: 35056801 PMCID: PMC8781806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Today, the most significant challenge encountered by food manufacturers is degradation in the food quality during storage, which is countered by expensive packing, which causes enormous monetary and environmental costs. Edible packaging is a potential alternative for protecting food quality and improving shelf life by delaying microbial growth and providing moisture and gas barrier properties. For the first time, the current article reports the preparation of the new films from Ditriterpenoids and Secomeliacins isolated from Melia azedarach (Dharek) Azadirachta indica plants to protect the quality of fruits. After evaluating these films, their mechanical, specific respirational, coating crystal elongation, elastic, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), film thickness, and nanoindentation test properties are applied to apple fruit for several storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9 days. The fruits were evaluated for postharvest quality by screening several essential phytochemical, physiological responses under film coating and storage conditions. It was observed that prepared films were highly active during storage periods. Coated fruits showed improved quality due to the protection of the film, which lowered the transmission rate and enhanced the diffusion rate, followed by an increase in the shelf life. The coating crystals were higher in Film-5 and lower activity in untreated films. It was observed that the application of films through dipping was a simple technique at a laboratory scale, whereas extrusion and spraying were preferred on a commercial scale. The phytochemicals screening of treated fruits during the storage period showed that a maximum of eight important bioactive compounds were present in fruits after the treatment of films. It was resolved that new active films (1–5) were helpful in the effective maintenance of fruit quality and all essential compounds during storage periods. It was concluded that these films could be helpful for fruits growers and the processing industry to maintain fruit quality during the storage period as a new emerging technology.
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Li X, Gao K, Bi J, Wu X, Lyu J, Guo C. Hot air assisted instant controlled pressure drop drying impact on the Maillard reaction related physicochemical properties of apple slices. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Beijing China
| | - Kun Gao
- Academy of State Administration of Grain Beijing China
| | - Jinfeng Bi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Beijing China
| | - Xinye Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Beijing China
| | - Jian Lyu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China Beijing China
| | - Chongting Guo
- Department of Food Science Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang China
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47
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Enayati A, Banach M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Protective role of nutraceuticals against myocarditis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112242. [PMID: 34953630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium that mostly affects young adults. The disease is commonly caused by viral infection, medications, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Nearly 50% of the cases of myocarditis are due to post-viral immune response in a setting of an identifiable or non-identifiable infection. The clinical manifestation is nonspecific ranging from asymptomatic courses to sudden death in infants and young patients. This review describes the properties of phytochemicals as plant-derived active ingredients which can be used in the prevention and treatment of myocarditis and its associated risk factors. Meanwhile, it has illustrated epidemiological analyses, mechanism of action, and the metabolism of phytochemicals in animal and human clinical trials. We also mentioned the precise mechanism of action by which phytochemicals elicit their anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects and how they regulate signal transduction pathways. Nevertheless, comprehensive clinical trials are required to study the properties of phytochemicals in vivo, in vitro, and in silico for a proper management of myocarditis. Our findings indicate that phytochemicals function as potent adjunctive therapeutic drugs in myocarditis and its related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesheh Enayati
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland.
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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48
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Vasile M, Bunea A, Ioan CR, Ioan BC, Socaci S, Viorel M. Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity of Malus domestica Borkh Peel Extracts. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247636. [PMID: 34946718 PMCID: PMC8709341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple is an important dietary source of carotenoids and phenolic compounds, and its regular consumption is associated with several health benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition of fresh peels of four red-skinned (“Champion”, “Generos”, “Idared”, “Florina”) and two yellow-skinned (“Golden Delicious”, “Reinette Simirenko”) apple varieties. Antioxidant activity of apple peel extracts was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and ABTS radical scavenging capacity assays. Total carotenoid and polyphenolic contents were determined spectrophotometrically, while the profile of individual carotenoids and anthocyanins (in red-skinned varieties) was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). Carotenoid composition was specific for each variety, and total carotenoid content was slightly higher in yellow-skinned apple peels compared to red-skinned varieties. In contrast, total phenolic content was higher in the peels of red-skinned cultivars. Anthocyanin profile was predominated by cyanidin-3-O-galactoside. Antioxidant potential followed the trend of the total polyphenolic content, being highest in “Florina”, as measured by both FRAP and ABTS assays. Our results demonstrated apple peels have high phytochemical content with diverse compositions, and their regular consumption can be an excellent source of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melnic Vasile
- Faculty of Horticulture, Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăstur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.V.); (B.C.I.); (M.V.)
| | - Andrea Bunea
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnologies, Department of Fundamental Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Chira Romeo Ioan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 3–5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Bunea Claudiu Ioan
- Faculty of Horticulture, Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăstur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.V.); (B.C.I.); (M.V.)
| | - Sonia Socaci
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mitre Viorel
- Faculty of Horticulture, Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Mănăstur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.V.); (B.C.I.); (M.V.)
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49
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Nezbedova L, McGhie T, Christensen M, Heyes J, Nasef NA, Mehta S. Onco-Preventive and Chemo-Protective Effects of Apple Bioactive Compounds. Nutrients 2021; 13:4025. [PMID: 34836282 PMCID: PMC8618396 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Epidemiological studies have strongly linked a diet high in fruits to a lower incidence of cancer. Furthermore, extensive research shows that secondary plant metabolites known as phytochemicals, which are commonly found in fruits, have onco-preventive and chemo-protective effects. Apple is a commonly consumed fruit worldwide that is available all year round and is a rich source of phytochemicals. In this review, we summarize the association of apple consumption with cancer incidence based on findings from epidemiological and cohort studies. We further provide a comprehensive review of the main phytochemical patterns observed in apples and their bioavailability after consumption. Finally, we report on the latest findings from in vitro and in vivo studies highlighting some of the key molecular mechanisms targeted by apple phytochemicals in relation to inhibiting multiple 'hallmarks of cancer' that are important in the progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nezbedova
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.N.); (J.H.)
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Tony McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Mark Christensen
- Heritage Food Crops Research Trust, Whanganui 4501, New Zealand;
| | - Julian Heyes
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (L.N.); (J.H.)
| | - Noha Ahmed Nasef
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Sunali Mehta
- Pathology Department, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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50
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Gacnik S, Veberič R, Hudina M, Marinovic S, Halbwirth H, Mikulič-Petkovšek M. Salicylic and Methyl Salicylic Acid Affect Quality and Phenolic Profile of Apple Fruits Three Weeks before the Harvest. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1807. [PMID: 34579342 PMCID: PMC8467901 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effects of spraying over apple trees (Malus domestica; 'Topaz') with methyl salicylic acid (MeSA) and SA during fruit maturation were investigated for quality parameters (weight, firmness, hue angle, red blush, yield) and phenolic profile of the peel and pulp (HPLC-mass spectrometry). These treatment effects were also investigated for activities of the phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase and isomerase (combined), and flavanone-3β-hydroxylase. The MeSA and SA treatments resulted in poor fruit peel coloration, with higher hue angles and 20% and 10% lower red blush, respectively. Anthocyanin levels were also significantly lower (56%) for MeSA treatment. MeSA stimulated activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase/isomerase, which resulted in higher levels of flavanols (to 34%), flavonols (to 33%), and hydroxycinnamic acids (to 29%), versus control. Therefore, while these salicylate treatments improve levels of some beneficial polyphenols, they also have negative effects on the external quality characteristics of the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Gacnik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (M.H.); (M.M.-P.)
| | - Robert Veberič
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (M.H.); (M.M.-P.)
| | - Metka Hudina
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (M.H.); (M.M.-P.)
| | - Silvija Marinovic
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria; (S.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Maja Mikulič-Petkovšek
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (M.H.); (M.M.-P.)
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