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Raine A, Brodrick L. Omega-3 supplementation reduces aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR 2024; 78:101956. [PMID: 38911617 PMCID: PMC11192490 DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2024.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of omega-3 supplements to reduce aggressive behavior. This meta-analysis summarizes findings from 28 RCTs (randomized controlled trials) on omega-3 supplementation to reduce aggression, yielding 35 independent samples with a total of 3,918 participants. Three analyses were conducted where the unit of analysis was independent samples, independent studies, and independent laboratories. Significant effect sizes were observed for all three analyses (g = .16, .20, .28 respectively), averaging .22, in the direction of omega-3 supplementation reducing aggression. There was no evidence of publication bias, and sensitivity analyses confirmed findings. Moderator analyses were largely non-significant, indicating that beneficial effects are obtained across age, gender, recruitment sample, diagnoses, treatment duration, and dosage. Omega-3 also reduced both reactive and proactive forms of aggression, particularly with respect to self-reports (g = .27 and .20 respectively). It is concluded that there is now sufficient evidence to begin to implement omega-3 supplementation to reduce aggression in children and adults - irrespective of whether the setting is the community, the clinic, or the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Lia Brodrick
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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Kemp ET, Zandberg L, Harvey BH, Smuts CM, Baumgartner J. Iron and n-3 fatty acid depletion, alone and in combination, during early development provoke neurochemical changes, anhedonia, anxiety and social dysfunction in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:698-714. [PMID: 37585720 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2245615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Both iron and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA) play important roles in the development and functioning of the brain. We investigated the effects of n-3 FA and iron deficiencies, alone and in combination, during early development on behaviour and brain monoamines in rats. Methods: Using a 2-factorial design, female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to one of four diet groups: Control, n-3 FA deficient (n-3 FAD), iron deficient (ID), or n-3 FAD + ID. Females received these diets throughout mating, pregnancy and lactation. Offspring (n = 24/group; male:female = 1:1) continued on the same diet until post-natal day 42-45, and underwent a sucrose preference test (SPT), novel object recognition test, elevated plus maze (EPM) and social interaction test (SIT). Results: ID offspring consumed less sucrose in the SPT and spent more time in closed arms and less time in open arms of the EPM than non-ID offspring. In female offspring only, ID and n-3 FAD reduced time approaching and together in the SIT, with an additive effect of ID and n-3 FAD for even less time approaching and spent together in the n-3 FAD + ID group compared to controls. ID offspring had higher striatal dopamine and norepinephrine and lower frontal cortex dopamine concentrations. N-3 FAD and ID affected frontal cortex serotonin concentrations in a sex-specific manner. Conclusions: Our results suggest that ID and n-3 FAD during early development provoke anhedonia, anxiety and social dysfunction in rats, with potential additive and attenuating effects when combined. These effects may in part be attributed to disturbances in brain neurochemistry and may be sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna T Kemp
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lizelle Zandberg
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- School of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Cornelius M Smuts
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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3
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Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, Chan HM, Roke K, Bernasconi A, Hahn A, Sala-Vila A, Stark KD, Harris WS. Omega-3 world map: 2024 update. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101286. [PMID: 38879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2016, the first worldwide n3 PUFA status map was published using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) as standard biomarker. The O3I is defined as the percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs. The purpose of the present study was to update the 2016 map with new data. In order to be included, studies had to report O3I and/or blood EPA + DHA levels in metrics convertible into an estimated O3I, in samples drawn after 1999. To convert the non-RBC-based EPA + DHA metrics into RBC we used newly developed equations. Baseline data from clinical trials and observational studies were acceptable. A literature search identified 328 studies meeting inclusion criteria encompassing 342,864 subjects from 48 countries/regions. Weighted mean country O3I levels were categorized into very low ≤4%, low >4-6%, moderate >6-8%, and desirable >8%. We found that the O3I in most countries was low to very low. Notable differences between the current and 2016 map were 1) USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, UK, Ireland and Greece (moving from the very low to low category); 2) France, Spain and New Zealand (low to moderate); and 3) Finland and Iceland (moderate to desirable). Countries such as Iran, Egypt, and India exhibited particularly poor O3I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philine Beinhorn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
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Rheims S, Herbillon V, Gaillard S, Mercier C, Villeuve N, Villéga F, Cances C, Castelnau P, Napuri S, de Saint‐Martin A, Auvin S, Nguyen The Tich S, Berquin P, de Bellecize J, Milh M, Roy P, Arzimanoglou A, Bodennec J, Bezin L, Kassai B. Phosphatidylserine enriched with polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid supplementation for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with epilepsy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:582-591. [PMID: 38173190 PMCID: PMC10984292 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent comorbidity in children with epilepsy, which management mostly relies on the usual treatments of ADHD, especially methylphenidate. Supplementation with polyunsaturated n-3 Fatty Acid (PUFA) has been proposed as an alternative therapeutic approach in ADHD without epilepsy but has never been evaluated in epilepsy-associated ADHD. METHODS A multicenter double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating supplementation with PUFA, in eicosapentaenoic- and docosahexaenoic-acid form, conjugated to a phospholipid vector (PS-Omega3) in children aged >6 and <16-years old, and suffering from any type of epilepsy and ADHD (inattentive or combined type) according to DSM-V. After a 4-week baseline period, patients were allocated (1:1) either to placebo group or to PS-Omega 3 group and entered a 12 week-double-blind treatment period which was followed by a 12 week-open-label treatment period. The primary outcome was the reduction of the ADHD-rating scale IV attention-deficit subscore after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS The study was stopped early because of lack of eligible participants and the expected sample size was not reached. Seventy-four patients were randomized, 44 in PS-Omega3, and 30 in the placebo group. The reduction after 12 weeks of treatment in the inattention subscore of the ADHD-IV scale was -1.57 in the PS-Omega3 group, and -2.90 in the placebo group (p = 0.33, α = 5%). Results were similar after 24 weeks of treatment and for all other ADHD-related secondary outcomes, with no difference between placebo and PS-Omega3. CONCLUSION Our study remaining underpowered, no formal conclusion about the effect of Ps-Omega3 could be drawn. However, our data strongly suggested that the PS-Omega 3 formulation used in the current study did not improve ADHD symptoms in children with epilepsy. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Supplementation with polyunsaturated n-3 Fatty Acid (PUFA) has been proposed in ADHD but has never been evaluated in patients with both epilepsy and ADHD. To address this issue, we conducted a multicenter double blind randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating supplementation with PUFA in children with epilepsy and ADHD. The study was stopped early because of lack of eligible participants, hampering formal conclusion. However, the evolution of the ADHD symptoms at 12 and 24 weeks did not differ between placebo and PUFA supplementation, strongly suggesting that PUFA did not improve ADHD symptoms in children with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Rheims
- Department of Functional Neurology and EpileptologyHospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
- Epilepsy InstituteLyonFrance
| | - Vania Herbillon
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
- Epilepsy, Sleep and Paediatric Neurophysiology DepartmentHospices Civils de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Ségolène Gaillard
- Clinical Investigation Centre 1407, Hospices Civils de Lyon‐InsermHôpital Louis PradelBronFrance
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stéphane Auvin
- Pediatric Neurology Department, AP‐HP, Robert‐Debré University HospitalCRMR Épilepsies Rares, EpiCARE MemberParisFrance
- INSERM NeuroDiderotUniversité Paris CitéParisFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)ParisFrance
| | | | | | - Julitta de Bellecize
- Epilepsy, Sleep and Paediatric Neurophysiology DepartmentHospices Civils de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Mathieu Milh
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyAPHMMarseilleFrance
| | - Pascal Roy
- Department of BiostatisticsHospices Civils de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Alexis Arzimanoglou
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
- Epilepsy, Sleep and Paediatric Neurophysiology DepartmentHospices Civils de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Jacques Bodennec
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
- Epilepsy InstituteLyonFrance
| | - Laurent Bezin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292Lyon 1 UniversityLyonFrance
- Epilepsy InstituteLyonFrance
| | - Behrouz Kassai
- Clinical Investigation Centre 1407, Hospices Civils de Lyon‐InsermHôpital Louis PradelBronFrance
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Equipe Biostatistique‐Santé, CNRS, UMR 5558Lyon 1 UniversityVilleurbanneFrance
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5
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Reemst K, Lopizzo N, Abbink MR, Engelenburg HJ, Cattaneo A, Korosi A. Molecular underpinnings of programming by early-life stress and the protective effects of early dietary ω6/ω3 ratio, basally and in response to LPS: Integrated mRNA-miRNAs approach. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:283-297. [PMID: 38242369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) exposure increases the risk for mental disorders, including cognitive impairments later in life. We have previously demonstrated that an early diet with low ω6/ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio protects against ELS-induced cognitive impairments. Several studies have implicated the neuroimmune system in the ELS and diet mediated effects, but currently the molecular pathways via which ELS and early diet exert their long-term impact are not yet fully understood. Here we study the effects of ELS and dietary PUFA ratio on hippocampal mRNA and miRNA expression in adulthood, both under basal as well as inflammatory conditions. Male mice were exposed to chronic ELS by the limiting bedding and nesting material paradigm from postnatal day(P)2 to P9, and provided with a diet containing a standard (high (15:1.1)) or protective (low (1.1:1)) ω6 linoleic acid to ω3 alpha-linolenic acid ratio from P2 to P42. At P120, memory was assessed using the object location task. Subsequently, a single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection was given and 24 h later hippocampal genome-wide mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) expression was measured using microarray. Spatial learning deficits induced by ELS in mice fed the standard (high ω6/ω3) diet were reversed by the early-life protective (low ω6/ω3) diet. An integrated miRNA - mRNA analysis revealed that ELS and early diet induced miRNA driven mRNA expression changes into adulthood. Under basal conditions both ELS and the diet affected molecular pathways related to hippocampal plasticity, with the protective (low ω6/ω3 ratio) diet leading to activation of molecular pathways associated with improved hippocampal plasticity and learning and memory in mice previously exposed to ELS (e.g., CREB signaling and endocannabinoid neuronal synapse pathway). LPS induced miRNA and mRNA expression was strongly dependent on both ELS and early diet. In mice fed the standard (high ω6/ω3) diet, LPS increased miRNA expression leading to activation of inflammatory pathways. In contrast, in mice fed the protective diet, LPS reduced miRNA expression and altered target mRNA expression inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways and pathways associated with hippocampal plasticity, which was especially apparent in mice previously exposed to ELS. This data provides molecular insights into how the protective (low ω6/ω3) diet during development could exert its long-lasting beneficial effects on hippocampal plasticity and learning and memory especially in a vulnerable population exposed to stress early in life, providing the basis for the development of intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Reemst
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola Lopizzo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Recupero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maralinde R Abbink
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J Engelenburg
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Recupero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands.
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Raine A, Gur RC, Gur RE, Richmond TS, Hibbeln J, Liu J. Omega-3 Supplementation Reduces Schizotypal Personality in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae009. [PMID: 38300759 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Based on a childhood intervention from ages 3 to 5 years that included additional fish consumption and which resulted in reduced schizotypal personality at age 23, we had previously hypothesized that omega-3 could reduce schizotypy. The current study tests the hypothesis that omega-3 supplementation reduces schizotypy in children. STUDY DESIGN In this intention-to-treat, randomized, single-blind, stratified, factorial trial, a community sample of 290 children aged 11-12 years were randomized into Omega-3 Only, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Only, Omega-3 + CBT, and Control groups. Schizotypy was assessed using the SPQ-C (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire for Children) at 0 months (baseline), 3 months (end of treatment), 6 months (3 months post-treatment), and 12 months (9 months post-treatment). STUDY RESULTS A significant group × time interaction (P = .013) indicated that, compared with Controls, total schizotypy scores were reduced in both Omega-3 Only and Omega-3 + CBT groups immediately post-treatment (d = 0.56 and 0.47, respectively), and also 3 months after supplementation terminated (d = 0.49, d = 0.70). Stronger findings were observed for the interpersonal schizotypy factor, with both omega-3 groups showing reductions 9 months post-treatment compared with the CBT Only group. Schizotypy reductions were significantly stronger for those with higher dietary intake of omega-3 at intake. Sensitivity analyses confirmed findings. CONCLUSIONS Results are unique in the field and suggest that omega-3 can help reduce schizotypal personality in community-residing children. From an epidemiological standpoint, if replicated and extended, these findings could have implications for early prevention of more significant schizotypal features developing later in adolescence. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION "Healthy Brains & Behavior: Understanding and Treating Youth Aggression (HBB)." ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00842439, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00842439.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Baqueiro MDN, Simino LADP, Costa JP, Panzarin C, Reginato A, Torsoni MA, Ignácio-Souza L, Milanski M, Ross MG, Coca KP, Desai M, Torsoni AS. Sex-Dependent Variations in Hypothalamic Fatty Acid Profile and Neuropeptides in Offspring Exposed to Maternal Obesity and High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:340. [PMID: 38337626 PMCID: PMC10857148 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity and/or high-fat diet (HF) consumption can disrupt appetite regulation in their offspring, contributing to transgenerational obesity and metabolic diseases. As fatty acids (FAs) play a role in appetite regulation, we investigated the maternal and fetal levels of FAs as potential contributors to programmed hyperphagia observed in the offspring of obese dams. Female mice were fed either a control diet (CT) or HF prior to mating, and fetal and maternal blood and tissues were collected at 19 days of gestation. Elevated levels of linoleic acid were observed in the serum of HF dams as well as in the serum of their fetuses. An increased concentration of eicosadienoic acid was also detected in the hypothalamus of female HF-O fetuses. HF-O male fetuses showed increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (Npy) gene expression, while HF-O female fetuses showed decreased hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) protein content. Both male and female fetuses exhibited reduced hypothalamic neurogenin 3 (NGN-3) gene expression. In vitro experiments confirmed that LA contributed to the decreased gene expression of Pomc and Ngn-3 in neuronal cells. During lactation, HF female offspring consumed more milk and had a higher body weight compared to CT. In summary, this study demonstrated that exposure to HF prior to and during gestation alters the FA composition in maternal serum and fetal serum and hypothalamus, particularly increasing n-6, which may play a role in the switch from POMC to NPY neurons, leading to increased weight gain in the offspring during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara da Nóbrega Baqueiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Laís Angélica de Paula Simino
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - João Paulo Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Carolina Panzarin
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Andressa Reginato
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Letícia Ignácio-Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Michael G. Ross
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.G.R.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Kelly Pereira Coca
- Ana Abrao Breastfeeding Center, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo 04037-001, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Mina Desai
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA; (M.G.R.); (M.D.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.d.N.B.); (L.A.d.P.S.); (J.P.C.); (C.P.); (A.R.); (M.A.T.); (L.I.-S.); (M.M.)
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Kim OY, Song J. Important roles of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in regulating cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric issues in metabolic-related dementia. Life Sci 2024; 337:122356. [PMID: 38123015 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterized by insulin resistance, high blood glucose, obesity, and dyslipidemia, is known to increase the risk of dementia accompanied by memory loss and depression. The direct pathways and specific mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) for addressing fatty acid imbalances in MetS have not yet been fully elucidated. Among polyunsaturated acids, linoleic acid (LA, n6-PUFA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, n3-PUFA), which are two essential fatty acids that should be provided by food sources (e.g., vegetable oils and seeds), have been reported to regulate various cellular mechanisms including apoptosis, inflammatory responses, mitochondrial biogenesis, and insulin signaling. Furthermore, inadequate intake of LA and ALA is reported to be involved in neuropathology and neuropsychiatric diseases as well as imbalanced metabolic conditions. Herein, we review the roles of LA and ALA on metabolic-related dementia focusing on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and neuropsychiatric issues. This review suggests that LA and ALA are important fatty acids for concurrent treatment of both MetS and neurological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong A University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Parolisi S, Montanari C, Borghi E, Cazzorla C, Zuvadelli J, Tosi M, Barone R, Bensi G, Bonfanti C, Dionisi Vici C, Biasucci G, Burlina A, Carbone MT, Verduci E. Possible role of tryptophan metabolism along the microbiota-gut-brain axis on cognitive & behavioral aspects in Phenylketonuria. Pharmacol Res 2023; 197:106952. [PMID: 37804926 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive and psychiatric disorders are well documented across the lifetime of patients with inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs). Gut microbiota impacts behavior and cognitive functions through the gut-brain axis (GBA). According to recent research, a broad spectrum of GBA disorders may be influenced by a perturbed Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism and are associated with alterations in composition or function of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, early-life diets may influence children's neurodevelopment and cognitive deficits in adulthood. In Phenylketonuria (PKU), since the main therapeutic intervention is based on a life-long restrictive diet, important alterations of gut microbiota have been observed. Studies on PKU highlight the impact of alterations of gut microbiota on the central nervous system (CNS), also investigating the involvement of metabolic pathways, such as Trp and kynurenine (KYN) metabolisms, involved in numerous neurodegenerative disorders. An alteration of Trp metabolism with an imbalance of the KYN pathway towards the production of neurotoxic metabolites implicated in numerous neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases has been observed in PKU patients supplemented with Phe-free amino acid medical foods (AA-MF). The present review investigates the possible link between gut microbiota and the brain in IEMs, focusing on Trp metabolism in PKU. Considering the evidence collected, cognitive and behavioral well-being should always be monitored in routine IEMs clinical management. Further studies are required to evaluate the possible impact of Trp metabolism, through gut microbiota, on cognitive and behavioral functions in IEMs, to identify innovative dietetic strategies and improve quality of life and mental health of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Parolisi
- UOSD Metabolic Diseases, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Montanari
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cazzorla
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, DIDAS Department of Diagnostic Services, University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Juri Zuvadelli
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Tosi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Barone
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, AOU Policlinico "G.Rodolico-San Marco", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Bensi
- Paediatrics & Neonatology Unit, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Cristina Bonfanti
- Rare metabolic disease unit, Pediatric Department, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Biasucci
- Paediatrics & Neonatology Unit, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alberto Burlina
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, DIDAS Department of Diagnostic Services, University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria T Carbone
- UOSD Metabolic Diseases, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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10
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Lauritzen L, Hegelund ER, Eriksen SE, Niclasen J, Michaelsen KF. Effect of maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation on socioemotional wellbeing and physical activity in 13-year-old children: A randomized clinical trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 197:102588. [PMID: 37689008 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Early dietary long-chain n-3PUFA (n-3LCPUFA) may affect brain development. We investigated if fish oil supplementation of lactating mothers affected socioemotional wellbeing in adolescents in a potentially gender-specific manner. At age 13, we invited 92 children of mothers who completed a randomized trial with 1.5 g/d n-3 LCPUFA or olive oil during the first 4 months of lactation and 48 children of mothers with a high habitual fish intake. Children and parents answered validated questionnaires regarding socioemotional wellbeing and physical activity was monitored by ActiGraph for 7 days. Participation rate was 71%. Univariate correlations between children's and parents' ratings on the individual scales were moderate-strong, but correlations across questionnaires indicated that parents might base their ratings on proxy markers. We found no group differences in self-rated socioemotional outcomes or physical activity. Although the study was small, it was the first follow-up on effects of perinatal n-3LCPUFA supply on socioemotional wellbeing in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Lauritzen
- Department Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Sara E Eriksen
- Department Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Powell TL, Uhlson C, Madi L, Berry KZ, Chassen SS, Jansson T, Ferchaud-Roucher V. Fetal sex differences in placental LCPUFA ether and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine contents in pregnancies complicated by obesity. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:66. [PMID: 37770949 PMCID: PMC10540428 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that maternal obesity reduces placental transport capacity for lysophosphatidylcholine-docosahexaenoic acid (LPC-DHA), a preferred form for transfer of DHA (omega 3) to the fetal brain, but only in male fetuses. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), have either sn-1 ester, ether or vinyl ether (plasmalogen) linkages to primarily unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and DHA or arachidonic acid (ARA, omega 6) in the sn-2 position. Whether ether and plasmalogen PC and PE metabolism in placenta impacts transfer to the fetus is unexplored. We hypothesized that ether and plasmalogen PC and PE containing DHA and ARA are reduced in maternal-fetal unit in pregnancies complicated by obesity and these differences are dependent on fetal sex. METHODS In maternal, umbilical cord plasma and placentas from obese women (11 female/5 male infants) and normal weight women (9 female/7 male infants), all PC and PE species containing DHA and ARA were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Placental protein expression of enzymes involved in phospholipid synthesis, were determined by immunoblotting. All variables were compared between control vs obese groups and separated by fetal sex, in each sample using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate adjustment to account for multiple testing. RESULTS Levels of ester PC containing DHA and ARA were profoundly reduced by 60-92% in male placentas of obese mothers, while levels of ether and plasmalogen PE containing DHA and ARA were decreased by 51-84% in female placentas. PLA2G4C abundance was lower in male placentas and LPCAT4 abundance was lower solely in females in obesity. In umbilical cord, levels of ester, ether and plasmalogen PC and PE with DHA were reduced by 43-61% in male, but not female, fetuses of obese mothers. CONCLUSIONS We found a fetal sex effect in placental PE and PC ester, ether and plasmalogen PE and PC containing DHA in response to maternal obesity which appears to reflect an ability of female placentas to adapt to maintain optimal fetal DHA transfer in maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charis Uhlson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lana Madi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karin Zemski Berry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie S Chassen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Veronique Ferchaud-Roucher
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INRAE UMR 1280 PhAN, CRNH Ouest, 44000, Nantes, France.
- Nantes Université, INRAE, UMR 1280 PhAN, CHU Hôtel Dieu, HNB1, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes, France.
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12
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Rodrigues RBA, Zafalon RVA, Rentas MF, Risolia LW, Macedo HT, Perini MP, da Silva AMG, Marchi PH, Balieiro JCDC, Mendes WS, Vendramini THA, Brunetto MA. The Supplementation of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Concentrated Fish Oil Enhances Cognitive Function in Puppies. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2938. [PMID: 37760338 PMCID: PMC10525578 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has an important role in brain development and functionality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of DHA-concentrated fish oil on the cognitive function of puppies. Twelve 3-month-old puppies were included, blocked by breed and randomly distributed into two groups: the Control Group (CG), without supplementation, and the Experimental Group (EG), supplemented with 40 mg DHA/kg BW/day. The object discrimination test was used, with a normal stage (NS) and a reverse stage (RS), and blood samples were collected to evaluate the serum polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) before (T0) and 30 (T1), 60 (T2) and 90 (T3) days after beginning the study. For the NS, there were effects of treatment (p = 0.0039) and time (p < 0.0001), in which the correct answer frequency in the EG was higher than the CG. The serum eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + HA concentrations at T1, T2 and T3 were higher than at T0 for the EG (p = 0.0159), in addition, EG showed higher serum EPA + DHA concentrations than CG at T2 (p = 0.0245). The TAC values were similar between the groups (p = 0.3211). It was concluded that the cognitive function of puppies can be enhanced with DHA-concentrated fish oil supplementation without increasing the serum lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bueno Ayres Rodrigues
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Rafael Vessecchi Amorim Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Mariana Fragoso Rentas
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Larissa Wünsche Risolia
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Henrique Tobaro Macedo
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Mariana Pamplona Perini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Amanda Maria Gomes da Silva
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Pedro Henrique Marchi
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Júlio César de Carvalho Balieiro
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | | | - Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center (CEPEN-PET), Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (R.B.A.R.); (R.V.A.Z.); (M.F.R.); (L.W.R.); (H.T.M.); (M.P.P.); (A.M.G.d.S.); (P.H.M.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
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13
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Martami F, Holton KF. Targeting Glutamate Neurotoxicity through Dietary Manipulation: Potential Treatment for Migraine. Nutrients 2023; 15:3952. [PMID: 37764736 PMCID: PMC10537717 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is implicated in both the initiation of migraine as well as central sensitization, which increases the frequency of migraine attacks. Excessive levels of glutamate can lead to excitotoxicity in the nervous system which can disrupt normal neurotransmission and contribute to neuronal injury or death. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity also leads to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier permeability, and cerebral vasodilation, all of which are associated with migraine pathophysiology. Experimental evidence has shown the protective effects of several nutrients against excitotoxicity. The current review focuses on the mechanisms behind glutamate's involvement in migraines as well as a discussion on how specific nutrients are able to work towards restoring glutamate homeostasis. Understanding glutamate's role in migraine is of vital importance for understanding why migraine is commonly comorbid with widespread pain conditions and for informing future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Martami
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Kathleen F. Holton
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
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14
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Almasri F, Badrasawi M, Zahdeh R, Hahn A, Schuchardt JP, Greupner T. Very low Omega-3 Index in young healthy students from Palestine. Lipids 2023; 58:209-216. [PMID: 37300456 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oily fish is rich in long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been associated with several health benefits. However, fish consumption is generally low in many countries, including the Middle East, resulting in low omega-3 blood levels. In Palestine, no data on the omega-3 blood status is available. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the omega-3 status and related factors in young healthy subjects from Palestine. Omega-3 status was assessed using the Omega-3 Index-defined as the sum of EPA + DHA in relation to the total fatty acid content of erythrocytes. A total of 149 subjects, 50 males and 99 females (age range: 18-24 years), were included in the study. In addition to the Omega-3 Index, data on anthropometrics, physical activity, smoking status, fish intake, dietary supplement intake, blood lipid profile, and whole erythrocyte fatty acid pattern were collected. The mean (SD) Omega-3 Index was 2.56 (0.57)%, with 97.9% of subjects having an index below 4%. The majority of participants (91.8%) consumed less than two portions of fish per week, and only 4% reported taking omega-3 supplements, mostly irregularly. Our findings show that young Palestinian students have an alarmingly low omega-3 status. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the omega-3 status is also low in the general Palestinian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Almasri
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manal Badrasawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rana Zahdeh
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Sciences, College of Applied Sciences, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresa Greupner
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Liu N, He Y, Zhao F, Li X, Chen Y, Jiang B, Wei M, Li D, Cai L. Association between maternal erythrocyte PUFAs during pregnancy and neurodevelopment in children at 2 years of age: a birth cohort study. Food Funct 2023; 14:7938-7945. [PMID: 37552113 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Previous studies on prenatal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and children's neurodevelopment have shown inconsistent results, and evidence from the Asian population is scarce. Objective: To investigate the association between maternal erythrocyte PUFAs and neurodevelopment in children in the Chinese population. Methods: We included 242 mother-child pairs from the Yuexiu birth cohort. The composition of maternal erythrocyte fatty acids during pregnancy was measured by gas chromatography. Each PUFA was divided into 3 tertiles. Neurodevelopment in children was evaluated with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire at 2 years of age, including 5 domains of development: communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social skills. Results: Maternal eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) [OR (95% CI): 0.34 (0.15, 0.74) for tertile 2, and 0.31 (0.13, 0.70) for tertile 3] was associated with a reduced risk of potential developmental delay in gross motor skills. Conversely, arachidonic acid (AA) [OR (95% CI): 2.54 (1.17, 5.70) for tertile 3] was associated with an increased risk of potential developmental delay in personal-social skills. The ratio of AA/EPA [OR (95% CI): 2.64 (1.18, 6.15) for tertile 3] was associated with an increased risk of potential developmental delay in gross motor skills. No significant association was found between other PUFAs and neurodevelopment. Conclusion: This birth cohort has first shown a beneficial association between maternal EPA and gross motor skills of children. Meanwhile, maternal AA and the ratio of AA/EPA have negative associations with neurodevelopment in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Shenzhen Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yannan He
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Center of Lipid & Chronic Diseases, Suzhou Industrial Technology Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yujing Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bibo Jiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Min Wei
- Shenzhen Nanshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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16
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Yue YK, Yang Z, Xing JJ, Guo XN, Zhu KX. Fabrication and stabilization mechanisms of Pickering emulsions based on gliadin/arabinoxylan complexes. Food Chem 2022; 393:133458. [PMID: 35751209 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the Pickering emulsions with enhanced oxidation stability were fabricated using gliadin (G)/arabinoxylan nanoparticles (GANPs). The influence of different G/AX ratios on the properties of GANPs and corresponding physicochemical characteristics of Pickering emulsions were investigated. Results indicated that the droplet size and ζ-potential of Pickering emulsions declined with the decrease of G/AX ratios. Pickering emulsion with the smallest G/AX ratio (1:4) exhibited excellent oxidative and coalescence stability due to the formation of viscoelastic gel network, which was supported by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images. Furthermore, the increase of salt ions in a lower concentration (0-0.2 M) was conducive to the flocculation of the droplets, while further increasing the NaCl concentration impaired the emulsion stability. Such elements revealed that G/AX complex is a promising stabilizer of Pickering emulsions with prominent antioxidant activity, which have favorable potential applications in protecting the functional properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ke Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jun-Jie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Na Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ke-Xue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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17
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Dietary Fatty Acid Composition Impacts the Fatty Acid Profiles of Different Regions of the Bovine Brain. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192696. [PMID: 36230437 PMCID: PMC9559283 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid composition across functional brain regions was determined in bovine brains collected from cattle that were provided supplements of calcium salts containing either palm or fish oil. The Angus cattle were divided into two groups, with one group offered the supplement of calcium salts of palm oil and the other offered the calcium salts of fish oil (n = 5 females and n = 5 males/supplement) for 220 days. These supplements to the basal forage diet were provided ad libitum as a suspension in dried molasses. The fish oil exclusively provided eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3). The functional regions were dissected from the entire brains following commercial harvest. While the cattle provided diets supplemented with the calcium salts of palm oil had increased (p < 0.01) liver concentrations of C18:1 n-9, C18:2 n-6, and arachidonic acid, the fish-oil-supplemented cattle had greater (p < 0.01) concentrations of liver EPA, DHA, and C18:3 n-3. In the brain, DHA was the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid. In the amygdala, pons, frontal lobe, internal capsule, and sensory cortex, DHA concentrations were greater (p < 0.05) in the brains of the cattle fed fish oil. Differences among the supplements were small, indicating that brain DHA content is resistant to dietary change. Arachidonic acid and C22:4 n-6 concentrations were greater across the regions for the palm-oil-supplemented cattle. EPA and C22:5 n-3 concentrations were low, but they were greater across the regions for the cattle fed fish oil. The effects of sex were inconsistent. The fatty acid profiles of the brain regions differed by diet, but they were similar to the contents reported for other species.
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Ri K, Lee-Okada HC, Yokomizo T. Omega-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids in Leydig cells facilitate male sex hormone production. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1001. [PMID: 36131086 PMCID: PMC9492697 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are fatty acids with more than three double bonds in the molecule. Mammalian testes contain very high levels of omega-6 HUFAs compared with other tissues. However, the metabolic and biological significance of these HUFAs in the mammalian testis is poorly understood. Here we show that Leydig cells vigorously synthesize omega-6 HUFAs to facilitate male sex hormone production. In the testis, FADS2 (Fatty acid desaturase 2), the rate-limiting enzyme for HUFA biosynthesis, is highly expressed in Leydig cells. In this study, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of FADS2 drastically reduces the production of omega-6 HUFAs and male steroid hormones in Leydig cells; this reduction is significantly rescued by supplementation with omega-6 HUFAs. Mechanistically, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL; also called LIPE), a lipase that supplies free cholesterol for steroid hormone production, preferentially hydrolyzes HUFA-containing cholesteryl esters as substrates. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Leydig cells highly express FADS2 to facilitate male steroid hormone production by accumulating omega-6 HUFA-containing cholesteryl esters, which serve as preferred substrates for HSL. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized importance of omega-6 HUFAs in the mammalian male reproductive system. Leydig cells highly express FADS2 to facilitate male steroid hormone production by accumulating omega-6 HUFA-containing cholesteryl esters, which serve as preferred substrates for hormone-sensitive lipase
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiken Ri
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Lee-Okada
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Reemst K, Broos JY, Abbink MR, Cimetti C, Giera M, Kooij G, Korosi A. Early-life stress and dietary fatty acids impact the brain lipid/oxylipin profile into adulthood, basally and in response to LPS. Front Immunol 2022; 13:967437. [PMID: 36131915 PMCID: PMC9484596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain lipid dysregulation is a hallmark of depression and Alzheimer's disease, also marked by chronic inflammation. Early-life stress (ELS) and dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are risk factors for these pathologies and are known to impact inflammatory processes. However, if these early-life factors alter brain lipid homeostasis on the long-term and thereby contribute to this risk remains to be elucidated. We have recently shown that an early diet enriched in omega(ω)-3 PUFAs protected against the long-term negative effects of ELS on cognition and neuroinflammation. Here, we aim to understand if modulation of brain lipid and oxylipin profiles contributes to the detrimental effects of ELS and the protective ones of the diet. We therefore studied if and how ELS and early dietary PUFAs modulate the brain lipid and oxylipin profile, basally as well as in response to an inflammatory challenge, to unmask possible latent effects. Male mice were exposed to ELS via the limited bedding and nesting paradigm, received an early diet with high or low ω6/ω3 ratio (HRD and LRD) and were injected with saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in adulthood. Twenty-four hours later plasma cytokines (Multiplex) and hypothalamic lipids and oxylipins (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) were measured. ELS exacerbated the LPS-induced increase in IL-6, CXCL1 and CCL2. Both ELS and diet affected the lipid/oxylipin profile long-term. For example, ELS increased diacylglycerol and LRD reduced triacylglycerol, free fatty acids and ceramides. Importantly, the ELS-induced alterations were strongly influenced by the early diet. For example, the ELS-induced decrease in eicosapentaenoic acid was reversed when fed LRD. Similarly, the majority of the LPS-induced alterations were distinct for control and ELS exposed mice and unique for mice fed with LRD or HRD. LPS decreased ceramides and lysophosphotidylcholine, increased hexosylceramides and prostaglandin E2, reduced triacylglycerol species and ω6-derived oxylipins only in mice fed LRD and ELS reduced the LPS-induced increase in phosphatidylcholine. These data give further insights into the alterations in brain lipids and oxylipins that might contribute to the detrimental effects of ELS, to the protective ones of LRD and the possible early-origin of brain lipid dyshomeostasis characterizing ELS-related psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Reemst
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jelle Y. Broos
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maralinde R. Abbink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chiara Cimetti
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Aniko Korosi,
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Hakiminia B, Alikiaii B, Khorvash F, Mousavi S. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: From mechanistic view to targeted therapeutic opportunities. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:612-662. [PMID: 35118714 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of permanent physical and cognitive disabilities. TBI pathology results from primary insults and a multi-mechanistic biochemical process, termed as secondary brain injury. Currently, there are no pharmacological agents for definitive treatment of patients with TBI. This article is presented with the purpose of reviewing molecular mechanisms of TBI pathology, as well as potential strategies and agents against pathological pathways. In this review article, materials were obtained by searching PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This search was considered without time limitation. Evidence indicates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are two key mediators of the secondary injury cascade in TBI pathology. TBI-induced oxidative damage results in the structural and functional impairments of cellular and subcellular components, such as mitochondria. Impairments of mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mitochondrial membrane potential result in a vicious cycle of free radical formation and cell apoptosis. The results of some preclinical and clinical studies, evaluating mitochondria-targeted therapies, such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and compounds with pleiotropic effects after TBI, are promising. As a proposed strategy in recent years, mitochondria-targeted multipotential therapy is a new hope, waiting to be confirmed. Moreover, based on the available findings, biologics, such as stem cell-based therapy and transplantation of mitochondria are novel potential strategies for the treatment of TBI; however, more studies are needed to clearly confirm the safety and efficacy of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hakiminia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Alikiaii
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Khorvash
- Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarah Mousavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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McNamara RK, Chen C, Tallman MJ, Schurdak JD, Patino LR, Blom TJ, DelBello MP. Familial risk for bipolar I disorder is associated with erythrocyte omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficits in youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114587. [PMID: 35550258 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a family history of bipolar I disorder (BD) increase the risk for developing BD, associated pathoetiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. One candidate risk factor is a neurodevelopmental deficiency in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study investigated erythrocyte EPA+DHA biostatus in psychostimulant-free ADHD youth with ('high-risk', HR) and without ('low-risk', LR) a first-degree relative with BD, and healthy controls (HC). Erythrocyte EPA+DHA composition was determined by gas chromatography, and symptom ratings were performed. A total of n = 123 (HR, n = 41; LR, n = 42; HC, n = 40) youth (mean age: 14.4 ± 2.5 years) were included in the analysis. Compared with HC, erythrocyte EPA+DHA composition was significantly lower in HR (-13%) but not LR (-3%), and there was a trend for HR to be lower than LR (-11%). Both HR and LR differed significantly from HC on all symptom ratings. HR had greater ADHD hyperactivity/impulsive symptom severity, manic symptom severity, and higher parent-reported ratings of internalization, externalization, and dysregulation, compared with LR. ADHD youth with a BD family history exhibit erythrocyte EPA+DHA deficits and a more severe clinical profile, including greater manic and dysregulation symptoms, compared with ADHD youth without a BD family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA.
| | - Constance Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Maxwell J Tallman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Jennifer D Schurdak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - L Rodrigo Patino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Thomas J Blom
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Melissa P DelBello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Bipolar Disorders Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
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Alvarez Campano CG, Macleod MJ, Aucott L, Thies F. Marine-derived n-3 fatty acids therapy for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 6:CD012815. [PMID: 35766825 PMCID: PMC9241930 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012815.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, with stroke burden increasing, there is a need to explore therapeutic options that ameliorate the acute insult. There is substantial evidence of a neuroprotective effect of marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in animal models of stroke, leading to a better functional outcome. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of administration of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs on functional outcomes and dependence in people with stroke. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Trials Register (last searched 31 May 2021), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2021, Issue 5), MEDLINE Ovid (from 1948 to 31 May 2021), Embase Ovid (from 1980 to 31 May 2021), CINAHL EBSCO (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; from 1982 to 31 May 2021), Science Citation Index Expanded ‒ Web of Science (SCI-EXPANDED), Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science - Web of Science (CPCI-S), and BIOSIS Citation Index. We also searched ongoing trial registers, reference lists, relevant systematic reviews, and used the Science Citation Index Reference Search. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing marine-derived n-3 PUFAs to placebo or open control (no placebo) in people with a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), or both. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, extracted data, assessed risk of bias, and used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the body of evidence. We contacted study authors for clarification and additional information on stroke/TIA participants. We conducted random-effects meta-analysis or narrative synthesis, as appropriate. The primary outcome was efficacy (functional outcome) assessed using a validated scale, for example, the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) dichotomised into poor or good clinical outcome, the Barthel Index (higher score is better; scale from 0 to 100), or the Rivermead Mobility Index (higher score is better; scale from 0 to 15). Our secondary outcomes were vascular-related death, recurrent events, incidence of other type of stroke, adverse events, quality of life, and mood. MAIN RESULTS We included 30 RCTs; nine of them provided outcome data (3339 participants). Only one study included participants in the acute phase of stroke (haemorrhagic). Doses of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs ranged from 400 mg/day to 3300 mg/day. Risk of bias was generally low or unclear in most trials, with a higher risk of bias in smaller studies. We assessed results separately for short (up to three months) and longer (more than three months) follow-up studies. Short follow-up (up to three months) Functional outcome was reported in only one pilot study as poor clinical outcome assessed with the GOSE (risk ratio (RR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36 to 1.68, P = 0.52; 40 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Mood (assessed with the GHQ-30, lower score better) was reported by only one study and favoured control (mean difference (MD) 1.41, 95% CI 0.07 to 2.75, P = 0.04; 102 participants; low-certainty evidence). We found no evidence of an effect of the intervention for the remainder of the secondary outcomes: vascular-related death (two studies, not pooled due to differences in population, RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 8.00, P = 0.50, and RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 7.72, P = 0.49; 142 participants; low-certainty evidence); recurrent events (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.02 to 8.84, P = 0.57; 18 participants; very low-certainty evidence); incidence of other type of stroke (two studies, not pooled due to different type of index stroke, RR 6.11, 95% CI 0.33 to 111.71, P = 0.22, and RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.58, P = 0.32; 58 participants; very low-certainty evidence); and quality of life (physical component, MD -2.31, 95% CI -4.81 to 0.19, P = 0.07, and mental component, MD -2.16, 95% CI -5.91 to 1.59, P = 0.26; 1 study; 102 participants; low-certainty evidence). Adverse events were reported by two studies (57 participants; very low-certainty evidence), one trial reporting extracranial haemorrhage (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.04 to 1.73, P = 0.16) and the other one reporting bleeding complications (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.01 to 7.35, P = 0.47). Longer follow-up (more than three months) One small trial assessed functional outcome with both the Barthel Index for activities of daily living (MD 7.09, 95% CI -5.16 to 19.34, P = 0.26), and the Rivermead Mobility Index for mobility (MD 1.30, 95% CI -1.31 to 3.91, P = 0.33) (52 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We carried out meta-analysis for vascular-related death (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.35, P = 0.86; 5 studies; 2237 participants; low-certainty evidence) and fatal recurrent events (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.55, P = 0.37; 3 studies; 1819 participants; low-certainty evidence). We found no evidence of an effect of the intervention for mood (MD 1.00, 95% CI -2.07 to 4.07, P = 0.61; 1 study; 14 participants; low-certainty evidence). Incidence of other type of stroke and quality of life were not reported. Adverse events (all combined) were reported by only one study (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.58, P = 0.82; 1455 participants; low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are very uncertain of the effect of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs therapy on functional outcomes and dependence after stroke as there is insufficient high-certainty evidence. More well-designed RCTs are needed, specifically in acute stroke, to determine the efficacy and safety of the intervention. Studies assessing functional outcome might consider starting the intervention as early as possible after the event, as well as using standardised, clinically relevant measures for functional outcomes, such as the modified Rankin Scale. Optimal doses remain to be determined; delivery forms (type of lipid carriers) and mode of administration (ingestion or injection) also need further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorna Aucott
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Frank Thies
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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23
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Schuchardt JP, Cerrato M, Ceseri M, DeFina LF, Delgado GE, Gellert S, Hahn A, Howard BV, Kadota A, Kleber ME, Latini R, Maerz W, Manson JE, Mora S, Park Y, Sala-Vila A, von Schacky C, Sekikawa A, Tintle N, Tucker KL, Vasan RS, Harris WS. Red blood cell fatty acid patterns from 7 countries: Focus on the Omega-3 index. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 179:102418. [PMID: 35366625 PMCID: PMC10440636 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid (FA) patterns are becoming recognized as long-term biomarkers of tissue FA composition, but different analytical methods have complicated inter-study and international comparisons. Here we report RBC FA data, with a focus on the Omega-3 Index (EPA + DHA in% of total FAs in RBC), from samples of seven countries (USA, Canada, Italy, Spain, Germany, South Korea, and Japan) including 167,347 individuals (93% of all samples were from the US). FA data were generated by a uniform methodology from a variety of interventional and observational studies and from clinical laboratories. The cohorts differed in size, demographics, health status, and year of collection. Only the Canadian cohort was a formal, representative population-based survey. The mean Omega-3 Index of each country was categorized as desirable (>8%), moderate (>6% to 8%), low (>4% to 6%), or very low (≤4%). Only cohorts from Alaska (treated separately from the US), South Korea and Japan showed a desirable Omega-3 Index. The Spanish cohort had a moderate Omega-3 Index, while cohorts from the US, Canada, Italy, and Germany were all classified as low. This study is limited by the use of cohorts of convenience and small sample sizes in some countries. Countries undertaking national health status studies should utilize a uniform method to measure Omega-3 FA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover 30167, Germany; The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Marianna Cerrato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Ceseri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sandra Gellert
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | | | - Aya Kadota
- NCD Epidemiology Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roberto Latini
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Winfried Maerz
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; SYNLAB Academy, Mannheim, Germany
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samia Mora
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongsoon Park
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Cardiovascular risk and nutrition group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathan Tintle
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Biomedical Nutritional Sciences and Center for Population Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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24
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Dietzen NM, Arcario MJ, Chen LJ, Petroff JT, Moreland KT, Krishnan K, Brannigan G, Covey DF, Cheng WW. Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel through one of two binding sites. eLife 2022; 11:74306. [PMID: 34982031 PMCID: PMC8786314 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibit pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) but the mechanism of inhibition is not well understood. The PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), inhibits agonist responses of the pLGIC, ELIC, more effectively than palmitic acid, similar to the effects observed in the GABAA receptor and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Using photo-affinity labeling and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we identified two fatty acid binding sites in the outer transmembrane domain (TMD) of ELIC. Fatty acid binding to the photolabeled sites is selective for DHA over palmitic acid, and specific for an agonist-bound state. Hexadecyl-methanethiosulfonate modification of one of the two fatty acid binding sites in the outer TMD recapitulates the inhibitory effect of PUFAs in ELIC. The results demonstrate that DHA selectively binds to multiple sites in the outer TMD of ELIC, but that state-dependent binding to a single intrasubunit site mediates DHA inhibition of ELIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah M Dietzen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, United States
| | - Mark J Arcario
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, United States
| | - Lawrence J Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, United States
| | - John T Petroff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, United States
| | - K Trent Moreland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, United States
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, United States
| | - Grace Brannigan
- Center for the Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, United States.,Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Camden, United States
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States.,Taylor Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
| | - Wayland Wl Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, United States
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25
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Paula Farias Waltrick A, Henrique Bernardo de Lima Silva A, Cristina de Carvalho M, Aparecida Comotti de Oliveira B, Naliwaiko K, Maria da Cunha J, Menezes Zanoveli J. Preventive treatment with fish oil facilitates the antidepressant-like effect of antidepressant drugs in type-1 diabetes mellitus rats: implication of serotonergic system. Neurosci Lett 2022; 772:136477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lee J, Lee SI. Efficacy of Omega-3 and Korean Red Ginseng in Children with Subthreshold ADHD: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:1977-1987. [PMID: 32847461 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720951868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of combined omega-3 and Korean red ginseng supplementation on ADHD symptoms and cognitive function in children with subthreshold ADHD. METHOD 120 children from 6 to 12 years with subthreshold ADHD were enrolled in this 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled study. The primary outcome was measured by Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Children Behavior Check List (CBCL), and neuropsychological tests assessing attention, memory, and executive function were included as secondary primary outcome measures. RESULTS Significant effects on the scores of ADHDRS, as well as several subscales of CBCL including ADHD and attention problem subscales were revealed. CONCLUSION The combination of omega-3 and Korean red ginseng may have beneficial effects in children with subthreshold ADHD. Increased clinical awareness of ADHD symptoms even at a subthreshold level is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Irene Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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Zambrano E, Rodríguez-González GL, Reyes-Castro LA, Bautista CJ, Castro-Rodríguez DC, Juárez-Pilares G, Ibáñez CA, Hernández-Rojas A, Nathanielsz PW, Montaño S, Arredondo A, Huang F, Bolaños-Jiménez F. DHA Supplementation of Obese Rats throughout Pregnancy and Lactation Modifies Milk Composition and Anxiety Behavior of Offspring. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124243. [PMID: 34959795 PMCID: PMC8706754 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated if supplementing obese mothers (MO) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) composition and offspring anxiety behavior. From weaning throughout pregnancy and lactation, female Wistar rats ate chow (C) or a high-fat diet (MO). One month before mating and through lactation, half the mothers received 400 mg DHA kg−1 d−1 orally (C+DHA or MO+DHA). Offspring ate C after weaning. Maternal weight, total body fat, milk hormones, and milk nutrient composition were determined. Pups’ milk nutrient intake was evaluated, and behavioral anxiety tests were conducted. MO exhibited increased weight and total fat, and higher milk corticosterone, leptin, linoleic, and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations, and less DHA content. MO male and female offspring had higher ω-6/ ω-3 milk consumption ratios. In the elevated plus maze, female but not male MO offspring exhibited more anxiety. MO+DHA mothers exhibited lower weight, total fat, milk leptin, and AA concentrations, and enhanced milk DHA. MO+DHA offspring had a lower ω-6/ω-3 milk intake ratio and reduced anxiety vs. MO. DHA content was greater in C+DHA milk vs. C. Supplementing MO mothers with DHA improves milk composition, especially LCPUFA content and ω-6/ω-3 ratio reducing offspring anxiety in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zambrano
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.L.R.-G.); (L.A.R.-C.); (C.J.B.); (D.C.C.-R.); (G.J.-P.); (C.A.I.); (A.H.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5487-0900 (ext. 2417)
| | - Guadalupe L. Rodríguez-González
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.L.R.-G.); (L.A.R.-C.); (C.J.B.); (D.C.C.-R.); (G.J.-P.); (C.A.I.); (A.H.-R.)
| | - Luis A. Reyes-Castro
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.L.R.-G.); (L.A.R.-C.); (C.J.B.); (D.C.C.-R.); (G.J.-P.); (C.A.I.); (A.H.-R.)
| | - Claudia J. Bautista
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.L.R.-G.); (L.A.R.-C.); (C.J.B.); (D.C.C.-R.); (G.J.-P.); (C.A.I.); (A.H.-R.)
| | - Diana C. Castro-Rodríguez
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.L.R.-G.); (L.A.R.-C.); (C.J.B.); (D.C.C.-R.); (G.J.-P.); (C.A.I.); (A.H.-R.)
- CONACyT-Cátedras, Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Gimena Juárez-Pilares
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.L.R.-G.); (L.A.R.-C.); (C.J.B.); (D.C.C.-R.); (G.J.-P.); (C.A.I.); (A.H.-R.)
| | - Carlos A. Ibáñez
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.L.R.-G.); (L.A.R.-C.); (C.J.B.); (D.C.C.-R.); (G.J.-P.); (C.A.I.); (A.H.-R.)
| | - Alejandra Hernández-Rojas
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.L.R.-G.); (L.A.R.-C.); (C.J.B.); (D.C.C.-R.); (G.J.-P.); (C.A.I.); (A.H.-R.)
| | | | - Sara Montaño
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Armando Arredondo
- Center for Health Systems Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico;
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Bolaños-Jiménez
- INRAE, UMR1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, 44096 Nantes, France;
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Smith ME, Cisbani G, Lacombe RJS, Bazinet RP. A Scoping Review of Clinical Studies in Infants Fed Formulas Containing Palm Oil or Palm Olein and Sn-2 Palmitate. J Nutr 2021; 151:2997-3035. [PMID: 34510181 PMCID: PMC8485903 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmitic acid (PA; 16:0) is added to infant formula in the form of palm oil/palm olein (PO/POL) and stereospecific numbered-2 palmitate (SN2). Several studies have examined the effects of PO/POL and or SN2 in formulas on health outcomes, mainly growth, digestion, and absorption of nutrients. However, the roles of PA, PO/POL, and SN2 on neurodevelopment remains unknown. OBJECTIVES The objective of this scoping review was to map out studies in infants fed formula with PO/POL or SN2 to identify current knowledge on the role of PA in infant nutrition, specifically neurodevelopment. METHODS Data sources, including Medline, Embase, CAB Abstracts, and the Cochrane Database, were searched. Eligible articles were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies examining outcomes in term singleton infants fed formula containing PO/POL or SN2. Studies examining preterm infants or infants with infections, mixed-feeding interventions, or outcomes not concerned with PO/POL or SN2 were excluded. Screening and data extraction were performed by 2 independent reviewers, and results were charted into 10 outcome categories. RESULTS We identified 28 RCTs and 2 observational studies. Only 1 RCT examined a neurodevelopmental outcome, reporting infants fed SN2 formula had higher fine motor skill scores compared to those fed a vegetable oil formula with a lower amount of SN2; however, only after adjustment for maternal education and at an earlier, but not a later time point. Anthropometric measures do not appear to be influenced by PO/POL or SN2 within formulas. Alternatively, it was reported that infants fed PO/POL within formulas had a decreased absorption of calcium, total fat, and PA compared to those fed vegetable oil formulas. However, studies were heterogenous, making it difficult to isolate the effects of PO/POL or SN2 in formulas. CONCLUSIONS Our review reiterates the need for future studies to address the effects of PO/POL and SN2 on neurodevelopment in infants. This study is registered at Open Science Framework as osf.io/697he.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R J Scott Lacombe
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shati AA, El-Kott AF. Resolvin D1 protects against cadmium chloride-induced memory loss and hippocampal damage in rats: A comparison with docosahexaenoic acid. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S215-S232. [PMID: 34405727 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211038739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intoxication with cadmium (Cd) ions leads to hippocampal damage and cognitive impairment. However, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) exert neuroprotective effects in different animal models of neurodegeneration. PURPOSE This study compared the neuroprotective effect of the n-3 PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and its downstream metabolite, resolvin D1 (RVD1), on hippocampal damage and memory deficits in cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-treated rats. RESEARCH DESIGN Control or CdCl2 (0.5 mg/kg)-treated rats were subdivided into three groups (n = 18/each) and treated for 6 weeks as follows: (1) fed control diet, (2) fed DHA-rich diets (0.7 g/100 g), or (3) treated with RVD1 (0.2 μg/kg, i.p). RESULTS Treatment with a DHA-rich diet or RVD1 significantly increased the levels of docosahexaenoic acid and RVD1, respectively, in the hippocampal of CdCl2-treated rats without affecting the reduction in the expression of the 15-lipooxygenase-1 (ALOX15). These effects were associated with improvements in rats' memory function and hippocampal structure, as well as a redction in the hippocampal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear localization of the nuclear factor-kappa beta p65 (NF-κB p65), and expression of cleaved caspase-3. Concomitantly, hippocampi of both groups of rats showed significantly higher levels of Bcl-2, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH), as well as enhanced nuclear levels of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2). The effects of RVD1 on all these markers in the CdCl2-induced rats were more profound than those of DHA. Also, the increase in the nuclear protein levels of Nrf-2 and the decrease in the levels of Bax and nuclear protein levels of NF-κB p65 were only seen in the hippocampal of CdCl2 + RVD1-treated rats. CONCLUSION RVD1 is more powerful than DHA in preventing CdCl2-induced memory loss and hippocampal damage in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Shati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, 48144King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, 48144King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Peñaloza-Sancho V, Pérez-Valenzuela C, Gonzalez C, Jujihara G, Bustos P, Dagnino-Subiabre A. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 modulates the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on memory of stressed rats. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 24:583-600. [PMID: 31637966 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1659561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Memory and GABAergic activity in the hippocampus of stressed rats improve after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. On the other hand, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) strongly regulates inhibitory neurotransmission in the hippocampus. Speculation about a possible relation between stress, endocannabinoids, and PUFAs. Here, we examined whether the effects of PUFAs on memory of chronically stressed rats depends on pharmacological manipulation of CB1 receptors. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally supplemented with n-3 (fish oil) or n-6 (primrose oil) PUFAs during chronic restraint stress (CRS) protocol (6 h/day; 21 days). First, we studied if the expression of CB1 receptors in the hippocampus may be affected by CRS and PUFAs supplementation by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. CRS up-regulated the CB1 expression compared with the non-stressed rats, while only n-3 PUFAs countered this effect. Memory was evaluated in the Morris water maze. Stressed rats were co-treated with PUFAs and/or modulators of CB1 receptor (AM251, antagonist, 0.3 mg/kg/day; WIN55,212-2, agonist, 0.5 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injections. Memory improved in the stressed rats that were treated with AM251 and/or n-3 PUFAs. Supplementation with n-6 PUFAs did not affect memory of stressed rats, but co-treatment with AM251 improved it, while co-treatment with WIN55,212-2 did not affect memory. Our results demonstrate that activity of the CB1 receptors may modulate the effects of PUFAs on memory of stressed rats. This study suggests that endocannabinoids and PUFAs can both become a singular system by being self-regulated in limbic areas, so they control the effects of stress on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentín Peñaloza-Sancho
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Center for Neurobiology and Integrative Pathophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Catherine Pérez-Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Center for Neurobiology and Integrative Pathophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Celindo Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Center for Neurobiology and Integrative Pathophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - German Jujihara
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Center for Neurobiology and Integrative Pathophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paulina Bustos
- PhD Program in Aquaculture, School of Marine Sciences, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alexies Dagnino-Subiabre
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Center for Neurobiology and Integrative Pathophysiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Impact of Amerind ancestry and FADS genetic variation on omega-3 deficiency and cardiometabolic traits in Hispanic populations. Commun Biol 2021; 4:918. [PMID: 34321601 PMCID: PMC8319323 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) have critical signaling roles that regulate dyslipidemia and inflammation. Genetic variation in the FADS gene cluster accounts for a large portion of interindividual differences in circulating and tissue levels of LC-PUFAs, with the genotypes most strongly predictive of low LC-PUFA levels at strikingly higher frequencies in Amerind ancestry populations. In this study, we examined relationships between genetic ancestry and FADS variation in 1102 Hispanic American participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. We demonstrate strong negative associations between Amerind genetic ancestry and LC-PUFA levels. The FADS rs174537 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) accounted for much of the AI ancestry effect on LC-PUFAs, especially for low levels of n-3 LC-PUFAs. Rs174537 was also strongly associated with several metabolic, inflammatory and anthropomorphic traits including circulating triglycerides (TGs) and E-selectin in MESA Hispanics. Our study demonstrates that Amerind ancestry provides a useful and readily available tool to identify individuals most likely to have FADS-related n-3 LC-PUFA deficiencies and associated cardiovascular risk.
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Sasaki Y, Honyashiki M, Kinoshita T, Matsui A, Nakashoji A, Inagawa T, Ikezawa S, Yoshimura N, Yamamura R, Amano M, Tomo Y, Tachimori H, Matsuoka YJ, Okubo R. Perilla Oil and Bifidobacterium for Alleviating Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Breast Cancer Survivors: Study Protocol for a Three-Arm Phase II Randomized Controlled Study (POB Study). Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4030046. [PMID: 34287371 PMCID: PMC8293445 DOI: 10.3390/mps4030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is the most common and most severe unmet need among cancer survivors. Safe treatments for the FCR that are easily disseminated are greatly needed. Our primary aim is a preliminary evaluation of the efficacy and effect size of perilla oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and Bifidobacterium, a probiotic, on FCR in breast cancer survivors after the completion of chemotherapy. This study has been planned as an exploratory clinical study (phase II) and will be conducted as a three-arm, 12-week parallel group, masked-rater randomized controlled trial. Fifteen participants will be randomized with 1:1:1 allocation to receive Bifidobacterium plus perilla oil, Bifidobacterium alone, or no intervention (control). Interventions will end within 12 weeks after the random allocation of each participant. The participants will be outpatients with invasive breast cancer aged 20 years or older whose chemotherapy was completed at least 6 months before registration; hormone therapy may be ongoing. The primary outcome will be severity of FCR at 12 weeks assessed by masked raters using the 4-item Concerns about Recurrence Scale concerning overall fear of recurrence. The study protocol for the current study is registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCTs031200029).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.T.); (H.T.)
| | - Mina Honyashiki
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan;
| | - Takayuki Kinoshita
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (T.K.); (A.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Akira Matsui
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (T.K.); (A.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Ayako Nakashoji
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (T.K.); (A.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Takuma Inagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (T.I.); (S.I.); (N.Y.)
| | - Satoru Ikezawa
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (T.I.); (S.I.); (N.Y.)
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (T.I.); (S.I.); (N.Y.)
| | - Ryodai Yamamura
- Division of Biomedical Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan;
| | | | - Yui Tomo
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.T.); (H.T.)
| | - Hisateru Tachimori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.T.); (H.T.)
| | - Yutaka J. Matsuoka
- Division of Health Care Research, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center Japan, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
- Lifestyle Medicine, Cooperative Graduate Program, The Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Ryo Okubo
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.T.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-341-2712 (ext. 5843)
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Abstract
Irritability, anger, and aggression, although not specific for pediatric bipolar disorder (BD), can be a common finding and an important source of distress and impairment in these patients. Over the past 2 decades the diagnostic significance of irritability in pediatric BD has been highly debated. Beyond the debate of its diagnostic significance, the clinical importance of irritability, anger, and aggression in youth with BD has been well established. In this review, the authors discuss evaluation and management strategies of irritability, anger, and aggression in youth with BD.
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Controversies involving the use of SSRIs during pregnancy and the increased risk of having a child with autism spectrum disorders – a case report and literature review. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cpp-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Introduction: There is an ongoing debate as to whether the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) by pregnant women increases the risk of developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the offspring.
Aim: The aim of the study was to
1) present, based on a case report, the potential factors that may affect the development of ASD in a child,
2) review the literature on the risk of ASD in the case of using SSRIs by a pregnant woman.
Case report: The case report concerns a child of a 33-year-old patient, previously treated for an episode of depression at the age of 23. At the beginning of the 15th week of planned pregnancy, when she was 28 years old, sleep disturbances were observed. Over the next few weeks, she gradually developed a full-blown depressive syndrome which required the use of sertraline. The child was born through a natural delivery, a healthy boy, who was diagnosed with ASD at the age of 2.5 years, which was the trigger for the development of the third episode of depression in the patient.
Conclusions: The results of the research indicate that SSRIs can penetrate the placental barrier, influencing the processes of serotoninergic transmission in the fetus, disrupting neurodevelopmental processes. On the other hand, a higher risk of ASD development in children of depressed mothers who do not use pharmacotherapy was confirmed, compared to the general population and in the case of the occurrence of depressive episodes in mother in the past and in relation to the male fetuses. The greater risk of ASD in children of mothers who take SSRIs may not only be associated with the medication itself but also with the presence of depression and the probable common genetic basis for both disorders. In each case, other risk factors for the development of ASD should also be taken into consideration, e.g. vitamin D3 deficiencies, unsaturated fatty acids, oxytocin levels, the presence of intestinal dysbiosis.
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Basak S, Mallick R, Banerjee A, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Maternal Supply of Both Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Is Required for Optimal Neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2021; 13:2061. [PMID: 34208549 PMCID: PMC8234848 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last trimester of gestation and for the first 18 months after birth, both docosahexaenoic acid,22:6n-3 (DHA) and arachidonic acid,20:4n-6 (ARA) are preferentially deposited within the cerebral cortex at a rapid rate. Although the structural and functional roles of DHA in brain development are well investigated, similar roles of ARA are not well documented. The mode of action of these two fatty acids and their derivatives at different structural-functional roles and their levels in the gene expression and signaling pathways of the brain have been continuously emanating. In addition to DHA, the importance of ARA has been much discussed in recent years for fetal and postnatal brain development and the maternal supply of ARA and DHA. These fatty acids are also involved in various brain developmental processes; however, their mechanistic cross talks are not clearly known yet. This review describes the importance of ARA, in addition to DHA, in supporting the optimal brain development and growth and functional roles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500 007, India;
| | - Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India; (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603 103, India; (A.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Asim K. Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Marriott BP, Turner TH, Hibbeln JR, Newman JC, Pregulman M, Malek AM, Malcolm RJ, Burbelo GA, Wismann JW. Impact of Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cognitive Performance among United States (US) Military Officers: The Ranger Resilience and Improved Performance on Phospholipid-Bound Omega-3's (RRIPP-3) Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061854. [PMID: 34072293 PMCID: PMC8228047 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have assessed omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive decline among older adults and cognitive development among children, although less is known about cognitive or neurological effects among young adults. We examined whether omega-3 supplementation from krill oil could improve cognition and resilience among young military officers compared to a control. This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 555 officers (mean age 23.4 ± 2.8, 98.6% male) entering the United States (US) Army Infantry Basic Officer Leaders Course (IBOLC) with the intention to complete the US Ranger Course. Volunteer participants consumed eight dietary supplements daily of krill oil containing 2.3 g omega-3 or control (macadamia nut oil) over an approximate 20-week period. Cognitive functioning, resilience, and mood were assessed during a well-rested period at approximately 14 weeks and after a battlefield simulation at 16 weeks. Blood spot samples were collected to monitor compliance and dietary intake was assessed. All hypotheses were tested using both ‘Intention to Treat’ (ITT) and ‘As Per Protocol’ (APP) approaches. Of the 555 randomized individuals, 245 (44.1%) completed the study. No statistically significant group-by-time interactions indicating treatment effect were found on any outcomes. Poor compliance was indicated by lower than expected omega-3 elevations in the treatment group, and may have contributed to a failure to detect a response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette P. Marriott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-843-696-3208
| | - Travis H. Turner
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 301 CSB, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Joseph R. Hibbeln
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Barton Health, 2209 Second Avenue, South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150, USA;
| | - Jill C. Newman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Marcie Pregulman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, CSB, HE814, MSC629, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Angela M. Malek
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303C, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Robert J. Malcolm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Gregory A. Burbelo
- LTC, Infantry, United States Army, 432 Lee Road.2069, Smiths Station, AL 36877, USA;
| | - Jeffrey W. Wismann
- Major, US Army Battalion Operations Officer, 4-23 Infantry Regiment, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA 98433, USA;
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Retinoid X Receptor α Regulates DHA-Dependent Spinogenesis and Functional Synapse Formation In Vivo. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107649. [PMID: 32433958 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated intracellular and extracellular signaling is critical to synapse development and functional neural circuit wiring. Here, we report that unesterified docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) regulates functional synapse formation in vivo via retinoid X receptor α (Rxra) signaling. Using Rxra conditional knockout (cKO) mice and virus-mediated transient gene expression, we show that endogenous Rxra plays important roles in regulating spinogenesis and excitatory synaptic transmission in cortical pyramidal neurons. We further show that the effects of RXRA are mediated through its DNA-binding domain in a cell-autonomous and reversible manner. Moreover, unesterified DHA increases spine formation and excitatory synaptic transmission in vivo in an Rxra-dependent fashion. Rxra cKO mice generally behave normally but show deficits in behavior tasks associated with social memory. Together, these results demonstrate that unesterified DHA signals through RXRA to regulate spinogenesis and functional synapse formation, providing insight into the mechanism through which DHA promotes brain development and cognitive function.
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Disentangling the Molecular Mechanisms of the Antidepressant Activity of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094393. [PMID: 33922396 PMCID: PMC8122828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorders (MDDs) are often associated with a deficiency in long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), as well as signs of low-grade inflammation. Epidemiological and dietary studies suggest that a high intake of fish, the major source of ω-3 PUFAs, is associated with lower rates of MDDs. Meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled ω-3 PUFAs intervention-trials suggest that primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), but not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is responsible for the proposed antidepressant effect. In this review, we dissect the current biological knowledge on EPA and DHA and their bioactive lipid metabolites to search for a pharmacological explanation of this, to date, unexplained clinical observation. Through enzymatic conversion by cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (ALOX), and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase (CYP), EPA and DHA are metabolized to major anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators. In addition, both ω-3 PUFAs are precursors for endocannabinoids, with known effects on immunomodulation, neuroinflammation, food intake and mood. Finally, both ω-3 PUFAs are crucial for the structure and organization of membranes and lipid rafts. While most biological effects are shared by these two ω-3 PUFAs, some distinct features could be identified: (1) The preferential CYP monooxygenase pathway for EPA and EPA derived eicosanoids; (2) The high CB2 receptor affinities of EPA-derived EPEA and its epoxy-metabolite 17,18-EEQ-EA, while the DHA-derived endocannabinoids lack such receptor affinities; (3) The competition of EPA but not DHA with arachidonic acid (AA) for particular glycerophospholipids. EPA and AA are preferentially incorporated into phosphatidylinositols, while DHA is mainly incorporated into phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, -serine and -choline. We propose that these distinct features may explain the superior antidepressant activity of EPA rich ω-3 PUFAs and that these are potential novel targets for future antidepressant drugs.
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Martinat M, Rossitto M, Di Miceli M, Layé S. Perinatal Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Development, Role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:1185. [PMID: 33918517 PMCID: PMC8065891 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential fatty acids that are provided by dietary intake. Growing evidence suggests that n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are paramount for brain functions. They constitute crucial elements of cellular membranes, especially in the brain. They are the precursors of several metabolites with different effects on inflammation and neuron outgrowth. Overall, long-chain PUFAs accumulate in the offspring brain during the embryonic and post-natal periods. In this review, we discuss how they accumulate in the developing brain, considering the maternal dietary supply, the polymorphisms of genes involved in their metabolism, and the differences linked to gender. We also report the mechanisms linking their bioavailability in the developing brain, their transfer from the mother to the embryo through the placenta, and their role in brain development. In addition, data on the potential role of altered bioavailability of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in the etiologies of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia, are reviewed.
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40
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Carbone BE, Abouleish M, Watters KE, Vogel S, Ribic A, Schroeder OHU, Bader BM, Biederer T. Synaptic Connectivity and Cortical Maturation Are Promoted by the ω-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:226-240. [PMID: 31034037 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain development is likely impacted by micronutrients. This is supported by the effects of the ω-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during early neuronal differentiation, when it increases neurite growth. Aiming to delineate DHA roles in postnatal stages, we selected the visual cortex due to its stereotypic maturation. Immunohistochemistry showed that young mice that received dietary DHA from birth exhibited more abundant presynaptic and postsynaptic specializations. DHA also increased density and size of synapses in a dose-dependent manner in cultured neurons. In addition, dendritic arbors of neurons treated with DHA were more complex. In agreement with improved connectivity, DHA enhanced physiological parameters of network maturation in vitro, including bursting strength and oscillatory behavior. Aiming to analyze functional maturation of the cortex, we performed in vivo electrophysiological recordings from awake mice to measure responses to patterned visual inputs. Dietary DHA robustly promoted the developmental increase in visual acuity, without altering light sensitivity. The visual acuity of DHA-supplemented animals continued to improve even after their cortex had matured and DHA abolished the acuity plateau. Our findings show that the ω-3 fatty acid DHA promotes synaptic connectivity and cortical processing. These results provide evidence that micronutrients can support the maturation of neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice E Carbone
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malik Abouleish
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine E Watters
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth Vogel
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adema Ribic
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Powell TL, Barner K, Madi L, Armstrong M, Manke J, Uhlson C, Jansson T, Ferchaud-Roucher V. Sex-specific responses in placental fatty acid oxidation, esterification and transfer capacity to maternal obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158861. [PMID: 33321178 PMCID: PMC11247378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism and oxidation capacity in the placenta, which likely affects the rate and composition of lipid delivered to the fetus remains poorly understood. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are critical for fetal growth and brain development. We determined the impact of maternal obesity on placental fatty acid oxidation, esterification and transport capacity by measuring PhosphatidylCholine (PC) and LysoPhosphatidylCholine (LPC) containing DHA by mass spectrometry in mother-placenta-baby triads as well as placental free carnitine and acylcarnitine metabolites in women with normal and obese pre-pregnancy BMI. Placental protein expression of enzymes involved in beta-oxidation and esterification pathways, MFSD2a (lysophosphatidylcholine transporter) and OCTN2 (carnitine transporter) expression in syncytiotrophoblast microvillous (MVM) and basal (BM) membranes were determined by Western Blot. Maternal obesity was associated with decreased umbilical cord plasma DHA in LPC and PC fractions in male, but not female, fetuses. Basal membrane MFSD2a protein expression was increased in placenta of males of obese mothers. In female placentas, despite an increased MVM OCTN2 expression, maternal obesity was associated with a reduced MUFA-carnitine levels and increased esterification enzymes. We speculate that lower DHA-PL in fetal circulation of male offspring of obese mothers, despite a significant increase in transporter expression for LPC-DHA, may lead to low DHA needed for brain development contributing to neurological consequences that are more prevalent in male children. Female placentas likely have reduced beta-oxidation capacity and appear to store FA through greater placental esterification, suggesting impaired placenta function and lipid transfer in female placentas of obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kelsey Barner
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lana Madi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan Manke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Charis Uhlson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Véronique Ferchaud-Roucher
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Nantes, INRAe UMR1280 PhAN, Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, CHU Nantes University Hospital, CRNH Ouest, 44000 Nantes, France.
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42
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Lamarre J, Cheema SK, Robertson GJ, Wilson DR. Omega-3 fatty acids accelerate fledging in an avian marine predator: a potential role of cognition. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.235929. [PMID: 33462136 PMCID: PMC7929930 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.235929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consuming omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) during development improves cognition in mammals, but the effect remains untested in other taxa. In aquatic ecosystems, n-3 LCPUFAs are produced by phytoplankton and bioaccumulate in the food web. Alarmingly, the warming and acidification of aquatic systems caused by climate change impair n-3 LCPUFA production, with an anticipated decrease of 80% by the year 2100. We tested whether n-3 LCPUFA consumption affects the physiology, morphology, behaviour and cognition of the chicks of a top marine predator, the ring-billed gull. Using a colony with little access to n-3 LCPUFAs, we supplemented siblings from 22 fenced nests with contrasting treatments from hatching until fledging; one sibling received n-3 LCPUFA-rich fish oil and the other, a control sucrose solution without n-3 LCPUFAs. Halfway through the nestling period, half the chicks receiving fish oil were switched to the sucrose solution to test whether n-3 LCPUFA intake remains crucial past the main growth phase (chronic versus transient treatments). Upon fledging, n-3 LCPUFAs were elevated in the blood and brains of chicks receiving the chronic treatment, but were comparable to control levels among those receiving the transient treatment. Across the entire sample, chicks with elevated n-3 LCPUFAs in their tissues fledged earlier despite their morphology and activity levels being unrelated to fledging age. Fledging required chicks to escape fences encircling their nest. We therefore interpret fledging age as a possible indicator of cognition, with chicks with improved cognition fledging earlier. These results provide insight into whether declining dietary n-3 LCPUFAs will compromise top predators' problem-solving skills, and thus their ability to survive in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Lamarre
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9
| | - Sukhinder Kaur Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9
| | - Gregory J Robertson
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Mount Pearl, NL, Canada, A1N 4T3
| | - David R Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Hashemi M, Rafigh M, Omrani MA, Hussen BM, Sayad A, Taheri M. Altered IFN-γ Levels after Treatment of Epileptic Patients with Omega-3 Fatty Acids. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2364-2367. [PMID: 33580472 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a frequent chronic disorder of the brain characterized by intermittent epileptic seizures caused by hypersynchronous discharge of neurons in the brain. Studies have reported the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and a number of investigations have shown decreased levels of omega-3 fatty acids in epileptic patients. We investigated differences in serum levels of two cytokines, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interferon (IFN)-γ, in 40 epileptic cases prior to and after treatment with omega-3 fatty acids. IFN-γ levels were significantly increased after the 16-week treatment period (P < 0.001). However, TGF-β levels remained unchanged (P = 0.14). Omega-3 fatty acid treatment may alter the immune response in epileptic patients. This should be considered in prescription of omega-3 fatty acid supplements in these patients. Future studies with larger sample sizes should verify the results of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Hashemi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Rafigh
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Clark AR, Randall EC, Lopez BGC, Regan MS, Agar JN, Andreone BJ, Gu C, Agar NYR. Spatial Distribution of Transcytosis Relevant Phospholipids in Response to Omega-3 Dietary Deprivation. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:106-115. [PMID: 33315366 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cell membrane of brain endothelial cells is enriched in omega-3 phospholipid species. Numerous omega-3 phospholipid species were recently proposed to be important for maintaining the low rate of transcytosis and, thus, could be important for regulating one of the mechanisms of the blood brain barrier (BBB). However, the spatial distribution of these phospholipid species within the brain was previously unknown. Here, we combined advanced mass spectrometry imaging techniques to generate a map of these phospholipids in the brain at near single cell resolution. Furthermore, we explored the effects of omega-3 dietary deprivation on both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-containing phospholipids and the global brain phospholipid profile. We demonstrate the unique spatial distribution of individual DHA-containing phospholipids, which may be important for the regiospecific properties of the BBB. Finally, 24 diet discriminative phospholipids were identified and showed an increase in saturated phospholipid species and ceramide containing phospholipid species under omega-3 dietary deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Clark
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Woman’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
- Chemical Biology PhD Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Therapeutic Graduate Program, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard University and Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Randall
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Woman’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
| | - Begoña G. C. Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Woman’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
| | - Michael S. Regan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Woman’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
| | - Jeffrey N. Agar
- Departments of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Andreone
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
| | - Chenghua Gu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
| | - Nathalie Y. R. Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Woman’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
- Chemical Biology PhD Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Therapeutic Graduate Program, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard University and Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Woman’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6195, United States
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45
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Campoy C, Azaryah H, Torres-Espínola FJ, Martínez-Zaldívar C, García-Santos JA, Demmelmair H, Haile G, Rzehak P, Koletzko B, Györei E, Décsi T, Ramírez-Tortosa MDC, Reischl E, Molloy AM, Luna JDD, Pérez-García M. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Homocysteine at Birth and Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene Cluster Polymorphisms are Associated with Children's Processing Speed up to Age 9 Years. Nutrients 2020; 13:E131. [PMID: 33396458 PMCID: PMC7824114 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Both pre- and early postnatal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA) and folate have been related to neural development, but their long-term effects on later neural function remain unclear. We evaluated the long-term effects of maternal prenatal supplementation with fish-oil (FO), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), placebo or FO + 5-MTHF, as well as the role of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster polymorphisms, on their offspring's processing speed at later school age. This study was conducted in NUHEAL children at 7.5 (n = 143) and 9 years of age (n = 127). Processing speed tasks were assessed using Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Children Color Trails Test (CCTT) and Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT). Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, folate and total homocysteine (tHcy) levels were determined at delivery from maternal and cord blood samples. FADS and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677 C > T genetic polymorphisms were analyzed. Mixed models (linear and logistic) were performed. There were significant differences in processing speed performance among children at different ages (p < 0.001). The type of prenatal supplementation had no effect on processing speed in children up to 9 years. Secondary exploratory analyses indicated that children born to mothers with higher AA/DHA ratio at delivery (p < 0.001) and heterozygotes for FADS1 rs174556 (p < 0.05) showed better performance in processing speed at 9 years. Negative associations between processing speed scores and maternal tHcy levels at delivery were found. Our findings suggest speed processing development in children up to 9 years could be related to maternal factors, including AA/DHA and tHcy levels, and their genetic background, mainly FADS polymorphism. These considerations support that maternal prenatal supplementation should be quantitatively adequate and individualized to obtain better brain development and mental performance in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Campoy
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 180016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (F.J.T.-E.); (C.M.-Z.); (J.A.G.-S.)
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda, Investigación 11, 180016 Granada, Spain
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada’s Node, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs-GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias “Doctor Olóriz”, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Hatim Azaryah
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 180016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (F.J.T.-E.); (C.M.-Z.); (J.A.G.-S.)
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda, Investigación 11, 180016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs-GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Torres-Espínola
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 180016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (F.J.T.-E.); (C.M.-Z.); (J.A.G.-S.)
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda, Investigación 11, 180016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias “Doctor Olóriz”, Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Zaldívar
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 180016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (F.J.T.-E.); (C.M.-Z.); (J.A.G.-S.)
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda, Investigación 11, 180016 Granada, Spain
| | - José Antonio García-Santos
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 180016 Granada, Spain; (H.A.); (F.J.T.-E.); (C.M.-Z.); (J.A.G.-S.)
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda, Investigación 11, 180016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs-GRANADA), Health Sciences Technological Park, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Paediatrics, Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany; (H.D.); (G.H.); (P.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Gudrun Haile
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Paediatrics, Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany; (H.D.); (G.H.); (P.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Peter Rzehak
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Paediatrics, Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany; (H.D.); (G.H.); (P.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Paediatrics, Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Hospitals, 80337 Munich, Germany; (H.D.); (G.H.); (P.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Eszter Györei
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, József Attila u. 7, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; (E.G.); (T.D.)
| | - Tamas Décsi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, József Attila u. 7, 7623 Pécs, Hungary; (E.G.); (T.D.)
| | - María del Carmen Ramírez-Tortosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain;
| | - Eva Reischl
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Anne M. Molloy
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, 152–160 Pearse Street, D02 Dublin 2, Ireland;
| | - Juan de Dios Luna
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Miguel Pérez-García
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour International Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- Spanish Network of Biomedical Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Granada’s Node, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Torgalkar R, Shah J, Dave S, Yang J, Ostad N, Kotsopoulos K, Unger S, Kelly E, Shah PS. Fish oil-containing multicomponent lipid emulsion vs soy-based lipid emulsion and neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born < 29 weeks' gestation. J Perinatol 2020; 40:1712-1718. [PMID: 32507860 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-0710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely preterm children who received soy-medium chain triglycerides-olive-fish oil-containing lipid emulsion (SMOF-LE) vs soy-based LE. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a pre-post comparative cohort study of children born < 29 weeks' gestation who received > 7 days of LE. Outcomes were mortality/significant neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI), mortality/any NDI, significant NDI, any NDI, and individual components of NDI. RESULTS Among children with follow-up data (Intralipid: n = 340/442, 77%; SMOF-LE: n = 214/286, 75%), baseline characteristics were comparable except for postnatal steroids. There was no significant difference in death/significant NDI between groups. Adjusted odds of death/any NDI [0.68 (95% CI 0.48, 0.97)], any NDI [0.64 (95% CI 0.44, 0.93)] and Bayley-III language score < 85 and <70 were significantly lower in the SMOF-LE group. CONCLUSIONS In extremely preterm children, a change from soy-based LE to SMOF-LE was not associated with deleterious effect on neurodevelopmental outcomes and may have been associated with some improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Torgalkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jyotsna Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shruti Dave
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Junmin Yang
- Maternal-infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nastaran Ostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sharon Unger
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Edmond Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prakesh S Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Maternal-infant Care Research Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Fang X, Sun W, Jeon J, Azain M, Kinder H, Ahn J, Chung HC, Mote RS, Filipov NM, Zhao Q, Rayalam S, Park HJ. Perinatal Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation Improves Cognition and Alters Brain Functional Organization in Piglets. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2090. [PMID: 32679753 PMCID: PMC7400913 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies associate maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/DHA-containing seafood intake with enhanced cognitive development; although, it should be noted that interventional trials show inconsistent findings. We examined perinatal DHA supplementation on cognitive performance, brain anatomical and functional organization, and the brain monoamine neurotransmitter status of offspring using a piglet model. Sows were fed a control (CON) or a diet containing DHA (DHA) from late gestation throughout lactation. Piglets underwent an open field test (OFT), an object recognition test (ORT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to acquire anatomical, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) at weaning. Piglets from DHA-fed sows spent 95% more time sniffing the walls than CON in OFT and exhibited an elevated interest in the novel object in ORT, while CON piglets demonstrated no preference. Maternal DHA supplementation increased fiber length and tended to increase fractional anisotropy in the hippocampus of offspring than CON. DHA piglets exhibited increased functional connectivity in the cerebellar, visual, and default mode network and decreased activity in executive control and sensorimotor network compared to CON. The brain monoamine neurotransmitter levels did not differ in healthy offspring. Perinatal DHA supplementation may increase exploratory behaviors, improve recognition memory, enhance fiber tract integrity, and alter brain functional organization in offspring at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (X.F.); (J.J.)
| | - Wenwu Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (W.S.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Julie Jeon
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (X.F.); (J.J.)
| | - Michael Azain
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.A.); (H.K.)
| | - Holly Kinder
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.A.); (H.K.)
| | - Jeongyoun Ahn
- Department of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.A.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Hee Cheol Chung
- Department of Statistics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.A.); (H.C.C.)
| | - Ryan S. Mote
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (R.S.M.); (N.M.F.)
| | - Nikolay M. Filipov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (R.S.M.); (N.M.F.)
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (W.S.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Srujana Rayalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA 30024, USA
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (X.F.); (J.J.)
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Saccà SC, Vernazza S, Iorio EL, Tirendi S, Bassi AM, Gandolfi S, Izzotti A. Molecular changes in glaucomatous trabecular meshwork. Correlations with retinal ganglion cell death and novel strategies for neuroprotection. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 256:151-188. [PMID: 32958211 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss. Although significant advances in ophthalmologic knowledge and practice have been made, some glaucoma mechanisms are not yet understood, therefore, up to now there is no effective treatment able to ensure healing. Indeed, either pharmacological or surgical approaches to this disease aim in lowering intraocular pressure, which is considered the only modifiable risk factor. However, it is well known that several factors and metabolites are equally (if not more) involved in glaucoma. Oxidative stress, for instance, plays a pivotal role in both glaucoma onset and progression because it is responsible for the trabecular meshwork cell damage and, consequently, for intraocular pressure increase as well as for glaucomatous damage cascade. This review at first shows accurately the molecular-derived dysfunctions in antioxidant system and in mitochondria homeostasis which due to both oxidative stress and aging, lead to a chronic inflammation state, the trabecular meshwork damage as well as the glaucoma neurodegeneration. Therefore, the main molecular events triggered by oxidative stress up to the proapoptotic signals that promote the ganglion cell death have been highlighted. The second part of this review, instead, describes some of neuroprotective agents such as polyphenols or polyunsaturated fatty acids as possible therapeutic source against the propagation of glaucomatous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Saccà
- Policlinico San Martino University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience and sense organs, Ophthalmology Unit, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | | | - Sara Tirendi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Gandolfi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Biological, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Darcey VL, Serafine KM. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vulnerability to Addiction: Reviewing Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2385-2401. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200429094158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (N3) fatty acids are dietary nutrients that are essential for human health. Arguably, one of their most critical contributions to health is their involvement in the structure and function of the nervous system. N3 fatty acids accumulate in neuronal membranes through young adulthood, becoming particularly enriched in a brain region known to be the locus of cognitive control of behavior-the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC undergoes a surge in development during adolescence, coinciding with a life stage when dietary quality and intake of N3 fatty acids tend to be suboptimal. Such low intake may impact neurodevelopment and normative development of cognitive functions suggested to be protective for the risk of subsequent substance and alcohol use disorders (UD). While multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk for and resilience to substance and alcohol use disorders, mounting evidence suggests that dietary patterns early in life may also modulate cognitive and behavioral factors thought to elevate UD risk (e.g., impulsivity and reward sensitivity). This review aims to summarize the literature on dietary N3 fatty acids during childhood and adolescence and risk of executive/ cognitive or behavioral dysfunction, which may contribute to the risk of subsequent UD. We begin with a review of the effects of N3 fatty acids in the brain at the molecular to cellular levels–providing the biochemical mechanisms ostensibly supporting observed beneficial effects. We continue with a review of cognitive, behavioral and neurodevelopmental features thought to predict early substance and alcohol use in humans. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature, largely demonstrating that dietary manipulation of N3 fatty acids contributes to behavioral changes that impact drug sensitivity. Finally, a review of the available evidence in human literature, suggesting an association between dietary N3 fatty and neurodevelopmental profiles associated with risk of adverse outcomes including UD. We conclude with a brief summary and call to action for additional research to extend the current understanding of the impact of dietary N3 fatty acids and the risk of drug and alcohol UD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Darcey
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Washington DC, United States
| | - Katherine M. Serafine
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
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50
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Maternal diet high in Omega-3 fatty acids upregulate genes involved in neurotrophin signalling in fetal brain during pregnancy in C57BL/6 mice. Neurochem Int 2020; 138:104778. [PMID: 32474175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins play a critical role in the development, maintenance, and proper function of the brain. We investigated the effects of maternal diet high in omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on fatty acids composition and the gene expression of neurotrophins in fetal brain at different gestation stages. Female C57BL/6 mice (7-weeks old, n = 8/group) were fed a diet containing high, low or very low n-3 PUFA (9, 3 or 1% w/w, respectively), with an n-6:n-3 PUFA of 5:1, 20:1 and 40:1, respectively, for two weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy. Animals were sacrificed during pregnancy at gestation day 12.5 and 18.5 to determine placental and fetal-brain fatty acids composition. The gene expressions of endothelial lipase (EL) and plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein (FABPpm) were measured in the placenta, while major facilitator superfamily domain-containing 2a (Mfsd2a), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin-receptor kinase (TrK)-B, and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were measured in fetal-brain, using qPCR. The protein expression of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) was determined using ELISA. The high n-3 PUFA diet increased the mRNA expression of EL, FABPpm, and Mfsd2a at both gestation days, compared to other groups. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total n-3 PUFA were significantly higher in the high n-3 PUFA group, compared to the other groups at both gestation days. The high n-3 PUFA diet also increased the mRNA expressions of BDNF, TrKB and CREB, as well as the protein concentration of pCREB as gestation progressed, compared to the other groups. Our findings show for the first time that maternal diet high in n-3 PUFA increased the mRNA expression of Mfsd2a, which correlated with an increase in DHA accretion in the fetal-brain. A diet high in n-3 PUFA increased neurotrophin signalling in fetal-brain as gestation progressed, demonstrating the importance of n-3 PUFA during brain development.
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