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Bala Subramaniyan S, Karnan Singaravelu D, Raman T, Ameen F, Veerappan A. Antimicrobial lipids loaded on lectin display reduced MIC, curtail pathogenesis and protect zebrafish from reinfection by immunomodulation. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106744. [PMID: 38876321 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and re-emergence of highly resistant pathogens is a grave concern everywhere and this has consequences for all kinds of human activities. Herein, we showed that N-palmitoylethanolamine-derived cationic lipid (cN16E) had a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria when it was loaded with Butea monosperma seed lectin (BMSL). The analysis using lectin-FITC conjugate labelling indicated that the improved antibacterial activity of BMSL conjugation was due to bacterial cell surface glycan recognition. Live and dead staining experiments revealed that the BMSL-cN16E conjugate (BcN16E) exerts antibacterial activity by damaging the bacterial membrane. BcN16E antimicrobial activity was demonstrated using an infected zebrafish animal model because humans have 70 % genetic similarity to zebrafish. BcN16E therapeutic potential was established successfully by rescuing fish infected with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Remarkably, the rescued infected fish treated with BcN16E prevented reinfection without further therapy, indicating BcN16E immunomodulatory potential. Thus, the study examined the expression of immune-related genes, including tnfα, ifnγ, il-1β, il-4, il-10, tlr-2, etc. There was a significant elevation in the expression of all these genes compared to control and fish treated with BMSL or cN16E alone. Interestingly, when the rescued zebrafish were reinfected with the same pathogen, the levels of expression of these genes were many folds higher than seen earlier. Radial immune diffusion analyses (RIA) using zebrafish serum revealed antibody production during the initial infection and treatment. Interestingly, reinfected fish had significant immunoprecipitation in RIA, a feature absent in the groups treated with cN16E, BMSL, and control. These results clearly show that the BcN16E complex not only rescued infected zebrafish but also conferred long-lasting protection in terms of immunomodulation that protects against multiple reinfections. The findings support that BcN16E has immense potential as a novel immunostimulant for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Bala Subramaniyan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dharshini Karnan Singaravelu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thiagarajan Raman
- Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Mylapore, Chennai, 600004, India.
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anbazhagan Veerappan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Duncan RS, Riordan SM, Gernon MC, Koulen P. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids as therapeutics for nervous system disorders: preclinical models and clinical studies. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:788-799. [PMID: 37843213 PMCID: PMC10664133 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.382220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are lipophilic substances derived from Cannabis sativa that can exert a variety of effects in the human body. They have been studied in cellular and animal models as well as in human clinical trials for their therapeutic benefits in several human diseases. Some of these include central nervous system (CNS) diseases and dysfunctions such as forms of epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, pain and neuropsychiatric disorders. In addition, the endogenously produced cannabinoid lipids, endocannabinoids, are critical for normal CNS function, and if controlled or modified, may represent an additional therapeutic avenue for CNS diseases. This review discusses in vitro cellular, ex vivo tissue and in vivo animal model studies on cannabinoids and their utility as therapeutics in multiple CNS pathologies. In addition, the review provides an overview on the use of cannabinoids in human clinical trials for a variety of CNS diseases. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids hold promise for use as disease modifiers and therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, USA
| | - Sean M. Riordan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, USA
| | - Matthew C. Gernon
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, USA
| | - Peter Koulen
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO, USA
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3
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Sharma P, Lakra N, Goyal A, Ahlawat YK, Zaid A, Siddique KHM. Drought and heat stress mediated activation of lipid signaling in plants: a critical review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1216835. [PMID: 37636093 PMCID: PMC10450635 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1216835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are a principal component of plasma membrane, acting as a protective barrier between the cell and its surroundings. Abiotic stresses such as drought and temperature induce various lipid-dependent signaling responses, and the membrane lipids respond differently to environmental challenges. Recent studies have revealed that lipids serve as signal mediators forreducing stress responses in plant cells and activating defense systems. Signaling lipids, such as phosphatidic acid, phosphoinositides, sphingolipids, lysophospholipids, oxylipins, and N-acylethanolamines, are generated in response to stress. Membrane lipids are essential for maintaining the lamellar stack of chloroplasts and stabilizing chloroplast membranes under stress. However, the effects of lipid signaling targets in plants are not fully understood. This review focuses on the synthesis of various signaling lipids and their roles in abiotic stress tolerance responses, providing an essential perspective for further investigation into the interactions between plant lipids and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Sharma
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nita Lakra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Chaudhary Charan Singh (CCS) Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Alisha Goyal
- Division of Crop Improvement, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)—Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Yogesh K. Ahlawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Abbu Zaid
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Department of Botany, Government Gandhi Memorial (GGM) Science College, Cluster University Jammu, Jammu, India
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Reddy ST, Sivaramakrishna D, Mamatha K, Sharma M, Swamy MJ. Packing polymorphism, odd-even alternation and thermotropic phase transitions in N-, O-diacylethanolamines with varying N-acyl chains. A combined experimental and computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25264-25277. [PMID: 34734606 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03704h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-,O-Diacylethanolamines (DAEs) are derived by simple esterification of bioactive N-acylethanolamines, which are present in plant and animal tissues. In this study, two homologous series of DAEs, namely N-acyl (n = 8-15), O-palmitoylethanolamines (Nn-O16s) and N-acyl (n = 8-14), O-pentadecanoylethanolamines (Nn-O15s) were synthesized and characterized with respect to thermotropic phase transitions, crystal structures and intermolecular interactions. In addition, computational studies were performed to get a molecular level insight into the role of different factors in selective polymorphism in Nn-O16s and Nn-O15s. Differential scanning calorimetric studies revealed that dry Nn-O16s exhibit odd-even alternation in their calorimetric properties, which is absent in Nn-O15s. The 3-dimensional structures of three Nn-O16s (n = 12-14) and two Nn-O15s (n = 12, 14) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Analysis of the molecular packing in these crystals showed the presence of two packing polymorphs (α and β) in the crystal lattice of Nn-O16s, whereas only the β polymorph was observed in the Nn-O15s. Further, intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions (N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O) and dispersion interactions among acyl chains have been found to stabilize the molecular packing observed in the crystal lattice. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the β polymorph is slightly energetically preferred over the α polymorph in all the systems due to favorable packing of terminal methyl groups at the interlayers. These findings are relevant for understanding the interactions of the DAEs with membrane lipids and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keerthi Mamatha
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Manju Sharma
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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Beyond the Usual Suspects: Physiological Roles of the Arabidopsis Amidase Signature (AS) Superfamily Members in Plant Growth Processes and Stress Responses. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081207. [PMID: 34439873 PMCID: PMC8393822 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversification of land plants largely relies on their ability to cope with constant environmental fluctuations, which negatively impact their reproductive fitness and trigger adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this limiting landscape, cumulative research attention has centred on deepening the roles of major phytohormones, mostly auxins, together with brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and abscisic acid, despite the signaling networks orchestrating the crosstalk among them are so far only poorly understood. Accordingly, this review focuses on the Arabidopsis Amidase Signature (AS) superfamily members, with the aim of highlighting the hitherto relatively underappreciated functions of AMIDASE1 (AMI1) and FATTY ACID AMIDE HYDROLASE (FAAH), as comparable coordinators of the growth-defense trade-off, by balancing auxin and ABA homeostasis through the conversion of their likely bioactive substrates, indole-3-acetamide and N-acylethanolamine.
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Cannon AE, Chapman KD. Lipid Signaling through G Proteins. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:720-728. [PMID: 33468433 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine (NAE) signaling has received considerable attention in vertebrates as part of the endocannabinoid signaling system, where anandamide acts as a ligand for G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors. Recent studies indicate that G proteins also are required for some types of NAE signaling in plants. The genetic ablation of the Gβγ dimer or loss of the full set of extra-large G proteins strongly attenuated NAE-induced chloroplast responses in seedlings. Intriguing parallels and distinct differences have emerged between plants and animals in NAE signaling, despite the conserved use of these lipid mediators to modulate cellular processes. Here we compare similarities and differences and identify open questions in a fundamental lipid signaling pathway in eukaryotes with components that are both conserved and diverged in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Cannon
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99163, USA; Department of Crop and Soil Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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Bala Subramaniyan S, Ramesh S, Rajendran S, Veerappan A. Dual Function Antimicrobial Loaded Lectin Carrier: A Strategy to Overcome Biomolecular Interference without Detectable Resistance. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1823-1833. [PMID: 34161072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The disposition of a drug in a biological system may be altered by complex biological fluids; especially, protein binding to drugs influences their activity. Herein, we demonstrated a convenient method involving the noncovalent formulation of butea monosperma seed lectin (BMSL) with an antimicrobial lipid, cationic N-acylethanolamine (cNAE) to mitigate the serum protein interference. Fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking study revealed that cNAEs readily formed noncovalent complexes with serum protein, bovine serum albumin. The resulting complexes interfered with the antimicrobial activity of cNAEs. Strikingly, the noncovalent conjugates developed with BMSL and cNAEs (BcNAE) overcame the interference from serum protein and displayed remarkable antimicrobial activity against uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Strikingly, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the lectin conjugates (7.81 μM) was 4-fold lower than the MIC of pure cNAE. Mechanistic studies showed that BcNAE depolarized the bacterial membrane and affected the integrity to exert the antimicrobial activity. The membrane directed activities of BcNAE on UPEC efficiently eliminated the development of resistance even after 25 passages. The hemocompatibility results and the biosafety assessed in a zebrafish model suggested that BcNAE was nontoxic with good selectivity to bacteria. While testing the therapeutic efficacy against UPEC infected zebrafish, we found that 1× MIC cNAE is ineffective due to interference from biological fluids, which is in agreement with in vitro studies. Remarkably, the infected fish treated with 1× MIC BcNAE conjugates were rescued from infection and restored to the normal life in less than 9 h. Bacterial colony count assay revealed that BcNAE was more efficient in overcoming the biological fluid interference and eliminated the bacterial burden in infected zebrafish. Histopathology analysis supported that BcNAE treatment restored the pathological changes induced by UPEC and, thus, increased survival. The high antimicrobial intensity with limited chance for resistance development and potential to overcome biomolecular interference with a lack of toxicity enhance the merits of exploring lectin conjugates against infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Bala Subramaniyan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA) Deemed University, Thanjavur-613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subburethinam Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA) Deemed University, Thanjavur-613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthilnathan Rajendran
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA) Deemed University, Thanjavur-613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anbazhagan Veerappan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA) Deemed University, Thanjavur-613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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della Rocca G, Gamba D. Chronic Pain in Dogs and Cats: Is There Place for Dietary Intervention with Micro-Palmitoylethanolamide? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:952. [PMID: 33805489 PMCID: PMC8065429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of chronic pain is an integral challenge of small animal veterinary practitioners. Multiple pharmacological agents are usually employed to treat maladaptive pain including opiates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and others. In order to limit adverse effects and tolerance development, they are often combined with non-pharmacologic measures such as acupuncture and dietary interventions. Accumulating evidence suggests that non-neuronal cells such as mast cells and microglia play active roles in the pathogenesis of maladaptive pain. Accordingly, these cells are currently viewed as potential new targets for managing chronic pain. Palmitoylethanolamide is an endocannabinoid-like compound found in several food sources and considered a body's own analgesic. The receptor-dependent control of non-neuronal cells mediates the pain-relieving effect of palmitoylethanolamide. Accumulating evidence shows the anti-hyperalgesic effect of supplemented palmitoylethanolamide, especially in the micronized and co-micronized formulations (i.e., micro-palmitoylethanolamide), which allow for higher bioavailability. In the present paper, the role of non-neuronal cells in pain signaling is discussed and a large number of studies on the effect of palmitoylethanolamide in inflammatory and neuropathic chronic pain are reviewed. Overall, available evidence suggests that there is place for micro-palmitoylethanolamide in the dietary management of chronic pain in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia della Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Centro di Ricerca sul Dolore Animale (CeRiDA), Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Gamba
- Operational Unit of Anesthesia, Centro Veterinario Gregorio VII, 00165 Roma, Italy;
- Freelance, DG Vet Pain Therapy, 24124 Bergamo, Italy
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9
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Pérez-Alonso MM, Ortiz-García P, Moya-Cuevas J, Lehmann T, Sánchez-Parra B, Björk RG, Karim S, Amirjani MR, Aronsson H, Wilkinson MD, Pollmann S. Endogenous indole-3-acetamide levels contribute to the crosstalk between auxin and abscisic acid, and trigger plant stress responses in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:459-475. [PMID: 33068437 PMCID: PMC7853601 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary success of plants relies to a large extent on their extraordinary ability to adapt to changes in their environment. These adaptations require that plants balance their growth with their stress responses. Plant hormones are crucial mediators orchestrating the underlying adaptive processes. However, whether and how the growth-related hormone auxin and the stress-related hormones jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid (ABA) are coordinated remains largely elusive. Here, we analyse the physiological role of AMIDASE 1 (AMI1) in Arabidopsis plant growth and its possible connection to plant adaptations to abiotic stresses. AMI1 contributes to cellular auxin homeostasis by catalysing the conversion of indole-acetamide into the major plant auxin indole-3-acetic acid. Functional impairment of AMI1 increases the plant's stress status rendering mutant plants more susceptible to abiotic stresses. Transcriptomic analysis of ami1 mutants disclosed the reprogramming of a considerable number of stress-related genes, including jasmonic acid and ABA biosynthesis genes. The ami1 mutants exhibit only moderately repressed growth but an enhanced ABA accumulation, which suggests a role for AMI1 in the crosstalk between auxin and ABA. Altogether, our results suggest that AMI1 is involved in coordinating the trade-off between plant growth and stress responses, balancing auxin and ABA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta-Marina Pérez-Alonso
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Paloma Ortiz-García
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - José Moya-Cuevas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Thomas Lehmann
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Beatriz Sánchez-Parra
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Current address: Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert G Björk
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sazzad Karim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohammad R Amirjani
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Current address: Department of Biology, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark D Wilkinson
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Chemical Genetics to Uncover Mechanisms Underlying Lipid-Mediated Signaling Events in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2213:3-16. [PMID: 33270188 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0954-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Like animals, plants use various lipids as signaling molecules to guide their growth and development. The focus of our work is on the N-acylethanolamine (NAE) group of lipid mediators, which have been shown to play important physiological roles in plants. However, mechanisms by which NAEs modulate plant function remain elusive. Chemical genetics has emerged as a potent tool to elucidate signaling pathways in plants, particularly those orchestrated by plant hormones. Like plant hormones, exogenous application of NAEs elicits distinct plant growth phenotypes that can serve as biological readouts for chemical genetic screens. For example, N-lauroylethanolamide (NAE 12:0) inhibits seedling development in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, a library of small synthetic chemical compounds can be rapidly screened for their ability to reverse the inhibitory effect of NAE 12:0 on seedling development. Chemicals identified through such screens could be potential agonists/antagonists of NAE receptors or signaling pathways and therefore serve as additional tools for understanding NAE function in plants. In this chapter, we describe general protocols for NAE 12:0-based chemical genetic screens in Arabidopsis. Although such screens were designed primarily for NAE 12:0, they could potentially be applied for similar work with other NAE species or plant lipid mediators.
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Cannon AE, Yan C, Burks DJ, Rao X, Azad RK, Chapman KD. Lipophilic signals lead to organ-specific gene expression changes in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00242. [PMID: 32775951 PMCID: PMC7403840 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are most abundant in desiccated seeds and their levels decline during germination and early seedling establishment. However, endogenous NAE levels rise in seedlings when ABA or environmental stress is applied, and this results in an inhibition of further seedling development. When the most abundant, polyunsaturated NAEs of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) were exogenously applied, seedling development was affected in an organ-specific manner. NAE 18:2 primarily affected primary root elongation and NAE 18:3 primarily affected cotyledon greening and expansion and overall seedling growth. The molecular components and signaling mechanisms involved in this pathway are not well understood. In addition, the bifurcating nature of this pathway provides a unique system in which to study the spatial aspects and interaction of these lipid-specific and organ-targeted signaling pathways. Using whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and differential expression analysis, we identified early (1-3 hr) transcriptional changes induced by the exogenous treatment of NAE 18:2 and NAE 18:3 in cotyledons, roots, and seedlings. These two treatments led to a significant enrichment in ABA-response and chitin-response genes in organs where the treatments led to changes in development. In Arabidopsis seedlings, NAE 18:2 treatment led to the repression of genes involved in cell wall biogenesis and organization in roots and seedlings. In addition, cotyledons, roots, and seedlings treated with NAE 18:3 also showed a decrease in transcripts that encode proteins involved in growth processes. NAE 18:3 also led to changes in the abundance of transcripts involved in the modulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and catabolism in cotyledons. Overall, NAE 18:2 and NAE 18:3 treatment led to lipid-type and organ-specific gene expression changes that include overlapping and non-overlapping gene sets. These data will provide future, rich opportunities to examine the genetic pathways involved in transducing early signals into downstream physiological changes in seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Cannon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Chengshi Yan
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - David J. Burks
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Rajeev K. Azad
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
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Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides: Prohomeostatic Lipid Compounds for Animal Health and Wellbeing. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020078. [PMID: 32560159 PMCID: PMC7355440 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually every cellular process is affected by diet and this represents the foundation of dietary management to a variety of small animal disorders. Special attention is currently being paid to a family of naturally occurring lipid amides acting through the so-called autacoid local injury antagonism, i.e., the ALIA mechanism. The parent molecule of ALIAmides, palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), has being known since the 1950s as a nutritional factor with protective properties. Since then, PEA has been isolated from a variety of plant and animal food sources and its proresolving function in the mammalian body has been increasingly investigated. The discovery of the close interconnection between ALIAmides and the endocannabinoid system has greatly stimulated research efforts in this field. The multitarget and highly redundant mechanisms through which PEA exerts prohomeostatic functions fully breaks with the classical pharmacology view of “one drug, one target, one disease”, opening a new era in the management of animals’ health, i.e., an according-to-nature biomodulation of body responses to different stimuli and injury. The present review focuses on the direct and indirect endocannabinoid receptor agonism by PEA and its analogues and also targets the main findings from experimental and clinical studies on ALIAmides in animal health and wellbeing.
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Li P, Oyang X, Xie X, Li Z, Yang H, Xi J, Guo Y, Tian X, Liu B, Li J, Xiao Z. Phytotoxicity induced by perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate via metabolomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121852. [PMID: 31848096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are becoming common pollutants in natural environment, while the toxic effects and defense mechanisms in agricultural plants are poorly understood. Here, lettuce exposed to either perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) at two different concentrations (500, 5000 ng/L) in hydroponic media was investigated via metabolomics. Under the tested conditions, the growth and biomass of lettuce were not affected by PFOA and PFOS, but metabolic profiles in leaves were altered. The composition and metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids and some antioxidants were regulated, compromising the nutritional quality of the plants. Key pathways in energy metabolism were disturbed by both PFOA and PFOS, including tricarboxylic acid cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and pyruvate metabolism. Amino acid metabolism, e.g., phenylalanine and tyrosine, was disturbed by PFOA. The metabolism of linoleic acid was disturbed by PFOS. The changes of antioxidants and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine indicated the occurrence of oxidative stress and DNA damage under PFOA or PFOS exposure. The main defense processes against PFASs exposure in lettuce included alteration in plasma membrane, activation of antioxidant systems, increase of tolerance and repair of DNA injury. These findings help elucidate the response of plants to PFASs in a molecular-scale perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Xihui Oyang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Xiaocan Xie
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongju Yang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Jialin Xi
- Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Xiujun Tian
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Jiuyi Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China.
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14
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Aziz M, Chapman KD. Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases: An Expanded Capacity for Chemical Communication? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:236-249. [PMID: 31919033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme that belongs to the amidase signature (AS) superfamily and is widely distributed in multicellular eukaryotes. FAAH hydrolyzes lipid signaling molecules - namely, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) - which terminates their actions. Recently, the crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana FAAH was solved and key residues were identified for substrate-specific interactions. Here, focusing on residues surrounding the substrate-binding pocket, a comprehensive analysis of FAAH sequences from angiosperms reveals a distinctly different family of FAAH-like enzymes. We hypothesize that FAAH, in addition to its role in seedling development, also acts in an N-acyl amide communication axis to facilitate plant-microbe interactions and that structural diversity provides for the flexible use of a wide range of small lipophilic signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aziz
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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15
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Cazzola R, Rondanelli M. N-Oleoyl-Phosphatidyl-Ethanolamine and Epigallo Catechin-3-Gallate Mitigate Oxidative Stress in Overweight and Class I Obese People on a Low-Calorie Diet. J Med Food 2020; 23:319-325. [PMID: 31928490 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are considered key factors linking obesity with its associated complications. Epigallo catechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and oleoylethanolamide, together with its phospholipid precursor N-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NOPE), are nutritional compounds that might improve the oxidative stress status of obese people. Unfortunately, the bioavailability of these compounds is low; however, the coadministration of NOPE with EGCG has been shown to ameliorate both the plasma availability of EGCG and the intestinal levels of NOPE in rats. This double-blind placebo-controlled study investigated the effects of 2 months' supplementation with EGCG complexed with NOPE, combined with moderate energy restriction, on plasma oxidative status of overweight and class I obese subjects. A total of 138 subjects (body mass index: 25-35 kg/m2) were recruited and randomized into two groups: the first (n = 67) received caps of placebo and the second (n = 71) caps of an oily dispersion of EGCG complexed with NOPE for 2 months. Subjects' supplementation was combined with moderate energy restriction (-800 kcal/day). Plasma oxidative status was determined by measuring the levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen metabolites, and by calculating the lag time and the slope of Cu-induced lipid peroxidation kinetics. In total 116 subjects (27 M/89 F) completed the supplementation period, 49 in the placebo group and 67 in the treated group. Treatment induced a similar significant weight reduction in the two groups. Moreover, we found the mean changes of Ox-LDL significantly lower and the mean changes of antioxidant capacity (lag time) significantly higher in NOPE-EGCG group than in placebo group (treatment effect mean difference: -3.15 UL, P < .044 and +5.37 min, P < .0347, respectively). EGCG plasma levels were detectable only after 2 months of NOPE-EGCG diet. The NOPE-EGCG integration to a low-energy diet seems, therefore, useful for ameliorating oxidative stress-related markers, which are concomitant causes of obesity-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cazzola
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "L. Sacco," University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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16
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Aziz M, Wang X, Tripathi A, Bankaitis VA, Chapman KD. Structural analysis of a plant fatty acid amide hydrolase provides insights into the evolutionary diversity of bioactive acylethanolamides. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7419-7432. [PMID: 30894416 PMCID: PMC6509493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are fatty acid derivatives that in animal systems include the well-known bioactive metabolites of the endocannabinoid signaling pathway. Plants use NAE signaling as well, and these bioactive molecules often have oxygenated acyl moieties. Here, we report the three-dimensional crystal structures of the signal-terminating enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) from Arabidopsis in its apo and ligand-bound forms at 2.1- and 3.2-Å resolutions, respectively. This plant FAAH structure revealed features distinct from those of the only other available FAAH structure (rat). The structures disclosed that although catalytic residues are conserved with the mammalian enzyme, AtFAAH has a more open substrate-binding pocket that is partially lined with polar residues. Fundamental differences in the organization of the membrane-binding "cap" and the membrane access channel also were evident. In accordance with the observed structural features of the substrate-binding pocket, kinetic analysis showed that AtFAAH efficiently uses both unsubstituted and oxygenated acylethanolamides as substrates. Moreover, comparison of the apo and ligand-bound AtFAAH structures identified three discrete sets of conformational changes that accompany ligand binding, suggesting a unique "squeeze and lock" substrate-binding mechanism. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we evaluated these conformational changes further and noted a partial unfolding of a random-coil helix within the region 531-537 in the apo structure but not in the ligand-bound form, indicating that this region likely confers plasticity to the substrate-binding pocket. We conclude that the structural divergence in bioactive acylethanolamides in plants is reflected in part in the structural and functional properties of plant FAAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aziz
- From the BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 and
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- From the BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 and
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kent D Chapman
- From the BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 and
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17
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Zhang D, Wang J, Wang D, Kong Z, Zhou L, Zhang G, Gui Y, Li J, Huang J, Wang B, Liu C, Yin C, Li R, Li T, Wang J, Short DPG, Klosterman SJ, Bostock RM, Subbarao KV, Chen J, Dai X. Population genomics demystifies the defoliation phenotype in the plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1012-1029. [PMID: 30609067 PMCID: PMC6594092 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a broad host-range pathogen that causes vascular wilts in plants. Interactions between three hosts and specific V. dahliae genotypes result in severe defoliation. The underlying mechanisms of defoliation are unresolved. Genome resequencing, gene deletion and complementation, gene expression analysis, sequence divergence, defoliating phenotype identification, virulence analysis, and quantification of V. dahliae secondary metabolites were performed. Population genomics previously revealed that G-LSR2 was horizontally transferred from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum to V. dahliae and is exclusively found in the genomes of defoliating (D) strains. Deletion of seven genes within G-LSR2, designated as VdDf genes, produced the nondefoliation phenotype on cotton, olive, and okra but complementation of two genes restored the defoliation phenotype. Genes VdDf5 and VdDf6 associated with defoliation shared homology with polyketide synthases involved in secondary metabolism, whereas VdDf7 shared homology with proteins involved in the biosynthesis of N-lauroylethanolamine (N-acylethanolamine (NAE) 12:0), a compound that induces defoliation. NAE overbiosynthesis by D strains also appears to disrupt NAE metabolism in cotton by inducing overexpression of fatty acid amide hydrolase. The VdDfs modulate the synthesis and overproduction of secondary metabolites, such as NAE 12:0, that cause defoliation either by altering abscisic acid sensitivity, hormone disruption, or sensitivity to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan‐Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Jie Wang
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Kong
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | | | - Yue‐Jing Gui
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Jun‐Jiao Li
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | | | - Bao‐Li Wang
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Chun Liu
- GenomicsBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhen518083China
| | - Chun‐Mei Yin
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Rui‐Xing Li
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Ting‐Gang Li
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Jin‐Long Wang
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Dylan P. G. Short
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davisc/o US Agricultural Research StationSalinasCA93905USA
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceCrop Improvement and Protection Research UnitSalinasCA93905USA
| | | | - Krishna V. Subbarao
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California, Davisc/o US Agricultural Research StationSalinasCA93905USA
| | - Jie‐Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
| | - Xiao‐Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Crop Verticillium WiltInstitute of Food Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100193China
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18
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Jia Y, Li W. Phospholipase D antagonist 1-butanol inhibited the mobilization of triacylglycerol during seed germination in Arabidopsis. PLANT DIVERSITY 2018; 40:292-298. [PMID: 30740576 PMCID: PMC6317489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Storage oil breakdown plays an important role in the life cycle of many plants by providing the carbon skeletons that support seedling growth immediately following germination. 1-Butanol, a specific inhibitor of phospholipase D (PLD)-dependent production of the signalling molecule phosphatidic acid (PA), inhibited Arabidopsis seed germination. N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs), which have been shown to inhibits PLDα1 activity, have no effect on seed germination. However, mobilization profile of triacylglycerols (TAG) that induced by each compound has not been reported. To gain deeper insights into the mode of mobilization of TAG during NAE 12:0 or 1-butanol treatment, we conducted a detailed comparative analysis of the effect of NAE 12:0, DMSO, 1-butanol and tert-butanol on Arabidopsis seed germination and fatty acid composition, tert-butanol and DMSO served as the corresponding controls treatment respectively. Our data show that 1-butanol, but not the inactive tert-butanol isomer, inhibited Arabidopsis seed germination, which is accompanied by a with retardation of the mobilization of triacylglycerols (TAG). In contrast, NAE 12:0 did not affect mobilization of TAG, nor did it significantly delay seed germination as monitored by radicle and cotyledon emergence. 1-Butanol induced RNA degradation in seeds and seedlings. We speculate that the large-scale degradation of RNA under the induction of 1-butanol may lead to abnormal gene expression in genes necessary for seed germination, including the genes needed for the mobilization of oil bodies, and thus cause a delay of seed germination. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time that 1-butanol delays the mobilization of TAG.
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Key Words
- 1-butanol
- DGDG, digalactosyldiacylglycerol
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- FA, fatty acid
- Fatty acid
- GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- Germination
- MGDG, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
- N-Acylethanolamines
- NAE, N-Acylethanolamines
- PC, Phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PLD, phospholipase D
- TAG, triacylglycerols
- Triacylglycerols
- lysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
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19
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Hansen HS, Vana V. Non-endocannabinoid N-acylethanolamines and 2-monoacylglycerols in the intestine. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1443-1454. [PMID: 29473944 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on recent findings of the physiological and pharmacological role of non-endocannabinoid N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and 2-monoacylglycerols (2-MAGs) in the intestine and their involvement in the gut-brain signalling. Dietary fat suppresses food intake, and much research concerns the known gut peptides, for example, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK). NAEs and 2-MAGs represent another class of local gut signals most probably involved in the regulation of food intake. We discuss the putative biosynthetic pathways and targets of NAEs in the intestine as well as their anorectic role and changes in intestinal levels depending on the dietary status. NAEs can activate the transcription factor PPARα, but studies to evaluate the role of endogenous NAEs are generally lacking. Finally, we review the role of diet-derived 2-MAGs in the secretion of anorectic gut peptides via activation of GPR119. Both PPARα and GPR119 have potential as pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity and the former for treatment of intestinal inflammation. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald S Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vasiliki Vana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Gachet MS, Schubert A, Calarco S, Boccard J, Gertsch J. Targeted metabolomics shows plasticity in the evolution of signaling lipids and uncovers old and new endocannabinoids in the plant kingdom. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41177. [PMID: 28120902 PMCID: PMC5264637 DOI: 10.1038/srep41177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable absence of arachidonic acid (AA) in seed plants prompted us to systematically study the presence of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, stearic acid, oleic acid, jasmonic acid (JA), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and endocannabinoids (ECs) in 71 plant species representative of major phylogenetic clades. Given the difficulty of extrapolating information about lipid metabolites from genetic data we employed targeted metabolomics using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS to study these signaling lipids in plant evolution. Intriguingly, the distribution of AA among the clades showed an inverse correlation with JA which was less present in algae, bryophytes and monilophytes. Conversely, ECs co-occurred with AA in algae and in the lower plants (bryophytes and monilophytes), thus prior to the evolution of cannabinoid receptors in Animalia. We identified two novel EC-like molecules derived from the eicosatetraenoic acid juniperonic acid, an omega-3 structural isomer of AA, namely juniperoyl ethanolamide and 2-juniperoyl glycerol in gymnosperms, lycophytes and few monilophytes. Principal component analysis of the targeted metabolic profiles suggested that distinct NAEs may occur in different monophyletic taxa. This is the first report on the molecular phylogenetic distribution of apparently ancient lipids in the plant kingdom, indicating biosynthetic plasticity and potential physiological roles of EC-like lipids in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Salomé Gachet
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Schubert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Serafina Calarco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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21
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A chemical genetic screen uncovers a small molecule enhancer of the N-acylethanolamine degrading enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase, in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41121. [PMID: 28112243 PMCID: PMC5253734 DOI: 10.1038/srep41121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are a group of fatty acid amides that play signaling roles in diverse physiological processes in eukaryotes. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) degrades NAE into ethanolamine and free fatty acid to terminate its signaling function. In animals, chemical inhibitors of FAAH have been used for therapeutic treatment of pain and as tools to probe deeper into biochemical properties of FAAH. In a chemical genetic screen for small molecules that dampened the inhibitory effect of N-lauroylethanolamine (NAE 12:0) on Arabidopsis thaliana seedling growth, we identified 6-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3 H,6 H)-dione (or MDPD). MDPD alleviated the growth inhibitory effects of NAE 12:0, in part by enhancing the enzymatic activity of Arabidopsis FAAH (AtFAAH). In vitro, biochemical assays showed that MDPD enhanced the apparent Vmax of AtFAAH but did not alter the affinity of AtFAAH for its NAE substrates. Structural analogs of MDPD did not affect AtFAAH activity or dampen the inhibitory effect of NAE 12:0 on seedling growth indicating that MDPD is a specific synthetic chemical activator of AtFAAH. Collectively, our study demonstrates the feasibility of using an unbiased chemical genetic approach to identify new pharmacological tools for manipulating FAAH- and NAE-mediated physiological processes in plants.
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22
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Khan BR, Wherritt DJ, Huhman D, Sumner LW, Chapman KD, Blancaflor EB. Malonylation of Glucosylated N-Lauroylethanolamine: A NEW PATHWAY THAT DETERMINES N-ACYLETHANOLAMINE METABOLIC FATE IN PLANTS. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27112-27121. [PMID: 27856641 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.751065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are bioactive fatty acid derivatives present in trace amounts in many eukaryotes. Although NAEs have signaling and physiological roles in animals, little is known about their metabolic fate in plants. Our previous microarray analyses showed that inhibition of Arabidopsis thaliana seedling growth by exogenous N-lauroylethanolamine (NAE 12:0) was accompanied by the differential expression of multiple genes encoding small molecule-modifying enzymes. We focused on the gene At5g39050, which encodes a phenolic glucoside malonyltransferase 1 (PMAT1), to better understand the biological significance of NAE 12:0-induced gene expression changes. PMAT1 expression was induced 3-5-fold by exogenous NAE 12:0. PMAT1 knockouts (pmat1) had reduced sensitivity to the growth-inhibitory effects of NAE 12:0 compared with wild type leading to the hypothesis that PMAT1 might be a previously uncharacterized regulator of NAE metabolism in plants. To test this hypothesis, metabolic profiling of wild-type and pmat1 seedlings treated with NAE 12:0 was conducted. Wild-type seedlings treated with NAE 12:0 accumulated glucosylated and malonylated forms of this NAE species, and structures were confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. By contrast, only the peak corresponding to NAE 12:0-glucoside was detected in pmat1 Recombinant PMAT1 catalyzed the reaction converting NAE 12:0-glucoside to NAE 12:0-mono- or -dimalonylglucosides providing direct evidence that this enzyme is involved in NAE 12:0-glucose malonylation. Taken together, our results indicate that glucosylation of NAE 12:0 by a yet to be determined glucosyltransferase and its subsequent malonylation by PMAT1 could represent a mechanism for modulating the biological activities of NAEs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Daniel J Wherritt
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - David Huhman
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- the Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, and
| | - Kent D Chapman
- the Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5220
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- From the Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401,
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23
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Transcriptomics: A Step behind the Comprehension of the Polygenic Influence on Oxidative Stress, Immune Deregulation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9290857. [PMID: 27419142 PMCID: PMC4932167 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9290857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing and global health problem with a great economic burden for healthcare system. Therefore to slow down the progression of this condition is a main objective in nephrology. It has been extensively reported that microinflammation, immune system deregulation, and oxidative stress contribute to CKD progression. Additionally, dialysis worsens this clinical condition because of the contact of blood with bioincompatible dialytic devices. Numerous studies have shown the close link between immune system impairment and CKD but most have been performed using classical biomolecular strategies. These methodologies are limited in their ability to discover new elements and enable measuring the simultaneous influence of multiple factors. The “omics” techniques could overcome these gaps. For example, transcriptomics has revealed that mitochondria and inflammasome have a role in pathogenesis of CKD and are pivotal elements in the cellular alterations leading to systemic complications. We believe that a larger employment of this technique, together with other “omics” methodologies, could help clinicians to obtain new pathogenetic insights, novel diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Finally, transcriptomics could allow clinicians to personalize therapeutic strategies according to individual genetic background (nutrigenomic and pharmacogenomic). In this review, we analyzed the available transcriptomic studies involving CKD patients.
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Hou Q, Ufer G, Bartels D. Lipid signalling in plant responses to abiotic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1029-48. [PMID: 26510494 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are one of the major components of biological membranes including the plasma membrane, which is the interface between the cell and the environment. It has become clear that membrane lipids also serve as substrates for the generation of numerous signalling lipids such as phosphatidic acid, phosphoinositides, sphingolipids, lysophospholipids, oxylipins, N-acylethanolamines, free fatty acids and others. The enzymatic production and metabolism of these signalling molecules are tightly regulated and can rapidly be activated upon abiotic stress signals. Abiotic stress like water deficit and temperature stress triggers lipid-dependent signalling cascades, which control the expression of gene clusters and activate plant adaptation processes. Signalling lipids are able to recruit protein targets transiently to the membrane and thus affect conformation and activity of intracellular proteins and metabolites. In plants, knowledge is still scarce of lipid signalling targets and their physiological consequences. This review focuses on the generation of signalling lipids and their involvement in response to abiotic stress. We describe lipid-binding proteins in the context of changing environmental conditions and compare different approaches to determine lipid-protein interactions, crucial for deciphering the signalling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quancan Hou
- University of Bonn IMBIO Bonn Germany, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Guido Ufer
- University of Bonn IMBIO Bonn Germany, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Dorothea Bartels
- University of Bonn IMBIO Bonn Germany, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
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25
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Vollhardt D. Phases and phase transition in insoluble and adsorbed monolayers of amide amphiphiles: Specific characteristics of the condensed phases. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 222:728-42. [PMID: 25129816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For understanding the role of amide containing amphiphiles in inherently complex biological processes, monolayers at the air-water interface are used as simple biomimetic model systems. The specific characteristics of the condensed phases and phase transition in insoluble and adsorbed monolayers of amide amphiphiles are surveyed to highlight the effect of the chemical structure of the amide amphiphiles on the interfacial interactions in model monolayers. The mesoscopic topography and/or two-dimensional lattice structures of selected amino acid amphiphiles, amphiphilic N-alkylaldonamide, amide amphiphiles with specific tailored headgroups, such as amide amphiphiles based on derivatized ethanolamine, e.g. acylethanolamines (NAEs) and N-,O-diacylethanolamines (DAEs) are presented. Special attention is devoted the dominance of N,O-diacylated ethanolamine in mixed amphiphilic acid amide monolayers. The evidence that a first order phase transition can occur in adsorption layers and that condensed phase domains of mesoscopic scale can be formed in adsorption layers was first obtained on the basis of the experimental characteristics of a tailored amide amphiphile. New thermodynamic and kinetic concepts for the theoretical description of the characteristics of amide amphiphile's monolayers were developed. In particular, the equation of state for Langmuir monolayers generalized for the case that one, two or more phase transitions occur, and the new theory for phase transition in adsorbed monolayers are experimentally confirmed at first by amide amphiphile monolayers. Despite the significant progress made towards the understanding the model systems, these model studies are still limited to transfer the gained knowledge to biological systems where the fundamental physical principles are operative in the same way. The study of biomimetic systems, as described in this review, is only a first step in this direction.
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Yu X, Li A, Li W. How membranes organize during seed germination: three patterns of dynamic lipid remodelling define chilling resistance and affect plastid biogenesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1391-403. [PMID: 25474382 PMCID: PMC4766844 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Imbibitional chilling injury during germination causes agricultural losses, but this can be overcome by osmopriming. It remains unknown how membranes reorganize during germination. Herein, we comparatively profiled changes of membrane lipids during imbibition under normal and chilling temperatures in chilling-tolerant and -sensitive soybean seeds. We found three patterns of dynamic lipid remodelling during the three phases of germination. Pattern 1 involved a gradual increase in plastidic lipids during phases I and II, with an abrupt increase during phase III. This abrupt increase was associated with initiation of photosynthesis. Pattern 3 involved phosphatidic acid (PA) first decreasing, then increasing, and finally decreasing to a low level. Patterns 1 and 3 were interrupted in chilling-sensitive seeds under low temperature, which lead a block in plastid biogenesis and accumulation of harmful PA, respectively. However, they were rescued and returned to their status under normal temperature after polyethylene glycol osmopriming. We specifically inhibited phospholipase D (PLD)-mediated PA formation in chilling-sensitive seeds of soybean, cucumber, and pea, and found their germination under low temperature was significantly improved. These results indicate that membranes undergo specific and functional reorganization of lipid composition during germination and demonstrate that PLD-mediated PA causes imibibitional chilling injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiamei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Aihua Li
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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27
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Magotti P, Bauer I, Igarashi M, Babagoli M, Marotta R, Piomelli D, Garau G. Structure of human N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D: regulation of fatty acid ethanolamide biosynthesis by bile acids. Structure 2015; 23:598-604. [PMID: 25684574 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs) are lipid mediators present in all organisms and involved in highly conserved biological functions, such as innate immunity, energy balance, and stress control. They are produced from membrane N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) and include agonists for G protein-coupled receptors (e.g., cannabinoid receptors) and nuclear receptors (e.g., PPAR-α). Here, we report the crystal structure of human NAPE-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) at 2.65 Å resolution, a membrane enzyme that catalyzes FAE formation in mammals. NAPE-PLD forms homodimers partly separated by an internal ∼ 9-Å-wide channel and uniquely adapted to associate with phospholipids. A hydrophobic cavity provides an entryway for NAPE into the active site, where a binuclear Zn(2+) center orchestrates its hydrolysis. Bile acids bind with high affinity to selective pockets in this cavity, enhancing dimer assembly and enabling catalysis. These elements offer multiple targets for the design of small-molecule NAPE-PLD modulators with potential applications in inflammation and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Magotti
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Inga Bauer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California - Irvine, Gillespie NRF 3101, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Masih Babagoli
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California - Irvine, Gillespie NRF 3101, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Nanochemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California - Irvine, Gillespie NRF 3101, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Gianpiero Garau
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy.
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Faure L, Cavazos R, Khan BR, Petros RA, Koulen P, Blancaflor EB, Chapman KD. Effects of synthetic alkamides on Arabidopsis fatty acid amide hydrolase activity and plant development. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 110:58-71. [PMID: 25491532 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkamides and N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are bioactive, amide-linked lipids that influence plant development. Alkamides are restricted to several families of higher plants and some fungi, whereas NAEs are widespread signaling molecules in both plants and animals. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has been described as a key contributor to NAE hydrolysis; however, no enzyme has been associated with alkamide degradation in plants. Herein reported is synthesis of 12 compounds structurally similar to a naturally occurring alkamide (N-isobutyl-(2E,6Z,8E)decatrienamide or affinin) with different acyl compositions more similar to plant NAEs and various amino alkyl head groups. These "hybrid" synthetic alkamides were tested for activity toward recombinant Arabidopsis FAAH and for their effects on plant development (i.e., cotyledon expansion and primary root length). A substantial increase in FAAH activity was discovered toward NAEs in vitro in the presence of some of these synthetic alkamides, such as N-ethyllauroylamide (4). This "enhancement" effect was found to be due, at least in part, to relief from product inhibition of FAAH by ethanolamine, and not due to an alteration in the oligomerization state of the FAAH enzyme. For several of these alkamides, an inhibition of seedling growth was observed with greater results in FAAH knockouts and less in FAAH over-expressing plants, suggesting that these alkamides could be hydrolyzed by FAAH in planta. The tight regulation of NAE levels in vivo appears to be important for proper seedling establishment, and as such, some of these synthetic alkamides may be useful pharmacological tools to manipulate the effects of NAEs in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Faure
- Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Ronaldo Cavazos
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Robby A Petros
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Peter Koulen
- Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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Alshatwi AA, Shafi G, Hasan TN, Syed NA, Khoja KK. Fenugreek induced apoptosis in breast cancer MCF-7 cells mediated independently by fas receptor change. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:5783-8. [PMID: 24289578 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigonella foenum in graecum (Fenugreek) is a traditional herbal plant used to treat disorders like diabetes, high cholesterol, wounds, inflammation, gastrointestinal ailments, and it is believed to have anti-tumor properties, although the mechanisms for the activity remain to be elucidated. In this study, we prepared a methanol extract from Fenugreek whole plants and investigated the mechanism involved in its growth-inhibitory effect on MCF- 7 human breast cancer cells. Apoptosis of MCF-7 cells was evidenced by investigating trypan blue exclusion, TUNEL and Caspase 3, 8, 9, p53, FADD, Bax and Bak by real-time PCR assays inducing activities, in the presence of FME at 65 μg/mL for 24 and 48 hours. FME induced apoptosis was mediated by the death receptor pathway as demonstrated by the increased level of Fas receptor expression after FME treatment. However, such change was found to be absent in Caspase 3, 8, 9, p53, FADD, Bax and Bak, which was confirmed by a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. In summary, these data demonstrate that at least 90% of FME induced apoptosis in breast cell is mediated by Fas receptor-independently of either FADD, Caspase 8 or 3, as well as p53 interdependently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdullah Alshatwi
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia E-mail :
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30
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Reddy ST, Swamy MJ. Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and membrane interactions of a homologous series of N-acylserotonins: Bioactive, endogenous conjugates of serotonin with fatty acids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:95-103. [PMID: 25291601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylserotonins (NASTs), present in the mammalian gastro-intestinal tract and central nervous tissues, exhibit significant biological and pharmacological activities. In the present study, a homologous series of NASTs have been synthesized and characterized. Differential scanning calorimetric studies show that in the dry and hydrated states the transition temperatures, enthalpies, and entropies of NASTs exhibit odd-even alternation. Both odd and even chain length NASTs independently display linear dependence of the transition enthalpies and entropies on the chain length under dry as well as hydrated conditions, suggesting that the molecular packing and intermolecular interactions in each series (odd or even) are likely to be similar for NASTs with different acyl chain lengths in the dry state as well as in the hydrated state. Powder X-ray diffraction studies indicated that the incremental increase in the d-spacing per CH₂group is 1.023 Å, suggesting that the lipid acyl chains are most likely packed in an interdigitated fashion. Results of computational studies are consistent with this and suggest that the acyl chains of the NASTs are tilted with respect to the bilayer normal. Incorporation of N-myristoylserotonin (NMST) into dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) membranes did not significantly affect the phase transition properties at low mole fractions (1-5 mol%), although distinct decrease in the chain-melting transition temperature and increase in the pretransition temperature were observed at higher contents (7.5-30 mol%), suggesting that NMST increases the stability of the tilted gel phase (L(β)') but destabilizes the ripple phase (P(β)'). These observations provide a thermodynamic basis for understanding the functional role of NASTs in their parent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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31
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Blancaflor EB, Kilaru A, Keereetaweep J, Khan BR, Faure L, Chapman KD. N-Acylethanolamines: lipid metabolites with functions in plant growth and development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:568-583. [PMID: 24397856 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) were considered by many lipid chemists to be biological 'artifacts' of tissue damage, and were, at best, thought to be minor lipohilic constituents of various organisms. However, that changed dramatically in 1993, when anandamide, an NAE of arachidonic acid (N-arachidonylethanolamine), was shown to bind to the human cannabinoid receptor (CB1) and activate intracellular signal cascades in mammalian neurons. Now NAEs of various types have been identified in diverse multicellular organisms, in which they display profound biological effects. Although targets of NAEs are still being uncovered, and probably vary among eukaryotic species, there appears to be remarkable conservation of the machinery that metabolizes these bioactive fatty acid conjugates of ethanolamine. This review focuses on the metabolism and functions of NAEs in higher plants, with specific reference to the formation, hydrolysis and oxidation of these potent lipid mediators. The discussion centers mostly on early seedling growth and development, for which NAE metabolism has received the most attention, but also considers other areas of plant development in which NAE metabolism has been implicated. Where appropriate, we indicate cross-kingdom conservation in NAE metabolic pathways and metabolites, and suggest areas where opportunities for further investigation appear most pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elison B Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
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32
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Impellizzeri D, Esposito E, Attley J, Cuzzocrea S. Targeting inflammation: new therapeutic approaches in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Pharmacol Res 2014; 81:91-102. [PMID: 24602801 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, features that are closely associated with nuclear factor (NF-κB) activation, play a key role in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several animal models and clinical trials have clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy to improve glomerular/tubulointerstitial damage, reduce proteinuria, and decrease CKD progression, but CKD treatment still represents a clinical challenge. Bardoxolone methyl, a first-in-class oral Nrf-2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) agonist that until recently showed considerable potential for the management of a range of chronic diseases, had been shown to improve kidney function in patients with advanced diabetic nephropathy (DN) with few adverse events in a phase 2 trial, but a large phase 3 study in patients with diabetes and CKD was halted due to emerging toxicity and death in a number of patients. Instead, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) a member of the fatty acid ethanolamine family, is a novel non-steroidal, kidney friendly anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic agent with a well-documented safety profile, that may represent a potential candidate in treating CKD probably by a combination of pharmacological properties, including some activity at the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α). The aim of this review is to discuss new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of CKD, with particular reference to the outcome of two therapies, bardoxolone methyl and PEA, to improve our understanding of which pharmacological properties are responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects necessary for the effective treatment of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina 31-98166, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina 31-98166, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, Messina 31-98166, Italy; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Faure L, Nagarajan S, Hwang H, Montgomery CL, Khan BR, John G, Koulen P, Blancaflor EB, Chapman KD. Synthesis of phenoxyacyl-ethanolamides and their effects on fatty acid amide hydrolase activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9340-51. [PMID: 24558037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are involved in numerous biological activities in plant and animal systems. The metabolism of these lipids by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a key regulatory point in NAE signaling activity. Several active site-directed inhibitors of FAAH have been identified, but few compounds have been described that enhance FAAH activity. Here we synthesized two sets of phenoxyacyl-ethanolamides from natural products, 3-n-pentadecylphenolethanolamide and cardanolethanolamide, with structural similarity to NAEs and characterized their effects on the hydrolytic activity of FAAH. Both compounds increased the apparent Vmax of recombinant FAAH proteins from both plant (Arabidopsis) and mammalian (Rattus) sources. These NAE-like compounds appeared to act by reducing the negative feedback regulation of FAAH activity by free ethanolamine. Both compounds added to seedlings relieved, in part, the negative growth effects of exogenous NAE12:0. Cardanolethanolamide reduced neuronal viability and exacerbated oxidative stress-mediated cell death in primary cultured neurons at nanomolar concentrations. This was reversed by FAAH inhibitors or exogenous NAE substrate. Collectively, our data suggest that these phenoxyacyl-ethanolamides act to enhance the activity of FAAH and may stimulate the turnover of NAEs in vivo. Hence, these compounds might be useful pharmacological tools for manipulating FAAH-mediated regulation of NAE signaling in plants or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Faure
- From the Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
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Keereetaweep J, Blancaflor EB, Hornung E, Feussner I, Chapman KD. Ethanolamide oxylipins of linolenic acid can negatively regulate Arabidopsis seedling development. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:3824-40. [PMID: 24151297 PMCID: PMC3877782 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.119024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are fatty-acid derivatives with potent biological activities in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms. Polyunsaturated NAEs are among the most abundant NAE types in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana, and they can be metabolized by either fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or by lipoxygenase (LOX) to low levels during seedling establishment. Here, we identify and quantify endogenous oxylipin metabolites of N-linolenoylethanolamine (NAE 18:3) in Arabidopsis seedlings and show that their levels were higher in faah knockout seedlings. Quantification of oxylipin metabolites in lox mutants demonstrated altered partitioning of NAE 18:3 into 9- or 13-LOX pathways, and this was especially exaggerated when exogenous NAE was added to seedlings. When maintained at micromolar concentrations, NAE 18:3 specifically induced cotyledon bleaching of light-grown seedlings within a restricted stage of development. Comprehensive oxylipin profiling together with genetic and pharmacological interference with LOX activity suggested that both 9-hydroxy and 13-hydroxy linolenoylethanolamides, but not corresponding free fatty-acid metabolites, contributed to the reversible disruption of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts of seedling cotyledons. We suggest that NAE oxylipins of linolenic acid represent a newly identified, endogenous set of bioactive compounds that may act in opposition to progression of normal seedling development and must be depleted for successful establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantana Keereetaweep
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Denton, Texas 76203
- Address correspondence to
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35
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Reddy ST, Tarafdar PK, Kamlekar RK, Swamy MJ. Structure and Thermotropic Phase Behavior of a Homologous Series of Bioactive N-Acyldopamines. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8747-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402750m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Musti J. Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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36
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Wellner N, Diep TA, Janfelt C, Hansen HS. N-acylation of phosphatidylethanolamine and its biological functions in mammals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:652-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Goudeau DM, Parker CT, Zhou Y, Sela S, Kroupitski Y, Brandl MT. The salmonella transcriptome in lettuce and cilantro soft rot reveals a niche overlap with the animal host intestine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:250-62. [PMID: 23104408 PMCID: PMC3536078 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02290-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh vegetables have been recurrently associated with salmonellosis outbreaks, and Salmonella contamination of retail produce has been correlated positively with the presence of soft rot disease. We observed that population sizes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 increased 56-fold when inoculated alone onto cilantro leaves, versus 2,884-fold when coinoculated with Dickeya dadantii, a prevalent pathogen that macerates plant tissue. A similar trend in S. enterica populations was observed for soft-rotted lettuce leaves. Transcriptome analysis of S. enterica cells that colonized D. dadantii-infected lettuce and cilantro leaves revealed a clear shift toward anaerobic metabolism and catabolism of substrates that are available due to the degradation of plant cells by the pectinolytic pathogen. Twenty-nine percent of the genes that were upregulated in cilantro macerates were also previously observed to have increased expression levels in the chicken intestine. Furthermore, multiple genes induced in soft rot lesions are also involved in the colonization of mouse, pig, and bovine models of host infection. Among those genes, the operons for ethanolamine and propanediol utilization as well as for the synthesis of cobalamin, a cofactor in these pathways, were the most highly upregulated genes in lettuce and cilantro lesions. In S. Typhimurium strain LT2, population sizes of mutants deficient in propanediol utilization or cobalamin synthesis were 10- and 3-fold lower, respectively, than those of the wild-type strain in macerated cilantro (P < 0.0002); in strain SL1344, such mutants behaved similarly to the parental strain. Anaerobic conditions and the utilization of nutrients in macerated plant tissue that are also present in the animal intestine indicate a niche overlap that may explain the high level of adaptation of S. enterica to soft rot lesions, a common postharvest plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Goudeau
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Craig T. Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Yaguang Zhou
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Shlomo Sela
- Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Beth-Dagan, Israel
| | - Yulia Kroupitski
- Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Department of Food Quality and Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Beth-Dagan, Israel
| | - Maria T. Brandl
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
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Boonen J, Bronselaer A, Nielandt J, Veryser L, De Tré G, De Spiegeleer B. Alkamid database: Chemistry, occurrence and functionality of plant N-alkylamides. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:563-90. [PMID: 22659196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE N-Alkylamides (NAAs) are a promising group of bioactive compounds, which are anticipated to act as important lead compounds for plant protection and biocidal products, functional food, cosmeceuticals and drugs in the next decennia. These molecules, currently found in more than 25 plant families and with a wide structural diversity, exert a variety of biological-pharmacological effects and are of high ethnopharmacological importance. However, information is scattered in literature, with different, often unstandardized, pharmacological methodologies being used. Therefore, a comprehensive NAA database (acronym: Alkamid) was constructed to collect the available structural and functional NAA data, linked to their occurrence in plants (family, tribe, species, genus). MATERIALS AND METHODS For loading information in the database, literature data was gathered over the period 1950-2010, by using several search engines. In order to represent the collected information about NAAs, the plants in which they occur and the functionalities for which they have been examined, a relational database is constructed and implemented on a MySQL back-end. RESULTS The database is supported by describing the NAA plant-, functional- and chemical-space. The chemical space includes a NAA classification, according to their fatty acid and amine structures. CONCLUSIONS The Alkamid database (publicly available on the website http://alkamid.ugent.be/) is not only a central information point, but can also function as a useful tool to prioritize the NAA choice in the evaluation of their functionality, to perform data mining leading to quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs), functionality comparisons, clustering, plant biochemistry and taxonomic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jente Boonen
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Coulon D, Faure L, Salmon M, Wattelet V, Bessoule JJ. N-Acylethanolamines and related compounds: aspects of metabolism and functions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 184:129-140. [PMID: 22284717 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamines (NAE) are fatty acid derivates that are linked with an ethanolamine group via an amide bond. NAE can be characterized as lipid mediators in the plant and animal kingdoms owing to the diverse functions throughout the eukaryotic domain. The functions of NAE have been widely investigated in animal tissues in part due to their abilities to interact with the cannabinoid receptors, vanilloid receptors or peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. However, the interest of studying the functions of these lipids in plants is progressively becoming more apparent. The number of publications about the functions related to NAE and to structural analogs (homoserine lactone and alkamides) is greatly increasing, showing the importance of these lipids in various plant physiological processes. This review sheds light on their role in different processes such as seedling development, plant pathogen interaction, phospholipase D alpha inhibition and senescence of cut flowers, and underlines the interaction between NAE and NAE-related molecules with plant hormone signaling. The different metabolic pathways promoting the synthesis and degradation of NAE are also discussed, in particular the oxygenation of polyunsaturated N-acylethanolamines, which leads to NAE-oxylipins, a new family of bioactive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Coulon
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. de Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Effects of palmitoylethanolamide on the cutaneous allergic inflammatory response in Ascaris hypersensitive Beagle dogs. Vet J 2012; 191:377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Coulon D, Faure L, Salmon M, Wattelet V, Bessoule JJ. Occurrence, biosynthesis and functions of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPE): Not just precursors of N-acylethanolamines (NAE). Biochimie 2012; 94:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Cotter MQ, Teaster ND, Blancaflor EB, Chapman KD. N-acylethanolamine (NAE) inhibits growth in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings via ABI3-dependent and -independent pathways. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:671-9. [PMID: 21633189 PMCID: PMC3172834 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.5.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are lipid metabolites derived from the hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipid N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). Recent work in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings showed that combined treatments of NAE 12:0 and ABA inhibited seedling growth synergistically, suggesting low levels of NAE could potentiate the action of ABA. Here we examined the interplay between compound concentrations, growth inhibition and mutant genotypes with impaired sensitivities to these regulators. NAE 12:0 and ABA both induced dose-dependent increases in transcript levels of ABI3, and two ABI3 responsive genes, AtHVA22B and RD29B. Interestingly, even in the absence of growth inhibition, RD29B transcripts were elevated by ABA but not NAE treatment outside the sensitive window for ABA/NAE treatment, indicating some differences in the regulation of growth and the modulation of gene expression by these two compounds. Also noteworthy, the growth of ABA insensitive mutant (abi 3-1) seedlings was inhibited at higher concentrations of NAE 12:0 but not ABA, suggesting that NAE may act to inhibit early seedling establishment by both ABI3-dependent and ABI3-independent pathways. Collectively our results reinforce the concept that NAE12:0 interacts with ABA signaling in seedling establishment, but also points to a complexity in this interaction that modulates the sensitivity of young seedlings to phytohormone-mediated growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Q Cotter
- University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Denton, TX, USA
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Kilaru A, Herrfurth C, Keereetaweep J, Hornung E, Venables BJ, Feussner I, Chapman KD. Lipoxygenase-mediated oxidation of polyunsaturated N-acylethanolamines in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:15205-14. [PMID: 21372125 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.217588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are bioactive fatty acid derivatives that occur in all eukaryotes. In plants, NAEs have potent negative growth-regulating properties, and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-mediated hydrolysis is a primary catabolic pathway that operates during seedling establishment to deplete these compounds. Alternatively, polyunsaturated (PU)-NAEs may serve as substrates for lipid oxidation. In Arabidopsis, PU-NAEs (NAE 18:2 and NAE 18:3) were the most abundant NAE species in seeds, and their levels were depleted during seedling growth even in FAAH tDNA knock-out plants. Therefore, we hypothesized that lipoxygenase (LOX) participated in the metabolism of PU-NAEs through the formation of NAE-oxylipins. Comprehensive chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods were developed to identify NAE hydroperoxides and -hydroxides. Recombinant Arabidopsis LOX enzymes expressed in Escherichia coli utilized NAE 18:2 and NAE 18:3 as substrates with AtLOX1 and AtLOX5 exhibiting 9-LOX activity and AtLOX2, AtLOX3, AtLOX4, and AtLOX6 showing predominantly 13-LOX activity. Feeding experiments with exogenous PU-NAEs showed they were converted to hydroxide metabolites indicating that indeed Arabidopsis seedlings had the capacity for LOX-mediated metabolism of PU-NAEs in planta. Detectable levels of endogenous NAE-oxylipin metabolites were identified in FAAH fatty acid amide hydrolase seedlings but not in wild-type or FAAH overexpressors, suggesting that NAE hydroxide pools normally do not accumulate unless flux through hydrolysis is substantially reduced. These data suggest that Arabidopsis LOXs indeed compete with FAAH to metabolize PU-NAEs during seedling establishment. Identification of endogenous amide-conjugated oxylipins suggests potential significance of these metabolites in vivo, and FAAH mutants may offer opportunities to address this in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Kilaru
- Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA.
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Maccarrone M, Gasperi V, Catani MV, Diep TA, Dainese E, Hansen HS, Avigliano L. The Endocannabinoid System and Its Relevance for Nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr 2010; 30:423-40. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; ,
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; , ,
| | - Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; , ,
| | - Thi Ai Diep
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Enrico Dainese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; ,
| | - Harald S. Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Luciana Avigliano
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; , ,
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Keereetaweep J, Kilaru A, Feussner I, Venables BJ, Chapman KD. Lauroylethanolamide is a potent competitive inhibitor of lipoxygenase activity. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:3215-22. [PMID: 20541546 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway was proposed to compete with hydrolysis and be partly responsible for the metabolism of polyunsaturated N-acylethanolamines (PU-NAEs). Treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with lauroylethanolamide (NAE 12:0) resulted in elevated levels of PU-NAE species, and this was most pronounced in plants with reduced NAE hydrolase activity. Enzyme activity assays revealed that NAE 12:0 inhibited LOX-mediated oxidation of PU lipid substrates in a dose-dependent and competitive manner. NAE 12:0 was 10-20 times more potent an inhibitor of LOX activities than lauric acid (FFA 12:0). Furthermore, treatment of intact Arabidopsis seedlings with NAE 12:0 (but not FFA 12:0) substantially blocked the wound-induced formation of jasmonic acid (JA), suggesting that NAE 12:0 may be used in planta to manipulate oxylipin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantana Keereetaweep
- University of North Texas, Center for Plant Lipid Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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Tarafdar PK, Swamy MJ. Structure and phase behavior of O-stearoylethanolamine: A combined calorimetric, spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:872-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Madrid E, Corchete P. Silymarin secretion and its elicitation by methyl jasmonate in cell cultures of Silybum marianum is mediated by phospholipase D-phosphatidic acid. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:747-54. [PMID: 20007197 PMCID: PMC2814106 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The flavonolignan silymarin is released to the extracellular medium of Silybum marianum cultures and its production can be stimulated by the elicitor methyljasmonate (MeJA). The sequence of the signalling processes leading to this response is unknown at present. It is reported in this work that MeJA increased the activity of the enzyme phospholipase D (PLD). Treatment with mastoparan (Mst), a PLD activity stimulator, also enhanced PLD and caused a substantial increase in silymarin production. The application of the product of PLD activity, phosphatidic acid (PA) promoted silymarin accumulation. Altering PLD activity by introducing in cultures n-butanol (nBuOH), which inhibits PA production by PLD, prevented silymarin elicitation by MeJA or Mst and also impeded its release in non-elicited cultures. Treatment with iso-, sec- or tert- butanol had no effect on silymarin production. The exogenous addition of PA reversed the inhibitory action of nBuOH, both in control and MeJA-treated cultures. These results suggest that the enzyme PLD and its product PA mediate silymarin secretion to the medium of S. marianum cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Purificación Corchete
- Department of Plant Physiology, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Swamy MJ, Tarafdar PK, Kamlekar RK. Structure, phase behaviour and membrane interactions of N-acylethanolamines and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:266-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Morquecho-Contreras A, Méndez-Bravo A, Pelagio-Flores R, Raya-González J, Ortíz-Castro R, López-Bucio J. Characterization of drr1, an alkamide-resistant mutant of Arabidopsis, reveals an important role for small lipid amides in lateral root development and plant senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1659-73. [PMID: 20107026 PMCID: PMC2832232 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.149989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Alkamides belong to a class of small lipid signals of wide distribution in plants, which are structurally related to the bacterial quorum-sensing signals N-acyl-l-homoserine lactones. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings display a number of root developmental responses to alkamides, including primary root growth inhibition and greater formation of lateral roots. To gain insight into the regulatory mechanisms by which these compounds alter plant development, we performed a mutant screen for identifying Arabidopsis mutants that fail to inhibit primary root growth when grown under a high concentration of N-isobutyl decanamide. A recessive N-isobutyl decanamide-resistant mutant (decanamide resistant root [drr1]) was isolated because of its continued primary root growth and reduced lateral root formation in response to this alkamide. Detailed characterization of lateral root primordia development in the wild type and drr1 mutants revealed that DRR1 is required at an early stage of pericycle cell activation to form lateral root primordia in response to both N-isobutyl decanamide and N-decanoyl-l-homoserine lactone, a highly active bacterial quorum-sensing signal. Exogenously supplied auxin similarly inhibited primary root growth and promoted lateral root formation in wild-type and drr1 seedlings, suggesting that alkamides and auxin act by different mechanisms to alter root system architecture. When grown both in vitro and in soil, drr1 mutants showed dramatically increased longevity and reduced hormone- and age-dependent senescence, which were related to reduced lateral root formation when exposed to stimulatory concentrations of jasmonic acid. Taken together, our results provide genetic evidence indicating that alkamides and N-acyl-l-homoserine lactones can be perceived by plants to modulate root architecture and senescence-related processes possibly by interacting with jasmonic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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