Health advice and education given to overweight patients by primary care doctors and nurses: A scoping literature review

Nurses' Role in Obesity Management in Adults in Primary Healthcare Settings Worldwide: A Scoping Review

Obesity is a chronic, prevalent, and complex health condition that adversely impairs physical and mental health. The World Health Organization calls for integrating obesity care into existing chronic disease management programs within primary healthcare services. This scoping review aimed to examine registered nurses' roles in the primary healthcare management of individuals with obesity. A scoping review was conducted using the Johanna Briggs Institute methodology framework. Thematic analysis was used to identify and categorize nurses' roles in primary healthcare obesity management of adults. Of 1142 documents included in this review, 15 papers met the inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis yielded the following six themes representing nurses' major roles: patient-centred care, patient assessments, therapeutic interventions, care management, patient education, and professional development. This review identified that the literature on nurses' roles primarily described their focus on lifestyle interventions (mainly nutrition and physical activity), anthropometric measurements, health planning, goal setting, supportive care, monitoring progress, and arranging follow-up. The Discussion highlights the importance of determining RN knowledge gaps and biases. More research is required to determine the need for additional RN pre-and or post-education related to obesity as a complex chronic disease.

The Impact of Behavior Change Counseling Delivered via a Digital Health Tool Versus Routine Care Among Adolescents With Obesity: Pilot Randomized Feasibility Study

BACKGROUND

Youth overweight and obesity is a public health crisis and increases the risk of poor cardiovascular health (CVH) and chronic disease. Health care providers play a key role in weight management, yet few tools exist to support providers in delivering tailored evidence-based behavior change interventions to patients.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this pilot randomized feasibility study was to determine the feasibility of implementing the Patient-Centered Real-Time Intervention (PREVENT) tool in clinical settings, generate implementation data to inform scale-up, and gather preliminary effectiveness data.

METHODS

A pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted to examine the feasibility, implementation, and preliminary impact of PREVENT on patient knowledge, motivation, behaviors, and CVH outcomes. The study took place in a multidisciplinary obesity management clinic at a children's hospital within an academic medical center. A total of 36 patients aged 12 to 18 years were randomized to use PREVENT during their routine visit (n=18, 50%) or usual care control (n=18, 50%). PREVENT is a digital health tool designed for use by providers to engage patients in behavior change education and goal setting and provides resources to support change. Patient electronic health record and self-report behavior data were collected at baseline and 3 months after the intervention. Implementation data were collected via PREVENT, direct observation, surveys, and interviews. We conducted quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods analyses to evaluate pretest-posttest patient changes and implementation data.

RESULTS

PREVENT was feasible, acceptable, easy to understand, and helpful to patients. Although not statistically significant, only PREVENT patients increased their motivation to change their behaviors as well as their knowledge of ways to improve heart health and of resources. Compared to the control group, PREVENT patients significantly improved their overall CVH and blood pressure (P<.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Digital tools can support the delivery of behavior change counseling in clinical settings to increase knowledge and motivate patients to change their behaviors. An appropriately powered trial is necessary to determine the impact of PREVENT on CVH behaviors and outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06121193; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06121193.

Challenging assumptions underlying physical activity promotion for health care professionals in Australia: A data-prompted interview study

ISSUE ADDRESSED

Interventions targeting health care professionals' behaviours are assumed to support them in learning how to give behavioural advice to patients, but such assumptions are rarely examined. This study investigated whether key assumptions were held regarding the design and delivery of physical activity interventions among health care professionals in applied health care settings. This study was part of the 'Physical Activity Tailored intervention in Hospital Staff' randomised controlled trial of three variants of a web-based intervention.

METHODS

We used data-prompted interviews to explore whether the interventions were delivered and operated as intended in health care professionals working in four hospitals in Western Australia (N = 25). Data were analysed using codebook thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Five themes were constructed: (1) health care professionals' perceived role in changing patients' health behaviours; (2) work-related barriers to physical activity intervention adherence; (3) health care professionals' use of behaviour change techniques; (4) contamination between groups; and (5) perceptions of intervention tailoring.

CONCLUSIONS

The intervention was not experienced by participants, nor did they implement the intervention guidance, in the way we expected. For example, not all health care professionals felt responsible for providing behaviour change advice, time and shift constraints were key barriers to intervention participation, and contamination effects were difficult to avoid. SO WHAT?: Our study challenges assumptions about how health care professionals respond to behaviour change advice and possible knock-on benefits for patients. Applying our learnings may improve the implementation of health promotion interventions in health care settings.

UK Nurses Delivering Physical Activity Advice: What Are the Challenges and Possible Solutions? A Qualitative Study

There are a multitude of health benefits gained from regular physical activity (PA). Currently, PA advice implementation from NHS nurses is inadequate despite their ever-increasing role in lifestyle and preventive medicine. By assessing their knowledge of current PA guidance, this study proposed to investigate the issues with regular PA advice being given and expand upon nurses' proposed barriers and solutions. A qualitative approach using semi structured interviews was undertaken between March and August 2023 involving 13 NHS nurses. Thematic analysis was undertaken using Braun and Clarke's six step approach. Four themes and fifteen subthemes emerged as barriers and solutions in delivering PA advice. Intrinsic barriers included a lack of nurse knowledge on the topic and PA being seen as an afterthought. Extrinsic barriers included time pressures and a lack of staff engagement. Solutions involved increasing staff awareness of guidelines through teaching, policy, encouraging staff to be active and optimising PA advice delivery through a piecemeal approach and utilising online and visual resources. This study displayed an insight into nurses' thoughts on their consultations with patients regarding PA, and proposed several barriers and solutions. Further work is needed to improve nurses' PA knowledge and to assess the proposed strategies to improve its delivery.

Communication about weight-related issues with adult patients with obesity in general practice: A scoping review

Background

Primary care providers see patients with obesity in general practice every day but may be challenged regarding communication about obesity. The research question of this study is: how do general practitioners and general practice staff and adult patients with obesity communicate about weight-related issues?

Methods

A scoping review approach was used, searching PubMed, Scopus and CINAHL for peer-reviewed studies - of both quantitative and/or qualitative study designs, and published between 2001 and 2021.

Results

Twenty articles were included. The weight-related issues discussed were by far physical issues, and only one study mentioned psychosocial issues. Most of the included studies contained information on who initiates the communication, how the weight-related issues are addressed and handled, and also obstacles and challenges in relation to the communication. The studies lacked information of when the weight-related issues are addressed and differences in views and experiences when discussing weight-related issues in general practice.

Conclusion

Studies with the main focus communication about obesity and overall health in general practice are needed. Findings also indicate, that non-stigmatizing communication tools and guidelines are needed on this area to promote these types of conservations.

Impact of a Teaching Kitchen Curriculum for Health Professional Trainees in Nutrition Knowledge, Confidence, and Skills to Advance Obesity Prevention and Management in Clinical Practice

Nutrition knowledge, confidence, and skills are thought to be important elements in the role of healthcare professionals in obesity prevention and management. The Upstream Obesity Solutions curriculum goes upstream with a multidisciplinary approach to supplement nutrition education among health professional trainees. Educational strategies of didactics, teaching kitchens, and service-based learning were employed for medical, dental, and nursing students and resident physicians. Pre/post participation surveys assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices; lifestyle habits; and culinary skills among 75 trainees in this cross-sectional descriptive study. There was variability in statistically significant improvement in knowledge, attitudes, and practices about obesity management and nutrition education, lifestyle habits, and culinary skills among learner groups.

How do male nursing students' voluntary activities affect their image in society?

AIM

To determine the effect of male nursing students' voluntary activities on their image in society.

BACKGROUND

The role of voluntary nursing services in enhancing the visibility of nursing in society can also contribute to enhancing the image of male nurses in society.

METHODS

This study employed a one-group, quasi-experimental pre-post analysis design. It was carried out between September 2020 and June 2021 in the pedestrian zone, which is one of the main streets of Bartın in Turkey. Using a convenience sampling approach, tradesmen aged 18 and over operating in commercial enterprises (n = 81) were asked to participate in the study. Information form and Nursing Image Scale were used to collect the research data. Results from the paired sample t test were utilized to analyse the study's data using the intervention of 'men nursing students' voluntary activities'.

RESULTS

The total Nursing Image Scale score of the participants was statistically considerably greater after the intervention than the pre-intervention score. Based on the paired sample t test results, it was observed that the participants obtained higher scores after the intervention than before in the gender sub-dimension as well as all other sub-dimensions of the Nursing Image Scale, and these results were statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

According to the findings of the study, volunteering by male nursing students improved both the profession of nursing and the perception of men in nursing in society.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING/HEALTH POLICY

This study suggested that male nursing students' voluntary activities could be one of the strategies to overcome the nursing shortage due to its enhancing effect on the profession of nursing and the perception of men in nursing in society.

Obese patients' dissatisfaction with weight, body image and clinicians' interaction at a district hospital; Gauteng

BACKGROUND

Obesity in South Africa has created a public health crisis that warrants a multilevel intervention. However, patients' perceptions and clinicians' challenges hinder the management of obesity in primary care.

AIM

The study aimed to assess obese patients' dissatisfaction with weight and body image and their perspectives on interaction with clinicians regarding obesity management in a primary care setting.

SETTING

Outpatient department of Dr Yusuf Dadoo District Hospital.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study of 213 adult obese patients. A semi-structured questionnaire, a body image assessment tool and patients' medical records were used for data collection.

RESULTS

The study found that, contrary to popular belief, obese patients were dissatisfied with their weight (78.9%) and body image (95.3%). Many felt comfortable while discussing weight reduction with clinicians, although 37.1% reported never engaging with a doctor and 62.9% never interacted with a nurse on the subject. Only 6% reported receiving adequate information on weight reduction measures and 19.7% were followed-up. Clinicians' advice was mainly associated with patients' high body mass index and waist circumference. Doctors were less likely to recommend weight reduction to employed obese women, while nurses were more likely to engage Zulu-speaking patients. Patients were more likely to be followed up if they were young and excessively obese.

CONCLUSION

The study found that most obese patients were dissatisfied with their weight and body image and perceived their interaction with clinicians regarding obesity management as inadequate.Contribution: The study provides an angle of view of challenges in obesity management from patients' perspectives.

General Practitioners' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Dietary Advice for Weight Control in Their Overweight Patients: A Scoping Review

This scoping review assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of general practitioners (GPs) regarding dietary advice for weight management. A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and MEDLINE was conducted for any qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies published in the past five years that informed GPs' dietary advice for weight control. Thirteen studies were included in the analysis after screening 881 papers. These studies tended to focus mostly on GPs' practices rather than their knowledge and attitudes. The most frequently mentioned dietary advice was to reduce calorie intake; however, 32 different types of dietary advice were identified in the literature, including approaches such as intermittent fasting and a ketogenic diet that are not recommended in current guidelines. GPs showed varying levels of knowledge and attitudes regarding the best dietary advice for patients. Further research is needed to better understand GP perspectives, with efforts to assist GPs in providing tailored advice based on the latest evidence to improve patient outcomes required.

The impact of caring for family members with mental illnesses on the caregiver: a scoping review

A large number of multidisciplinary, qualitative and quantitative research suggests that providing care for family members with mental health illnesses can have both positive and negative effects on the carers' wellbeing. However, to date a comprehensive overview and synthesis of literature that compares and contrasts positive and negative effects of family-caregiving on the carer is missing. To address this gap, this scoping review examines the effects of family-caregiving on carers' wellbeing. A Boolean search generated a total of 92 relevant articles that were included in the analysis. The results suggest that, to understand the effects of family-caregiving on the carer's mental and physical wellbeing, it is necessary to take a combination of situational and sociodemographic characteristics into consideration. Elderly, female, spousal-carers and primary-carers may be a group that is at risk of suffering from a lack of positive mental and physical wellbeing as a result of caring. However, the negative effects of caregiving can be balanced by extraversion, social support and religious or spiritual beliefs. Therefore, future interventions that aim to promote family caregivers' wellbeing may need to take personality, particular circumstances as well as cultural and personal beliefs into consideration.

Patient and the Public's Perceptions of Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION

Bariatric surgery is an effective therapeutic modality for obesity and related comorbidities, yet it remains significantly underutilized. Patient perceptions and expectations may influence the decisions of eligible patients in pursuing surgery.

METHODS

PubMed, SCOPUS, and OVID databases were searched in July 2022 to identify published studies discussing patient and the public's perceptions of bariatric surgery.

RESULTS

The literature shows participants often reported bariatric surgery to be a life-changing intervention known to induce weight loss, improve obesity-related comorbidities, and improve quality of life. However, a significant proportion of survey respondents perceived bariatric surgery as unsafe or risky. Patients belonging to racial minority groups cited higher concern with mortality risk, lower weight loss expectations, and different motivations to pursue bariatric surgery. Female patients were significantly more likely to have more positive perceptions of, and higher expectations of weight loss from, bariatric surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

The literature highlighted discordance between patient perceptions and the demonstrated clinical safety and efficacy profile of bariatric surgery. Overestimations of the risks, unrealistic expectations, and unfamiliarity with bariatric surgery outcomes were common findings. These perceptions of bariatric surgery may contribute to its underutilization among eligible patients. Perceptions and motivations often varied by race, region, sex, and age, which demonstrates the necessity of patient-centered education in the prereferral stage. The literature also demonstrated misconceptions of bariatric surgery among the public. Further research should explore the impact of education on the perceptions of patients and the public.

Nutrition Education in Medical Schools: What do Medical Students Think?

Objective

To examine medical students' perceptions of the nutrition education received and their ability to apply that knowledge in clinical settings.

Methods

This is a qualitative study using a structured survey with free responses to solicit the perspective of US medical students regarding their nutrition education. A national online survey was distributed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Pediatric Trainees. An expert committee in nutrition education evaluated and conducted a thematic analysis of the survey responses.

Results

Twenty-four surveys were completed (10 medical students and 14 pediatric interns). The survey revealed students were not satisfied with the nutrition education they received in several areas including nutritional recommendations for obesity and prediabetes/diabetes; nutritional needs during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescent age-related dietary recommendations; cultural influences on diet and eating habits; and food insecurity. Students also reported a lack of confidence in providing healthful nutrition counseling to adolescent patients and delivering culturally appropriate nutrition advice.

Conclusions

Survey responses revealed the need for improvements in several areas of nutrition curricula related to health and chronic disease management and suggest broader social determinants of health such as cultural influences on nutrition practices and food insecurity. The results of this survey provide unique insight into the medical student perspective on nutrition education and can inform the development of future medical school nutrition curriculums.

Mapping key components of community-oriented strategies to facilitate alcohol-related early identification and brief intervention in general practice: a scoping review

Hazardous alcohol use is one of the leading risk factors for morbidity and mortality in the world. Early identification and brief interventions (EIBIs) delivered in primary care is an effective but underutilized strategy to address this issue. Community-oriented strategies (COS) are suggested to facilitate EIBI delivery. COS are public health activities directed to the general population raising awareness and encouraging behaviour change. Unfortunately, it remains unclear what these COS should comprise and what their added value might be in EIBI delivery. To map the available information on COS aiming to facilitate alcohol-related EIBI delivery in general practice. A scoping review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping reviews guidelines, was used to map both grey and peer-reviewed literature. Of the 6586 information sources screened, 8 sources were retained in this review. Three COS are currently described in the literature, all with their different components. They include the use of mass media, self-assessment tools and waiting room actions. Waiting room actions comprising audio recordings or computerized self-assessment tools significantly increase the discussion on alcohol use in primary care. The effect of mass media and community-wide self-assessment tools on EIBI delivery remains to be determined. Currently, the described COS lack empirical justification to motivate their added value in facilitating EIBI delivery. However, a theoretical reflection showed the use of a limited set of behaviour change techniques, which might support the use of COS. There remains a lot of possible strategies to explore. This review highlights the current evidence gap and discusses the next steps.

The Impact of Health Policy on Patients' Awareness of the Risks Associated with Obesity: An International Multicenter Study in Poland and Germany

Background

Recent studies indicate that the treatment of obesity is unsuccessful. The cause of this situation is that patients are not sufficiently educated about therapeutic methods and the health consequences of not treating obesity. Moreover, obesity prevention strategies differ significantly between EU countries.

Objective

The primary aim of this study was to examine and compare the level of obesity-related knowledge and illness perception among obese patients from Poland and Germany.

Methods

A prospective cross-sectional international multicentre study was conducted. The study included 564 subjects above 18 years old (210 German patients and 354 Polish patients) with obesity. A validated custom-made questionnaire was used to evaluate obesity-related knowledge. Patient illness perception was evaluated using Polish and German language versions of the standardized Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ).

Results

Obese patients from Germany had significantly higher level of obesity-related knowledge than patients from Poland (22.01 ± 4.68 vs 19.17 ± 6.59, p<0.0001). Obesity-related knowledge was associated with the patient's education, patient participation in therapeutic educational programs, patient's perception of the illness, age and the number of healthcare professionals involved in the patient's treatment process.

Conclusion

The level of obesity-related knowledge among both Polish and German patients is unsatisfactory. This study suggests that health education is required to facilitate informed choices and support the use of cognitive approaches educating patients on the health consequences of obesity.

Is gastroscopy necessary before bariatric surgery?

Obesity is the abnormal accumulation of fat or adipose tissue in the body. It has become a serious health problem in the world in the last 50 years and is considered a pandemic. Body mass index is a widely used classification. Thus, obese individuals can be easily classified and standardized. Obesity is the second cause of preventable deaths after smoking. Obesity significantly increases mortality and morbidity. We thought of preparing a publication about routine procedures for the preoperative evaluation of obesity. The question that we asked as bariatric and metabolic surgeons but which was not exactly answered in the literature was "Is esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) necessary before bariatric surgery?" We found different answers in our literature review. The European Association of Endoscopic Surgery guidelines recommend EGD for all bariatric procedures. They strongly recommend it for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). As a result of a recent study by the members of the British Obesity & Metabolic Surgery Society, preoperative EGD is routinely recommended for patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy, even if they are asymptomatic, but not recommended for RYGB. It is recommended for symptomatic patients scheduled for RYGB. According to the International Sleeve Gastrectomy Expert Panel Consensus Statement, preoperative EGD is definitely recommended for patients scheduled for sleeve gastrectomy, but its routine use for RYGB is controversial. However, a different view is that the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommends endoscopy only for symptomatic patients scheduled for bariatric surgery. In the literature, the primary goal of EGD recommended for sleeve gastrectomy has been interpreted as determining esophagitis caused by gastroesophageal reflux. In the light of the literature, it is stated that this procedure is not necessary in America, while it is routinely recommended in the European continent. Considering medicolegal cases that may occur in the future, we are in favor of performing EGD before bariatric surgery. In conclusion, EGD before bariatric surgery is insurance for both patients and physicians. There is a need for larger and prospective studies to reach more precise conclusions on the subject.

Broaching overweight and obesity at maternity and child health clinics

AIMS

The aim was to describe the experiences of nurses in broaching the issue of overweight and obesity at maternity and child health clinics.

BACKGROUND

The mother's obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy and rapid weight gain in early childhood increase the risk of obesity of the newborn baby both in childhood and throughout life. Attention must be paid to the prevention of weight gain in families already during pregnancy and before school age.

METHODS

Informants were nurses working at maternity and child health clinics (N = 28). The qualitative data were collected by a focus group interview in spring 2016 and analysed using inductive content analysis.

FINDINGS

The nurses interviewed considered it their duty to broach the issue and felt that they have sufficient courage to bring up overweight. They sometimes found it frustrating to talk about overweight and obesity, because families do not commit themselves to making lifestyle changes, and changes happen slowly. Nurses found the lasting relationship with families helpful for bringing up overweight.

CONCLUSION

Nurses need more broaching skills, more training, supervising and tools for bringing up overweight and obesity with client families. The continuity of care in primary health care supports bringing up overweight.

Challenges for obesity management in a unified health system: the view of health professionals

BACKGROUND

Obesity is an increasingly prevalent chronic condition. Its multiple causes and the complexity of its treatment pose challenges for health professionals.

OBJECTIVE

To explore and describe the challenges for obesity management in the Brazilian Unified Health System according to health professionals.

METHODS

An exploratory quantitative web-based study, carried out in 2018 with health professionals, developed from the first stage of a national project that aims to examine the management of obesity in Brazil. The questionnaire was self-applied. Invitations to participate in the research were sent by the Ministry of Health, Health Department of Minas Gerais and members of the research group. We collected data on sex, age, professional category, region and level of care. The challenges were investigated using a Likert scale and categorized into structure and work process.

RESULTS

We evaluated 1323 professionals, of which about 45% were dietitians, 90.2% were women, and 83.1% self-reported working in primary health care. The main barriers cited included a high demand for curative and individual assistance, the presence of comorbidities, and the absence or insufficient access to instructional materials, professional qualification and lack of support.

CONCLUSION

Obesity management is a critical challenge for all professionals. Barriers were related to the work process and structural aspects and reinforce the need to empower health teams. We propose that permanent education activities should be established, as well as the development of instructional materials that are applicable to routine work. Finally, the results may be used to develop policies and strategies to improve obesity management.

Reception of Dietary and Other Health-Related Lifestyle Advice to Address Non-communicable Diseases in a Primary Care Context: A Mixed-Method Study in Central Argentina

An effective way to address risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) and reduce healthcare costs is by using sound health-related advice (HRA) to promote healthy lifestyle habits. In Argentina, however, few studies have examined the context in which HRA is communicated and undertaken by patients at the primary care level. In this study, we assessed the reception of HRA using a mixed-method approach in a central area of Argentina. A total of 1,044 participants from the community were contacted and sociodemographic characteristics, health-related lifestyle factors, and medical history were collected. A calendar with health messages was provided to participants and its usage was assessed after 1 year. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 patients attending a local primary healthcare center. The results show that HRA was given more frequently to individuals with higher mean age, lower educational level, and to females. Participants with a chronic health condition are at a higher chance of receiving advice to reduce salt intake and maintain a healthy weight. Dietary advice is offered along with other lifestyle recommendations. The use of alcohol and tobacco is usually addressed together. HRA was primarily received in the context of an NCD diagnosis and advice was directed, especially, to risky behaviors. The HRA to increase the intake of fruits and vegetables was mentioned less frequently. Patients at the healthcare center greatly appreciated receiving an HRA, especially when given in a tailored, written, and detailed form, and acknowledged its importance to prevent or control a chronic health condition as part of the medical treatment but showed concern regarding the ability to fully incorporate the advice. Lifestyle recommendations are highly appreciated by patients but are still underutilized since they are offered mostly in the context of illness. The health calendar was shown to be useful to complement health intervention programs at the community level. The findings of our study underscore the acknowledged value of HRA by participants to tackle the risk factors of chronic diseases. If properly used HRA constitutes a simple and highly valued tool to help address patient's needs to prevent and control NCD in Argentina.

Identifying Opportunities for Advancing Weight Management in Primary Care

Objective: Much has been written about the patients' perspective concerning weight management in health care. The purpose of this survey study was to assess perspectives of primary care providers (PCPs) and nurses toward patient weight management and identify possible areas of growth. Patients and Methods: We emailed a weight management-focused survey to 674 eligible participants (437 [64.8%] nurses and 237 [35.2%] PCPs) located in 5 outpatient primary care clinics. The survey focused on opportunities, practices, knowledge, confidence, attitudes, and beliefs. A total of 219 surveys were returned (137 [62.6%] from nurses and 82 [34.4%] from PCPs). Results: Among 219 responders, 85.8% were female and 93.6% were white non-Hispanic. In this study, PCPs and nurses believed obesity to be a major health problem. While PCPs felt more equipped than nurses to address weight management (P < .001) and reported receiving more training than nurses (50.0% vs 17.6%, respectively), both felt the need for more training on obesity (73.8% and 79.4%, respectively). Although, PCPs also spent more patient contact time providing weight management services versus nurses (P < .001), the opportunity/practices score was lower for PCPs than nurses (-0.35 ± 0.44 vs -0.17 ± 0.41, P < .001) with PCPs more likely to say they lacked the time to discuss weight and they worried it would cause a poor patient-PCP relationship. The knowledge/confidence score also differed significantly between the groups, with nurses feeling less equipped to deal with weight management issues than PCPs (-0.42 ± 0.43 vs -0.03 ± 0.55, P < .001). Neither group seemed very confident, with those in the PCP group only answering with an average score of neutral. Conclusion: By asking nurses and PCP general questions about experiences, attitudes, knowledge, and opinions concerning weight management in clinical care, this survey has identified areas for growth in obesity management. Both PCPs and nurses would benefit from additional educational training on weight management.

Modeling Impact of Word of Mouth and E-Government on Online Social Presence during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Multi-Mediation Approach

Although social presence plays an essential role under general conditions, its role becomes significant for societal protection during the quarantine period in epidemic outbreak. In this study, we attempted to identify the role of E-government and COVID-19 word of mouth in terms of their direct impact on online social presence during the outbreak as well as their impacts mediated by epidemic protection and attitudes toward epidemic outbreaks. For this purpose, a unique multi-mediation model is proposed to provide a new direction for research in the field of epidemic outbreaks and their control. Through random sampling, an online survey was conducted and data from 683participants were analyzed. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships between the variables of interest. The study results revealed that the roles of E-government and COVID-19 word of mouth are positively related to online social presence during the outbreak. Epidemic protection and attitude toward epidemic outbreak were found to positively moderate the impact of the role of E-government and COVID-19 word of mouth on online social presence during the outbreak. The key findings of this study have both practical and academic implications.