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Karimani F, Asgari Taei A, Abolghasemi-Dehaghani MR, Safari MS, Dargahi L. Impairment of entorhinal cortex network activity in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1402573. [PMID: 38882526 PMCID: PMC11176617 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1402573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) stands out as a critical brain region affected in the early phases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with some of the disease's pathological processes originating from this area, making it one of the most crucial brain regions in AD. Recent research highlights disruptions in the brain's network activity, characterized by heightened excitability and irregular oscillations, may contribute to cognitive impairment. These disruptions are proposed not only as potential therapeutic targets but also as early biomarkers for AD. In this paper, we will begin with a review of the anatomy and function of EC, highlighting its selective vulnerability in AD. Subsequently, we will discuss the disruption of EC network activity, exploring changes in excitability and neuronal oscillations in this region during AD and hypothesize that, considering the advancements in neuromodulation techniques, addressing the disturbances in the network activity of the EC could offer fresh insights for both the diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Karimani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mir-Shahram Safari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Garduño BM, Hanni P, Hays C, Cogram P, Insel N, Xu X. How the forebrain transitions to adulthood: developmental plasticity markers in a long-lived rodent reveal region diversity and the uniqueness of adolescence. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1365737. [PMID: 38456144 PMCID: PMC10917993 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1365737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Maturation of the forebrain involves transitions from higher to lower levels of synaptic plasticity. The timecourse of these changes likely differs between regions, with the stabilization of some networks scaffolding the development of others. To gain better insight into neuroplasticity changes associated with maturation to adulthood, we examined the distribution of two molecular markers for developmental plasticity. We conducted the examination on male and female degus (Octodon degus), a rodent species with a relatively long developmental timecourse that offers a promising model for studying both development and age-related neuropathology. Immunofluorescent staining was used to measure perineuronal nets (PNNs), an extracellular matrix structure that emerges during the closure of critical plasticity periods, as well as microglia, resident immune cells that play a crucial role in synapse remodeling during development. PNNs (putatively restricting plasticity) were found to be higher in non-juvenile (>3 month) degus, while levels of microglia (putatively mediating plasticity) decreased across ages more gradually, and with varying timecourses between regions. Degus also showed notable variation in PNN levels between cortical layers and hippocampal subdivisions that have not been previously reported in other species. These results offer a glimpse into neuroplasticity changes occurring during degu maturation and highlight adolescence as a unique phase of neuroplasticity, in which PNNs have been established but microglia remain relatively high.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Maximiliano Garduño
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Hanni
- Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Chelsea Hays
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Patricia Cogram
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- The Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nathan Insel
- Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- The Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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3
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Malone TJ, Tien NW, Ma Y, Cui L, Lyu S, Wang G, Nguyen D, Zhang K, Myroshnychenko MV, Tyan J, Gordon JA, Kupferschmidt DA, Gu Y. A consistent map in the medial entorhinal cortex supports spatial memory. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1457. [PMID: 38368457 PMCID: PMC10874432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is hypothesized to function as a cognitive map for memory-guided navigation. How this map develops during learning and influences memory remains unclear. By imaging MEC calcium dynamics while mice successfully learned a novel virtual environment over ten days, we discovered that the dynamics gradually became more spatially consistent and then stabilized. Additionally, grid cells in the MEC not only exhibited improved spatial tuning consistency, but also maintained stable phase relationships, suggesting a network mechanism involving synaptic plasticity and rigid recurrent connectivity to shape grid cell activity during learning. Increased c-Fos expression in the MEC in novel environments further supports the induction of synaptic plasticity. Unsuccessful learning lacked these activity features, indicating that a consistent map is specific for effective spatial memory. Finally, optogenetically disrupting spatial consistency of the map impaired memory-guided navigation in a well-learned environment. Thus, we demonstrate that the establishment of a spatially consistent MEC map across learning both correlates with, and is necessary for, successful spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Malone
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nai-Wen Tien
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lian Cui
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shangru Lyu
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Garret Wang
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Center of Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Maxym V Myroshnychenko
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jean Tyan
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joshua A Gordon
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David A Kupferschmidt
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yi Gu
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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4
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Rodríguez JJ, Zallo F, Gardenal E, Cabot J, Busquets X. Entorhinal cortex astrocytic atrophy in human frontotemporal dementia. Brain Struct Funct 2024:10.1007/s00429-024-02763-x. [PMID: 38308043 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of Fronto Temporal Dementia (FTD) remains poorly understood, specifically the role of astroglia. Our aim was to explore the hypothesis of astrocytic alterations as a component for FTD pathophysiology. We performed an in-depth tri-dimensional (3-D) anatomical and morphometric study of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive and glutamine synthetase (GS)-positive astrocytes in the human entorhinal cortex (EC) of FTD patients. The studies at this level in the different types of human dementia are scarce. We observed a prominent astrocyte atrophy of GFAP-positive astrocytes and co-expressing GFAP/GS astrocytes, characterised by a decrease in area and volume, whilst minor changes in GS-positive astrocytes in FTD compared to non-dementia controls (ND) samples. This study evidences the importance of astrocyte atrophy and dysfunction in human EC. We hypothesise that FTD is not only a neuropathological disease, but also a gliopathological disease having a major relevance in the understanding the astrocyte role in FTD pathological processes and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Rodríguez
- Functional Neuroanatomy Group; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
- Dept. of Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain.
| | - F Zallo
- Functional Neuroanatomy Group; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
- Dept. of Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - E Gardenal
- Functional Neuroanatomy Group; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
- Dept. of Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - J Cabot
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain
| | - X Busquets
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma, Spain
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5
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Malone TJ, Tien NW, Ma Y, Cui L, Lyu S, Wang G, Nguyen D, Zhang K, Myroshnychenko MV, Tyan J, Gordon JA, Kupferschmidt DA, Gu Y. A consistent map in the medial entorhinal cortex supports spatial memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.30.560254. [PMID: 37986767 PMCID: PMC10659391 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.30.560254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is hypothesized to function as a cognitive map for memory-guided navigation. How this map develops during learning and influences memory remains unclear. By imaging MEC calcium dynamics while mice successfully learned a novel virtual environment over ten days, we discovered that the dynamics gradually became more spatially consistent and then stabilized. Additionally, grid cells in the MEC not only exhibited improved spatial tuning consistency, but also maintained stable phase relationships, suggesting a network mechanism involving synaptic plasticity and rigid recurrent connectivity to shape grid cell activity during learning. Increased c-Fos expression in the MEC in novel environments further supports the induction of synaptic plasticity. Unsuccessful learning lacked these activity features, indicating that a consistent map is specific for effective spatial memory. Finally, optogenetically disrupting spatial consistency of the map impaired memory-guided navigation in a well-learned environment. Thus, we demonstrate that the establishment of a spatially consistent MEC map across learning both correlates with, and is necessary for, successful spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Malone
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Nai-Wen Tien
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Current address: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yan Ma
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lian Cui
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shangru Lyu
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Garret Wang
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Current address: Center of Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Maxym V. Myroshnychenko
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jean Tyan
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua A. Gordon
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David A. Kupferschmidt
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Gu
- Spatial Navigation and Memory Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Cheng Y, Zhai Y, Yuan Y, Li H, Zhao W, Fan Z, Zhou L, Gao X, Zhan Y, Sun H. Xenon inhalation attenuates neuronal injury and prevents epilepsy in febrile seizure Sprague-Dawley pups. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1155303. [PMID: 37645594 PMCID: PMC10461106 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1155303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Febrile seizures (FS) usually occur in childhood and may cause irreversible neuronal damage, cognitive functional defects, and an increase in the risk of epilepsy later in life. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), currently used to treat FS in children, can relieve seizures. However, their effects in preventing the risk of developing epilepsy in later life are unsatisfactory. Moreover, AEDs may damage child brain development. Here, we evaluated the efficiency of xenon in treating prolonged FS (PFS) and preventing epilepsy in Sprague-Dawley pups. Methods Prolonged FS was induced by hyperthermic treatment. After 90 min of PFS, the pups in the xenon treatment group were immediately treated with 70% xenon/21% oxygen/9% nitrogen for 60 min. The levels of glutamate, mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitophagy, and neuronal injury, seizures, learning, and memory functions were measured at specific time points. Results Neonatal period PFS led to spontaneous seizure, learning and memory dysfunction, accompanied by increased levels of glutamate, mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitophagy, and neuronal injury. Xenon treatment alleviated the changes caused by PFS and reduced the risk of PFS developing into epilepsy later. Conclusion Our results suggest that xenon inhalation could be a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate neuronal injury and prevent epilepsy in patients with FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yujie Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Medical Imaging, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenke Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhenhai Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xue Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yan Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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7
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Smid CR, Ganesan K, Thompson A, Cañigueral R, Veselic S, Royer J, Kool W, Hauser TU, Bernhardt B, Steinbeis N. Neurocognitive basis of model-based decision making and its metacontrol in childhood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 62:101269. [PMID: 37352654 PMCID: PMC10329104 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human behavior is supported by both goal-directed (model-based) and habitual (model-free) decision-making, each differing in its flexibility, accuracy, and computational cost. The arbitration between habitual and goal-directed systems is thought to be regulated by a process known as metacontrol. However, how these systems emerge and develop remains poorly understood. Recently, we found that while children between 5 and 11 years displayed robust signatures of model-based decision-making, which increased during this developmental period, there were substantial individual differences in the display of metacontrol. Here, we inspect the neurocognitive basis of model-based decision-making and metacontrol in childhood and focus this investigation on executive functions, fluid reasoning, and brain structure. A total of 69 participants between the ages of 6-13 completed a two-step decision-making task and an extensive behavioral test battery. A subset of 44 participants also completed a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan. We find that individual differences in metacontrol are specifically associated with performance on an inhibition task and individual differences in thickness of dorsolateral prefrontal, temporal, and superior-parietal cortices. These brain regions likely reflect the involvement of cognitive processes crucial to metacontrol, such as cognitive control and contextual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Smid
- Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom.
| | - K Ganesan
- Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - A Thompson
- Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - R Cañigueral
- Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - S Veselic
- Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Department of Motor Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - J Royer
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - W Kool
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - T U Hauser
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, United Kingdom; Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, United Kingdom
| | - B Bernhardt
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - N Steinbeis
- Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
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8
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Haddad E, Pizzagalli F, Zhu AH, Bhatt RR, Islam T, Ba Gari I, Dixon D, Thomopoulos SI, Thompson PM, Jahanshad N. Multisite test-retest reliability and compatibility of brain metrics derived from FreeSurfer versions 7.1, 6.0, and 5.3. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:1515-1532. [PMID: 36437735 PMCID: PMC9921222 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Automatic neuroimaging processing tools provide convenient and systematic methods for extracting features from brain magnetic resonance imaging scans. One tool, FreeSurfer, provides an easy-to-use pipeline to extract cortical and subcortical morphometric measures. There have been over 25 stable releases of FreeSurfer, with different versions used across published works. The reliability and compatibility of regional morphometric metrics derived from the most recent version releases have yet to be empirically assessed. Here, we used test-retest data from three public data sets to determine within-version reliability and between-version compatibility across 42 regional outputs from FreeSurfer versions 7.1, 6.0, and 5.3. Cortical thickness from v7.1 was less compatible with that of older versions, particularly along the cingulate gyrus, where the lowest version compatibility was observed (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.37-0.61). Surface area of the temporal pole, frontal pole, and medial orbitofrontal cortex, also showed low to moderate version compatibility. We confirm low compatibility between v6.0 and v5.3 of pallidum and putamen volumes, while those from v7.1 were compatible with v6.0. Replication in an independent sample showed largely similar results for measures of surface area and subcortical volumes, but had lower overall regional thickness reliability and compatibility. Batch effect correction may adjust for some inter-version effects when most sites are run with one version, but results vary when more sites are run with different versions. Age associations in a quality controlled independent sample (N = 106) revealed version differences in results of downstream statistical analysis. We provide a reference to highlight the regional metrics that may yield recent version-related inconsistencies in published findings. An interactive viewer is provided at http://data.brainescience.org/Freesurfer_Reliability/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Haddad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Fabrizio Pizzagalli
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alyssa H Zhu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Ravi R Bhatt
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Tasfiya Islam
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Iyad Ba Gari
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Daniel Dixon
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
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9
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Yang Y, Wang D, Hou W, Li H. Cognitive Decline Associated with Aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1419:25-46. [PMID: 37418204 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1627-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive decline is one of the most distinct signs of aging, and age-related cognitive decline is a heterogeneous issue varying in different cognitive domains and has significant differences among older adults. Identifying characteristics of cognitive aging is the basis of cognitive disease for early-detection and healthy aging promotion. In the current chapter, age-related decline of main cognitive domains, including sensory perception, memory, attention, executive function, language, reasoning, and space navigation ability are introduced respectively. From these aspects of cognition, we focus on the age-related effects, age-related cognitive diseases, and possible mechanisms of cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - He Li
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI) Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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10
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Protachevicz PR, Bonin CA, Iarosz KC, Caldas IL, Batista AM. Large coefficient of variation of inter-spike intervals induced by noise current in the resonate-and-fire model neuron. Cogn Neurodyn 2022; 16:1461-1470. [PMID: 36408063 PMCID: PMC9666614 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal spike variability is a statistical property associated with the noise environment. Considering a linearised Hodgkin-Huxley model, we investigate how large spike variability can be induced in a typical stellate cell when submitted to constant and noise current amplitudes. For low noise current, we observe only periodic firing (active) or silence activities. For intermediate noise values, in addition to only active or inactive periods, we also identify a single transition from an initial spike-train (active) to silence dynamics over time, where the spike variability is low. However, for high noise current, we find intermittent active and silence periods with different values. The spike intervals during active and silent states follow the exponential distribution, which is similar to the Poisson process. For non-maximal noise current, we observe the highest values of inter-spike variability. Our results suggest sub-threshold oscillations as a possible mechanism for the appearance of high spike variability in a single neuron due to noise currents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. A. Bonin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - K. C. Iarosz
- Engineering Department, Faculdade de Telêmaco Borba, Telêmaco Borba, Brazil
| | - I. L. Caldas
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. M. Batista
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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11
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Zhang M, Cheng Y, Zhai Y, Yuan Y, Hu H, Meng X, Fan X, Sun H, Li S. Attenuated iron stress and oxidative stress may participate in anti-seizure and neuroprotective roles of xenon in pentylenetetrazole-induced epileptogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1007458. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1007458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The previous studies have demonstrated the excellent neuroprotective effects of xenon. In this study, we verified the anti-seizure and neuroprotective roles of xenon in epileptogenesis and evaluated the involvement of oxidative stress and iron accumulation in the protective roles of xenon. Epileptogenesis was induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) treatment in Sprague-Dawley rats. During epileptogenesis, we found increased levels of iron and oxidative stress accompanied by elevated levels of divalent metal transporter protein 1 and iron regulatory protein 1, which are closely associated with iron accumulation. Meanwhile, the levels of autophagy and mitophagy increased, alongside significant neuronal damage and cognitive deficits. Xenon treatment reversed these effects: oxidative stress and iron stress were reduced, neuronal injury and seizure severity were attenuated, and learning and memory deficits were improved. Thus, our results confirmed the neuroprotective and anti-seizure effects of xenon treatment in PTZ-induced epileptogenesis. The reduction in oxidative and iron stress may be the main mechanisms underlying xenon treatment. Thus, this study provides a potential intervention strategy for epileptogenesis.
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12
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Li M, Wu S, Song B, Yang J, Fan L, Yang Y, Wang Y, Yang J, Xu Y. Single-cell analysis reveals transcriptomic reprogramming in aging primate entorhinal cortex and the relevance with Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13723. [PMID: 36165462 PMCID: PMC9649611 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex is of great importance in cognition and memory, its dysfunction causes a variety of neurological diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet so far, research on entorhinal cortex is still limited. Here, we provided the first single-nucleus transcriptomic map of primate entorhinal cortex aging. Our result revealed that synapse signaling, neurogenesis, cellular homeostasis, and inflammation-related genes and pathways changed in a cell-type-specific manner with age. Moreover, among the 7 identified cell types, we highlighted the neuronal lineage that was most affected by aging. By integrating multiple datasets, we found entorhinal cortex aging was closely related to multiple neurodegenerative diseases, particularly for AD. The expression levels of APP and MAPT, which generate β-amyloid (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively, were increased in most aged entorhinal cortex cell types. In addition, we found that neuronal lineage in the aged entorhinal cortex is more prone to AD and identified a subpopulation of excitatory neurons that are most highly associated with AD. Altogether, this study provides a comprehensive cellular and molecular atlas of the primate entorhinal cortex at single-cell resolution and provides new insights into potential therapeutic targets against age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Li Li
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, Translation Medicine CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Shi‐Hao Wu
- School of MedicineYunnan UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Bo Song
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Li‐Yuan Fan
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, Translation Medicine CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yun‐Chao Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jing‐Hua Yang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, Translation Medicine CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
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13
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Qiao X, Lu L, Zhou K, Tan L, Liu X, Ni J, Hou Y, Liang J, Dou H. The correlation between proteoglycan 2 and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2022; 239:109042. [PMID: 35568106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proposed pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) mainly includes ischemia and neuroinflammation mechanisms. Protein encoded by Proteoglycan 2 (PRG2) mRNA is involved in the immune process related to eosinophils, also being found in the placenta and peripheral blood of pregnant women. We evaluated the correlation between PRG2 and NPSLE for the first time and found that PRG2 protein is overexpressed in the serum of patients with NPSLE and correlated with the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) subset scores of psychosis. Moreover, we investigated the correlation between hippocampal PRG2 level and hippocampally dependent learning and memory ability in MRL/lpr mice, and discovered that the number of PRG2+GFAP+ astrocytes in the cortex and hypothalamus and the number of PRG2+IBA-1+ microglia in the hippocampus and cortex significantly increased in the MRL/lpr mice. These data provided a reference for the follow-up exploration of the role of PRG2 in SLE or other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Qiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Li Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kangxing Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liping Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiali Ni
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Huan Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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14
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Cha H, Kim S, Kim H, Kim G, Kwon KY. Effect of intensive olfactory training for cognitive function in patients with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 22:5-11. [PMID: 34749425 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Recent evidence has revealed an association between neurodegenerative disorders and olfactory dysfunction. However, whether olfactory training can improve cognitive impairment in patients with dementia requires further study. The present study aimed to resolve this by developing an intensive olfactory training (IOT) protocol and assessing its impact on each of the cognitive domains in patients with dementia. METHODS Patients were prospectively recruited between June 2020 and September 2020. Baseline evaluations included demographic data, olfactory function test, depression scale and detailed cognitive function tests. Thirty-four patients in the experimental group underwent IOT twice a day with a 40-odor set for 15 days, while 31 individuals in the control group received conservative management. Follow-up evaluations using the depression scale and detailed cognitive function tests were performed after IOT. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were not different between the two groups. The IOT group showed significant improvements in depression, attention, memory and language functions, but not global cognition, frontal executive, or visuospatial functions compared with the control group. CONCLUSION This study shows the ability of IOT to alleviate depression and improve some cognitive functions in patients with dementia. These results suggest that IOT may be an effective non-pharmacological approach for improving the symptoms of dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int ••; ••: ••-•• Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; ••: ••-••.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyegyeong Cha
- Department of Nursing, Namseoul University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sisook Kim
- Department of Nursing, Namseoul University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansong Kim
- Namgung Hospital, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaeyoung Kim
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyum-Yil Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Huo BB, Zheng MX, Hua XY, Shen J, Wu JJ, Xu JG. Metabolic Brain Network Analysis With 18F-FDG PET in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Front Neurol 2021; 12:566119. [PMID: 34276529 PMCID: PMC8284720 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.566119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain has been found to be related to profound reorganization in the function and structure of the brain. We previously demonstrated changes in local brain activity and functional/metabolic connectivity among selected brain regions by using neuroimaging methods. The present study further investigated large-scale metabolic brain network changes in 32 Sprague–Dawley rats with right brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI). Graph theory was applied in the analysis of 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) PET images. Inter-subject metabolic networks were constructed by calculating correlation coefficients. Global and nodal network properties were calculated and comparisons between pre- and post-BPAI (7 days) status were conducted. The global network properties (including global efficiency, local efficiency and small-world index) and nodal betweenness centrality did not significantly change for all selected sparsity thresholds following BPAI (p > 0.05). As for nodal network properties, both nodal degree and nodal efficiency measures significantly increased in the left caudate putamen, left medial prefrontal cortex, and right caudate putamen (p < 0.001). The right entorhinal cortex showed a different nodal degree (p < 0.05) but not nodal efficiency. These four regions were selected for seed-based metabolic connectivity analysis. Strengthened connectivity was found among these seeds and distributed brain regions including sensorimotor area, cognitive area, and limbic system, etc. (p < 0.05). Our results indicated that the brain had the resilience to compensate for BPAI-induced neuropathic pain. However, the importance of bilateral caudate putamen, left medial prefrontal cortex, and right entorhinal cortex in the network was strengthened, as well as most of their connections with distributed brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Huo
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mou-Xiong Zheng
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Yun Hua
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Guang Xu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Gu N, Li H, Cao X, Li T, Jiang L, Zhang H, Zhao B, Luo C, Li C. Different Modulatory Effects of Cognitive Training and Aerobic Exercise on Resting State Functional Connectivity of Entorhinal Cortex in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:655245. [PMID: 34135749 PMCID: PMC8200543 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.655245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) plays an essential role in age-related cognitive decline. However, the effect of functional connectivity (FC) changes between EC and other cerebral cortices on cognitive function remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the modulation of two interventions (cognitive training and aerobic exercise) on EC-FC in community-dwelling older adults. In total, 94 healthy older adults aged between 65 and 75 years were assigned to either the cognitive training or aerobic exercise group to receive 24 sessions over 12 weeks, or to a control group. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed at both baseline and 12-month follow-up. Compared to the cognitive training group, the aerobic exercise group showed greater EC-FC in the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, right supramarginal gyrus, left angular gyrus, and right postcentral gyrus. Compared to the control group, the cognitive training group had a decreased EC-FC in the right hippocampus, right middle temporal gyrus, left angular gyrus, and right postcentral gyrus and an increased EC-FC in the bilateral pallidum, while the aerobic exercise group showed increased EC-FC between the right medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC), bilateral pallidum, and right precuneus. Baseline EC-FC in the mPFC was positively correlated with the visuospatial/constructional index score of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. In the cognitive training group, EC-FC value changes in the right hippocampus were negatively correlated with changes in the RBANS delayed memory index score, while in the aerobic exercise group, EC-FC value changes in the left angular gyrus were positively correlated with changes in the RBANS attention index score. These findings support the hypothesis that both cognitive training and aerobic exercise can modulate EC-FC in aging populations but through different neural pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- NanNan Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hechun Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Clinical Neurocognitive Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Brain-Intelligence Technology, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai, China
| | - Binglei Zhao
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Park H, Kim H, Kim S, Cha H. The Association between Olfactory Function and Cognitive Impairment in Older Persons with Cognitive Impairments: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9040399. [PMID: 33916102 PMCID: PMC8065920 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory function is an emerging topic of research in the fields of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to confirm the association between olfactory function and cognitive impairment by assessing the olfactory function of older persons with cognitive impairment and identify whether olfactory function is associated with cognitive impairment. For this study, we recruited 117 older people aged ≥65 years with cognitive impairments from a public hospital in Korea. We used the Korean version of the expanded clinical dementia rating scale to evaluate participants’ cognitive impairments, and the University of Pennsylvania’s smell identification test to assess their olfactory function. Our results indicate a significant negative correlation between olfactory function and all domains of cognitive impairment (memory, orientation, judgement and problem-solving, community affairs, home and hobbies, and personal care). In addition, olfactory function was a factor associated with cognitive impairment in older persons. Therefore, we expect that our results to provide useful data for the development of interventions using olfactory stimulation to improve cognitive function in older persons with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyangjeong Park
- Department of Nursing, Cheonan Medical Center, Cheonan 31071, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea;
| | - Heejeong Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Health & Health Care, Namseoul University, Cheonan 31020, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (H.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sisook Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Health & Health Care, Namseoul University, Cheonan 31020, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (H.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Hyegyeong Cha
- Department of Nursing, College of Health & Health Care, Namseoul University, Cheonan 31020, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (H.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-4322-7941
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18
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Arsenault D, Tremblay C, Emond V, Calon F. Sex-dependent alterations in the physiology of entorhinal cortex neurons in old heterozygous 3xTg-AD mice. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:63. [PMID: 33198813 PMCID: PMC7667843 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While the higher prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in women is clear, studies suggest that biological sex may also influence AD pathogenesis. However, mechanisms behind these differences are not clear. To investigate physiological differences between sexes at the cellular level in the brain, we investigated the intrinsic and synaptic properties of entorhinal cortex neurons in heterozygous 3xTg-AD mice of both sexes at the age of 20 months. This brain region was selected because of its early association with AD symptoms. First, we found physiological differences between male and female non-transgenic mice, providing indirect evidence of axonal alterations in old females. Second, we observed a transgene-dependent elevation of the firing activity, post-burst afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) activity, without any effect of sex. Third, the passive properties and the hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) were altered by transgene expression only in female mice, whereas the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) of evoked EPSC was changed only in males. Fourth, both sex and transgene expression were associated with changes in action potential properties. Consistent with previous work, higher levels of Aβ neuropathology were detected in 3xTg-AD females, whereas tau deposition was similar. In summary, our results support the idea that aging and AD neuropathology differentially alter the physiology of entorhinal cortex neurons in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Arsenault
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Physiotek, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cyntia Tremblay
- Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Emond
- Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada. .,Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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19
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Anterolateral entorhinal cortex volume is associated with memory retention in clinically unimpaired older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 98:134-145. [PMID: 33278686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex is subdivided into anterolateral entorhinal cortex (alERC) and posteromedial entorhinal cortex (pmERC) subregions, which are theorized to support distinct cognitive roles. This distinction is particularly important as the alERC is one of the earliest cortical regions affected by Alzheimer's pathology and related neurodegeneration. The relative associations of alERC/pmERC with neuropsychological test performance have not been examined. We examined how alERC/pmERC volumes differentially relate to performance on 1) the Modified Rey Auditory Learning Test (ModRey), a verbal memory test designed to assess normal/preclinical populations, 2) the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and 3) the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center neuropsychological battery. We also examined whether alERC/pmERC volumes correlate with Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. In 65 cognitively healthy (CDR = 0) older adults, alERC, but not pmERC, volume was associated with ModRey memory retention. Only alERC volume differentiated between participants who scored above and below the MoCA cutoff score for impairment. Evaluating the MoCA subdomains revealed that alERC was particularly associated with verbal recall. On the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center battery, both alERC and pmERC volumes were associated with Craft story recall and Benson figure copy, but only alERC volume was associated with Craft story retention and semantic fluency. Neither alERC nor pmERC volume correlated with CSF levels of amyloid or tau, and regression analyses showed that alERC volume and CSF amyloid levels were independently associated with ModRey retention performance. Taken together, these results suggest that the alERC is important for memory performance and that alERC volume differences are related to a pattern of neuropsychological test performance (i.e., impairments in episodic memory and semantic fluency) typically seen in clinical Alzheimer's disease.
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20
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Gicas KM, Thornton AE, Waclawik K, Wang N, Jones AA, Panenka WJ, Lang DJ, Smith GN, Vila-Rodriguez F, Leonova O, Barr AM, Procyshyn RM, Buchanan T, Su W, Vertinsky AT, Rauscher A, MacEwan GW, Honer WG. Volumes of the Hippocampal Formation Differentiate Component Processes of Memory in a Community Sample of Homeless and Marginally Housed Persons. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:548-562. [PMID: 30407496 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persons who are homeless or marginally housed exhibit significant cognitive dysfunction, with memory being the most impaired domain. Hippocampal subfield volumes have been found to differentially relate to component processes of memory. The neural correlates of memory have not been previously examined in marginalized persons who are understudied and underserved. We examined whether hippocampal subfields and entorhinal cortex volumes are uniquely related to indices of verbal episodic memory using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised. METHOD Data was used from a large sample of community dwelling homeless and marginally housed adults (N = 227). Regression analyses were conducted to examine hippocampal subfield volumes (CA1, CA3, CA4, dentate gyrus, subiculum) and entorhinal cortex, and their associations with measures of verbal immediate recall, learning slope, and verbal delayed recall. RESULTS Greater CA3 subfield volume was associated with better performance on an index of encoding (immediate recall), but only in older individuals. Greater CA1 and subiculum volumes were associated with better performance on immediate and delayed recall (measures that tap into retrieval processes), but not with learning slope (a more pure index of encoding). Entorhinal cortex volume was related to all components of memory beyond total hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest common neuroanatomical correlates of memory dysfunction in large sample of marginalized persons, and these are uniquely related to different components of memory. These findings have clinical relevance for marginalized populations and theoretical relevance to the growing literature on functional specialization of the hippocampal subfields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Gicas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Allen E Thornton
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | | | - Nena Wang
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Andrea A Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - William J Panenka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Donna J Lang
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Geoff N Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Olga Leonova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ric M Procyshyn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tari Buchanan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Wayne Su
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Alexander Rauscher
- Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - G William MacEwan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - William G Honer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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21
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Ota K, Arikawa M, Ohashi S, Azekawa T, Matsumoto T. Factors influencing nursing home placement of patients with dementia: a retrospective, single-centre study in Japan. Psychogeriatrics 2019; 19:111-116. [PMID: 30294822 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This was an exploratory study to examine the factors influencing nursing home placement (NHP) in Japan. METHODS For this analysis, 633 patients were selected. The data were collected from the clinical records of each patient. A log-rank test was performed. The time from the patient's first visit to the clinic until the nursing home placement was the independent variable. Age (<80 or ≥80 years), biological sex (male or female), Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR) score (overall index 0.5, 1, 2, or 3), living situation (living alone or with someone), and voxel-based specific regional analysis systems for Alzheimer's disease Z-score (<2 or ≥2) were the dependent variables. Survival curves were obtained by using the Kaplan-Meier estimate. After the log-rank test, we conducted a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS The results of log-rank test indicated that all the variables could significantly influence time to NHP. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis suggested that CDR 3 exhibited the highest hazard ratio and Z-score showed the lowest hazard ratio. There were significant differences in age, sex, CDR 2, CDR 3, and living situation. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the voxel-based specific regional analysis systems for Alzheimer's disease Z-score is unlikely to influence NHP. This may suggest that even if the atrophy in the medial temporal lobe is rather progressed, patients can remain living at their own home with protective factors. Future studies need to investigate the risk and protective factors of time to NHP by combining the variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Ota
- Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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de Melo MFFT, Pereira DE, Moura RDL, da Silva EB, de Melo FALT, Dias CDCQ, Silva MDCA, de Oliveira MEG, Viera VB, Pintado MME, Dos Santos SG, Soares JKB. Maternal Supplementation With Avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) Pulp and Oil Alters Reflex Maturation, Physical Development, and Offspring Memory in Rats. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:9. [PMID: 30728763 PMCID: PMC6351466 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an oleaginous fruit source of fatty acids with high levels of neuroprotective phytocomplexes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of reflex and somatic maturation, fatty acid profiles in the brain, and memory in different stages of life in the offspring of dams supplemented with avocado pulp and oil during gestation and lactation. The dams were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15 pups/group), and recieved by gavage supplementation: control group (CG)-distilled water; Avocado Oil (AO)-3,000 mg avocado oil/kg animal weight, and Avocado Pulp (AP)-3,000 mg avocado pulp/kg animal weight. We performed the following tests: Analysis of Somatic Development and Ontogeny of Postnatal Reflex (T0 to T21), the Open Field Habituation Test and the Object Recognition Test (ORT) in the adolescent (T45) and adult (T90) phases. The cerebral fatty acids content was evaluated at times T0, T21, T45, and T90. The results were analyzed using the statistical program GraphPad Prism and significant statistics were considered when p < 0.05. Acceleration of reflex maturation and reflex ontogeny was observed in the offspring of AO and AP fed dams, with the results being more pronounced in the pulp fed group (p < 0.05). All groups presented a decrease in the ambulation parameter in the second exposure to the Open Field Habituation Test, at T45 and T90 (p < 0.05). In the ORT, the AO and AP offspring presented memory improvements in the short and long term in the adult and adolescent phases (p < 0.05). The results of the brain fatty acid profiles presented higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in the AO and AP groups at T21, T45, and T90. The docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) content was higher at T21 (AO and AP), at T45 (AO and AP), and at T90 (AP) (p < 0.05). The arachidonic acid (ARA) content was higher at T45 (AO and AP), and at T90 (AO) (p < 0.05). Maternal supplementation with avocado oil and pulp anticipates reflex maturation and somatic postnatal development, and improves memory during the adolescent and adult phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Ferreira Frazão Tavares de Melo
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Diego Elias Pereira
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Renally de Lima Moura
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Elisiane Beatriz da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | | | - Celina de Castro Querino Dias
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Maciel da Costa Alves Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Maria Elieidy Gomes de Oliveira
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bordin Viera
- Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Késsia Barbosa Soares
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
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Yuan H, Shou G, Gleghorn D, Ding L, Cha YH. Resting State Functional Connectivity Signature of Treatment Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Mal de Debarquement Syndrome. Brain Connect 2018; 7:617-626. [PMID: 28967282 PMCID: PMC5695731 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2017.0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used in experimental protocols to treat mal de debarquement syndrome (MdDS), a neurological condition that represents a maladaptive brain state resulting from entrainment to external oscillating motion. Medical treatments and biomarkers for MdDS remain limited but neuromodulation with rTMS has shown evidence for therapeutic effects. This study took a neuroimaging approach to examine the neuromodulatory effect of rTMS on MdDS. Twenty individuals with MdDS underwent five daily treatments of rTMS over bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Participants received 1 Hz over right DLPFC (1200 pulses) followed by 10 Hz over left DLPFC (2000 pulses). Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired before and after treatments to determine functional connectivity changes associated with a positive treatment effect. A single-subject-based analysis protocol was developed to capture the degree of resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) between the rTMS target and the entorhinal cortex (EC), an area previously shown to be hypermetabolic in MdDS. Our results showed that rocking motion perception in subjects was modulated by rTMS over the DLPFC. Improvements in symptoms correlated most strongly with a post-rTMS reduction in functional connectivity between the left EC and the precuneus, right inferior parietal lobule, and the contralateral EC, which are part of the posterior default mode network. Positive response to rTMS correlated with higher baseline RSFC between the DLPFC and the EC. Our findings suggest that baseline prefrontal-limbic functional connectivity may serve as a predictor of treatment response to prefrontal stimulation in MdDS and that RSFC may serve as a dynamic biomarker of symptom status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yuan
- 1 Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma.,2 Laureate Institute for Brain Research , Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Guofa Shou
- 1 Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma
| | | | - Lei Ding
- 1 Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma.,2 Laureate Institute for Brain Research , Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Yoon-Hee Cha
- 2 Laureate Institute for Brain Research , Tulsa, Oklahoma
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24
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Assessing disease-modifying effects of norepinephrine in Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2017; 1702:3-11. [PMID: 29102776 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Building upon the knowledge that a number of important brain circuits undergo significant degeneration in Alzheimer's disease, numerous recent studies suggest that the norepinephrine-ergic system in the brainstem undergoes significant alterations early in the course of both Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Massive projections from locus coeruleus neurons to almost the entire brain, extensive innervation of brain capillaries, and widespread distribution of noradrenergic receptors enable the norepinephrine-ergic system to play a crucial role in neural processes, including cognitive function. These anatomical and functional characteristics support the role of the norepinephrine-ergic system as an important target for developing new therapies for cognitive dysfunction. Careful neuropathological examinations using postmortem samples from individuals with Alzheimer's disease have implicated the role of the norepinephrine-ergic system in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, numerous studies have supported the existence of a strong interaction between norepinephrine-ergic and neuroimmune systems. We explore the interaction between the two systems that could play a role in the disease-modifying effects of norepinephrine in Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome.
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25
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Double-Blind Sham-Controlled Crossover Trial of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Mal de Debarquement Syndrome. Otol Neurotol 2017; 37:805-12. [PMID: 27176615 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the chronic rocking dizziness that occurs in Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS) can be suppressed with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) beyond the treatment period. METHODS We performed a prospective randomized double-blind sham controlled crossover trial of 5-days of rTMS utilizing high frequency (10 Hz) stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). RESULTS Eight right-handed women (44.5 [SD 7.0] yr) with classical motion-triggered MdDS (mean duration 42.1 [SD 13.2] mo) participated. Group level mixed effects repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed improvement in our primary outcome measure, the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) at Post TMS Weeks 1, 3, and 4 (p < 0.05) and a trend at Week 2 (p = 0.089) after Real rTMS. On the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), improvements started at Post TMS Week 2 for the Anxiety subscore and Post TMS Week 3 for the Depression subscore after Real rTMS only (p < 0.05). There were no group level improvements on the MdDS Balance Rating Scale (MBRS) after Real rTMS though there were three participants who improved on an individual level. There were no significant group level changes after Sham stimulation on any measure. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that the dizziness, mood and anxiety symptoms of MdDS can be improved with 10 Hz rTMS over left DLPFC beyond the treatment period in selected individuals. rTMS may be a useful adjunctive treatment for the management of chronic rocking dizziness in individuals with MdDS but treatment durations longer than 5 days or maintenance treatment are likely needed for sustained symptom suppression.
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26
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Cortical laminar tau deposits and activated astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease visualised by 3H-THK5117 and 3H-deprenyl autoradiography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45496. [PMID: 28374768 PMCID: PMC5379625 DOI: 10.1038/srep45496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated tau protein deposits and, inflammatory processes are characteristic components of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology. We here aimed to visualize in vitro the distribution of tau deposits and activated astrocytes across the cortical layers in autopsy AD brain tissue using the radiotracers 3H-THK5117 and 3H-deprenyl. 3H-THK5117 and 3H-deprenyl autoradiographies were carried out on frozen brain sections from three AD patients and one healthy control. 3H-THK5117 showed a distinct laminar cortical binding similar to 3H-deprenyl autoradiography, with an extensive binding in the superficial and deep layers of the temporal neocortices, whereas the middle frontal gyrus showed an even binding throughout the layers. Globally, eventhough some differences could be observed, AT8 (tau) and GFAP (astrocyte) immunostaining showed a laminar pattern comparable to their corresponding radiotracers within each AD case. Some variability was observed between the AD cases reflecting differences in disease phenotype. The similar laminar cortical brain distribution of tau deposits and activated astrocytes supports the hypothesis of a close pathological interconnection. The difference in regional binding patterns of 3H-THK5117 and AT8 antibody staining suggest additional tau binding sites detectable by 3H-THK5117.
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27
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Rodo C, Sargolini F, Save E. Processing of spatial and non-spatial information in rats with lesions of the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex: Environmental complexity matters. Behav Brain Res 2017; 320:200-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Chen J, Duan X, Shu H, Wang Z, Long Z, Liu D, Liao W, Shi Y, Chen H, Zhang Z. Differential contributions of subregions of medial temporal lobe to memory system in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: insights from fMRI study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26148. [PMID: 27184985 PMCID: PMC4868964 DOI: 10.1038/srep26148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered function of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is a valuable indicator of conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to Alzheimer’s disease. This study is to delineate the functional circuitry of multiple subdivisions of parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus (HIP) and to examine how this knowledge contributes to a more principled understanding of the contributions of its subregions to memory in aMCI. The functional connectivity (FC) analysis was performed in 85 aMCI and 129 healthy controls. The aMCI demonstrated the distinct disruptive patterns of the MTL subregional connectivity with the whole-brain. The right entorhinal cortex (ERC) and perirhinal cortex (PRC) showed increased connectivity with the left inferior and middle occipital gyrus, respectively, which potentially indicated a compensatory mechanism. Furthermore, the right altered MTL subregional FC was associated with episodic memory performance in aMCI. These results provide novel insights into the heterogeneous nature of its large-scale connectivity in MTL subregions in memory system underlying the memory deficits in aMCI. It further suggests that altered FC of MTL subregions is associated with the impairment of the differential encoding stages of memories and the functional changes in the specific right HIP-ERC-PRC-temporal circuitry may contribute to the impairment of episodic memory in aMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Xujun Duan
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Hao Shu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Zan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Long
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Wenxiang Liao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yongmei Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Huafu Chen
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.,Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
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Differential Effects of D-Cycloserine and ACBC at NMDA Receptors in the Rat Entorhinal Cortex Are Related to Efficacy at the Co-Agonist Binding Site. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133548. [PMID: 26193112 PMCID: PMC4507855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial agonists at the NMDA receptor co-agonist binding site may have potential therapeutic efficacy in a number of cognitive and neurological conditions. The entorhinal cortex is a key brain area in spatial memory and cognitive processing. At synapses in the entorhinal cortex, NMDA receptors not only mediate postsynaptic excitation but are expressed in presynaptic terminals where they tonically facilitate glutamate release. In a previous study we showed that the co-agonist binding site of the presynaptic NMDA receptor is endogenously and tonically activated by D-serine released from astrocytes. In this study we determined the effects of two co-agonist site partial agonists on both presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDA receptors in layer II of the entorhinal cortex. The high efficacy partial agonist, D-cycloserine, decreased the decay time of postsynaptic NMDA receptor mediated currents evoked by electrical stimulation, but had no effect on amplitude or other kinetic parameters. In contrast, a lower efficacy partial agonist, 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid, decreased decay time to a greater extent than D-cycloserine, and also reduced the peak amplitude of the evoked NMDA receptor mediated postsynaptic responses. Presynaptic NMDA receptors, (monitored indirectly by effects on the frequency of AMPA receptor mediated spontaneous excitatory currents) were unaffected by D-cycloserine, but were reduced in effectiveness by 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid. We discuss these results in the context of the effect of endogenous regulation of the NMDA receptor co-agonist site on receptor gating and the potential therapeutic implications for cognitive disorders.
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30
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Tanninen SE, Yu X, Giritharan T, Tran L, Bakir R, Volle J, Morrissey MD, Takehara-Nishiuchi K. Cholinergic, but not NMDA, receptors in the lateral entorhinal cortex mediate acquisition in trace eyeblink conditioning. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1456-64. [PMID: 25865030 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical and electrophysiological studies collectively suggest that the entorhinal cortex consists of several subregions, each of which is involved in the processing of different types of information. Consistent with this idea, we previously reported that the dorsolateral portion of the entorhinal cortex (DLE), but not the caudomedial portion, is necessary for the expression of a memory association between temporally discontiguous stimuli in trace eyeblink conditioning (Morrissey et al. (2012) J Neurosci 32:5356-5361). The present study examined whether memory acquisition depends on the DLE and what types of local neurotransmitter mechanisms are involved in memory acquisition and expression. Male Long-Evans rats experienced trace eyeblink conditioning, in which an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with a mildly aversive electric shock to the eyelid (US) with a stimulus-free interval of 500 ms. Immediately before the conditioning, the rats received a microinfusion of neuroreactive substances into the DLE. We found that reversible inactivation of the DLE with GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol impaired memory acquisition. Furthermore, blockade of local muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mACh) with scopolamine retarded memory acquisition while blockade of local NMDA receptors with APV had no effect. Memory expression was not impaired by either type of receptor blocker. These results suggest that the DLE is necessary for memory acquisition, and that acquisition depends on the integrity of local mACh receptor-dependent firing modulation, but not NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lina Tran
- Department of Psychology, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rami Bakir
- Department of Psychology, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Mark D Morrissey
- Department of Psychology, Toronto, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kaori Takehara-Nishiuchi
- Department of Psychology, Toronto, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Toronto, Canada
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31
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Morrissey MD, Takehara-Nishiuchi K. Diversity of mnemonic function within the entorhinal cortex: A meta-analysis of rodent behavioral studies. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 115:95-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Kühn S, Gallinat J. Amount of lifetime video gaming is positively associated with entorhinal, hippocampal and occipital volume. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:842-7. [PMID: 23958958 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Playing video games is a popular leisure activity among children and adults, and may therefore potentially influence brain structure. We have previously shown a positive association between probability of gray matter (GM) volume in the ventral striatum and frequent video gaming in adolescence. Here we set out to investigate structural correlates of video gaming in adulthood, as the effects observed in adolescents may reflect only a fraction of the potential neural long-term effects seen in adults. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 62 male adults, we computed voxel-based morphometry to explore the correlation of GM with the lifetime amount of video gaming (termed joystick years). We found a significant positive association between GM in bilateral parahippocamal region (entorhinal cortex) and left occipital cortex/inferior parietal lobe and joystick years (P<0.001, corrected for multiple comparisons). An exploratory analysis showed that the entorhinal GM volume can be predicted by the video game genres played, such as logic/puzzle games and platform games contributing positively, and action-based role-playing games contributing negatively. Furthermore, joystick years were positively correlated with hippocampus volume. The association of lifetime amount of video game playing with bilateral entorhinal cortex, hippocampal and occipital GM volume could reflect adaptive neural plasticity related to navigation and visual attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Gallinat
- Charité University Medicine, St Hedwig-Krankenhaus, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Tanninen SE, Morrissey MD, Takehara-Nishiuchi K. Unilateral lateral entorhinal inactivation impairs memory expression in trace eyeblink conditioning. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84543. [PMID: 24367674 PMCID: PMC3868607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory in trace eyeblink conditioning is mediated by an inter-connected network that involves the hippocampus (HPC), several neocortical regions, and the cerebellum. This network reorganizes after learning as the center of the network shifts from the HPC to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Despite the network reorganization, the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) plays a stable role in expressing recently acquired HPC-dependent memory as well as remotely acquired mPFC-dependent memory. Entorhinal involvement in recent memory expression may be attributed to its previously proposed interactions with the HPC. In contrast, it remains unknown how the LEC participates in memory expression after the network disengages from the HPC. The present study tested the possibility that the LEC and mPFC functionally interact during remote memory expression by examining the impact of pharmacological inactivation of the LEC in one hemisphere and the mPFC in the contralateral hemisphere on memory expression in rats. Memory expression one day and one month after learning was significantly impaired after LEC-mPFC inactivation; however, the degree of impairment was comparable to that after unilateral LEC inactivation. Unilateral mPFC inactivation had no effect on recent or remote memory expression. These results suggest that the integrity of the LEC in both hemispheres is necessary for memory expression. Functional interactions between the LEC and mPFC should therefore be tested with an alternative design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E. Tanninen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D. Morrissey
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaori Takehara-Nishiuchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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34
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Keeley RJ, Tyndall AV, Scott GA, Saucier DM. Sex difference in cue strategy in a modified version of the Morris water task: correlations between brain and behaviour. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69727. [PMID: 23874990 PMCID: PMC3714246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in spatial memory function have been reported with mixed results in the literature, with some studies showing male advantages and others showing no differences. When considering estrus cycle in females, results are mixed at to whether high or low circulating estradiol results in an advantage in spatial navigation tasks. Research involving humans and rodents has demonstrated males preferentially employ Euclidean strategies and utilize geometric cues in order to spatially navigate, whereas females employ landmark strategies and cues in order to spatially navigate. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study used the water-based snowcone maze in order to assess male and female preference for landmark or geometric cues, with specific emphasis placed on the effects of estrus cycle phase for female rat. Performance and preference for the geometric cue was examined in relation to total hippocampal and hippocampal subregions (CA1&2, CA3 and dentate gyrus) volumes and entorhinal cortex thickness in order to determine the relation between strategy and spatial performance and brain area size. The study revealed that males outperformed females overall during training trials, relied on the geometric cue when the platform was moved and showed significant correlations between entorhinal cortex thickness and spatial memory performance. No gross differences in behavioural performance was observed within females when accounting for cyclicity, and only total hippocampal volume was correlated with performance during the learning trials. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates the sex-specific use of cues and brain areas in a spatial learning task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J. Keeley
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | | | - Gavin A. Scott
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
| | - Deborah M. Saucier
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
- * E-mail:
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35
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Gódor-Kacsándi A, Felszeghy K, Ranky M, Luiten P, Nyakas C. Developmental docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid supplementation improves adult learning and increases resistance against excitotoxicity in the brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 100:186-96. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.100.2013.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Trillo L, Das D, Hsieh W, Medina B, Moghadam S, Lin B, Dang V, Sanchez MM, De Miguel Z, Ashford JW, Salehi A. Ascending monoaminergic systems alterations in Alzheimer's disease. translating basic science into clinical care. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1363-79. [PMID: 23707776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Extensive neuropathological studies have established a compelling link between abnormalities in structure and function of subcortical monoaminergic (MA-ergic) systems and the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main cell populations of these systems including the locus coeruleus, the raphe nuclei, and the tuberomamillary nucleus undergo significant degeneration in AD, thereby depriving the hippocampal and cortical neurons from their critical modulatory influence. These studies have been complemented by genome wide association studies linking polymorphisms in key genes involved in the MA-ergic systems and particular behavioral abnormalities in AD. Importantly, several recent studies have shown that improvement of the MA-ergic systems can both restore cognitive function and reduce AD-related pathology in animal models of neurodegeneration. This review aims to explore the link between abnormalities in the MA-ergic systems and AD symptomatology as well as the therapeutic strategies targeting these systems. Furthermore, we will examine possible mechanisms behind basic vulnerability of MA-ergic neurons in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Trillo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of San Agustin, Arequipa, Peru
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Paradiso S, Ostedgaard K, Vaidya J, Ponto LB, Robinson R. Emotional blunting following left basal ganglia stroke: the role of depression and fronto-limbic functional alterations. Psychiatry Res 2013; 211:148-59. [PMID: 23176970 PMCID: PMC4019790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of the basal ganglia (BG) alter perception and experience of emotions. Left hemisphere BG (LBG) stroke is also associated with depression. The interplay between depression and alterations in emotional processing following LBG stroke was examined. Evoked affective responses to emotion-laden pictorial stimuli were compared among LBG stroke and healthy participants and participants with stroke damage in brain regions not including the LBG selected to equate depression severity (measured using the Hamilton Depression Scale) with LBG damage participants. Brain activity {[O(15)]water positron emission tomography, PET} was measured in LBG stroke relative to healthy participants to identify changes in regions associated with emotion processing and depression. LBG stroke subjects reported less intense emotions compared with healthy, but not stroke comparison participants. Depression negatively correlated with emotional experience for positive and negative emotions. In response to positive stimuli, LBG subjects exhibited higher activity in amygdala, anterior cingulate, dorsal prefrontal cortex, and insula compared to healthy volunteers. In response to negative stimuli, LBG subjects demonstrated lower activity in right frontal-polar region and fusiform gyrus. Higher baseline activity in amygdala and ventral and mesial prefrontal cortex and lower activity in left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex were associated with higher depression scores. LBG stroke led to blunted emotions, and brain activity alterations accounting for reduced affective experience, awareness and depression. Depression and fronto-limbic activity changes may contribute to emotional blunting following LBG stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Paradiso
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa-Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Early deficits in declarative and procedural memory dependent behavioral function in a transgenic rat model of Huntington's disease. Behav Brain Res 2013; 239:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Anand KS, Dhikav V. Hippocampus in health and disease: An overview. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013; 15:239-46. [PMID: 23349586 PMCID: PMC3548359 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.104323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampus is a complex brain structure embedded deep into temporal lobe. It has a major role in learning and memory. It is a plastic and vulnerable structure that gets damaged by a variety of stimuli. Studies have shown that it also gets affected in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In last decade or so, lot has been learnt about conditions that affect hippocampus and produce changes ranging from molecules to morphology. Progresses in radiological delineation, electrophysiology, and histochemical characterization have made it possible to study this archicerebral structure in greater detail. Present paper attempts to give an overview of hippocampus, both in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljeet Singh Anand
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, PGIMER- Guru Gobind Singh Indraprasth University, New Delhi, India
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Cha YH, Chakrapani S, Craig A, Baloh RW. Metabolic and functional connectivity changes in mal de debarquement syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49560. [PMID: 23209584 PMCID: PMC3510214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with mal de debarquement syndrome (MdDS) experience a chronic illusion of self-motion triggered by prolonged exposure to passive motion, such as from sea or air travel. The experience is one of rocking dizziness similar to when the individual was originally on the motion trigger such as a boat or airplane. MdDS represents a prolonged version of a normal phenomenon familiar to most individuals but which persists for months or years in others. It represents a natural example of the neuroplasticity of motion adaptation. However, the localization of where that motion adaptation occurs is unknown. Our goal was to localize metabolic and functional connectivity changes associated with persistent MdDS. Methods Twenty subjects with MdDS lasting a median duration of 17.5 months were compared to 20 normal controls with 18F FDG PET and resting state fMRI. Resting state metabolism and functional connectivity were calculated using age, grey matter volume, and mood and anxiety scores as nuisance covariates. Results MdDS subjects showed increased metabolism in the left entorhinal cortex and amygdala (z>3.3). Areas of relative hypometabolism included the left superior medial gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right amygdala, right insula, and clusters in the left superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri. MdDS subjects showed increased connectivity between the entorhinal cortex/amygdala cluster and posterior visual and vestibular processing areas including middle temporal gyrus, motion sensitive area MT/V5, superior parietal lobule, and primary visual cortex, while showing decreased connectivity to multiple prefrontal areas. Conclusion These data show an association between resting state metabolic activity and functional connectivity between the entorhinal cortex and amygdala in a human disorder of abnormal motion perception. We propose a model for how these biological substrates can allow a limited period of motion exposure to lead to chronic perceptions of self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Hee Cha
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Méndez-López M, Méndez M, Sampedro-Piquero P, Arias JL. Spatial learning-related changes in metabolic activity of limbic structures at different posttask delays. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:151-9. [PMID: 23073928 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the functional contribution of brain limbic system regions at different moments after the acquisition of a short-term spatial memory task performed in the Morris water maze. Adult male Wistar rats were submitted to a matching-to-sample procedure with a hidden platform. The trials were made up of two daily identical visits to the platform, sample (swim-1) and retention (swim-2). To study oxidative metabolic activity, we applied cytochrome oxidase (COx) histochemistry. Densitometric measurements were taken at 1.5, 6, 24, and 48 hr posttask. An untrained group was added to explore the COx changes not specific to the learning process. The brain regions studied showed a different pattern of metabolic activity at different time points after the spatial memory task. Specifically, a significant increase of COx was found in the septal dentate gyrus, anteromedial thalamus, medial mammillary nucleus, and entorhinal cortex at early moments after learning. The entorhinal cortex maintained an increase of COx at later stages of the posttask period. In addition, an increase of COx activity was found in the supramammillary nucleus and the retrosplenial, perirhinal, and parietal cortices a long time after learning. These findings suggest that diencephalic and cortical regions are involved in this spatial learning and contribute at different moments to process this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Méndez-López
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Teruel, Spain.
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Lenzi D, Trentini C, Pantano P, Macaluso E, Lenzi GL, Ammaniti M. Attachment models affect brain responses in areas related to emotions and empathy in nulliparous women. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:1399-414. [PMID: 22359374 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The attachment model, as assessed by means of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), is crucial for understanding emotion regulation and feelings of security in human interactions as well as for the construction of the caregiving system. The caregiving system is a set of representations about affiliative behaviors, guided by sensitivity and empathy, and is fully mature in young-adulthood. Here, we examine how different attachment models influence brain responses in areas related to empathy and emotions in young-adult subjects with secure and dismissing attachment models. METHODS By means of AAI, we selected 11 nulliparous young-adult females with a secure model and 12 with a dismissing model. Subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance, whereas imitating or observing and empathizing with infant facial expressions. Subjects were tested for alexithymia and reflective functioning. RESULTS Dismissing subjects activated motor, mirror, and limbic brain areas to a significantly greater extent, but deactivated the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and the perigenual anterior cingulated cortex (pACC). During emotional faces, increased activity in dismissing women was seen in the right temporal pole. Furthermore, greater alexithymia was correlated with greater activity in the entorhinal cortex and greater deactivation in the pACC/mOFC. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence of how the attachment model influences brain responses during a task eliciting attachment. In particular, hyperactivation of limbic and mirror areas may reflect emotional dysregulation of infantile experiences of rejection and lack of protection, whereas increased deactivation of fronto-medial areas may be the expression of the inhibition of attachment behaviors, which is a typical aspect of dismissing attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Lenzi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Early astrocytic atrophy in the entorhinal cortex of a triple transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease. ASN Neuro 2011; 3:271-9. [PMID: 22103264 PMCID: PMC3243908 DOI: 10.1042/an20110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The EC (entorhinal cortex) is fundamental for cognitive and mnesic functions. Thus damage to this area appears as a key element in the progression of AD (Alzheimer's disease), resulting in memory deficits arising from neuronal and synaptic alterations as well as glial malfunction. In this paper, we have performed an in-depth analysis of astroglial morphology in the EC by measuring the surface and volume of the GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) profiles in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD [3xTg-AD (triple transgenic mice of AD)]. We found significant reduction in both the surface and volume of GFAP-labelled profiles in 3xTg-AD animals from very early ages (1 month) when compared with non-Tg (non-transgenic) controls (48 and 54%, reduction respectively), which was sustained for up to 12 months (33 and 45% reduction respectively). The appearance of Aβ (amyloid β-peptide) depositions at 12 months of age did not trigger astroglial hypertrophy; nor did it result in the close association of astrocytes with senile plaques. Our results suggest that the AD progressive cognitive deterioration can be associated with an early reduction of astrocytic arborization and shrinkage of the astroglial domain, which may affect synaptic connectivity within the EC and between the EC and other brain regions. In addition, the EC seems to be particularly vulnerable to AD pathology because of the absence of evident astrogliosis in response to Aβ accumulation. Thus we can consider that targeting astroglial atrophy may represent a therapeutic strategy which might slow down the progression of AD.
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Retrospective revaluation and its neural circuit in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 223:262-70. [PMID: 21539862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Contingency learning is essential for establishing predictive or causal judgements. Retrospective revaluation captures essential aspects of the updating of this knowledge, according to new experience. In the present study, retrospective revaluation and its neural substrate was investigated in a rat conditioned magazine approach. One element of a previously food-reinforced Tone-Light compound stimulus was either further reinforced (inflation) or extinguished (extinction). These treatments affected the predictive value of the alternate stimulus (target), but only when the target was a weakly salient stimulus such as a Light, and the inflation/extinction procedure concerned the more salient element, that is the Tone. As the predictive value of the Light was decreased in comparison with a relevant control group, this revaluation was interpreted as backward blocking, and not unovershadowing. This observation challenges retrospective revaluation models focused on acquisition and prediction error detection, and is better accounted for by retrieval-based associative theories such as the comparator model (Miller and Matzel) [5]. Immunohistochemical detection of the Fos protein after the test phase revealed activation of the orbitofrontal and infralimbic cortices as well as nucleus accumbens core and shell, in rats that exhibited retrospective revaluation. Our results suggest that rats integrate successive experiences at the retrieval stage of retrospective revaluation, and that prefronto-accumbal interactions are involved in this function.
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Es-Salah-Lamoureux Z, Steele DF, Fedida D. Research into the therapeutic roles of two-pore-domain potassium channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31:587-95. [PMID: 20951446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The K(2P) potassium channels are responsible for the background conductance observed in several tissues. Their ubiquitous localization and thus their potential implications in diseases have led to increased research on these channels over the last few years. In this review, we outline different aspects of the research on K(2P) channels and highlight some of the latest discoveries in this area. We focus on research into K(2P) channels as potential therapeutic targets in ischemia/hypoxia, depression, memory disorders, pain, cardiovascular disease and disorders of the immune system. We address the challenge of developing novel pharmacological compounds to target these channels. We also discuss the regulation of expression of the K(2P) gene in health and disease, as well as the value of assessing the expression of K(2P) channels as potential biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Es-Salah-Lamoureux
- Department of Anesthesiology Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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