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Teymouri K, Ebrahimi M, Chen CC, Sriretnakumar V, Mohiuddin AG, Tiwari AK, Pouget JG, Zai CC, Kennedy JL. Sex-dependent association study of complement C4 gene with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and hospitalization frequency. Psychiatry Res 2024; 342:116202. [PMID: 39342786 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The complement component 4 (C4) gene, codes for two isotypes, C4A and C4B, and can exist in long or short forms (C4L and C4S). The C4AL variant has been associated with elevated schizophrenia (SCZ) risk. Here, we investigated the relationship between C4 variation and clinical outcomes in SCZ. N = 434 adults with SCZ or schizoaffective disorder were included in this retrospective study. A three-step genotyping workflow was performed to determine C4 copy number variants. These variants were tested for association with clinical outcome measures, including treatment-resistant SCZ (TRS), number of hospitalizations (NOH), and symptom severity (PANSS). Sex and ancestry stratified analyses were performed. We observed a marginally significant association between C4S and TRS in males only, and a negative association between C4S and NOH in the total sample. C4AS had negative association with NOH in males and non-Europeans. Lastly, C4A copy numbers and C4A predicted brain expression showed negative association with NOH in males only. Our study provides further support for sex-specific effect of C4 on SCZ clinical outcomes, and also suggests that C4S and C4AS might have a protective effect against increased severity. C4 could potentially serve as a genetic biomarker in the future, however, more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowsar Teymouri
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahbod Ebrahimi
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheng C Chen
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Venuja Sriretnakumar
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayeshah G Mohiuddin
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennie G Pouget
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clement C Zai
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Peeters LD, Wills LJ, Cuozzo AM, Ivanich KL, Turney SE, Bullock LP, Price RM, Gass JT, Brown RW. Modulation of mGlu5 reduces rewarding associative properties of nicotine via changes in mesolimbic plasticity: Relevance to comorbid cigarette smoking in psychosis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 239:173752. [PMID: 38521210 PMCID: PMC11088493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Antipsychotic medications that are used to treat psychosis are often limited in their efficacy by high rates of severe side effects. Treatment success in schizophrenia is further complicated by high rates of comorbid nicotine use. Dopamine D2 heteroreceptor complexes have recently emerged as targets for the development of more efficacious pharmaceutical treatments for schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE The current study sought to explore the use of the positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu5 receptor 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) as a treatment to reduce symptoms related to psychosis and comorbid nicotine use. METHODS Neonatal treatment of animals with the dopamine D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole (NQ) from postnatal day (P)1-21 produces a lifelong increase in D2 receptor sensitivity, showing relevance to psychosis and comorbid tobacco use disorder. Following an 8-day conditioning paradigm, brain tissue in the mesolimbic pathway was analyzed for several plasticity markers, including brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (phospho-p70S6K), and cadherin-13 (Cdh13). RESULTS Pretreatment with CDPPB was effective to block enhanced nicotine conditioned place preference observed in NQ-treated animals. Pretreatment was additionally effective to block the nicotine-induced increase in BDNF and sex-dependent increases in cadherin-13 in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), as well as increased phospho-p70S6K in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell found in NQ-treated animals. CONCLUSION In conjunction with prior work, the current study suggests positive allosteric modulation of the mGlu5 receptor, an emerging target for schizophrenia therapeutics, may be effective for the treatment of comorbid nicotine abuse in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren D Peeters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Liza J Wills
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Anthony M Cuozzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Kira L Ivanich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Seth E Turney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Luke P Bullock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Robert M Price
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Justin T Gass
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America
| | - Russell W Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States of America.
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Aydogan Avşar P, Akkuş M. ZO-1 Serum Levels as a Potential Biomarker for Psychotic Disorder. Clin Neuropharmacol 2024; 47:67-71. [PMID: 38743599 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are limited studies in the literature on the relationship between intestinal and blood-brain barrier permeability and the etiology of schizophrenia. We hypothesized that the difference in serum ZO-1 levels in patients with schizophrenia may affect the severity of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of changes in serum ZO-1 concentrations in the etiopathogenesis of patients with schizophrenia. METHODS A total of 46 patients, 34 with schizophrenia, 12 with a first psychotic attack, and 37 healthy controls, were included in the study. Symptom severity was determined by applying the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale. Serum ZO-1 levels were measured from venous blood samples. RESULTS Serum ZO-1 levels were higher in patients with psychotic disorder compared to healthy controls. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the first psychotic attack group and the schizophrenia patients. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between serum ZO-1 levels and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive symptom score. CONCLUSIONS These findings regarding ZO-1 levels suggest that dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier in psychotic disorder may play a role in the etiology of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Aydogan Avşar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University Training and Research Hospital, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Merve Akkuş
- Department of Psychiatry, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Evliya Celebi Education and Research Hospital, Kütahya, Turkey
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Kim DD, Procyshyn RM, Jones AA, Gicas KM, Jones PW, Petersson AM, Lee LHN, McLellan-Carich R, Cho LL, Panenka WJ, Leonova O, Lang DJ, Thornton AE, Honer WG, Barr AM. Relationship between drug-induced movement disorders and psychosis in adults living in precarious housing or homelessness. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 170:290-296. [PMID: 38185074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have reported positive associations between drug-induced movement disorders (DIMDs) and symptoms of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia. However, it is not clear which subtypes of symptoms are related to each other, and whether one symptom precedes another. The current report assessed both concurrent and temporal associations between DIMDs and symptoms of psychosis in a community-based sample of homeless individuals. METHODS Participants were recruited in Vancouver, Canada. Severity of DIMDs and psychosis was rated annually, allowing for the analysis of concurrent associations between DIMDs and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) five factors. A brief version of the PANSS was rated monthly using five psychotic symptoms, allowing for the analysis of their temporal associations with DIMDs. Mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the associations. RESULTS 401 participants were included, mean age of 40.7 years (SD = 11.2) and 77.4% male. DIMDs and symptoms of psychosis were differentially associated with each other, in which the presence of parkinsonism was associated with greater negative symptoms, dyskinesia with disorganized symptoms, and akathisia with excited symptoms. The presence of DIMDs of any type was not associated with depressive symptoms. Regarding temporal associations, preceding delusions and unusual thought content were associated with parkinsonism, whereas dyskinesia was associated with subsequent conceptual disorganization. CONCLUSIONS The current study found significant associations between DIMDs and symptoms of psychosis in individuals living in precarious housing or homelessness. Moreover, there were temporal associations between parkinsonism and psychotic symptoms (delusions or unusual thought content), and the presence of dyskinesia was temporally associated with higher odds of clinically relevant conceptual disorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ric M Procyshyn
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrea A Jones
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kristina M Gicas
- Department of Psychology, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | - Paul W Jones
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Anna M Petersson
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Lik Hang N Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel McLellan-Carich
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lianne L Cho
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - William J Panenka
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Olga Leonova
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Donna J Lang
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Allen E Thornton
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - William G Honer
- British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Wang SM, Lam BYH, Kuo LC, Hsu HM, Ouyang WC. Facial and upper-limb movement abnormalities in individuals with psychotic-like experiences: a motion analysis study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:1369-1377. [PMID: 36350375 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Slow movements and irregular muscle contraction have been reported separately in different studies targeting individuals with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). To date, it remains unknown whether these two movement abnormalities, possibly associated with hypo- and hyper-dopaminergia, respectively, co-existed in one sample with PLEs and interrelated in the early stage of psychotic progression. Therefore, this study was to examine if facial and upper-limb slow movements and irregular muscle contraction co-existed in individuals with PLEs, interrelated, and were associated with PLEs. A total of 26 individuals with PLEs, who were identified using the 16-item Prodromal Questionnaire, and 26 age- and gender-matched healthy controls received the facial and upper-limb movement measurement. A motion capture system was used to record the movement procedure and thus calculate kinematic variables that represented severity of slow movements and irregular muscle contraction. Results showed that facial and upper-limb slow movements and facial irregular muscle contraction existed in individuals with PLEs. For the total sample, slower facial movements were associated with less regular facial muscle contraction; slower upper-limb movements were associated with less regular upper-limb muscle contraction. Slower and less regular facial and upper-limb movements were associated with more severe PLEs. Compensatory changes in dopaminergic neural pathways in response to elevated dopamine might explain connection between slow movements and irregular muscle contraction. Because of the ability to detect facial and upper-limb movement abnormalities objectively and sensitively, motion analysis has great applicability to sensorimotor studies for people in the psychosis continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Bess Yin-Hung Lam
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, North Point, Hong Kong
| | - Li-Chieh Kuo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Man Hsu
- Clinical Medicine and Advanced Applied Research Department, Point Robotics Medtech Incorporation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Ouyang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Ariza-Salamanca DF, Corrales-Hernández MG, Pachón-Londoño MJ, Hernández-Duarte I. Molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to catatonia: an integrative approach from clinical and preclinical evidence. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:993671. [PMID: 36245923 PMCID: PMC9558725 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.993671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to describe the clinical spectrum of catatonia, in order to carefully assess the involvement of astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and articulate the available preclinical and clinical evidence to achieve a translational understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this disorder. Catatonia is highly common in psychiatric and acutely ill patients, with prevalence ranging from 7.6% to 38%. It is usually present in different psychiatric conditions such as mood and psychotic disorders; it is also a consequence of folate deficiency, autoimmunity, paraneoplastic disorders, and even autistic spectrum disorders. Few therapeutic options are available due to its complexity and poorly understood physiopathology. We briefly revisit the traditional treatments used in catatonia, such as antipsychotics, electroconvulsive therapy, and benzodiazepines, before assessing novel therapeutics which aim to modulate molecular pathways through different mechanisms, including NMDA antagonism and its allosteric modulation, and anti-inflammatory drugs to modulate microglia reaction and mitigate oxidative stress, such as lithium, vitamin B12, and NMDAr positive allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Felipe Ariza-Salamanca
- Medical and Health Sciences Education Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Daniel Felipe Ariza-Salamanca
| | - María Gabriela Corrales-Hernández
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María José Pachón-Londoño
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Isabella Hernández-Duarte
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Vanes LD, Murray RM, Nosarti C. Adult outcome of preterm birth: Implications for neurodevelopmental theories of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2022; 247:41-54. [PMID: 34006427 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with an elevated risk of developmental and adult psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. In this review, we evaluate the implications of neurodevelopmental, cognitive, motor, and social sequelae of preterm birth for developing psychosis, with an emphasis on outcomes observed in adulthood. Abnormal brain development precipitated by early exposure to the extra-uterine environment, and exacerbated by neuroinflammation, neonatal brain injury, and genetic vulnerability, can result in alterations of brain structure and function persisting into adulthood. These alterations, including abnormal regional brain volumes and white matter macro- and micro-structure, can critically impair functional (e.g. frontoparietal and thalamocortical) network connectivity in a manner characteristic of psychotic illness. The resulting executive, social, and motor dysfunctions may constitute the basis for behavioural vulnerability ultimately giving rise to psychotic symptomatology. There are many pathways to psychosis, but elucidating more precisely the mechanisms whereby preterm birth increases risk may shed light on that route consequent upon early neurodevelopmental insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy D Vanes
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Chiara Nosarti
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, King's College London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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Schonfeld L, Jaehne EJ, Ogden AR, Spiers JG, Hogarth S, van den Buuse M. Differential effects of chronic adolescent glucocorticoid or methamphetamine on drug-induced locomotor hyperactivity and disruption of prepulse inhibition in adulthood in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 117:110552. [PMID: 35337859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensitization of dopaminergic activity has been suggested as an underlying mechanism in the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Adolescent stress and chronic abuse of methamphetamine (Meth) are well-known risk factors for psychosis and schizophrenia; however it remains unknown how these factors compare in terms of dopaminergic behavioural sensitization in adulthood. In addition, while Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) has been implicated in dopaminergic activity and schizophrenia, its role in behavioural sensitization remains unclear. In this study we therefore compared the effect of chronic adolescent treatment with the stress hormone, corticosterone (Cort), or with Meth, on drug-induced locomotor hyperactivity and disruption of prepulse inhibition in adulthood in BDNF heterozygous mice and their wild-type controls, as well as on dopamine receptor gene expression. Between 6 and 9 weeks of age, the animals either received Cort in the drinking water or were treated with an escalating Meth dose protocol. In adulthood, Cort-pretreated mice showed significantly reduced Meth-induced locomotor hyperactivity compared to vehicle-pretreated mice. In contrast, Meth hyperlocomotion was significantly enhanced in animals pretreated with the drug in adolescence. There were no effects of either pretreatment on prepulse inhibition. BDNF Het mice showed greater Meth-induced hyperlocomotion and lower prepulse inhibition than WT mice. There were no effects of either pretreatment on D1 or D2 gene expression in either the dorsal or ventral striatum, while D3 mRNA was shown to be reduced in male mice only irrespective of genotype. These results suggest that in adolescence, chronically elevated glucocorticoid levels, a component of chronic stress, do not cause dopaminergic sensitization adulthood, in contrast to the effect of chronic Meth treatment in the same age period. BDNF does not appear to be involved in the effects of chronic Cort or chronic Meth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schonfeld
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily J Jaehne
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra R Ogden
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jereme G Spiers
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samuel Hogarth
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
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Inkster JAH, Sromek AW, Akurathi V, Neumeyer JL, Packard AB. The Non-Anhydrous, Minimally Basic Synthesis of the Dopamine D 2 Agonist [18F]MCL-524. CHEMISTRY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 3:1047-1056. [PMID: 37830058 PMCID: PMC10569134 DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D2 agonist MCL-524 is selective for the D2 receptor in the high-affinity state (D2high), and, therefore, the PET analogue, [18F]MCL-524, may facilitate the elucidation of the role of D2high in disorders such as schizophrenia. However, the previously reported synthesis of [18F]MCL-524 proved difficult to replicate and was lacking experimental details. We therefore developed a new synthesis of [18F]MCL-524 using a "non-anhydrous, minimally basic" (NAMB) approach. In this method, [18F]F- is eluted from a small (10-12 mg) trap-and-release column with tetraethylammonium tosylate (2.37 mg) in 7:3 MeCN:H2O (0.1 mL), rather than the basic carbonate or bicarbonate solution that is most often used for [18F]F- recovery. The tosylated precursor (1 mg) in 0.9 mL anhydrous acetonitrile was added directly to the eluate, without azeotropic drying, and the solution was heated (150 °C/15 min). The catechol was then deprotected with the Lewis acid In(OTf)3 (10 equiv.; 150 °C/20 min). In contrast to deprotection with protic acids, Lewis-acid-based deprotection facilitated the efficient removal of byproducts by HPLC and eliminated the need for SPE extraction prior to HPLC purification. Using the NAMB approach, [18F]MCL-524 was obtained in 5-9% RCY (decay-corrected, n = 3), confirming the utility of this improved method for the multistep synthesis of [18F]MCL-524 and suggesting that it may applicable to the synthesis of other 18F-labeled radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. H. Inkster
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna W. Sromek
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Vamsidhar Akurathi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Alan B. Packard
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Caffeine - treat or trigger? Disparate behavioral and long-term dopaminergic changes in control and schizophrenia-like Wisket rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 236:113410. [PMID: 33819453 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of caffeine on behavioral functions in both healthy and schizophrenic subjects is controversial. Here we aimed to reveal the effects of repeated caffeine pre- and post-training treatments on motor and exploratory activities and cognitive functions in a reward-based test (Ambitus) along with a brain region-specific dopamine D2 receptor profile in control and schizophrenia-like WISKET model rats. In the control animals, pre-treatment caused temporary enhancement in motor activity, while permanent improvement in learning function was detected in the WISKET animals. Post-treatment produced significant impairments in both groups. Caffeine caused short-lasting hyperactivity followed by a rebound in the inactive phase determined in undisturbed circumstance. Caffeine treatment substantially enhanced the dopamine D2 receptor mediated G-protein activation in the prefrontal cortex and olfactory bulb of both groups, while it increased in the dorsal striatum and cerebral cortex only in the WISKET animals. Caffeine enhanced the maximal binding capacity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of WISKET animals, but it decreased in the prefrontal cortex of the control animals. Regarding the dopamine D2 receptor mRNA expression, caffeine treatment caused significant enhancement in the prefrontal cortex of WISKET animals, while it increased the hippocampal dopamine D2 receptor protein amount in both groups. This study highlights the disparate effects of caffeine pre- versus post-training treatments on behavioral parameters in both control and schizophrenia-like animals and the prolonged changes in the dopaminergic system. It is supposed that the delayed depressive effects of caffeine might be compensated by frequent coffee intake, as observed in schizophrenic patients.
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16p11.2 deletion is associated with hyperactivation of human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neuron networks and is rescued by RHOA inhibition in vitro. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2897. [PMID: 34006844 PMCID: PMC8131375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal copy number variations (CNVs) of 16p11.2 are associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we use human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons carrying CNVs of 16p11.2 duplication (16pdup) and 16p11.2 deletion (16pdel), engineered using CRISPR-Cas9. We show that 16pdel iPSC-derived DA neurons have increased soma size and synaptic marker expression compared to isogenic control lines, while 16pdup iPSC-derived DA neurons show deficits in neuronal differentiation and reduced synaptic marker expression. The 16pdel iPSC-derived DA neurons have impaired neurophysiological properties. The 16pdel iPSC-derived DA neuronal networks are hyperactive and have increased bursting in culture compared to controls. We also show that the expression of RHOA is increased in the 16pdel iPSC-derived DA neurons and that treatment with a specific RHOA-inhibitor, Rhosin, rescues the network activity of the 16pdel iPSC-derived DA neurons. Our data suggest that 16p11.2 deletion-associated iPSC-derived DA neuron hyperactivation can be rescued by RHOA inhibition.
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12
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Chestnykh DA, Amato D, Kornhuber J, Müller CP. Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia: Mechanisms of antipsychotic accumulation, therapeutic action and failure. Behav Brain Res 2021; 403:113144. [PMID: 33515642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a multi-dimensional disorder with a complex and mostly unknown etiology, leading to a severe decline in life quality. Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) remain beneficial interventions in the treatment of the disorder, but vary significantly in binding profile, clinical effects and adverse reactions. The present review summarizes the main principles of APD mechanisms of action with a particular focus on recent findings in APD accumulation and its role in the therapeutic efficacy and treatment failure. High and low doses of APDs were shown to be effective in different dimensions of antipsychotic-like behaviour in rodent models. Efficacy of the APDs correlates with high dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, which occurs quickly after drug administration. However, onset and peak of action are delayed up to several days or weeks. APD accumulation via acidic trapping in synaptic vesicles is considered to underlie the time course of APD action. Use-dependent exocytosis, co-release with dopamine and serotonin and inhibition of ion channels impact on the neuronal transmission and determine effects of APDs. Disruption in accumulating properties leads to diminished APD effects. In addition, long-term APD administration at therapeutic doses leads to treatment failure both in animal models and in humans. APD failure was associated with treatment induced neuroadaptations, including a decline in extracellular dopamine levels, dopamine transporter upregulation, and altered neuronal firing. However, enhanced synaptic vesicle release has also been reported. APD loss of efficacy may be reversed through inhibition of the dopamine transporter or switching the administration regimen from continuous to intermittent. Thus, manipulating the accumulation properties of APDs, changes in the administration regimen and doses, or co-administration with dopamine transporter inhibitors may be considered to yield benefits in the development of new effective strategies in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Chestnykh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Davide Amato
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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13
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Wysokiński A, Kozłowska E, Szczepocka E, Łucka A, Agier J, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Sobierajska K. Expression of Dopamine D 1-4 and Serotonin 5-HT 1A-3A Receptors in Blood Mononuclear Cells in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:645081. [PMID: 33776821 PMCID: PMC7988204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.645081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the mRNA expression profile of dopamine D1, D2, D3, D4 and serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT3A receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in schizophrenia and the in vitro effect of antipsychotics on the expression of these receptors in PBMCs of healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven patients with schizophrenia and 29 healthy controls were recruited for the study. All study subjects underwent thorough clinical assessment, including anthropometric and body composition measurements. The expression of mRNA for dopamine D1-4 and serotonin 5-HT1A-3A receptors was measured using quantitative RT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In vitro mRNA and protein expression of these receptors was measured using quantitative RT-PCR and Western Blotting in PBMCs cultured with quetiapine, haloperidol, aripiprazole, risperidone, olanzapine or clozapine at IC50, half of IC50, and one-quarter of IC50 concentrations. Results: The key finding was that the schizophrenia group demonstrated significantly higher mRNA expression of D1, D2 and D4 receptors (p < 0.001), and significantly lower mRNA expression of 5-HT3A receptors (p < 0.01). After adjusting for smoking, the mRNA expression of D1 lost its significance, while that of D3, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A became significant (all three were lower in the schizophrenia group). These receptors also demonstrated different ratios of mRNA expression in the schizophrenia group. The in vitro experiments showed that high concentrations of antipsychotics influenced the mRNA and protein expression of all studied receptors. Conclusion: Schizophrenia patients display a distinctive pattern of dopamine and serotonin receptor mRNA expression in blood mononuclear cells. This expression is little affected by antipsychotic treatment and it may therefore serve as a useful diagnostic biomarker for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kozłowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczepocka
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Łucka
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Agier
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Eck SR, Bangasser DA. The effects of early life stress on motivated behaviors: A role for gonadal hormones. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:86-100. [PMID: 33022296 PMCID: PMC7744121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motivated behaviors are controlled by the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system, consisting of projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), with input from structures including the medial preoptic area (mPOA). Sex differences are present in this circuit, and gonadal hormones (e.g., estradiol and testosterone) are important for regulating DA transmission. Early life stress (ELS) also regulates the mesocorticolimbic DA system. ELS modifies motivated behaviors and the underlying DA circuitry, increasing risk for disorders such as substance use disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia. ELS has been shown to change gonadal hormone signaling in both sexes. Thus, one way that ELS could impact mesocorticolimbic DA is by altering the efficacy of gonadal hormones. This review provides evidence for this idea by integrating the gonadal hormone, motivation, and ELS literature to argue that ELS alters gonadal hormone signaling to impact motivated behavior. We also discuss the importance of these effects in the context of understanding risk and treatments for psychiatric disorders in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Eck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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15
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Szűcs E, Ducza E, Büki A, Kekesi G, Benyhe S, Horvath G. Characterization of dopamine D2 receptor binding, expression and signaling in different brain regions of control and schizophrenia-model Wisket rats. Brain Res 2020; 1748:147074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Niitsu T, Hata T, Nishimoto M, Hosoda Y, Kimura A, Oda Y, Suzuki M, Takase N, Seki R, Fujita K, Endo M, Yoshida T, Inoue M, Hattori N, Murakami T, Imamura Y, Ogawa K, Fukami G, Sato T, Kawasaki Y, Hashimoto T, Ishikawa M, Shiina A, Kanahara N, Iyo M. A randomized-controlled trial of blonanserin and olanzapine as adjunct to antipsychotics in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and dopamine supersensitivity psychosis: The ROADS study. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 53:102369. [PMID: 32920492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis (DSP) is a key factor contributing to the development of antipsychotic treatment-resistant schizophrenia. We examined the efficacy and safety of blonanserin (BNS) and olanzapine (OLZ) as adjuncts to prior antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia and DSP in a 24-week, multicenter (17 sites), randomized, rater-blinded study with two parallel groups (BNS and OLZ add-on treatments) in patients with schizophrenia and DSP: the ROADS Study. The primary outcome was the change in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score from baseline to week 24. Secondary outcomes were changes in the PANSS subscale scores, Clinical Global Impressions, and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS), and changes in antipsychotic doses. The 61 assessed patients were allocated into a BNS group (n = 26) and an OLZ group (n = 29). The PANSS total scores were reduced in both groups (mean ± SD: -14.8 ± 24.0, p = 0.0042; -10.5 ± 12.9, p = 0.0003; respectively) with no significant between-group difference (mean, -4.3, 95 %CI 15.1-6.4, p = 0.42). The BNS group showed significant reductions from week 4; the OLZ group showed significant reductions from week 8. The ESRS scores were reduced in the BNS group and the others were reduced in both groups. The antipsychotic monotherapy rates at the endpoint were 26.3 % (n = 6) for BNS and 23.8 % (n = 5) for OLZ. The concomitant antipsychotic doses were reduced in both groups with good tolerability. Our results suggest that augmentations with BNS and OLZ are antipsychotic treatment options for DSP patients, and BNS may be favorable for DSP based on the relatively quick responses to BNS observed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomihisa Niitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tatsuki Hata
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Fujita Hospital, Sosa, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Hosoda
- Fujita Hospital, Sosa, Chiba, Japan; Child Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryota Seki
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Chiba Hospital, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Fujita
- Okehazama Hospital Fujita Kokoro Care Center, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yukitsugu Imamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Yowa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Fukami
- Chiba Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Sato
- Project Leader Office, Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Biostatistics Section, Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Sodegaura-Satsukidai Hospital, Sodegaura, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masatomo Ishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shiina
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Child Psychiatry, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan; Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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17
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Mäki-Marttunen V, Andreassen OA, Espeseth T. The role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:298-314. [PMID: 32768486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have suggested for decades a role for norepinephrine (NE) in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Recent experimental findings reveal anatomical and physiological properties of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system and its involvement in brain function and cognition. Here, we integrate these two lines of evidence. First, we review the functional and structural properties of the LC-NE system and its impact on functional brain networks, cognition, and stress, with special emphasis on recent experimental and theoretical advances. Subsequently, we present an update about the role of LC-associated functions for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, focusing on the cognitive and motivational deficits. We propose that schizophrenia phenomenology, in particular cognitive symptoms, may be explained by an abnormal interaction between genetic susceptibility and stress-initiated LC-NE dysfunction. This in turn, leads to imbalance between LC activity modes, dysfunctional regulation of brain network integration and neural gain, and deficits in cognitive functions. Finally, we suggest how recent development of experimental approaches can be used to characterize LC function in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- CoE NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Building 49, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postboks 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Bjørknes College, Lovisenberggata 13, 0456 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Bloomfield MA, McCutcheon RA, Kempton M, Freeman TP, Howes O. The effects of psychosocial stress on dopaminergic function and the acute stress response. eLife 2019; 8:46797. [PMID: 31711569 PMCID: PMC6850765 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial adversity induces vulnerability to mental illnesses. Animal studies demonstrate that this may be mediated by dopaminergic dysfunction. We therefore investigated whether long-term exposure to psychosocial adversity was associated with dopamine dysfunction and its relationship to psychological and physiological responses to acute stress. Using 3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]-fluoro-l-phenylalanine ([18F]-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET), we compared dopamine synthesis capacity in n = 17 human participants with high cumulative exposure to psychosocial adversity with n = 17 age- and sex-matched participants with low cumulative exposure. The PET scan took place 2 hr after the induction of acute psychosocial stress using the Montréal Imaging Stress Task to induce acute psychosocial stress. We found that dopamine synthesis correlated with subjective threat and physiological response to acute psychosocial stress in the low exposure group. Long-term exposure to psychosocial adversity was associated with dampened striatal dopaminergic function (p=0.03, d = 0.80) and that psychosocial adversity blunted physiological yet potentiated subjective responses to acute psychosocial stress. Future studies should investigate the roles of these changes in vulnerability to mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ap Bloomfield
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, UCL Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom.,The Traumatic Stress Clinic, St Pancras Hospital, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Kempton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, UCL Institute of Mental Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Plach M, Schäfer T, Borroto-Escuela DO, Weikert D, Gmeiner P, Fuxe K, Friedland K. Differential allosteric modulation within dopamine D 2R - neurotensin NTS1R and D 2R - serotonin 5-HT 2AR receptor complexes gives bias to intracellular calcium signalling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16312. [PMID: 31704949 PMCID: PMC6841725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proceeding investigations of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heterocomplexes have demonstrated that the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), one of the hub receptors in the physiology of schizophrenia, interacts with both the neurotensin NTS1 (NTS1R) and the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) in cell lines and rodent brain tissue. In situ proximity ligation assay and BRET-based saturation experiments confirmed interacting receptor assemblies in HEK293T and neuronal HT22 cells. The NTS1R agonist NT(8-13) reduces the Gαq-mediated calcium signal in the NTS1R-D2R complex compared to the NTS1R monomer which could be reversed by D2R antagonists. The bivalent ligand CS148 (NTS1R-agonistic, D2R-antagonistic) increased the calcium response addressing the dimer, consistent with the effect of the monovalent ligands suggesting an allosteric D2R-mediated modulation. In contrast, the 5-HT2AR-D2R heteromer did not show a calcium-altering receptor-receptor interaction. Despite their common coupling-preference for Gαq, 5-HT2AR and NTS1R supposedly interact with D2R each in a unique mode. This remarkably diverse ligand-mediated signalling in two different D2R heteroreceptor complexes illustrates the complexity of receptor-receptor interactions and their potential of modifying cell responses to external stimuli. Therefore, GPCR heteromers may provide a very promising novel target for the therapy of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Plach
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Dorothée Weikert
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany.
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20
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Clark SD, Abi-Dargham A. The Role of Dynorphin and the Kappa Opioid Receptor in the Symptomatology of Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:502-511. [PMID: 31376930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental illness that affects approximately 1% of the world's population. Despite much research in its neurobiology to aid in developing new treatments, little progress has been made. One system that has not received adequate attention is the kappa opioid system and its potential role in the emergence of symptoms, as well as its therapeutic potential. Here we present an overview of the kappa system and review various lines of evidence derived from clinical studies for dynorphin and kappa opioid receptor involvement in the pathology of both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. This overview includes evidence for the psychotomimetic effects of kappa opioid receptor agonists in healthy volunteers and their reversal by the pan-opioid antagonists naloxone and naltrexone and evidence for a therapeutic benefit in schizophrenia for 4 pan-opioid antagonists. We describe the interactions between kappa opioid receptors and the dopaminergic pathways that are disrupted in schizophrenia and the histologic evidence suggesting abnormal kappa opioid receptor signaling in schizophrenia. We conclude by discussing future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel David Clark
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York; Terran Biosciences Inc., New York.
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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21
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Gómez-A A, Shnitko TA, Barefoot HM, Brightbill EL, Sombers LA, Nicola SM, Robinson DL. Local μ-Opioid Receptor Antagonism Blunts Evoked Phasic Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens of Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1935-1940. [PMID: 30388365 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
μ-opioid receptors (MORs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) can regulate reward-related behaviors that are dependent on mesolimbic dopamine, but the precise mechanism of this MOR regulation is unknown. We hypothesized that MORs within the NAc core regulate dopamine release. Specifically, we infused the MOR antagonist CTAP (d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2) into the NAc core while dopamine release was evoked by electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area and measured by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. We report that CTAP dose-dependently inhibited evoked dopamine release, with full blockade achieved with the 8 μg infusion. In contrast, evoked dopamine release increased after nomifensine infusion and was unchanged after vehicle infusion. These findings demonstrate profound local control of dopamine release by MORs within the NAc core, which has implications for regulation of reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Saleem M. Nicola
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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22
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Oishi K, Kanahara N, Takase M, Oda Y, Nakata Y, Niitsu T, Ishikawa M, Sato Y, Iyo M. Vulnerable combinations of functional dopaminergic polymorphisms to late-onset treatment resistant schizophrenia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207133. [PMID: 30408108 PMCID: PMC6224074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A significant portion of patients with schizophrenia who respond to initial antipsychotic treatment acquire treatment resistance. One of the possible pathogeneses of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is antipsychotic-induced dopamine supersensitivity psychosis (Ai-DSP). Patients with this disease progression might share some genetic vulnerabilities, and thus determining individuals with higher risks of developing Ai-DSP could contribute to preventing iatrogenic development of TRS. Therefore, we decided to examine whether combinations of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known to affect dopaminergic functions are related to Ai-DSP development. Methods In this case-control study, 357 Japanese participants diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were recruited and divided into two groups, those with and without Ai-DSP. As functional SNPs, we examined rs10770141 of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, rs4680 of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene, and rs1799732 and rs1800497 of the DRD2 genes, which are known to possess strong directional ties to dopamine synthesis, dopamine degradation and post-synaptic DRD2 prevalence, respectively. Results Among the 357 Japanese patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, 130 were classified as Ai-DSP(+) and the other 227 as Ai-DSP(-). Significantly higher proportions of Ai-DSP(+) patients were found to have the SNP combinations of rs10770141/rs4680 (57.9%, OR2.654, 95%CI1.036–6.787, P = 0.048) and rs10770141/rs4680/ rs1800497 (64.3%, OR4.230, 95%CI1.306–13.619, P = 0.029). However, no single SNP was associated with Ai-DSP. Conclusions We preliminarily found that carrying particular combinations of functional SNPs, which are related to relatively higher dopamine synthesis and dopamine degradation and lower naïve DRD2, might indicate vulnerability to development of Ai-DSP. However, further studies are needed to validate the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Oishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takase
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, United States of America
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakata
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomihisa Niitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masatomo Ishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Global Clinical Research, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
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Gupta AK, Rani K, Swarnkar S, Kumar GK, Khan MI, Pokhriyal R, Kumar DR, Goyal V, Tripathi M, Gupta R, Chadda RK, Vanamail P, Hariprasad G. Evaluation of Serum Apolipoprotein E as a Potential Biomarker for Pharmacological Therapeutic Efficacy Monitoring in Dopamine Dictated Disease Spectrum of Schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease: A Preliminary Study. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2018; 10:1179573518803585. [PMID: 30327579 PMCID: PMC6178121 DOI: 10.1177/1179573518803585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia are disease end points of dopaminergic deficit and hyperactivity, respectively, in the mid brain. Accordingly, current medications aim to restore normal dopamine levels, overshooting of which results in adverse effects of psychosis and extra-pyramidal symptoms, respectively. There are currently no available laboratory tests to guide treatment decisions or help predict adverse side effects of the drugs. The aim was to therefore explore the possibility of using apolipoprotein E as a biomarker to monitor pharmacological intervention in dopamine dictated states of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia for optimum therapy. METHODS Naïve and treated, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenic patients were recruited from neurology and psychiatry clinics. Serum of healthy volunteers was collected as controls. Serum concentrations of apolipoprotein E was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pathway analysis was carried out to delineate the interactions of apolipoprotein E in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. RESULTS Apolipoprotein E levels are higher in Parkinson's disease patients as compared with schizophrenic samples (P < .05). Also, post-treatment apolipoprotein E levels in both disease states were at par with levels seen in healthy controls. The interactions of apolipoprotein E validate the results and place the differential expression of the protein in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia in the right perspective. CONCLUSION Apolipoprotein E concentration across the dopaminergic spectrum suggests that it can be pursued not only as a potential biomarker in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, but can also be an effective tool for clinicians to determine efficacy of drug-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Komal Rani
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Surabhi Swarnkar
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Khunger Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Imran Khan
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchika Pokhriyal
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Domada Ratna Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Goyal
- Department of Neurology, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rishab Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Chadda
- Department of Psychiatry, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Perumal Vanamail
- Department of Biostatistics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Gururao Hariprasad
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Pinares-Garcia P, Stratikopoulos M, Zagato A, Loke H, Lee J. Sex: A Significant Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E154. [PMID: 30104506 PMCID: PMC6120011 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8080154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females sometimes significantly differ in their propensity to develop neurological disorders. Females suffer more from mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, whereas males are more susceptible to deficits in the dopamine system including Parkinson's disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. Despite this, biological sex is rarely considered when making treatment decisions in neurological disorders. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying sex differences in the healthy and diseased brain will help to devise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies optimal for each sex. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the available evidence on sex differences in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders regarding prevalence, progression, symptoms and response to therapy. We also discuss the sex-related factors such as gonadal sex hormones and sex chromosome genes and how these might help to explain some of the clinically observed sex differences in these disorders. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of the Y-chromosome gene, SRY, in the male brain and its potential role as a male-specific risk factor for disorders such as PD, autism, and ADHD in many individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Pinares-Garcia
- Brain and Gender laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Marielle Stratikopoulos
- Brain and Gender laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Alice Zagato
- Brain and Gender laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Hannah Loke
- Brain and Gender laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Brain and Gender laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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Hashimoto T, Baba S, Ikeda H, Oda Y, Hashimoto K, Shimizu I. Lack of dopamine supersensitivity in rats after chronic administration of blonanserin: Comparison with haloperidol. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 830:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ganguly P, Soliman A, Moustafa AA. Holistic Management of Schizophrenia Symptoms Using Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Treatment. Front Public Health 2018; 6:166. [PMID: 29930935 PMCID: PMC5999799 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia lead a poor quality of life, due to poor medical attention, homelessness, unemployment, financial constraints, lack of education, and poor social skills. Thus, a review of factors associated with the holistic management of schizophrenia is of paramount importance. The objective of this review is to improve the quality of life of individuals with schizophrenia, by addressing the factors related to the needs of the patients and present them in a unified manner. Although medications play a role, other factors that lead to a successful holistic management of schizophrenia include addressing the following: financial management, independent community living, independent living skill, relationship, friendship, entertainment, regular exercise for weight gained due to medication administration, co-morbid health issues, and day-care programmes for independent living. This review discusses the relationship between different symptoms and problems individuals with schizophrenia face (e.g., homelessness and unemployment), and how these can be managed using pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Thus, the target of this review is the carers of individuals with schizophrenia, public health managers, counselors, case workers, psychiatrists, and clinical psychologists aiming to enhance the quality of life of individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronab Ganguly
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdrabo Soliman
- Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Chouinard G, Samaha AN, Chouinard VA, Peretti CS, Kanahara N, Takase M, Iyo M. Antipsychotic-Induced Dopamine Supersensitivity Psychosis: Pharmacology, Criteria, and Therapy. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2018. [PMID: 28647739 DOI: 10.1159/000477313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first-line treatment for psychotic disorders remains antipsychotic drugs with receptor antagonist properties at D2-like dopamine receptors. However, long-term administration of antipsychotics can upregulate D2 receptors and produce receptor supersensitivity manifested by behavioral supersensitivity to dopamine stimulation in animals, and movement disorders and supersensitivity psychosis (SP) in patients. Antipsychotic-induced SP was first described as the emergence of psychotic symptoms with tardive dyskinesia (TD) and a fall in prolactin levels following drug discontinuation. In the era of first-generation antipsychotics, 4 clinical features characterized drug-induced SP: rapid relapse after drug discontinuation/dose reduction/switch of antipsychotics, tolerance to previously observed therapeutic effects, co-occurring TD, and psychotic exacerbation by life stressors. We review 3 recent studies on the prevalence rates of SP, and the link to treatment resistance and psychotic relapse in the era of second-generation antipsychotics (risperidone, paliperidone, perospirone, and long-acting injectable risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole). These studies show that the prevalence rates of SP remain high in schizophrenia (30%) and higher (70%) in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. We then present neurobehavioral findings on antipsychotic-induced supersensitivity to dopamine from animal studies. Next, we propose criteria for SP, which describe psychotic symptoms and co-occurring movement disorders more precisely. Detection of mild/borderline drug-induced movement disorders permits early recognition of overblockade of D2 receptors, responsible for SP and TD. Finally, we describe 3 antipsychotic withdrawal syndromes, similar to those seen with other CNS drugs, and we propose approaches to treat, potentially prevent, or temporarily manage SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Chouinard
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Liu C, Jiao C, Wang K, Yuan N. DNA Methylation and Psychiatric Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 157:175-232. [PMID: 29933950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation has been an important area of research in the study of molecular mechanism to psychiatric disorders. Recent evidence has suggested that abnormalities in global methylation, methylation of genes, and pathways could play a role in the etiology of many forms of mental illness. In this article, we review the mechanisms of DNA methylation, including the genetic and environmental factors affecting methylation changes. We report and discuss major findings regarding DNA methylation in psychiatric patients, both within the context of global methylation studies and gene-specific methylation studies. Finally, we discuss issues surrounding data quality improvement, the limitations of current methylation analysis methods, and the possibility of using DNA methylation-based treatment for psychiatric disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Liu
- University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States; School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Chuan Jiao
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kangli Wang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ning Yuan
- Hunan Brain Hospital, Changsha, China
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Kinon BJ. The Group of Treatment Resistant Schizophrenias. Heterogeneity in Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS). Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:757. [PMID: 30761026 PMCID: PMC6363683 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is composed of a heterogeneous group of patient segments. Our current notion of the heterogeneity in schizophrenia is based on patients presenting with diverse disease symptom phenotypes, risk factors, structural and functional neuropathology, and a mixed range of expressed response to treatment. It is important for clinicians to recognize the various clinical presentations of resistance to treatment in schizophrenia and to understand how heterogeneity across treatment resistant patient segments may potentially inform new strategies for the development of effective treatments for Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS). The heterogeneity of schizophrenia may be reduced by parsing patient segments based on whether patients demonstrate an adequate or inadequate response to treatment. In our current concept of TRS, TRS is defined as non-response to at least two adequate trials of antipsychotic medication and is estimated to affect about 30% of all patients with schizophrenia. In this narrative review, the author discusses that the demonstration of inadequate response to antipsychotic drugs (APDs) may infer that some TRS patients may be suffering from a non-dopamine pathophysiology since D2 receptor antagonist-based treatment is ineffective. Preliminary neurobiological findings may further support the pathophysiologic distinction of TRS from that of general schizophrenia. Investigation of the basis for heterogeneity in TRS through the systematic investigation of relevant "clusters" of similarly at risk individuals may hopefully bring us closer to realize a precision medicine approach for developing effective therapies for TRS patient segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Kinon
- Lundbeck North America, Deerfield, IL, United States
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30
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de Bartolomeis A, Buonaguro EF, Latte G, Rossi R, Marmo F, Iasevoli F, Tomasetti C. Immediate-Early Genes Modulation by Antipsychotics: Translational Implications for a Putative Gateway to Drug-Induced Long-Term Brain Changes. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:240. [PMID: 29321734 PMCID: PMC5732183 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of research aims at recognizing the molecular mechanisms involved in long-lasting brain architectural changes induced by antipsychotic treatments. Although both structural and functional modifications have been identified following acute antipsychotic administration in humans, currently there is scarce knowledge on the enduring consequences of these acute changes. New insights in immediate-early genes (IEGs) modulation following acute or chronic antipsychotic administration may help to fill the gap between primary molecular response and putative long-term changes. Moreover, a critical appraisal of the spatial and temporal patterns of IEGs expression may shed light on the functional "signature" of antipsychotics, such as the propensity to induce motor side effects, the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying the differences between antipsychotics beyond D2 dopamine receptor affinity, as well as the relevant effects of brain region-specificity in their mechanisms of action. The interest for brain IEGs modulation after antipsychotic treatments has been revitalized by breakthrough findings such as the role of early genes in schizophrenia pathophysiology, the involvement of IEGs in epigenetic mechanisms relevant for cognition, and in neuronal mapping by means of IEGs expression profiling. Here we critically review the evidence on the differential modulation of IEGs by antipsychotics, highlighting the association between IEGs expression and neuroplasticity changes in brain regions impacted by antipsychotics, trying to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underpinning the effects of this class of drugs on psychotic, cognitive and behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta F Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Latte
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Marmo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Schifani C, Hafizi S, Da Silva T, Watts JJ, Khan MS, Mizrahi R. Using molecular imaging to understand early schizophrenia-related psychosis neurochemistry: a review of human studies. Int Rev Psychiatry 2017; 29:555-566. [PMID: 29219634 PMCID: PMC8011813 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2017.1396205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder generally preceded by a so-called prodromal phase, which is characterized by attenuated psychotic symptoms. Advances in clinical research have enabled prospective identification of those individuals who are at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, with the power to predict psychosis onset within the near future. Changes in several brain neurochemical systems and molecular mechanisms are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the psychosis spectrum, including the dopaminergic, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, glutamatergic, endocannabinoid, and immunologic (i.e. glial activation) system and other promising future directions such as synaptic density, which are possible to quantify in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET). This paper aims to review in vivo PET studies in the mentioned systems in the early course of psychosis (i.e. CHR and first-episode psychosis (FEP)). The results of reviewed studies are promising; however, the current understanding of the underlying pathology of psychosis is still limited. Importantly, promising efforts involve the development of novel PET radiotracers targeting systems with growing interest in schizophrenia, like the nociceptive system and synaptic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Schifani
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sina Hafizi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania Da Silva
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy Joseph Watts
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M. Saad Khan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Harrow M, Jobe TH, Faull RN, Yang J. A 20-Year multi-followup longitudinal study assessing whether antipsychotic medications contribute to work functioning in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2017; 256:267-274. [PMID: 28651219 PMCID: PMC5661946 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the long-term effectiveness of antipsychotic medications in facilitating work functioning in patients with schizophrenia we conducted longitudinal multifollowup research on 139 initially psychotic patients. The 70 patients with schizophrenia and 69 initially psychotic mood disordered control patients were followed up 6 times over 20 years. We compared the influence on work functioning of patients with schizophrenia continuously prescribed antipsychotics with patients with schizophrenia not prescribed antipsychotics, using statistical controls for inter-subject differences. While antipsychotics reduce or eliminate flagrant psychosis for most patients with schizophrenia at acute hospitalizations, four years later and continually until the 20 year followups, patients with schizophrenia not prescribed antipsychotics had significantly better work functioning. The work performance of the patients who were continuously prescribed antipsychotics was at a low rate and did not improve over time. Multiple other factors also interfere with work functioning. The data suggest that some patients with schizophrenia not prescribed antipsychotics for prolonged periods can function relatively well. Multiple other factors are associated with poor post-hospital work performance. The longitudinal data raise questions about prolonged treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Harrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA 1601 W. Taylor (M/C 912), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Thomas H Jobe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA 1601 W. Taylor (M/C 912), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Robert N Faull
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA 1601 W. Taylor (M/C 912), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, 851S Morgan St, Chicago, IL 60607, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Jahn K, Wieltsch C, Blumer N, Mehlich M, Pathak H, Khan AQ, Hildebrandt H, Frieling H. A cell culture model for investigation of synapse influenceability: epigenetics, expression and function of gene targets important for synapse formation and preservation in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells differentiated by retinoic acid. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1341-1367. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Aripiprazole was the first antipsychotic developed to possess agonist properties at dopamine D2 autoreceptors, a groundbreaking strategy that presented a new vista for schizophrenia drug discovery. The dopamine D2 receptor is the crucial target of all extant antipsychotics, and all developed prior to aripiprazole were D2 receptor antagonists. Extensive blockade of these receptors, however, typically produces extrapyramidal (movement) side effects, which plagued first-generation antipsychotics, such as haloperidol. Second-generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine, with unique polypharmacology and D2 receptor binding kinetics, have significantly lower risk of movement side effects but can cause myriad additional ones, such as severe weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. Aripiprazole's polypharmacology, characterized by its unique agonist activity at dopamine D2 and D3 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, as well as antagonist activity at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, translates to successful reduction of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, while also mitigating risk of weight gain and movement side effects. New observations, however, link aripiprazole to compulsive behaviors in a small group of patients, an unusual side effect for antipsychotics. In this review, we discuss the chemical synthesis, pharmacology, pharmacogenomics, drug metabolism, and adverse events of aripiprazole, and we present a current understanding of aripiprazole's neurotherapeutic mechanisms, as well as the history and importance of aripiprazole to neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen B. Casey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Clinton E. Canal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Kim YK, Choi J, Park SC. A Novel Bio-Psychosocial-Behavioral Treatment Model in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040734. [PMID: 28358303 PMCID: PMC5412320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the substantial burden of illness in schizophrenia, there has been a discrepancy between the beneficial effects of an increased use of antipsychotic medications and achieving limited recovery or remission. Because the focus of the most common antipsychotic medications is on dopamine, which is associated with positive symptoms, there is an unmet need for patients with negative symptoms. Since cognitive and negative symptoms rather than positive symptoms are more closely associated with psychosocial impairments in patients with schizophrenia, the non-dopaminergic systems including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) of the prefrontal cortex should be of concern as well. The balance of excitation and inhibition has been associated with epigenetic modifications and thus can be analyzed in terms of a neurodevelopmental and neural circuitry perspective. Hence, a novel bio-psychosocial-behavioral model for the treatment of schizophrenia is needed to account for the non-dopaminergic systems involved in schizophrenia, rather than dopaminergic mechanisms. This model can be understood from the viewpoint of neurodevelopment and neural circuitry and should include the staging care, personalized care, preventive care, reducing the cognitive deficits, and reducing stigma. Thomas R. Insel proposed this as a goal for schizophrenia treatment to be achieved by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Joonho Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, Korea.
| | - Seon-Cheol Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine and Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan 48108, Korea.
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Yin J, Barr AM, Ramos-Miguel A, Procyshyn RM. Antipsychotic Induced Dopamine Supersensitivity Psychosis: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:174-183. [PMID: 27264948 PMCID: PMC5327459 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160606093602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic prescription of antipsychotics seems to lose its therapeutic benefits in the prevention of recurring psychotic symptoms. In many instances, the occurrence of relapse from initial remission is followed by an increase in dose of the prescribed antipsychotic. The current understanding of why this occurs is still in its infancy, but a controversial idea that has regained attention recently is the notion of iatrogenic dopamine supersensitivity. Studies on cell cultures and animal models have shown that long-term antipsychotic use is linked to both an upregulation of dopamine D<sub>2</sub>-receptors in the striatum and the emergence of enhanced receptor affinity to endogenous dopamine. These findings have been hypothesized to contribute to the phenomenon known as dopamine supersensitivity psychosis (DSP), which has been clinically typified as the foundation of rebound psychosis, drug tolerance, and tardive dyskinesia. The focus of this review is the update of evidence behind the classification of antipsychotic induced DSP and an investigation of its relationship to treatment resistance. Since antipsychotics are the foundation of illness management, a greater understanding of DSP and its prevention may greatly affect patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Alasdair M. Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Alfredo Ramos-Miguel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 2A1, Canada
| | - Ric M. Procyshyn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 2A1, Canada
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Walter EE, Fernandez F, Snelling M, Barkus E. Genetic Consideration of Schizotypal Traits: A Review. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1769. [PMID: 27895608 PMCID: PMC5108787 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizotypal traits are of interest and importance in their own right and also have theoretical and clinical associations with schizophrenia. These traits comprise attenuated psychotic symptoms, social withdrawal, reduced cognitive capacity, and affective dysregulation. The link between schizotypal traits and psychotic disorders has long since been debated. The status of knowledge at this point is such schizotypal traits are a risk for psychotic disorders, but in and of themselves only confer liability, with other risk factors needing to be present before a transition to psychosis occurs. Investigation of schizotypal traits also has the possibility to inform clinical and research pursuits concerning those who do not make a transition to psychotic disorders. A growing body of literature has investigated the genetic underpinnings of schizotypal traits. Here, we review association, family studies and describe genetic disorders where the expression of schizotypal traits has been investigated. We conducted a thorough review of the existing literature, with multiple search engines, references, and linked articles being searched for relevance to the current review. All articles and book chapters in English were sourced and reviewed for inclusion. Family studies demonstrate that schizotypal traits are elevated with increasing genetic proximity to schizophrenia and some chromosomal regions have been associated with schizotypy. Genes associated with schizophrenia have provided the initial start point for the investigation of candidate genes for schizotypal traits; neurobiological pathways of significance have guided selection of genes of interest. Given the chromosomal regions associated with schizophrenia, some genetic disorders have also considered the expression of schizotypal traits. Genetic disorders considered all comprise a profile of cognitive deficits and over representation of psychotic disorders compared to the general population. We conclude that genetic variations associated with schizotypal traits require further investigation, perhaps with targeted phenotypes narrowed to assist in refining the clinical end point of significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. Walter
- School of Psychology, University of WollongongWollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesca Fernandez
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of WollongongWollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Mollie Snelling
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of WollongongWollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Barkus
- School of Psychology, University of WollongongWollongong, NSW, Australia
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Orendain-Jaime EN, Ortega-Ibarra JM, López-Pérez SJ. Evidence of sexual dimorphism in D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors expression in frontal cortex and striatum of young rats. Neurochem Int 2016; 100:62-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Galletly C, Castle D, Dark F, Humberstone V, Jablensky A, Killackey E, Kulkarni J, McGorry P, Nielssen O, Tran N. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2016; 50:410-72. [PMID: 27106681 DOI: 10.1177/0004867416641195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This guideline provides recommendations for the clinical management of schizophrenia and related disorders for health professionals working in Australia and New Zealand. It aims to encourage all clinicians to adopt best practice principles. The recommendations represent the consensus of a group of Australian and New Zealand experts in the management of schizophrenia and related disorders. This guideline includes the management of ultra-high risk syndromes, first-episode psychoses and prolonged psychoses, including psychoses associated with substance use. It takes a holistic approach, addressing all aspects of the care of people with schizophrenia and related disorders, not only correct diagnosis and symptom relief but also optimal recovery of social function. METHODS The writing group planned the scope and individual members drafted sections according to their area of interest and expertise, with reference to existing systematic reviews and informal literature reviews undertaken for this guideline. In addition, experts in specific areas contributed to the relevant sections. All members of the writing group reviewed the entire document. The writing group also considered relevant international clinical practice guidelines. Evidence-based recommendations were formulated when the writing group judged that there was sufficient evidence on a topic. Where evidence was weak or lacking, consensus-based recommendations were formulated. Consensus-based recommendations are based on the consensus of a group of experts in the field and are informed by their agreement as a group, according to their collective clinical and research knowledge and experience. Key considerations were selected and reviewed by the writing group. To encourage wide community participation, the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists invited review by its committees and members, an expert advisory committee and key stakeholders including professional bodies and special interest groups. RESULTS The clinical practice guideline for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders reflects an increasing emphasis on early intervention, physical health, psychosocial treatments, cultural considerations and improving vocational outcomes. The guideline uses a clinical staging model as a framework for recommendations regarding assessment, treatment and ongoing care. This guideline also refers its readers to selected published guidelines or statements directly relevant to Australian and New Zealand practice. CONCLUSIONS This clinical practice guideline for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders aims to improve care for people with these disorders living in Australia and New Zealand. It advocates a respectful, collaborative approach; optimal evidence-based treatment; and consideration of the specific needs of those in adverse circumstances or facing additional challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David Castle
- Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Health and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Frances Dark
- Rehabilitation Services, Metro South Mental Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Verity Humberstone
- Mental Health and Addiction Services, Northland District Health Board, Whangarei, New Zealand
| | - Assen Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Eóin Killackey
- Orygen - The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick McGorry
- Orygen - The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Board of the National Youth Mental Health Foundation (headspace), Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Olav Nielssen
- Psychiatry, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nga Tran
- St Vincent's Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Sander CY, Hooker JM, Catana C, Rosen BR, Mandeville JB. Imaging Agonist-Induced D2/D3 Receptor Desensitization and Internalization In Vivo with PET/fMRI. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1427-36. [PMID: 26388148 PMCID: PMC4793127 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the dynamics of dopamine receptor desensitization and internalization, thereby proposing a new technique for non-invasive, in vivo measurements of receptor adaptations. The D2/D3 agonist quinpirole, which induces receptor internalization in vitro, was administered at graded doses in non-human primates while imaging with simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A pronounced temporal divergence between receptor occupancy and fMRI signal was observed: occupancy remained elevated while fMRI responded transiently. Analogous experiments with an antagonist (prochlorperazine) and a lower-affinity agonist (ropinirole) exhibited reduced temporal dissociation between occupancy and function, consistent with a mechanism of desensitization and internalization that depends upon drug efficacy and affinity. We postulated a model that incorporates internalization into a neurovascular-coupling relationship. This model yielded in vivo desensitization/internalization rates (0.2/min for quinpirole) consistent with published in vitro measurements. Overall, these results suggest that simultaneous PET/fMRI enables characterization of dynamic neuroreceptor adaptations in vivo, and may offer a first non-invasive method for assessing receptor desensitization and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Y Sander
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Room 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA, Tel: +617 724 1839, Fax: +617 726 7422, E-mail:
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ciprian Catana
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Rosen
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph B Mandeville
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Parikh V, Kutlu MG, Gould TJ. nAChR dysfunction as a common substrate for schizophrenia and comorbid nicotine addiction: Current trends and perspectives. Schizophr Res 2016; 171:1-15. [PMID: 26803692 PMCID: PMC4762752 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of tobacco use in the population with schizophrenia is enormously high. Moreover, nicotine dependence is found to be associated with symptom severity and poor outcome in patients with schizophrenia. The neurobiological mechanisms that explain schizophrenia-nicotine dependence comorbidity are not known. This study systematically reviews the evidence highlighting the contribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to nicotine abuse in schizophrenia. METHODS Electronic data bases (Medline, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) were searched using the selected key words that match the aims set forth for this review. A total of 276 articles were used for the qualitative synthesis of this review. RESULTS Substantial evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicated that dysregulation of α7 and β2-subunit containing nAChRs account for the cognitive and affective symptoms of schizophrenia and nicotine use may represent a strategy to remediate these symptoms. Additionally, recent meta-analyses proposed that early tobacco use may itself increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. Genetic studies demonstrating that nAChR dysfunction that may act as a shared vulnerability factor for comorbid tobacco dependence and schizophrenia were found to support this view. The development of nAChR modulators was considered an effective therapeutic strategy to ameliorate psychiatric symptoms and to promote smoking cessation in schizophrenia patients. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between schizophrenia and smoking is complex. While the debate for the self-medication versus addiction vulnerability hypothesis continues, it is widely accepted that a dysfunction in the central nAChRs represent a common substrate for various symptoms of schizophrenia and comorbid nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19112, United States.
| | - Munir Gunes Kutlu
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19112, United States
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19112, United States
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Abstract
The concept of psychosis has been shaped by traditions in the concepts of mental disorders during the last 170 years. The term "psychosis" still lacks a unified definition, but denotes a clinical construct composed of several symptoms. Delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorders are the core clinical features. The search for a common denominator of psychotic symptoms points toward combinations of neuropsychological mechanisms resulting in reality distortion. To advance the elucidation of the causes and the pathophysiology of the symptoms of psychosis, a deconstruction of the term into its component symptoms is therefore warranted. Current research is dealing with the delineation from "normality", the genetic underpinnings, and the causes and pathophysiology of the symptoms of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zielasek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Yamanaka H, Kanahara N, Suzuki T, Takase M, Moriyama T, Watanabe H, Hirata T, Asano M, Iyo M. Impact of dopamine supersensitivity psychosis in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: An analysis of multi-factors predicting long-term prognosis. Schizophr Res 2016; 170:252-8. [PMID: 26775264 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a variety of factors are known to be significantly related to poor prognosis in schizophrenia, their interactions remain unclear. Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis (DSP) is a clinical concept related to long-term pharmacotherapy and could be one of the key factors contributing to the development of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). The present study aims to explore the effect of DSP on progression to TRS. METHODS Two-hundreds and sixty-five patients were classified into either a TRS or Non-TRS group based on retrospective survey and direct interview. The key factors related to prognosis, including the presence or absence of DSP episodes, were extracted, and each factor was compared between the two groups. RESULTS All parameters except for the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) were significantly worse in the TRS group compared to the Non-TRS group. In particular, the TRS group presented with a significantly higher rate of DSP episodes than the Non-TRS group. Regression analysis supported the notion that DSP plays a pivotal role in the development of TRS. In addition, deficit syndrome was suggested to be a diagnostic subcategory of TRS. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirmed that the key predicting factors of poor prognosis which have been established would actually affect somehow the development of TRS. In addition, the occurrence of a DSP episode during pharmacotherapy was shown to promote treatment refractoriness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamanaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Chiba Psychiatric Medical Center, 5 Toyosuna, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-0024, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Tomotaka Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Koutoku-kai Sato Hospital, 948-1 Kunugizuka, Nanyo City, Yamagata 999-2221, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takase
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Moriyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba Psychiatric Medical Center, 5 Toyosuna, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Hirata
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba Psychiatric Medical Center, 5 Toyosuna, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-0024, Japan
| | - Makoto Asano
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba Psychiatric Medical Center, 5 Toyosuna, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-0024, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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MAM (E17) rodent developmental model of neuropsychiatric disease: disruptions in learning and dysregulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine release, but spared executive function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4113-27. [PMID: 25963563 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gestational day 17 methylazoxymethanol (MAM) treatment has been shown to reproduce, in rodents, some of the alterations in cortical and mesolimbic circuitries thought to contribute to schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE We characterized the behavior of MAM animals in tasks dependent on these circuitries to see what behavioral aspects of schizophrenia the model captures. We then characterized the integrity of mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission in a subset of animals used in the behavioral experiments. METHODS MAM animals' capacity for working memory, attention, and resilience to distraction was tested with two different paradigms. Cue-reward learning and motivation were assayed with Pavlovian conditioned approach. Measurements of electrically stimulated phasic and tonic DA release in the nucleus accumbens with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry were obtained from the same animals used in the Pavlovian task. RESULTS MAM animals' basic attentional capacities were intact. MAM animals took longer to acquire the working memory task, but once learned, performed at the same level as shams. MAM animals were also slower to develop a Pavlovian conditioned response, but otherwise no different from controls. These same animals showed alterations in terminal DA release that were unmasked by an amphetamine challenge. CONCLUSIONS The predominant behavioral-cognitive feature of the MAM model is a learning impairment that is evident in acquisition of executive function tasks as well as basic Pavlovian associations. MAM animals also have dysregulated terminal DA release, and this may contribute to observed behavioral differences. The MAM model captures some functional impairments of schizophrenia, particularly those related to acquisition of goal-directed behavior.
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McConnell EM, Holahan MR, DeRosa MC. Aptamers as promising molecular recognition elements for diagnostics and therapeutics in the central nervous system. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 24:388-404. [PMID: 25296265 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide aptamers are short, synthetic, single-stranded DNA or RNA able to recognize and bind to a multitude of targets ranging from small molecules to cells. Aptamers have emerged as valuable tools for fundamental research, clinical diagnosis, and therapy. Due to their small size, strong target affinity, lack of immunogenicity, and ease of chemical modification, aptamers are an attractive alternative to other molecular recognition elements, such as antibodies. Although it is a challenging environment, the central nervous system and related molecular targets present an exciting potential area for aptamer research. Aptamers hold promise for targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Here we review recent advances in aptamer research for neurotransmitter and neurotoxin targets, demyelinating disease and spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular disorders, pathologies related to protein aggregation (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prions), brain cancer (glioblastomas and gliomas), and regulation of receptor function. Challenges and limitations posed by the blood brain barrier are described. Future perspectives for the application of aptamers to the central nervous system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M McConnell
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Age-dependent changes in cocaine sensitivity across early ontogeny in male and female rats: possible role of dorsal striatal D2(High) receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2287-301. [PMID: 25589144 PMCID: PMC4465861 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Responsiveness to acute psychostimulant administration varies across ontogeny. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to determine if age-dependent changes in D2(High) receptors may be responsible for the ontogeny of cocaine sensitivity in preweanling, adolescent, and adult rats. METHODS [(3)H]-Domperidone/dopamine competition assays were used to determine ontogenetic changes in the proportion of D2(High) receptors in male and female preweanling [postnatal day (PD) 5, 10, 15, and 20], adolescent (PD 40), and adult (PD 80) rats. In the behavioral experiment, responsiveness to cocaine (2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) was assessed on PD 20, PD 40, and PD 80 for 60 min. Male and female rats were habituated to the apparatus on the 2 days prior to testing. Distance traveled data were presented both untransformed and as percent of saline controls. RESULTS Male and female preweanling rats (PD 5-PD 20) had a significantly greater percentage of dorsal striatal D2(High) receptors than adolescent or adult rats. Likewise, preweanling rats (PD 20) were more sensitive to the behavioral effects of cocaine than the two older age groups. Adolescent and adult rats responded in a generally similar manner; however, analysis of the untransformed locomotor activity data suggested that adolescent rats were hyporesponsive to 2.5 and 20 mg/kg cocaine when compared to adults. CONCLUSIONS Data from the present study are consistent with the hypothesis that ontogenetic changes in D2(High) receptors are responsible for age-dependent differences in psychostimulant sensitivity.
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Loke H, Harley V, Lee J. Biological factors underlying sex differences in neurological disorders. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:139-50. [PMID: 26028290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence, age of onset, pathophysiology, and symptomatology of many neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions differ significantly between males and females. Females suffer more from mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, whereas males are more susceptible to deficits in the dopamine system including Parkinson's disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Until recently, these sex differences have been explained solely by the neuroprotective actions of sex hormones in females. Emerging evidence however indicates that the sex chromosome genes (i.e. X- and Y-linked genes) also contribute to brain sex differences. In particular, the Y-chromosome gene, SRY (Sex-determining Region on the Y chromosome) is an interesting candidate as it is expressed in dopamine-abundant brain regions, where it regulates dopamine biosynthesis and dopamine-mediated functions such as voluntary movement in males. Furthermore, SRY expression is dysregulated in a toxin-induced model of PD, suggesting a role for SRY in the pathogenesis of dopamine cells. Taken together, these studies highlight the importance of understanding the interplay between sex-specific hormones and sex-specific genes in healthy and diseased brain. In particular, better understanding of regulation and function of SRY in the male brain could provide entirely novel and important insights into genetic factors involved in the susceptibility of men to neurological disorders, as well as development of novel sex-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Loke
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Vincent Harley
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Eells JB, Varela-Stokes A, Guo-Ross SX, Kummari E, Smith HM, Cox AD, Lindsay DS. Chronic Toxoplasma gondii in Nurr1-null heterozygous mice exacerbates elevated open field activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119280. [PMID: 25855987 PMCID: PMC4391871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent infection with Toxoplasma gondii is common in humans (approximately 30% of the global population) and is a significant risk factor for schizophrenia. Since prevalence of T. gondii infection is far greater than prevalence of schizophrenia (0.5-1%), genetic risk factors are likely also necessary to contribute to schizophrenia. To test this concept in an animal model, Nurr1-null heterozygous (+/-) mice and wild-type (+/+) mice were evaluate using an emergence test, activity in an open field and with a novel object, response to bobcat urine and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response (PPI) prior to and 6 weeks after infection with T. gondii. In the emergence test, T. gondii infection significantly decreased the amount of time spent in the cylinder. Toxoplasma gondii infection significantly elevated open field activity in both +/+ and +/- mice but this increase was significantly exacerbated in +/- mice. T. gondii infection reduced PPI in male +/- mice but this was not statistically significant. Aversion to bobcat urine was abolished by T. gondii infection in +/+ mice. In female +/- mice, aversion to bobcat urine remained after T. gondii infection while the male +/- mice showed no aversion to bobcat urine. Antibody titers of infected mice were a critical variable associated with changes in open field activity, such that an inverted U shaped relationship existed between antibody titers and the percent change in open field activity with a significant increase in activity at low and medium antibody titers but no effect at high antibody titers. These data demonstrate that the Nurr1 +/- genotype predisposes mice to T. gondii-induced alterations in behaviors that involve dopamine neurotransmission and are associated with symptoms of schizophrenia. We propose that these alterations in murine behavior were due to further exacerbation of the altered dopamine neurotransmission in Nurr1 +/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Eells
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Varela-Stokes
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Shirley X. Guo-Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Evangel Kummari
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Holly M. Smith
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Arin D. Cox
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - David S. Lindsay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Garcia-Rill E, D’Onofrio S, Mahaffey S, Bisagno V, Urbano FJ. Pedunculopontine arousal system physiology-Implications for schizophrenia. Sleep Sci 2015; 8:82-91. [PMID: 26483949 PMCID: PMC4608902 DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by major sleep/wake disturbances including increased vigilance and arousal, decreased slow wave sleep, and increased REM sleep drive. Other arousal-related symptoms include sensory gating deficits as exemplified by decreased habituation of the blink reflex. There is also dysregulation of gamma band activity, suggestive of disturbances in a host of arousal-related mechanisms. This review examines the role of the reticular activating system, especially the pedunculopontine nucleus, in the symptoms of the disease. Recent discoveries on the physiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus help explain many of these disorders of arousal in, and point to novel therapeutic avenues for, schizophrenia.
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Key Words
- CaMKII, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
- Calcium channels
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- EPSC, excitatory postsynaptic potential
- GABA, γ aminobutyric acid
- Gamma band activity
- InsP, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor protein
- KA, kainic acid
- NCS-1, neuronal calcium sensor protein 1
- NMDA, n methyl d aspartic acid
- Neuronal calcium sensor protein
- P50 potential
- PGO, ponto-geniculo-occipital
- PPN, pedunculopontine nucleus
- Pf, parafascicular nucleus
- RAS, reticular activating system
- REM, rapid eye movement
- SWS, slow wave sleep
- SubCD, subcoeruleus dorsalis
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- ω-Aga, ω-agatoxin-IVA
- ω-CgTx, ω-conotoxin-GVIA
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Stasia D’Onofrio
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Susan Mahaffey
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Veronica Bisagno
- IFIBYNE-CONICET and ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Urbano
- IFIBYNE-CONICET and ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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