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Wang LJ, Tsai CS, Chou WJ, Kuo HC, Huang YH, Lee SY, Dai HY, Yang CY, Li CJ, Yeh YT. Add-On Bifidobacterium Bifidum Supplement in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A 12-Week Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:2260. [PMID: 39064703 PMCID: PMC11279422 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We conducted a 12-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial to investigate the potential impact of Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bf-688) supplementation on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD who were already receiving a stable dose of methylphenidate (MPH) treatment were enrolled and were randomly assigned to two groups: one receiving add-on Bf-688 (daily bacterial count of 5 × 109 CFUs) (n = 51) and the other receiving a placebo (n = 51). All participants underwent assessments using Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Conners' Continuous Auditory Test of Attention (CATA). Additionally, fecal samples were collected at the beginning of the trial (week 0) and at the endpoint (week 12). Remarkably, the group receiving Bf-688 supplementation, but not the placebo group, exhibited significant improvements in omission errors in CPT as well as Hit reaction time in both CPT and CATA. Gut microbiome analysis revealed a significant increase in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) only in the Bf-688 group. Furthermore, we identified significant negative correlations between N-Glycan biosynthesis and Hit reaction time in both CPT and CATA. Our results demonstrate that the probiotic Bf-688 supplement can enhance neuropsychological performance in children with ADHD, possibly by altering the composition of the gut microbiota, ultimately leading to reduced N-Glycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (L.-J.W.); (C.-S.T.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-J.L.)
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Tsai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (L.-J.W.); (C.-S.T.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-J.L.)
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (L.-J.W.); (C.-S.T.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-J.L.)
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-C.K.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-C.K.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ying Dai
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Yu Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology/Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Jung Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (L.-J.W.); (C.-S.T.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-J.L.)
| | - Yao-Tsung Yeh
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan;
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McVey Neufeld SF, Ahn M, Kunze WA, McVey Neufeld KA. Adolescence, the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, and the Emergence of Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:310-318. [PMID: 37839790 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Second only to early life, adolescence is a period of dramatic change and growth. For the developing young adult, this occurs against a backdrop of distinct environmental challenges and stressors. A significant body of work has identified an important role for the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis in the development and function of the brain. Given that the MGB axis is both highly plastic during the teenage years and vulnerable to environmental stressors, more attention needs to be drawn to its potential role in the emergence of psychiatric illnesses, many of which first manifest during adolescence. Here, we review the current literature surrounding the developing microbiome, enteric nervous system, vagus nerve, and brain during the adolescent period. We also examine preclinical and clinical research involving the MGB axis during this dynamic developmental window and argue that more research is needed to further understand the role of the MGB in the pathogenesis of brain disorders. Greater understanding of the adolescent MGB axis will open up the exciting potential for new microbial-based therapeutics for the treatment of these often-refractory psychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Ahn
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wolfgang A Kunze
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Gan Y, Chen Y, Zhong H, Liu Z, Geng J, Wang H, Wang W. Gut microbes in central nervous system development and related disorders. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1288256. [PMID: 38343438 PMCID: PMC10854220 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between gut microbiota and central nervous system (CNS) development has garnered significant research attention in recent years. Evidence suggests bidirectional communication between the CNS and gut microbiota through the brain-gut axis. As a long and complex process, CNS development is highly susceptible to both endogenous and exogenous factors. The gut microbiota impacts the CNS by regulating neurogenesis, myelination, glial cell function, synaptic pruning, and blood-brain barrier permeability, with implication in various CNS disorders. This review outlines the relationship between gut microbiota and stages of CNS development (prenatal and postnatal), emphasizing the integral role of gut microbes. Furthermore, the review explores the implications of gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, and Angelman syndrome, offering insights into early detection, prompt intervention, and innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Gan
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huijie Zhong
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiawei Geng
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wenxue Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatic Disease, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Liang SC, Sun CK, Chang CH, Cheng YS, Tzang RF, Chiu HJ, Wang MY, Cheng YC, Hung KC. Therapeutic efficacy of probiotics for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: meta-analysis. BJPsych Open 2024; 10:e36. [PMID: 38268113 PMCID: PMC10897698 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of probiotics as a therapeutic alternative for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remain unclear. AIMS To investigate the effectiveness of probiotics for symptoms of ADHD and identify possible factors affecting their efficacy. METHOD Randomised placebo-controlled trials were identified through searching major databases from inception to April 2023, using the main keywords 'probiotics' and 'ADHD' without limitation on languages or geographic locations. The outcome of interest included improvement in total symptoms of ADHD, symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, and drop-out rate. Continuous and categorical data were expressed as effect sizes based on standardised mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios, respectively, with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Meta-analysis of seven trials involving 379 participants (mean age 10.37 years, range 4-18 years) showed no significant improvement in total symptoms of ADHD (SMD = 0.25; P = 0.12), symptoms of inattention (SMD = 0.14; P = 0.3) or hyperactivity/impulsivity (SMD = 0.08; P = 0.54) between the probiotic and placebo groups. Despite non-significance on subgroup analyses, there was a large difference in effect size between studies using probiotics as an adjunct to methylphenidate and those using probiotics as supplementation (SMD = 0.84 v. 0.07; P = 0.16), and a moderate difference in effect size between studies using multiple strains of probiotics and those using single-strain regimens (SMD = 0.45 v. 0.03; P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS Current evidence shows no significant difference in therapeutic efficacy between probiotics and placebos for treatment of ADHD symptoms. However, albeit statistically non-significant, higher therapeutic efficacies associated with multiple-strain probiotics or combining probiotics with methylphenidate may provide direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chin Liang
- Department of Management Center, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry Of Health and Welfare, Taiwan; Department of Center for General Education, University of Kun Shan, Taiwan; and Department of Optometry, University of Chung Hwa of Medical Technology, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Taiwan; and School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hua Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shian Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Taiwan
| | - Ruu-Fen Tzang
- Department of Psychiatry, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Jane Chiu
- Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan; and Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Ming Yu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan; and Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, China Medical University, Taiwan; Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan; and Research Center of Big Data and Meta-analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Hung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Taiwan
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Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. An updated overview on the relationship between human gut microbiome dysbiosis and psychiatric and psychological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 128:110861. [PMID: 37690584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a lot of evidence establishing that nervous system development is related to the composition and functions of the gut microbiome. In addition, the central nervous system (CNS) controls the imbalance of the intestinal microbiota, constituting a bidirectional communication system. At present, various gut-brain crosstalk routes have been described, including immune, endocrine and neural circuits via the vagal pathway. Several empirical data have associated gut microbiota alterations (dysbiosis) with neuropsychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism and Parkinson's disease, and with other psychological disorders, like anxiety and depression. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) therapy has shown that the gut microbiota can transfer behavioral features to recipient animals, which provides strong evidence to establish a causal-effect relationship. Interventions, based on prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics, have demonstrated an important influence of microbiota on neurological disorders by the synthesis of neuroactive compounds that interact with the nervous system and by the regulation of inflammatory and endocrine processes. Further research is needed to demonstrate the influence of gut microbiota dysbiosis on psychiatric and psychological disorders, and how microbiota-based interventions may be used as potential therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Borrego-Ruiz
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Facultad de Psicología, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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Giannì ML, Morniroli D, Mosca F, Rescigno M. Can Postbiotics Represent a New Strategy for NEC? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1449:43-57. [PMID: 39060730 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58572-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria, also known as gut microbiota, are a rich ecology of microorganisms found in the human digestive tract. Extensive study has highlighted their critical relevance in preserving human health. New research has revealed that bacterial viability is not invariably necessary to induce health benefits. Postbiotics (defined soluble substances produced as a byproduct of the metabolic processes of living microbes) have thus emerged as an important topic of research. They contribute to shaping the gut microbiota, exert immune-modulation activity, and improve the integrity of the gut barrier.Alterations in preterm gut colonization associated with intestinal barrier immaturity and the increased reactivity of the intestinal mucosa to colonizing bacteria have been implicated in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Postbiotics have shown promising outcomes in reducing the risk of developing NEC, lowering inflammation, encouraging the development of good bacteria, and strengthening the intestinal barrier. This is an important advancement in newborn care and highlights the potential of postbiotics to avoid severe intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lorella Giannì
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Morniroli
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Rahim F, Toguzbaeva K, Qasim NH, Dzhusupov KO, Zhumagaliuly A, Khozhamkul R. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for patients with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis and umbrella review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1294089. [PMID: 38148790 PMCID: PMC10750421 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1294089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective The potential impact of gut health on general physical and mental well-being, particularly in relation to brain function, has led to a growing interest in the potential health advantages of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics for the management of ASD. A comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness and protection of many drugs targeted at manipulating the microbiota in the treatment of ASD. Methods The present study employed a comprehensive examination of various electronic databases yielded a total of 3,393 records that were deemed possibly pertinent to the study. RCTs encompassed a total of 720 individuals between the ages of 2 and 17, as well as 112 adults and participants ranging from 5 to 55 years old, all of whom had received a diagnosis of ASD. Results Overall, 10 studies reported Autism-Related Behavioral Symptoms (ARBS). Regarding the enhancement of autism-related behavioral symptoms, there wasn't a statistically significant difference between the intervention groups (combined standardized mean difference = -0.07, 95% confidence interval: -0.39 to 0.24, Z = 0.46, p = 0.65). We observed that in the patients with ASD treated with probiotic frontopolar's power decreased significantly from baseline to endpoints in beta band (Baseline: 13.09 ± 3.46, vs. endpoint: 10.75 ± 2.42, p = 0.043, respectively) and gamma band (Baseline: 5.80 ± 2.42, vs. endpoint: 4.63 ± 1.39, p = 0.033, respectively). Among all tested biochemical measures, a significant negative correlation was found between frontopolar coherence in the gamma band and TNF-α (r = -0.30, p = 0.04). Conclusion The existing body of research provides a comprehensive analysis of the developing evidence that indicates the potential of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics as therapeutic therapies for ASD. Our findings revealed that those there was no significant effect of such therapy on autism-related behavioral symptoms, it has significant effect on the brain connectivity through frontopolar power in beta and gamma bands mediated by chemicals and cytokines, such as TNF-α. The psychobiotics showed no serious side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakher Rahim
- College of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Karlygash Toguzbaeva
- School of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nameer Hashim Qasim
- Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC), Cihan University – Sulaimaniya, Kurdistan Region, Suleymania, Iraq
| | - Kenesh O. Dzhusupov
- Head of Public Health Department, International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Abzal Zhumagaliuly
- School of Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Rabiga Khozhamkul
- Department of Biostatistics and Basics of Research, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Lin FL, Chen CM, Sun CK, Cheng YS, Tzang RF, Chiu HJ, Wang MY, Cheng YC, Hung KC. Effects of probiotics on neurocognitive outcomes in infants and young children: a meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1323511. [PMID: 38115853 PMCID: PMC10728653 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1323511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic efficacies of probiotics in improving neurocognitive functions in infants and young children remained unclear. This meta-analysis focused on different cognitive outcomes in this population. Methods Major databases were searched electronically from inception to October 2023 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics in enhancing cognitive functions assessed by standardized tasks. The overall effect size was calculated as standardized mean difference (SMD) based on a random effects model. Results Nine RCTs with 3,026 participants were identified. Both our primary and secondary results demonstrated no significant difference in neurocognitive outcomes between infants/children treated with probiotics and those receiving placebos. However, our subgroup analysis of studies that offered a probiotics treatment course of over six months demonstrated a significantly better neurocognitive outcome than placebos (SMD = 0.21, p = 0.03, two studies with 451 participants), but this finding was based on only two RCTs. Conclusion Despite lack of significant therapeutic effects of probiotics on neurocognitive outcomes, our finding of a positive impact of probiotics on neurocognitive development in those undergoing treatment for over six months may provide an important direction for further investigations into the enhancement of therapeutic effects of probiotics on neurocognitive development in infants and young children. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42023463412.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Li Lin
- Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Chen
- Department of Natural Biotechnology, Nanhua University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shian Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai’s Home, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ruu-Fen Tzang
- Department of Psychiatry, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Jane Chiu
- Taoyuan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, China Medical University, Hsinchu, China
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Hsinchu, China
| | - Ying-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, China Medical University, Hsinchu, China
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chuan Hung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Mussap M, Beretta P, Esposito E, Fanos V. Once upon a Time Oral Microbiota: A Cinderella or a Protagonist in Autism Spectrum Disorder? Metabolites 2023; 13:1183. [PMID: 38132865 PMCID: PMC10745349 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder evolving over the lifetime of individuals. The oral and gut microbial ecosystems are closely connected to each other and the brain and are potentially involved in neurodevelopmental diseases. This narrative review aims to identify all the available evidence emerging from observational studies focused on the role of the oral microbiome in ASD. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published over the last ten years. Overall, in autistic children, the oral microbiota is marked by the abundance of several microbial species belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum and by the depletion of species belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum. In mouse models, the oral microbiota is marked by the abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum. Oral dysbiosis in ASD induces changes in the human metabolome, with the overexpression of metabolites closely related to the pathogenesis of ASD, such as acetate, propionate, and indoles, together with the underexpression of butyrate, confirming the central role of tryptophan metabolism. The analysis of the literature evidences the close relationship between oral dysbiosis and autistic core symptoms; the rebuilding of the oral and gut ecosystems by probiotics may significantly contribute to mitigating the severity of ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mussap
- Laboratory Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Paola Beretta
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (E.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Elena Esposito
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (E.E.); (V.F.)
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (E.E.); (V.F.)
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Schneider A, Zeiler M, Kopp K, Wagner G, Karwautz A. [The Therapeutic Potential of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER- UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2023; 51:441-450. [PMID: 37070434 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The Therapeutic Potential of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders Abstract: This short review summarizes the literature available on therapeutic interventions with prebiotics and probiotics and their potential use in psychiatric disorders in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Most studies of children and adolescents are done on ADHD and autism spectrum disorders, whereas single reports exist largely on positive effects on cognitive symptoms and quality of life. Initial studies regarding anorexia nervosa point to a potential effect of weight gain and reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms. To date, the effects of prebiotics and probiotics in depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia have been mainly investigated in adults. The best reported evidence exists for depression, whereas the effects on depressive symptomatology are small. Positive effects are seen on gastrointestinal symptoms in these disorders. Given these positive effects, the mixed literature reports may result from very heterogeneous study designs. Nevertheless, the high potential of prebiotics and probiotics may be seen for minors with mental health problems. Further studies that include child and adolescent psychiatric populations and reflect the complexity of the gut-brain axis are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schneider
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Michael Zeiler
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Konstantin Kopp
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Gudrun Wagner
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Andreas Karwautz
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
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Kandsperger S, Brunner R, Rupprecht R, Baghai TC. [Depressive Disorders in Adolescence: Current State of Studies Concerning the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER- UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2023; 51:419-428. [PMID: 36752092 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Depressive Disorders in Adolescence: Current State of Studies Concerning the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Abstract. Depressive disorders increase during adolescence and often lead to significant impairment in affected individuals - despite treatment. Current research efforts aim to further investigate the pathophysiology of depression, considering the influence of gut microbiota on the gut-brain axis. The present narrative review outlines the current state of studies of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in depressive disorders as well as the direct and indirect interactions in adolescence. Besides providing promising results from animal studies, studies on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in adults suffering from depressive disorders are growing steadily. In depressed adolescents, however, the study situation is still marginal, making a recommendation for the supplementation of probiotics and prebiotics in depressed children and adolescents impossible according to the current state of research. Against the background of a very limited number of studies involving adolescents with depressive disorders, the interactive role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in adolescent development should receive special attention in future research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kandsperger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Thomas C Baghai
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
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Nuncio-Mora L, Lanzagorta N, Nicolini H, Sarmiento E, Ortiz G, Sosa F, Genis-Mendoza AD. The Role of the Microbiome in First Episode of Psychosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1770. [PMID: 37371865 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the gut-brain-microbiome axis has gained great importance in the study of psychiatric disorders, as it may represent a new target for their treatment. To date, the available literature suggests that the microbiota may influence the pathophysiology of several diseases, including psychosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical and preclinical studies that have evaluated the differences in microbiota as well as the metabolic consequences related to psychosis. Current data suggest that the genera Lactobacillus and Megasphaera are increased in schizophrenia (SZ), as well as alterations in the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle, serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). There are still very few studies on early-onset psychosis, thus more studies are needed to be able to propose targeted therapies for a point when the disease has just started or has not yet progressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Nuncio-Mora
- Laboratory of Genomics of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Posgraduate Studies in Biological Sciences, Posgraduate Unit, Posgraduate Circuit, Universitary City, Building D, 1st Floor, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Humberto Nicolini
- Laboratory of Genomics of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Carraci Medical Group, Mexico City 03740, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Sarmiento
- Psychiatric Children's Hospital Dr. Juan N. Navarro, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Galo Ortiz
- Psychiatric Children's Hospital Dr. Juan N. Navarro, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Sosa
- Carraci Medical Group, Mexico City 03740, Mexico
- Psychiatric Children's Hospital Dr. Juan N. Navarro, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Genomics of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Psychiatric Children's Hospital Dr. Juan N. Navarro, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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Ahmad F, Saha P, Singh V, Wahid M, Mandal RK, Nath Mishra B, Fagoonee S, Haque S. Diet as a modifiable factor in tumorigenesis: Focus on microbiome-derived bile acid metabolites and short-chain fatty acids. Food Chem 2023; 410:135320. [PMID: 36610090 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidences have implicated the resident microbiome as a key factor in the modulation of host physiology and pathophysiology; including the resistance to cancers. Gut microbiome heavily influences host lipid homeostasis by their modulatory effects on the metabolism of bile acids (BAs). Microbiota-derived BA metabolites such as deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are implicated in the pathogeneses of various cancer types. The pathogenic mechanisms are multimodal in nature, with widespread influences on the host immunes system, cell survival and growth signalling and DNA damage. On the other hand, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the resident microbial activity on indigestible dietary fibres as well as during intermittent fasting regimens (such as the Ramazan fasting) elicit upregulation of the beneficial anti-inflammatory and anticancer pathways in the host. The present review first provides a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms of microbiota-derived lipid metabolites in promotion of tumour development. The authors then discuss the potential of diet as a therapeutic route for beneficial alteration of microbiota and the consequent changes in the production of SCFAs, particularly butyrate, in relation to the cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India.
| | - Priyanka Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow 226021 (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raju K Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bhartendu Nath Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow 226021 (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Molecular Biotechnology Center, Turin, Italy
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
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14
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Zhao M, Meng Y, Cao B, Tong J, Liu X, Yan H, Yang H, Han H, Liang X, Chen H. A bibliometric analysis of studies on gut microbiota in attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder from 2012 to 2021. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1055804. [PMID: 37007507 PMCID: PMC10050751 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1055804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAn increasing number of studies have focused on the role of gut microbiota in the treatment of ADHD, but its related molecular mechanisms are not yet clear, and there is still room for development of studies targeting this area. This study analyzes publications from 2012 to 2021 in a comprehensive and multi-faceted visualization, with the aim of grasping the existing research profile and guiding scholars to make more in-depth studies.MethodsThe 1,677 articles and 298 review articles on gut microbiota in ADHD were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Microsoft Excel 2019, Scimago Graphica, Bibliometrix and Pajek metrics software were used for visualization and analysis of the included literature.ResultsOn August 3, 2022, a total of 1975 English-language articles on gut microbiota in ADHD were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) from January 2012 to December 2021, with a steady upward trend in the number of articles published in this field over the decade. The top three countries in terms of the number of articles published are the United States, China, and Spain. Meanwhile, CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS CSIC, UNIV OF CALIFORNIA SYSTEM, and UDICE FRENCH RESEARCH UNIV have made significant contributions in this field. In the analysis of the published journals, PLoS One was not only the first in terms of number of articles published but also the most cited. Wang J was the most prolific author and CAPORASO JG ranked first in terms of co-cited authors. In addition, “Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome,” published by David LA et al., has the highest citation frequency in this field. The most frequently occurring keyword was “gut microbiota.”ConclusionThe results of this paper clarify the current status of research on gut microbiota in ADHD. Based on the research on the mechanism of gut microbiota in other diseases, there is reason to believe that the exploration of gut microbiota in ADHD must be increasingly mature. And the study speculates that future research may focus on “nutrition supplements,” “lipid metabolism,” and “gut brain axis.” It is imperative to promote a closer international cooperation among scholars in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Buzi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Medical School, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianbin Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Brain Homeostasis, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hanqi Yang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Houzhi Han
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaobing Liang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hopsital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Chen,
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Salminen A. Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in Alzheimer's disease: role of tryptophan metabolites generated by gut host-microbiota. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:201-222. [PMID: 36757399 PMCID: PMC10036442 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota in interaction with intestinal host tissues influences many brain functions and microbial dysbiosis has been linked with brain disorders, such as neuropsychiatric conditions and Alzheimer's disease (AD). L-tryptophan metabolites and short-chained fatty acids (SCFA) are major messengers in the microbiota-brain axis. Aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) are main targets of tryptophan metabolites in brain microvessels which possess an enriched expression of AhR protein. The Ah receptor is an evolutionarily conserved, ligand-activated transcription factor which is not only a sensor of xenobiotic toxins but also a pleiotropic regulator of both developmental processes and age-related tissue degeneration. Major microbiota-produced tryptophan metabolites involve indole derivatives, e.g., indole 3-pyruvic acid, indole 3-acetaldehyde, and indoxyl sulfate, whereas indoleamine and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases (IDO/TDO) of intestine host cells activate the kynurenine (KYN) pathway generating KYN metabolites, many of which are activators of AhR signaling. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the serum level of indoxyl sulfate which promotes AD pathogenesis, e.g., it disrupts integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and impairs cognitive functions. Activation of AhR signaling disturbs vascular homeostasis in brain; (i) it controls blood flow via the renin-angiotensin system, (ii) it inactivates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), thus impairing NO production and vasodilatation, and (iii) it induces oxidative stress, stimulates inflammation, promotes cellular senescence, and enhances calcification of vascular walls. All these alterations are evident in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in AD pathology. Moreover, AhR signaling can disturb circadian regulation and probably affect glymphatic flow. It seems plausible that dysbiosis of gut microbiota impairs the integrity of BBB via the activation of AhR signaling and thus aggravates AD pathology. KEY MESSAGES: Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Tryptophan metabolites are major messengers from the gut host-microbiota to brain. Tryptophan metabolites activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling in brain. The expression of AhR protein is enriched in brain microvessels and blood-brain barrier. Tryptophan metabolites disturb brain vascular integrity via AhR signaling. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota promotes inflammation and AD pathology via AhR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
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Lee HY, Lee JH, Kim SH, Jo SY, Min KJ. Probiotic Limosilactobacillus Reuteri (Lactobacillus Reuteri) Extends the Lifespan of Drosophila Melanogaster through Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0122. [PMID: 37163439 PMCID: PMC10389828 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The term probiotic refers to bacteria that provide a beneficial effect to the host. Limosilactobacillus reuteri (Lactobacillus reuteri) is a probiotic isolated from human breast milk. Although L. reuteri has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities occasionally linked to anti-aging effects, there are no reports of the effects of L. reuteri on longevity. This study evaluated the anti-aging effects of L. reuteri on the lifespan and physiology of Drosophila melanogaster. L. reuteri increased the mean lifespan of fruit flies significantly without reducing the reproductive output, food intake, or locomotor activity. Furthermore, the data suggested that the longevity effect of L. reuteri is mediated by the reduction of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and the action of reuterin, an antimicrobial compound produced by L. reuteri. These results show that L. reuteri can be used as a probiotic that acts as a dietary restriction mimetic with anti-aging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Seung Hyung Kim
- Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Jo
- WEDEA Co., Science Park 305, HNU, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Min
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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17
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Shin C, Kim YK. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Pathophysiological Mechanism in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:17-37. [PMID: 36949304 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota influence human behavior. The immunological, metabolic, and endocrine systems are involved in bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, which is regulated by microbes through the microbiota-derived neurochemicals and metabolites. Gut microbiota have certain effects on neurodevelopment and maturation of immunity. However, gut dysbiosis can lead to neuropsychiatric disorders. Animal research and clinical case-control studies have demonstrated that gut dysbiosis has an adverse effect on human behavior through a variety of mechanisms. Recent meta-analysis on clinical studies confirmed gut dysbiosis in several major neuropsychiatric disorders. Microbiota-targeted intervention has recently been in the spotlight and meta-analyses have confirmed its effectiveness. In this chapter, we summarize the evidence for the interactions between microbiota and brain-gut network, as well as the potential pathophysiological mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolmin Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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Gkougka D, Mitropoulos K, Tzanakaki G, Panagouli E, Psaltopoulou T, Thomaidis L, Tsolia M, Sergentanis TN, Tsitsika A. Gut microbiome and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:1507-1519. [PMID: 35354932 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKROUND This systematic review aims to examine the associations between features of gut microbiome and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) risk or severity in children, adolescents and young adults. METHODS Eligible studies were identified in PubMed and Google Scholar databases until December 31, 2020. RESULTS The search identified a total of 1197 items, of which 11 were included in this systematic review. The findings regarding alpha, beta diversity, bacterial phyla, orders and families were inconclusive. At the genus level an increased abundance of Odoribacter (two studies) and Eggerthella (two studies) was found in ADHD; on the contrary, decreased abundance of Faecalibacterium (three studies) was noted, whereas one study suggested its inverse association with ADHD severity and hyperactivity. One study indicated that Bacteroides species also correlated with levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity. At the species level, a lower abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, but higher of Odoribacter splanchnicus and Bacteroides uniformis was reported. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review highlights associations between gut microbiome features and ADHD. Potential mechanisms differ by microorganism and include effects on neurotransmitter production, dopamine metabolism, modulation of inflammation and neurodevelopment through the release of cytokines. IMPACT The existence of correlations between features of gut microbiome and ADHD manifestation or its severity in children, adolescents and young adults. Associations between gut microbiome features and ADHD are highlighted. Potential mechanisms seem to differ by microorganism and include effects on neurotransmitter production, dopamine metabolism, modulation of inflammation and neurodevelopment through the release of cytokines. As correlations between gut microbiome features and ADHD seem to exist, additional studies are needed for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysia Gkougka
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mitropoulos
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Tzanakaki
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Panagouli
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Loretta Thomaidis
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsolia
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros N Sergentanis
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, "Alexandra" Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis Tsitsika
- MSc Program "Strategies of Developmental and Adolescent Health", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Handakas E, Xu Y, Segal AB, Huerta MC, Bowman K, Howe LD, Sassi F, Robinson O. Molecular mediators of the association between child obesity and mental health. Front Genet 2022; 13:947591. [PMID: 36118877 PMCID: PMC9473726 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.947591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and depression remain unclear. We investigated the role of metabolites and DNA methylation as mediators of the relationship between childhood obesity and subsequent poor mental health in the English Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Obesity was defined according to United Kingdom Growth charts at age 7 years and mental health through the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) completed at age 11 years. Metabolites and DNA methylation were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Illumina array in blood at the age of 7 years. The associations between obesity and SMFQ score, as continuous count data or using cut-offs to define depressive symptoms (SMFQ >7) or depression (SMFQ >11), were tested using adjusted Poisson and logistic regression. Candidate metabolite mediators were identified through metabolome-wide association scans for obesity and SMFQ score, correcting for false-discovery rate. Candidate DNA methylation mediators were identified through testing the association of putative BMI-associated CpG sites with SMFQ scores, correcting for look-up false-discovery rate. Mediation by candidate molecular markers was tested. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were additionally applied to test causal associations of metabolites with depression in independent adult samples. 4,018 and 768 children were included for metabolomics and epigenetics analyses, respectively. Obesity at 7 years was associated with a 14% increase in SMFQ score (95% CI: 1.04, 1.25) and greater odds of depression (OR: 1.46 (95% CI: 0.78, 2.38) at 11 years. Natural indirect effects (mediating pathways) between obesity and depression for tyrosine, leucine and conjugated linoleic acid were 1.06 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.13, proportion mediated (PM): 15%), 1.04 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.10, PM: 9.6%) and 1.06 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.12, PM: 13.9%) respectively. In MR analysis, one unit increase in tyrosine was associated with 0.13 higher log odds of depression (p = 0.1). Methylation at cg17128312, located in the FBXW9 gene, had a natural indirect effect of 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01,1.13, PM: 27%) as a mediator of obesity and SMFQ score. Potential biologically plausible mechanisms involving these identified molecular features include neurotransmitter regulation, inflammation, and gut microbiome modulation. These results require replication in further observational and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Handakas
- Μedical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yiwen Xu
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation, Department of Economics and Public Policy, Imperial College Business School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexa Blair Segal
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation, Department of Economics and Public Policy, Imperial College Business School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Carmen Huerta
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation, Department of Economics and Public Policy, Imperial College Business School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Bowman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura D. Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Franco Sassi
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation, Department of Economics and Public Policy, Imperial College Business School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Robinson
- Μedical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Ullah H, Khan A, Rengasamy KRR, Di Minno A, Sacchi R, Daglia M. The Efficacy of S-Adenosyl Methionine and Probiotic Supplementation on Depression: A Synergistic Approach. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132751. [PMID: 35807931 PMCID: PMC9268496 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common and serious health issue affecting around 280 million people around the world. Suicidal ideation more frequently occurs in people with moderate to severe depression. Psychotherapy and pharmacological drugs are the mainstay of available treatment options for depressive disorders. However, pharmacological options do not offer complete cure, especially in moderate to severe depression, and are often seen with a range of adverse events. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) supplementation has been widely studied, and an impressive collection of literature published over the last few decades suggests its antidepressant efficacy. Probiotics have gained significant attention due to their wide array of clinical uses, and multiple studies have explored the link between probiotic species and mood disorders. Gut dysbiosis is one of the risk factors in depression by inducing systemic inflammation accompanied by an imbalance in neurotransmitter production. Thus, concomitant administration of probiotics may be an effective treatment strategy in patients with depressed mood, particularly in resistant cases, as these can aid in dysbiosis, possibly resulting in the attenuation of systemic inflammatory processes and the improvement of the therapeutic efficacy of SAMe. The current review highlights the therapeutic roles of SAMe and probiotics in depression, their mechanistic targets, and their possible synergistic effects and may help in the development of food supplements consisting of a combination of SAMe and probiotics with new dosage forms that may improve their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Nowshera, Nowshera 24110, Pakistan;
| | - Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacchi
- Applied Statistic Unit, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 24, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-678644
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The Impact of Probiotic Bacillus subtilis on Injurious Behavior in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070870. [PMID: 35405859 PMCID: PMC8997090 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Injurious behavior prevention is a critical issue in the poultry industry due to increasing social stress, leading to negative effects on bird production and survivability, consequently enhancing gut microbiota dysbiosis and neuroinflammation via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Probiotics have been used as potential therapeutic psychobiotics to treat or improve neuropsychiatric disorders or symptoms by boosting cognitive and behavioral processes and reducing stress reactions in humans and various experimental animals. The current data will first report that probiotic Bacillus subtilis reduces stress-induced injurious behavior in laying hens via regulating microbiota–gut–brain function with the potential to be an alternative to beak trimming during poultry egg production. Abstract Intestinal microbiota functions such as an endocrine organ to regulate host physiological homeostasis and behavioral exhibition in stress responses via regulating the gut–brain axis in humans and other mammals. In humans, stress-induced dysbiosis of the gut microbiota leads to intestinal permeability, subsequently affecting the clinical course of neuropsychiatric disorders, increasing the frequency of aggression and related violent behaviors. Probiotics, as direct-fed microorganism, have been used as dietary supplements or functional foods to target gut microbiota (microbiome) for the prevention or therapeutic treatment of mental diseases including social stress-induced psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and schizophrenia. Similar function of the probiotics may present in laying hens due to the intestinal microbiota having a similar function between avian and mammals. In laying hens, some management practices such as hens reared in conventional cages or at a high stocking density may cause stress, leading to injurious behaviors such as aggressive pecking, severe feather pecking, and cannibalism, which is a critical issue facing the poultry industry due to negative effects on hen health and welfare with devastating economic consequences. We discuss the current development of using probiotic Bacillus subtilis to prevent or reduce injurious behavior in laying hens.
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22
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Gut microbiota and plasma cytokine levels in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:76. [PMID: 35197458 PMCID: PMC8866486 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood mental disorder with undetermined pathophysiological mechanisms. The gut microbiota and immunological dysfunction may influence brain functions and social behaviours. In the current study, we aimed to explore the correlation of gut microbiome imbalance and inflammation in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Forty-one children with ADHD and thirty-nine healthy-control (HC) individuals were recruited. Faecal samples from all participants were collected and submitted for 16 S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon microbiome sequencing analysis. The plasma levels of 10 cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, and MCP-1, were determined using a custom-made sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed by Luminex Flowmetrix. There was no significant difference between the ADHD and HC groups in species diversity in the faeces, as determined with α-diversity and β-diversity analysis. In the ADHD group, three differentially abundant taxonomic clades at the genus level were observed, namely Agathobacter, Anaerostipes, and Lachnospiraceae. Top differentially abundant bacteria and representative biological pathways were identified in children with ADHD using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe), and the phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis, respectively. The plasma levels of TNF-α were significantly lower in children with ADHD than in HCs. Within the ADHD group, the levels of TNF-α were negatively correlated with ADHD symptoms and diversity of the gut microbiome. Our study provides new insights into the association between gut microbiome dysbiosis and immune dysregulation, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD.
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23
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Wang LJ, Yang CY, Kuo HC, Chou WJ, Tsai CS, Lee SY. Effect of Bifidobacterium bifidum on Clinical Characteristics and Gut Microbiota in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020227. [PMID: 35207715 PMCID: PMC8877879 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether probiotics supplements using Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bf-688) can improve clinical characteristics and gut microbiomes among patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This open-label, single-arm trial consisted of 30 children aged 4–16 years who met the criteria for ADHD diagnosis. Each subject took Bf-688, with one sachet in the morning and one in the evening (daily bacteria count 5 × 109 CFUs), for 8 weeks. Patients’ clinical symptoms were assessed using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale (SNAP-IV). We collected stool samples at the baseline, the 8th week, and the 12th week for gut microbiota examination. During the 8-week Bf-688 supplement period, patients’ inattention symptoms and hyperactivity/impulsive symptoms improved, and their weights and BMIs increased. For gut microbiota, the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) decreased significantly. LEfSe analysis revealed that Firmicutes significantly decreased while Proteobacteria significantly increased during the 8-week treatment period. After Bf-688 was discontinued for 4 weeks (12 weeks from baseline), Bacteroidota significantly decreased and Shigella significantly increased. The probiotic Bf-688 supplement was associated with an improvement of clinical symptoms and with weight gain among ADHD children. Furthermore, gut microbiota composition was significantly altered by the Bf-688 supplement. A future randomized control trial is warranted to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (W.-J.C.); (C.-S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 8753); Fax: +886-7-7326817
| | - Chia-Yu Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan;
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33332, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (W.-J.C.); (C.-S.T.)
| | - Ching-Shu Tsai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Ta-Pei Road, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (W.-J.C.); (C.-S.T.)
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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24
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Could Anti-inflammatory Interventions Earlier in Development Confer Primary Prevention of Psychiatric Disorders? Harv Rev Psychiatry 2022; 30:4-7. [PMID: 34995031 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Kim J, Kim DW, Lee A, Mason M, Jouroukhin Y, Woo H, Yolken RH, Pletnikov MV. Homeostatic regulation of neuronal excitability by probiotics in male germ-free mice. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:444-460. [PMID: 34935171 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that probiotics can influence the gut-brain axis to ameliorate somatic and behavioral symptoms associated with brain disorders. However, whether probiotics have effects on the electrophysiological activities of individual neurons in the brain has not been evaluated at a single-neuron resolution, and whether the neuronal effects of probiotics depend on the gut microbiome status have yet to be tested. Thus, we conducted whole-cell patch-clamp recording-assisted electrophysiological characterizations of the neuronal effects of probiotics in male germ-free (GF) mice with and without gut microbiome colonization. Two weeks of treatment with probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis) significantly and selectively increased the intrinsic excitability of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, whereas reconstituting gut microbiota in GF mice reversed the effects of the probiotics leading to a decreased intrinsic excitability in hippocampal neurons. This bidirectional modulation of neuronal excitability by probiotics was observed in hippocampal neurons with corresponding basal membrane property and action potential waveform changes. However, unlike the hippocampus, the amygdala excitatory neurons did not show any electrophysiological changes to the probiotic treatment in either GF or conventionalized GF mice. Our findings demonstrate for the first time how probiotic treatment can have a significant influence on the electrophysiological properties of neurons, bidirectionally modulating their intrinsic excitability in a gut microbiota and brain area-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adrian Lee
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madisen Mason
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hyewon Woo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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26
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Gröbner EM, Zeiler M, Fischmeister FPS, Kollndorfer K, Schmelz S, Schneider A, Haid-Stecher N, Sevecke K, Wagner G, Keller L, Adan R, Danner U, van Elburg A, van der Vijgh B, Kooij KL, Fetissov S, Andreani NA, Baines JF, Dempfle A, Seitz J, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Karwautz A. The effects of probiotics administration on the gut microbiome in adolescents with anorexia nervosa-A study protocol for a longitudinal, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2021; 30:61-74. [PMID: 34851002 PMCID: PMC9300207 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Knowledge on gut–brain interaction might help to develop new therapies for patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), as severe starvation‐induced changes of the microbiome (MI) do not normalise with weight gain. We examine the effects of probiotics supplementation on the gut MI in patients with AN. Method This is a study protocol for a two‐centre double‐blind randomized‐controlled trial comparing the clinical efficacy of multistrain probiotic administration in addition to treatment‐as‐usual compared to placebo in 60 patients with AN (13–19 years). Moreover, 60 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls are included in order to record development‐related changes. Assessments are conducted at baseline, discharge, 6 and 12 months after baseline. Assessments include measures of body mass index, psychopathology (including eating‐disorder‐related psychopathology, depression and anxiety), neuropsychological measures, serum and stool analyses. We hypothesise that probiotic administration will have positive effects on the gut microbiota and the treatment of AN by improvement of weight gain, gastrointestinal complaints and psychopathology, and reduction of inflammatory processes compared to placebo. Conclusions If probiotics could help to normalise the MI composition, reduce inflammation and gastrointestinal discomfort and increase body weight, its administration would be a readily applicable additional component of multi‐modal AN treatment. Patients with anorexia nervosa face profound alterations of the gut microbiome which does not normalise with weight gain. Alterations in the gut microbiome in patients with anorexia nervosa are linked to psychopathological symptoms and neurophysiological deficits, for example, related to the reward system. This is the first study examining the effects of probiotics administration in adolescents with anorexia nervosa using a randomized controlled trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Gröbner
- Eating Disorders Unit at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Zeiler
- Eating Disorders Unit at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Ph S Fischmeister
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Kollndorfer
- Eating Disorders Unit at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Schmelz
- Eating Disorders Unit at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Eating Disorders Unit at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Haid-Stecher
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Sevecke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gudrun Wagner
- Eating Disorders Unit at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lara Keller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roger Adan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Unna Danner
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Serguei Fetissov
- Faculty of Sciences, INSERM UMR, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Nadia A Andreani
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Kiel University, Plön, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Kiel University, Plön, Germany
| | - Astrid Dempfle
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian Albrecht-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Karwautz
- Eating Disorders Unit at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Zonca V. Preventive strategies for adolescent depression: What are we missing? A focus on biomarkers. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100385. [PMID: 34825234 PMCID: PMC8604665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent depression is an important global issue with several unmet needs that still must be addressed and, to date, there are only few effective preventive strategies to reduce the burden of this disorder worldwide. In this mini-review, the evidence and potential ways to improve an early detection will be discussed as well as prompt interventions by focusing on a better understanding of the risks underlying the developing of adolescent depression from both a sociodemographic and a biological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zonca
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,Biological Psychiatry Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Brescia, Italy
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28
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Randomized Controlled Trial of Probiotic PS128 in Children with Tourette Syndrome. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113698. [PMID: 34835954 PMCID: PMC8619307 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome results from a complex interaction between social–environmental factors, multiple genetic abnormalities, and neurotransmitter disturbances. This study is a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial using probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 as an intervention to examine if probiotics improve symptoms of children with Tourette syndrome. This study enrolled children aged 5 to 18 years old who fulfilled DSM-V diagnostic criteria for Tourette syndrome. Patients were assessed before initiating the trial, at one month, and at two months after randomization. The primary outcome was evaluated by Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), and the secondary outcome studied the possible comorbidities in these children. The results revealed no significant difference in improvement in YGTSS between the control group and the PS128 group. As for secondary endpoints, an analysis of Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT) showed improvement in commission and detectability in the PS128 group. In conclusion, although probiotics may not have tic-reducing effects in children with Tourette syndrome, it may have benefits on comorbidities such as attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of probiotics on the comorbidities of Tourette syndrome children.
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29
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Lombardi M, Troisi J. Gut Reactions: How Far Are We from Understanding and Manipulating the Microbiota Complexity and the Interaction with Its Host? Lessons from Autism Spectrum Disorder Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:3492. [PMID: 34684493 PMCID: PMC8538077 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by early onset difficulties in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests. It is characterized by familial aggregation, suggesting that genetic factors play a role in disease development, in addition to developmentally early environmental factors. Here, we review the role of the gut microbiome in autism, as it has been characterized in case-control studies. We discuss how methodological differences may have led to inconclusive or contradictory results, even though a disproportion between harmful and beneficial bacteria is generally described in autism. Furthermore, we review the studies concerning the effects of gut microbial-based and dietary interventions on autism symptoms. Also, in this case, the results are not comparable due to the lack of standardized methods. Therefore, autism-specific microbiome signatures and, consequently, possible microbiome-oriented interventions are far from being recognized. We argue that a multi-omic longitudinal implementation may be useful to study metabolic changes connected to microbiome changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; or
- Theoreo Srl Spin Off Company, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Jacopo Troisi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; or
- Theoreo Srl Spin Off Company, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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30
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Sanlier N, Kocabas Ş. The effect of probiotic, prebiotic and gut microbiota on ASD: A review and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2319-2330. [PMID: 34486891 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1973957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a serious neurodevelopmental disease that affects social communication and behavior, characterized by an increasingly common immune mechanism and various complications in the gastrointestinal system. Symptoms of autism can generally vary according to the genetic background of the individuals, the environment in which they live. The microbiota of individuals with autism is also different from healthy individuals. Recently, probiotics, prebiotic, fecal microbiota transplantation, diet therapy, etc. options have come to the fore. Cofactors are even more important at this stage. Since it is related to the gut microbiota, immune mechanism, gastrointestinal system, attention has been drawn to the relationship between dysbiosis, autism in the intestine. The component of the gut microbiota in individuals with autism has been linked with gastrointestinal symptoms that develop with autism severity. However, the role of the microbiota in diagnosis, follow-up, treatment is not clear yet, and its two-way relationship with the nervous system makes it difficult to establish a cause-effect relationship. Nutritional cofactors required in neurotransmitter synthesis and enzyme activation must be regularly and adequately taken to maximize brain functions in autistic individuals. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the cause-effect relationship of ASD with microbiota and brain-gut axis, probiotic-prebiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Sanlier
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şule Kocabas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
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31
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ADHD: Reviewing the Causes and Evaluating Solutions. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030166. [PMID: 33804365 PMCID: PMC7999417 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients present inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The etiology of this condition is diverse, including environmental factors and the presence of variants of some genes. However, a great diversity exists among patients regarding the presence of these ADHD-associated factors. Moreover, there are variations in the reported neurophysiological correlates of ADHD. ADHD is often treated pharmacologically, producing an improvement in symptomatology, albeit there are patients who are refractory to the main pharmacological treatments or present side effects to these drugs, highlighting the importance of developing other therapeutic options. Different non-pharmacological treatments are in this review addressed, finding diverse results regarding efficacy. Altogether, ADHD is associated with different etiologies, all of them producing changes in brain development, leading to the characteristic symptomatology of this condition. Given the heterogeneous etiology of ADHD, discussion is presented about the convenience of personalizing ADHD treatment, whether pharmacological or non-pharmacological, to reach an optimum effect in the majority of patients. Approaches to personalizing both pharmacological therapy and neurofeedback are presented.
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