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Cao X, Zhou Y, Huang J, Yu B, Zhao W, Wu W. Self-assembled lignin-based flame retardant hybrids carrying Cu 2+ for poly(lactic acid) composites with improved fire safety and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132141. [PMID: 38723809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the flame retardancy and mechanical performance of PLA, a polyelectrolyte complex predicated on lignin was obtained by electrostatic mutual adsorption of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and copper ions as raw materials. The FT-IR spectra and EDX analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of a lignin-based flame retardant hybrid (APL-Cu2+) containing copper, phosphorus, and nitrogen elements. The combustion test results showed that the peak heat release rate and total heat release of the PLA composite containing 12 wt% APL-Cu2+ were decreased by 15.1 % and 18.2 %, respectively, as compared to those of pure PLA. The char residue morphology observation revealed that the addition of APL-Cu2+ could promote the formation of a highly dense and stable graphitized char layer, while TG-MS detected the emission of refractory gases such as ammonia gas, carbon dioxide, and water during combustion. The strong hydrogen bonding between APL-Cu2+ and the PLA matrix kept the composite maintaining good strength and toughness. The tensile strength and impact strength of PLA/6APL-Cu2+ increased by 4.73 % and 65.71 %, respectively, due to its high crystallinity and good interfacial compatibility. This work provides a feasible method to develop biobased flame retardant hybrids for PLA composites with better fire safety and improved mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yangsheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingshu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wanjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Engineering Center for Superlubricity, Jihua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, China.
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2
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Aguirresarobe R, Calafel I, Villanueva S, Sanchez A, Agirre A, Sukia I, Esnaola A, Saralegi A. Development of Flame-Retardant Polylactic Acid Formulations for Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1030. [PMID: 38674951 PMCID: PMC11053787 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials, renowned for their lightweight attributes and design adaptability, play a pivotal role in augmenting fuel efficiency and cost-effectiveness in railway vehicle development. The tailored formulation of compounds, specifically designed for additive manufacturing, holds significant promise in expanding the use of these materials. This study centers on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a natural-based biodegradable polymeric material incorporating diverse halogen-free flame retardants (FRs). Our investigation scrutinizes the printability and fire performance of these formulations, aligning with the European railway standard EN 45545-2. The findings underscore that FR in the condensed phase, including ammonium polyphosphate (APP), expandable graphite (EG), and intumescent systems, exhibit superior fire performance. Notably, FR-inducing hydrolytic degradation, such as aluminum hydroxide (ATH) or EG, reduces polymer molecular weight, significantly impacting PLA's mechanical performance. Achieving a delicate balance between fire resistance and mechanical properties, formulations with APP as the flame retardant emerge as optimal. This research contributes to understanding the fire performance and printability of 3D-printed PLA compounds, offering vital insights for the rail industry's adoption of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Aguirresarobe
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (R.A.); (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Itxaso Calafel
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (R.A.); (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Villanueva
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Alberto Sanchez
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Amaia Agirre
- POLYMAT and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (R.A.); (I.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Itxaro Sukia
- Department of Mechanics and Industrial Production, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragon, Spain; (I.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Aritz Esnaola
- Department of Mechanics and Industrial Production, Mondragon Unibertsitatea, 20500 Arrasate-Mondragon, Spain; (I.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Ainara Saralegi
- Group ‘Materials + Technologies’, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
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3
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Fabrication of Phytic Acid/Urea Co-Modified Bamboo Biochar and Its Application as Green Flame Retardant for Polylactic Acid Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020360. [PMID: 36679241 PMCID: PMC9861367 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop green, sustainable additives to improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of biopolymers. In this work, a synergistic modification of P/N elements to bamboo biochar (mBC) was successfully achieved by grafting a reaction of phytic acid and urea with preoxidized bamboo biochar. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscope determinations of the mBC demonstrated a successive grafting of phytic acid and urea to the originally porous surface. The ground mBC was blended with polylactic acid (PLA) to prepare mBC/PLA composites by extrusion and hot pressing. Mechanical strength studies showed a compromise in rigidity, which might originate from the mBC overdose and its limited miscibility with the resin. The thermogravimetric results supported the fact that the enhancement of thermal stability and flame retardancy of the composites with the mBC dosage, which showed that the mBC dosage in the PLA composites was not only lower than that of the conventional flame retardants, but also outperformed the counterparts using BC modified by inorganic phosphoric acid and urea. The mBC was prone to accelerate the earlier decomposition of the composites (30 °C lower in decomposition) and generate a continuous, dense residual carbon layer, which provides an effective shield resisting the mass and heat transfer between the combustion area and the underlying composite matrix. Only 10 wt% of mBC dosage could achieve a V-0 rating (UL94) for the composite, with a higher limiting oxygen index up to 28.3% compared to 20.7% for that of the virgin PLA; the cone colorimetric results also suggested that the flame retardancy had been greatly improved for all composites. In this work, biobased P-/N-containing bamboo biochar would be expected as a nontoxic biochar-based flame retardant that serves as green filler in polymer composites.
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4
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Preparation and Mechanism of Toughened and Flame-Retardant Bio-Based Polylactic Acid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020300. [PMID: 36679181 PMCID: PMC9866757 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As a biodegradable thermoplastic, polylactic acid (PLA) shows great potential to replace petroleum-based plastics. Nevertheless, the flammability and brittleness of PLA seriously limits its use in emerging applications. This work is focused on simultaneously improving the flame-retardancy and toughness of PLA at a low additive load via a simple strategy. The PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites were prepared by incorporating alkali-treated, lightweight, renewable kapok fiber (MKF) and high-efficiency, phosphorus-nitrogenous flame retardant (NTPA) into the PLA matrix based on the extrusion-injection molding method. When the additive loads of MKF and NTPA were 0.5 and 3.0 wt%, respectively, the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites (PLA3.0) achieved a rating of UL-94 V-0 with an LOI value of 28.3%, and its impact strength (4.43 kJ·m-2) was improved by 18.8% compared to that of pure PLA. Moreover, the cone calorimetry results confirmed a 9.7% reduction in the average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) and a 0.5-fold increase in the flame retardancy index (FRI) compared to the neat PLA. NTPA not only exerted a gas-phase flame-retardant role, but also a condensed-phase barrier effect during the combustion process of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. Moreover, MKF acted as an energy absorber to enhance the toughness of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. This work provides a simple way to prepare PLA biocomposites with excellent flame-retardancy and toughness at a low additive load, which is of great importance for expanding the application range of PLA biocomposites.
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5
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Li C, Wang B, Yang Y, Chai J, Guo Z, Fang Z, Chen P, Li J. Synergistic effect of poly(ionic liquid) and phosphoramide on flame retardancy and crystallization of poly(lactic acid). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1344-1355. [PMID: 36370854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Crystallinity and flame retardancy are two key properties for poly(lactic acid)(PLA) in applications. In this paper, a quaternary phosphonium salt poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) and a phosphamide (POFA) were prepared. The PIL, POFA and their blend were used to regulate the flame retardancy and crystallization behaviors of PLA using the limiting oxygen index, UL-94 vertical burning, and thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry etc. The results showed that a synergistic effect exists between PIL and POFA on flame retardancy. When 6 wt% PIL/POFA (2/1) was added into PLA, its LOI value is 28.0 vol%, and achieves the UL-94 V-0 rating while the PLA composites containing 6 wt% PIL or POFA just achieve the UL-94 V2. The PIL/POFA improves the flame retardancy of PLA by melting-away mode. In addition, the crystallization rate of PLA containing PIL/POFA is faster than that of PLA/PIL and PLA/POFA. The degradation of PLA induced by PIL/POFA produces some small molecular oligomers, which enhances the molecular chain mobility and rearrangement, thus contributes to better flame retardancy and faster crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Li
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingtao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Juan Chai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhenghong Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Juan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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6
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Enhanced fire-proofing performance and crystallizability of bio-based poly(L-lactic acid): Dual functions of a Schiff base-containing synergistic flame retardant. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:305-324. [PMID: 36150571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) is a kind of important bio-macromolecule which can be prepared via fermentation of starch of maize and sweet potato. Flammability and extremely poor crystallizability limited its wide application. In this work, a novel Schiff base derivate (CP) was synthesized and, combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as a synergistic flame retardant and nucleating agent to investigate its effects on LOI, UL-94 rating, thermal stability, combustion behavior and crystallizability of PLA. With loading of 5%CP/10%APP, PLA showed a significantly enhanced LOI and passed V-0 fire-safety rating with self-extinguish effect. PLA/5%CP/10%APP presented the lowest pHRR, THR and TSR, and highest char residue yield, FPI and FRI in cone calorimetry test, indicating an excellent flame retardancy effect, enhanced fire safety and longer escaping time in the fire. A continuous, compact and thick char layer structure formed as a protective barrier in combustion process, to enhance heat-insulating and oxygen resistance property, thermal stability and smoke-suppressing capacity of PLA. Flame retardancy mechanism was proposed and discussed based on comprehensive and in-depth characterization techniques. Also, 5%CP/10%APP presented a good nucleation effect to enormously increase crystallizability and shorten crystallization time of PLA.
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7
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Xiao D, Zheng MT, Wu FJ, Cao XX, Huang XF, Huang L, Xiao XQ. Fabrication of novel renewable furan-based phosphorus and its applications in poly (lactic acid): Thermal, flammability, crystallization and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Xia L, Pang F, Wei F, Jian R. The effect of Tris‐phosphaphenanthrene based phosphonate on the flame retardance, thermal decomposition, and crystallization of bio‐based poly(lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Xia
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Fu‐Qu Pang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Fang‐Fang Wei
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Rong‐Kun Jian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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9
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He W, Xu H, Song P, Xiang Y, Qin S. P, N-decorated halloysite nanotubes for flame retardancy enhancement of polyamide 6/aluminum diethylphosphinate. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Jin X, Cui S, Sun S, Sun J, Zhang S, Tang W, Bourbigot S. The preparation of polyamide 11 composites with extremely long ignition time. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jin
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
| | - Suping Cui
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
| | - Shibing Sun
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Wufei Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Development and Utilization of Biomass Resources Hunan University of Science and Engineering Yongzhou China
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille Institut UMR 8207‐UMET‐Unité Matériaux et Transformations Lille France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) Paris France
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11
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Zhang L, Chai W, Li W, Semple K, Yin N, Zhang W, Dai C. Intumescent-Grafted Bamboo Charcoal: A Natural Nontoxic Fire-Retardant Filler for Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26990-27006. [PMID: 34693119 PMCID: PMC8529600 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an alternative flame-retardant filler based on phosphate- and urea-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC-m) at 10-30 wt % addition was aimed at improving the flame retardancy of polylactic acid (PLA) composites. The filler caused only a small reduction in strength properties but a slight increase in the modulus of elasticity of PLA composites. BC-m significantly improved the flame-retardant performance compared with pure BC. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 28.0 vol % when 10 wt % of BC-m was added, and 32.1 vol % for 30 wt % addition, which was much greater than the value of 22.5 vol % for 30 wt % pure BC. Unlike pure BC, adding BC-m at 20 wt % or more gave a UL-94 vertical flame test rating of V-0 with significantly reduced melt dripping. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of BC-m/PLA composites decreased by more than 50% compared with pure PLA, and the values for 20% BC-m were significantly less than that for 25% BC addition. The grafted biochar-based system provides an effective flame retardancy effect by a condensed-phase protective barrier through the rapid formation of a dense, honeycomb-like cross-linked carbonized char layer. The results suggest a promising route to enhancing the flame-retardant properties of biodegradable polymer composites using nontoxic, more environmentally friendly grafted biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Weisheng Chai
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Kate Semple
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ningning Yin
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative
Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chunping Dai
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University
of British Columbia, 2900-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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12
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Sun Q, Shen Y, Wei J, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Song X. Antiflaming poly(L‐lactide) by synthesizing polyurethane with phosphorus and nitrogen. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Yueshi Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Junge Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
| | - Baochang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
- Office of Academic Studies Guangdong Industry Polytechnic Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- School of Chemical Engineering Changchun University of Technology Changchun China
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13
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Preparation of a halogen-free flame retardant and its effect on the poly(L-lactic acid) as the flame retardant material. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Sim M, Shim J, Lee J, Cha S. Preparation of a novel phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardant and its effects on the flame retardancy and physical properties of polyketone. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Ji Sim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKyonggi University Yeongtong‐gu, Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoon Shim
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Hyosung R&DB Labs Dongan‐gu, Anyang‐Si Republic of Korea
| | - Jong‐Chan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Ho Cha
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKyonggi University Yeongtong‐gu, Suwon Republic of Korea
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15
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Enhanced thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/MoS 2/carbon nanotubes composites. Sci Rep 2020; 10:740. [PMID: 31959835 PMCID: PMC6971244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, few-layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was functionalized with metal oxide (MxOy) nanoparticles which served as a catalyst for carbon nanotubes (CNT) growth in the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process. The resulting MoS2/MxOy/CNT functionalized nanomaterials were used for flame retarding application in poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The composites were extruded with a twin-screw extruder with different wt% loading of the nanomaterial. Full morphology characterization was performed, as well as detailed analysis of fire performance of the obtained composites in relation to pristine PLA and PLA containing an addition of the composites. The samples containing the addition of MoS2/MxOy/CNT displayed up to over 90% decrease in carbon oxide (CO) emission during pyrolysis in respect to pristine PLA. Microscale combustion calorimetry testing revealed reduction of key parameters in comparison to pristine PLA. Laser flash analysis revealed an increase in thermal conductivity of composite samples reaching up to 65% over pristine PLA. These results prove that few-layered 2D nanomaterials such as MoS2 functionalized with CNT can be effectively used as flame retardance of PLA.
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16
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Wei R, Yuen RKK, Chen W, Xin JH, Fei B. Simultaneous fire safety enhancement and mechanical reinforcement of poly(lactic acid) biocomposites with hexaphenyl (nitrilotris(ethane-2,1-diyl))tris(phosphoramidate). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120856. [PMID: 31284172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an important bioplastic polymer with wide engineering applications, but has relatively low tensile strength and high susceptibility to flames. This manuscript reports the synthesis of a new cyclo-phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant (FR) - hexaphenyl (nitrilotris(ethane-2,1-diyl))tris(phosphoramidate) (HNETP) for concurrent FR and tensile strength enhancement. 1H, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transform Infra-red spectra showed that HNETP was successfully synthesized. The FR properties of PLA/HNETP composites were investigated, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) reduced by ˜ 51.3%, total heat released (THR) ˜ 43.1%, and carbon monoxide (CO) production by ˜ 46.5% with 3 wt% HNETP loading. The fire performance index increased by ˜ 65.8%, while the fire growth index decreased by ˜ 56.7%. The tensile strength and the Young's Modulus improved to ˜ 67.4 and ˜ 87.8% respectively. A significant increase in limiting oxygen index (LOI) (32.5%) was attained with a V-0 rating in the vertical burning test. TG-IR study showed considerable reduction in pyrolysis gaseous products by the PLA/HNETP composites compared to PLA. Insignificant changes were observed in the glass transition and the melting temperature of PLA and PLA/HNETP biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruichao Wei
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - John H Xin
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Wu N, Yu J, Lang W, Ma X, Yang Y. Flame Retardancy and Toughness of Poly(Lactic Acid)/GNR/SiAHP Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1129. [PMID: 31277216 PMCID: PMC6681415 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel flame-retardant and toughened bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/glycidyl methacrylate-grafted natural rubber (GNR) composite was fabricated by sequentially dynamical vulcanizing and reactive melt-blending. The surface modification of aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) enhanced the interfacial compatibility between the modified aluminum hypophosphite by silane (SiAHP) and PLA/GNR matrix and the charring ability of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites to a certain extent, and the toughness and flame retardancy of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites were slightly higher than those of PLA/GNR/AHP composites, respectively. The notched impact strength and elongation of the PLA composite with 20 wt. %GNR and 18 wt.% SiAHP were 13.1 kJ/m2 and 72%, approximately 385% and 17 fold higher than those of PLA, respectively, and its limiting oxygen index increased to 26.5% and a UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved. Notedly, the very serious melt-dripping characteristics of PLA during combustion was completely suppressed. The peak heat release rate and total heat release values of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites dramatically reduced, and the char yield obviously increased with an increasing SiAHP content in the cone calorimeter test. The good flame retardancy of the PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites was suggested to be the result of a synergistic effect involving gaseous and condensed phase flame-retardant mechanisms. The high-performance flame-retardant PLA/GNR/SiAHP composites have great potential application as replacements for petroleum-based polymers in the automotive interior and building fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Jihang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wenchao Lang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaobing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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18
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Wu N, Fu G, Yang Y, Xia M, Yun H, Wang Q. Fire safety enhancement of a highly efficient flame retardant poly(phenylphosphoryl phenylenediamine) in biodegradable poly(lactic acid). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 363:1-9. [PMID: 30300772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flame-retarded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biodegradable materials are viewed as promising as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based commodity polymers. A new highly efficient flame retardant, poly(phenylphosphoryl phenylenediamine) (PPDA), was synthesized by the condensation of phenylphosphoryl dichloride with p-phenylenediamine and its structure was confirmed by 1H nulear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. When 3 wt% PPDA was incorporated into PLA, the limited oxygen index increased from 20.0% of neat PLA to 25.5% and its UL-94 vertical burning testing achieved V-0 rating. Moreover, the total heat release and peak heat release rate values of PLA/3 wt% PPDA material were decreased from 109.1 MJ/m2 and 643.7 kW/m2 of PLA to 98.3 MJ/m2 and 570.0 kW/m2, respectively, and the fire performance index increased from 0.081 of PLA to 0.132 m2 s/kW. The high fire safety of PPDA in PLA is mainly attributed to the combined effects of the phosphorous-containing radical inhibition and inert gases and the barrier action of the formed char layer. The addition of less than 3 wt% PPDA has little influence on the tensile and impact properties of PLA. The flame retardant PLA blends have great application potential in electrical casing, automobile interiors and three-dimensional printing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoliang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Yun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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19
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Feng Z, Guo J, Yan Y, Sun J, Zhang S, Wang W, Gu X, Li H. Modification of mesoporous silica with phosphotungstic acid and its effects on the combustion and thermal behavior of polylactic acid composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Efficient polymeric phosphorus flame retardant: flame retardancy, thermal property, and physical property on polylactide. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Gu L, Qiu J, Qiu C, Yao Y, Sakai E, Yang L. Mechanical Properties and Degrading Behaviors of Aluminum Hypophosphite-Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2018.1466169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Gu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Youwei Yao
- Advanced Materials Institute, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Eiichi Sakai
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Japan
| | - Liting Yang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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22
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Zhang S, Jin X, Gu X, Chen C, Li H, Zhang Z, Sun J. The preparation of fully bio-based flame retardant poly(lactic acid) composites containing casein. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Chen Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zongwen Zhang
- Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang City Henan Province 464000 China
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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23
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Zhang S, Yan Y, Wang W, Gu X, Li H, Li J, Sun J. Intercalation of phosphotungstic acid into layered double hydroxides by reconstruction method and its application in intumescent flame retardant poly (lactic acid) composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Guo Y, He S, Zuo X, Xue Y, Chen Z, Chang CC, Weil E, Rafailovich M. Incorporation of cellulose with adsorbed phosphates into poly (lactic acid) for enhanced mechanical and flame retardant properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Terminal group effects of phosphazene-triazine bi-group flame retardant additives in flame retardant polylactic acid composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Cao H, Zhang Y, Li X, Wang F, Zhang X. Effects of treated waste silicon rubber on properties of poly(lactic acid)/ammonium polyphosphate composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Cao
- State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute; Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering; Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University; Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering; Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University; Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Fengtao Wang
- State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute; Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Xiaoni Zhang
- State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute; Zhengzhou 450052 China
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27
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Guo Y, Chang CC, Halada G, Cuiffo MA, Xue Y, Zuo X, Pack S, Zhang L, He S, Weil E, Rafailovich MH. Engineering flame retardant biodegradable polymer nanocomposites and their application in 3D printing. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Basu A, Nazarkovsky M, Ghadi R, Khan W, Domb AJ. Poly(lactic acid)-based nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Basu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 91120 Israel
| | - Michael Nazarkovsky
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 91120 Israel
| | - Rohan Ghadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Wahid Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER); Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Abraham J. Domb
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem 91120 Israel
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29
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Ma C, Yu B, Hong N, Pan Y, Hu W, Hu Y. Facile Synthesis of a Highly Efficient, Halogen-Free, and Intumescent Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resins: Thermal Properties, Combustion Behaviors, and Flame-Retardant Mechanisms. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
- Institute of Textiles & Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ningning Hong
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yang Pan
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P.R. China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
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