1
|
Ghssein G, Barakat R, Nehme N, Awada R, Hassan HF. Fecal prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in house dogs in Lebanon: A pilot study. Vet World 2023; 16:2250-2255. [PMID: 38152257 PMCID: PMC10750756 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2250-2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Campylobacter spp. are Gram-negative bacilli that are widely recognized as a primary cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Campylobacteriosis is the disease caused by this pathogen. Recently, greater attention has been given to the prevalence of campylobacteriosis in different animals, including pets. These animals are considered to be significant reservoirs for this zoonosis. In Lebanon, the occurrence of Campylobacter infection is high. Our first-of-its-kind pilot study in Lebanon aimed to estimate the fecal prevalence of Campylobacter species in house dogs. Materials and Methods Thirty-five rectal swabs were collected from male and female house dogs of different ages, both with or without diarrhea. Samples obtained from the dogs were subjected to qualitative microbiological culture testing and molecular diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction assays after bacterial DNA extraction. Results Fecal prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in house dogs in this study was 17%. There was a relatively higher prevalence among young females and a significant difference between healthy dogs and those suffering from diarrhea. Conclusion Campylobacteriosis was found to be prevalent among house dogs in Lebanon, making them potential carriers of Campylobacter species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Ghssein
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Barakat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada Nehme
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Rana Awada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein F. Hassan
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lassen B, Takeuchi-Storm N, Henri C, Hald T, Sandberg M, Ellis-Iversen J. Analysis of reservoir sources of Campylobacter isolates to free-range broilers in Denmark. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103025. [PMID: 37672837 PMCID: PMC10485630 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a common cause of food poisoning in many countries, with broilers being the main source. Organic and free-range broilers are more frequently Campylobacter-positive than conventionally raised broilers and may constitute a higher risk for human infections. Organic and free-range broilers may get exposed to Campylobacter from environmental reservoirs and livestock farms, but the relative importance of these sources is unknown. The aim of the study was to describe similarities and differences between the genetic diversity of the Campylobacter isolates collected from free-range/organic broilers with those isolated from conventional broilers and other animal hosts (cattle, pigs, and dogs) in Denmark to make inferences about the reservoir sources of Campylobacter to free-range broilers. The applied aggregated surveillance data consisted of sequenced Campylobacter isolates sampled in 2015 to 2017 and 2018 to 2021. The data included 1,102 isolates from free-range (n = 209), conventional broilers (n = 577), cattle (n = 261), pigs (n = 30), and dogs (n = 25). The isolates were cultivated from either fecal material (n = 434), food matrices (n = 569), or of nondisclosed origin (n = 99). Campylobacter jejuni (94.5%) dominated and subtyping analysis found 170 different sequence types (STs) grouped into 75 clonal complexes (CCs). The results suggest that CC-21 and CC-45 are the most frequent CCs found in broilers. The relationship between the CCs in the investigated sources showed that the different CCs were shared by most of the animals, but not pigs. The ST-profiles of free-range broilers were most similar to that of conventional broilers, dogs and cattle, in that order. The similarity was stronger between conventional broilers and cattle than between conventional and free-range broilers. The results suggest that cattle may be a plausible reservoir of C. jejuni for conventional and free-range broilers, and that conventional broilers are a possible source for free-range broilers or reflect a dominance of isolates adapted to the same host environment. Aggregated data provided valuable insight into the epidemiology of Campylobacter sources for free-range broilers, but time-limited sampling of isolates from different sources within a targeted area would hold a higher predictive value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lassen
- Research Group for Foodborne Pathogens and Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Nao Takeuchi-Storm
- Research Group for Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Clémentine Henri
- Research Group for Foodborne Pathogens and Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tine Hald
- Research Group for Foodborne Pathogens and Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marianne Sandberg
- Research Group for Foodborne Pathogens and Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang J, Vaddu S, Bhumanapalli S, Mishra A, Applegate T, Singh M, Thippareddi H. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sources of Campylobacter in poultry production (preharvest) and their relative contributions to the microbial risk of poultry meat. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102905. [PMID: 37516002 PMCID: PMC10405099 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to idetnify the relative contributions of the sources of Campylobacter in poultry live production to Campylobacter prevalence of broiler meat. The keywords of Campylobacter, prevalence, live production, and broiler were used in Google Scholar to address the research interest. A total of 16,800 citations were identified, and 63 relevant citations were included in the meta-analysis after applying predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A generalized linear mixed model approach combined with logit transformation was used in the current meta-analysis to stabilize the variance. The analysis revealed that Campylobacter is ubiquitous in the poultry house exterior environment including surroundings, wildlife, domestic animals, and farm vehicle, with a predicted prevalence of 14%. The recovery of Campylobacter in the interior environment of the poultry house is far less abundant than in the exterior, with a prevalence of 2%, including litter, water, insects, mice, feed, and air. A lack of evidence was observed for vertical transmission due to the day-old chicks being free of Campylobacter from 4 studies identified. Live birds are the predominant carrier of Campylobacter, with a predicted prevalence of 41%. Transportation equipment used for live haul had an overall prevalence of 39%, with vehicles showing a predicted prevalence of 44% and crates with a predicted prevalence of 22%. The results of this meta-analysis highlight the need to implement effective biosecurity measures to minimize the risk of Campylobacter in poultry meat, as human activity appears to be the primary factor for Campylobacter introduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S Vaddu
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S Bhumanapalli
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - A Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - T Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - M Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - H Thippareddi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Yang T, Salem HM, Korma SA, Ahmed AE, Mosa WFA, Abd El-Mageed TA, Selim S, Al Jaouni SK, Zaghloul RA, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Tarabily KA, Ibrahim SA. Avian campylobacteriosis, prevalence, sources, hazards, antibiotic resistance, poultry meat contamination, and control measures: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102786. [PMID: 37454641 PMCID: PMC10371856 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian campylobacteriosis is a vandal infection that poses human health hazards. Campylobacter is usually colonized in the avian gut revealing mild signs in the infected birds, but retail chicken carcasses have high contamination levels of Campylobacter spp. Consequently, the contaminated avian products constitute the main source of human infection with campylobacteriosis and result in severe clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, spasm, and deaths in sensitive cases. Thus, the current review aims to shed light on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler chickens, Campylobacter colonization, bird immunity against Campylobacter, sources of poultry infection, antibiotic resistance, poultry meat contamination, human health hazard, and the use of standard antimicrobial technology during the chicken processing of possible control strategies to overcome such problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid F A Mosa
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Taia A Abd El-Mageed
- Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad K Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed A Zaghloul
- Department Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluybia, 13736, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Salam A Ibrahim
- Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Carver Hall, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411-1064
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Awada R, Ghssein G, El Roz A, Farhat M, Nehme N, Hassan HF. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers in North Lebanon. Vet World 2023; 16:322-328. [PMID: 37041998 PMCID: PMC10082710 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.322-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Great attention has been given recently to the prevalence of different Campylobacter spp. in poultry since the latter are considered the major contributing reservoir of human campylobacteriosis. In Lebanon, the occurrence of campylobacteriosis in humans is high. The aim of our first-of-its-kind study in the country was to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers from a convenient sample of farms in North Lebanon.
Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-five fecal samples were collected from 25 broiler farms, which were selected, examined, and classified according to their biosecurity level and rearing system. All samples were subjected to qualitative microbiological culture testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect Campylobacter spp.
Results: Despite the reported use of antibiotics, cell culture and PCR were positive for 44% and 88%, respectively. This implies that this bacterium is resistant to antibiotics used on the farms. Furthermore, Campylobacter infection rate was higher in open (92%) than in closed (85%) system farms. All farms with poor biosecurity measures, and 82% of farms with good biosecurity measures had Campylobacter infections, and the difference was significant (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Our results show that campylobacteriosis was found prevalent among broilers in North Lebanon, making them potential carriers of Campylobacter spp. Future studies should include antibiotic susceptibility testing to check the susceptibility pattern of isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Awada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Ghssein
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali El Roz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mona Farhat
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada Nehme
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Mount Lebanon, Lebanon
| | - Hussein F. Hassan
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reichelt B, Szott V, Epping L, Semmler T, Merle R, Roesler U, Friese A. Transmission pathways of campylobacter spp. at broiler farms and their environment in Brandenburg, Germany. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:982693. [PMID: 36312983 PMCID: PMC9598865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.982693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler meat is widely known as an important source of foodborne Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections in humans. In this study, we thoroughly investigated transmission pathways that may contribute to possible Campylobacter contamination inside and outside broiler houses. For this purpose we carried out a comprehensive longitudinal sampling approach, using a semi-quantitative cultivation method to identify and quantify transmissions and reservoirs of Campylobacter spp.. Three german broiler farms in Brandenburg and their surrounding areas were intensively sampled, from April 2018 until September 2020. Consecutive fattening cycles and intervening downtimes after cleaning and disinfection were systematically sampled in summer and winter. To display the potential phylogeny of barn and environmental isolates, whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatic analyses were performed. Results obtained in this study showed very high Campylobacter prevalence in 51/76 pooled feces (67.1%) and 49/76 boot swabs (64.5%). Average counts between 6.4 to 8.36 log10MPN/g were detected in pooled feces. In addition, levels of 4.7 and 4.1 log10MPN/g were detected in boot swabs and litter, respectively. Samples from the barn interior showed mean Campyloacter values in swabs from drinkers 2.6 log10MPN/g, walls 2.0 log10MPN/g, troughs 1.7 log10MPN/g, boards 1.6 log10MPN/g, ventilations 0.9 log10MPN/g and 0.7 log10MPN/g for air samples. However, Campylobacter was detected only in 7/456 (1.5%) of the environmental samples (water bodies, puddles or water-filled wheel tracks; average of 0.6 log10MPN/g). Furthermore, WGS showed recurring Campylobacter genotypes over several consecutive fattening periods, indicating that Campylobacter genotypes persist in the environment during downtime periods. However, after cleaning and disinfection of the barns, we were unable to identify potential sources in the broiler houses. Interestingly, alternating Campylobacter genotypes were observed after each fattening period, also indicating sources of contamination from the wider environment outside the farm. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that a potential risk of Campylobacter transmission may originate from present environmental sources (litter and water reservoirs). However, the sources of Campylobacter transmission may vary depending on the operation and farm environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Reichelt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Szott
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard Epping
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Genome Sequencing and Genomic Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A cross-sectional study of the prevalence factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter jejuni in broiler flocks in Canada. Prev Vet Med 2020; 186:105164. [PMID: 33285388 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter infections in humans are usually self-limiting; however, antibiotic intervention may be necessary in the case of severe infection. Fluoroquinolones are often the drug of choice for treatment of campylobacteriosis; however, resistance to these drugs can develop rapidly, complicating treatment protocols. Increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones in human infections has coincided with approval of use of fluoroquinolones in animals, therefore, isolation of fluoroquinolone resistant (FQr) Campylobacter in broiler flocks is concerning. This cross-sectional study utilized data collected from 2013-2018 by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) on-farm surveillance program to investigate prevalence factors associated with the isolation of FQr C. jejuni from broiler faecal samples. Mixed effects logistic regression models accounting for clustering of flocks within hatcheries, with and without a fixed effect for the presence of flock level tetracycline resistance were used to assess prevalence factors among 536 C. jejuni isolates from 158 flocks. Both models indicated that the type of bird used (Ross versus Cobb or mixed), the use of virginiamycin as a feed additive, the use of traps to control rodent populations in the barn, and the total number of birds in the barn were significant prevalence factors for increased FQr C. jejuni in a flock. In the model where flock level tetracycline resistance was included as a fixed effect, the odds of FQr C. jejuni increased by 16 (95% CI: 3.74, 68), and the magnitude of the effect of each of the identified prevalence factors was larger. Both models indicated that methods of disinfection of water lines between production cycles is important, with the use of chlorine being protective in the model where tetracycline resistance was included as a fixed effect, and the use of hydrogen peroxide being a risk factor in the model where tetracycline resistance was not included as a fixed effect. The use of hot water to wash the barn between production cycles was also a significant protective factor in the model where tetracycline resistance was not included as a fixed effect. These results indicate that biosecurity and sanitation procedures play a role in the dissemination of FQr C. jejuni in broiler flocks. Future analysis should seek to understand the effect of different disinfectant products on the isolation of FQr C. jejuni. Gaining a better understanding of the management of these critical practices may allow for the reduction of this enteric pathogen in broiler flocks in Canada.
Collapse
|
8
|
Khalid T, Hdaifeh A, Federighi M, Cummins E, Boué G, Guillou S, Tesson V. Review of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment in Poultry Meat: The Central Position of Consumer Behavior. Foods 2020; 9:E1661. [PMID: 33202859 PMCID: PMC7697500 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food of animal origin, especially meat products, represent the main vehicle of foodborne pathogens and so are implicated in foodborne outbreaks. Poultry meat is a widely consumed food in various forms, but it is also a reservoir of thermotolerant Campylobacter and Salmonella bacterial species. To assess human health risks associated with pathogenic bacteria in poultry meat, the use of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has increased over the years as it is recognized to address complex food safety issues and is recommended by health authorities. The present project reviewed poultry meat QMRA, identified key steps of the farm-to-fork chain with significant impacts on food safety, highlighted current knowledge gaps, and provided risk mitigation advices. A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)-based systematic analysis was carried out and enabled the collection of 4056 studies including 42 QMRA kept for analysis after screening. The latter emphasized Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. contaminations during the consumer stage as the main concern. The role of consumer handling on cross-contamination and undercooking events were of major concern. Thus, proper hygiene and safety practices by consumers have been suggested as the main intervention and would need to be followed with regular surveys to assess behavior changes and reduce knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahreem Khalid
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Ammar Hdaifeh
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Michel Federighi
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Enda Cummins
- Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Géraldine Boué
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Sandrine Guillou
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Vincent Tesson
- SECALIM, INRAE, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France; (T.K.); (A.H.); (M.F.); (G.B.); (V.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nastasijevic I, Proscia F, Boskovic M, Glisic M, Blagojevic B, Sorgentone S, Kirbis A, Ferri M. The European Union control strategy for
Campylobacter
spp. in the broiler meat chain. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marija Boskovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Milica Glisic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Bojan Blagojevic
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Veterinary Medicine University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | | | - Andrej Kirbis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Maurizio Ferri
- Italian Society of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Alter T, Crotta M, Ellis‐Iversen J, Hempen M, Messens W, Chemaly M. Update and review of control options for Campylobacter in broilers at primary production. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06090. [PMID: 32874298 PMCID: PMC7448041 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2011 EFSA opinion on Campylobacter was updated using more recent scientific data. The relative risk reduction in EU human campylobacteriosis attributable to broiler meat was estimated for on-farm control options using Population Attributable Fractions (PAF) for interventions that reduce Campylobacter flock prevalence, updating the modelling approach for interventions that reduce caecal concentrations and reviewing scientific literature. According to the PAF analyses calculated for six control options, the mean relative risk reductions that could be achieved by adoption of each of these six control options individually are estimated to be substantial but the width of the confidence intervals of all control options indicates a high degree of uncertainty in the specific risk reduction potentials. The updated model resulted in lower estimates of impact than the model used in the previous opinion. A 3-log10 reduction in broiler caecal concentrations was estimated to reduce the relative EU risk of human campylobacteriosis attributable to broiler meat by 58% compared to an estimate larger than 90% in the previous opinion. Expert Knowledge Elicitation was used to rank control options, for weighting and integrating different evidence streams and assess uncertainties. Medians of the relative risk reductions of selected control options had largely overlapping probability intervals, so the rank order was uncertain: vaccination 27% (90% probability interval (PI) 4-74%); feed and water additives 24% (90% PI 4-60%); discontinued thinning 18% (90% PI 5-65%); employing few and well-trained staff 16% (90% PI 5-45%); avoiding drinkers that allow standing water 15% (90% PI 4-53%); addition of disinfectants to drinking water 14% (90% PI 3-36%); hygienic anterooms 12% (90% PI 3-50%); designated tools per broiler house 7% (90% PI 1-18%). It is not possible to quantify the effects of combined control activities because the evidence-derived estimates are inter-dependent and there is a high level of uncertainty associated with each.
Collapse
|
11
|
Greige S, Rivoal K, Osman M, Safadi DE, Dabboussi F, Hage RE, Viscogliosi E, Hamze M, Chemaly M. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. in the production chain of broiler chickens in Lebanon and its association with the intestinal protozoan Blastocystis sp. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5883-5891. [PMID: 31134283 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is recognized as the most common foodborne pathogen associated with human gastroenteritis worldwide. Broilers are frequently infected by the bacteria and are considered the main source of exposure to humans. However, despite its public health impact, no recent data are currently available in Lebanon about Campylobacter spp. in poultry and human population. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. in 227 ceca and on 227 carcasses of broiler chickens collected in Lebanese slaughterhouses. Overall, the prevalence of Campylobacter was shown to reach 67.0% in ceca and 17.2% on carcasses of Lebanese poultry. The only 2 Campylobacter species identified were C. jejuni and C. coli, with a slightly higher prevalence of C. coli in ceca and of C. jejuni on carcasses. A high level of genetic diversity was reported among the 51 C. jejuni isolates selected, since 25 distinct profiles were identified according to the comparative genomic fingerprinting typing method based on a subset of 40 genes using the 90% similarity threshold. Predominant clusters observed in Lebanese poultry isolates were also frequently found among French human clinical cases, highlighting that broiler chickens represent a potential reservoir for human campylobacteriosis. In addition, a significantly higher prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was found in slaughterhouse workers than in a cohort of hospitalized patients with no contact with poultry, confirming that contaminated broiler chickens in slaughterhouse appeared to be a non-negligible source of Campylobacter spp. transmission. Interestingly, a significant association between Campylobacter spp. and Blastocystis sp. has been observed. This correlation suggested that the presence of Campylobacter spp. would be favored when Blastocystis sp. is present and, similarly, the absence of one would favor the absence of the other. This is the first large-scale investigation focusing on the impact of Campylobacter spp. in broiler chickens in Lebanon and confirmed the need to implement prevention and control measures in the poultry production to reduce the burden of campylobacteriosis in the human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Greige
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.,Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Liban.,ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - K Rivoal
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - M Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Liban
| | - D El Safadi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Liban
| | - F Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Liban
| | - R El Hage
- Institut de Recherche Agronomique Libanais (IRAL), Laboratoire de Microbiologie Alimentaire, Station de Fanar, Jdeideh El-Metn, Lebanon
| | - E Viscogliosi
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - M Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Environnement (LMSE), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et de Technologie, Faculté de Santé Publique, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Liban
| | - M Chemaly
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Piccirillo A, Giacomelli M, Niero G, De Luca C, Carraro L, Ortali G, Mughini-Gras L. Multilocus sequence typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli to identify potential sources of colonization in commercial turkey farms. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:455-466. [PMID: 29897783 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1487529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Poultry are the main reservoir for thermophilic Campylobacter spp., which is the most common causative agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis. The epidemiology of Campylobacter in poultry, particularly in turkeys, is not completely understood. This study aimed at identifying potential sources and transmission routes of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in commercial turkey farms. C. jejuni and C. coli isolates from breeders (n = 29, 20 C. jejuni and 9 C. coli) and their progeny (n = 51, 18 C. jejuni and 33 C. coli) reared in two different farms for three sequential production cycles were analysed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Strains (n = 88, 42 C. jejuni and 46 C. coli) isolated from environmental (i.e. anteroom and in-house overshoes), water (i.e. drinkers and water line), and pest (i.e. flies, Alphitobius diaperinus, and mice) sources were also examined. MLST of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates resulted in 13 and 12 different sequence types (STs) belonging to six and one previously-described clonal complexes (CCs), respectively. Three novel STs were identified. Genetic similarities were detected between isolates from fattening turkeys and the considered environmental, water, and pest sources, and with the breeders to a lesser extent. Source attribution analysis estimated that environmental and water sources accounted for most (∼75%) of fattening turkey isolates and were therefore identified as the most likely sources of flock colonization, followed by pests (∼20%) and breeders (∼5%). These sources may thus be targeted by control measures to mitigate the risk of Campylobacter colonization in commercial turkeys. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS High occurrence of C. jejuni and C. coli in commercial turkey flocks. High genetic diversity of C. jejuni and C. coli in commercial turkey flocks. Horizontal transmission responsible for Campylobacter colonization of commercial turkey flocks. Environmental and water sources involved in Campylobacter colonization of commercial turkey flocks. Strategies for prevention and control of Campylobacter colonization of commercial turkey flocks are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Piccirillo
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Martina Giacomelli
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Giulia Niero
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Carlotta De Luca
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Lisa Carraro
- a Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | | | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- c Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands.,d Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
García-Sánchez L, Melero B, Rovira J. Campylobacter in the Food Chain. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:215-252. [PMID: 30077223 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently Campylobacter is the most commonly reported zoonosis in developed and developing countries. In the European Union, the number of reported confirmed cases of human campylobacteriosis was 246,307 in 2016, which represents 66.3 cases per 100,000 population. The genus Campylobacter includes 31 species with 10 subspecies. Within the genus Campylobacter, C. jejuni subsp. jejuni and C. coli are most frequently associated with human illness. Mainly, the infection is sporadic and self-limiting, although some cases of outbreaks have been also reported and some complications such as Guillain-Barré syndrome might appear sporadically. Although campylobacters are fastidious microaerophilic, unable to multiply outside the host and generally very sensitive, they can adapt and survive in the environment, exhibiting aerotolerance and resistance to starvation. Many mechanisms are involved in this, including pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistant pathways. This chapter reviews the sources, transmission routes, the mechanisms, and strategies used by Campylobacter to persist in the whole food chain, from farm to fork. Additionally, different strategies are recommended for application along the poultry food chain to avoid the public health risk associated with this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Melero
- Biotechnology and Food Science Department, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Biotechnology and Food Science Department, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jribi H, Sellami H, Mariam S, Smaoui S, Ghorbel A, Hachicha S, Benejat L, Messadi-Akrout F, Mégraud F, Gdoura R. Isolation and Identification of Campylobacter spp. from Poultry and Poultry By-Products in Tunisia by Conventional Culture Method and Multiplex Real-Time PCR. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1623-1627. [PMID: 28853632 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are one of the primary causes of bacterial human diarrhea. The consumption of poultry meats, by-products, or both is suspected to be a major cause of human campylobacteriosis. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in fresh poultry meat and poultry by-products by conventional culture methods and to confirm Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates by using the multiplex PCR assay. Two hundred fifty fresh poultry samples were collected from a variety of supermarkets and slaughterhouses located in Sfax, Tunisia, including chicken (n =149) and turkey (n =101). The samples were analyzed using conventional microbiological examinations according to the 2006 International Organization for Standardization method (ISO 10272-1) for Campylobacter spp. Concurrently, a real-time PCR was used for identification of C. jejuni and C. coli . Of the 250 samples of poultry meat and poultry by-products, 25.6% (n = 64) were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. The highest prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was found in chicken meat (26.8%) followed by turkey meat (23.7%). Among the different products, poultry breasts showed the highest contamination (36.6%) followed by poultry by-products (30%), poultry wings (28%) and poultry legs (26%) showed the lowest contamination, and no contamination was found on neck skin. Of the 64 thermophilic Campylobacter isolates, C. jejuni (59.7%) was the most frequently isolated species and 10.9% of the isolates were identified as C. coli . All of the 64 Campylobacter isolates identified by the conventional culture methods were further confirmed by PCR. The seasonal peak of Campylobacter spp. contamination was in the warm seasons (spring and summer). The study concluded that high proportions of poultry meat and poultry by-products marketed in Tunisia are contaminated by Campylobacter spp. Furthermore, to ensure food safety, poultry meats must be properly cooked before consuming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hela Jribi
- Laboratoire de Recherche Toxicologie-Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LRES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Sellami
- Laboratoire de Recherche Toxicologie-Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LRES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Siala Mariam
- Laboratoire de Recherche Toxicologie-Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LRES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Salma Smaoui
- Regional Laboratory of Hygiene, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Asma Ghorbel
- Regional Laboratory of Hygiene, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Salma Hachicha
- Regional Laboratory of Hygiene, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lucie Benejat
- Université de Bordeaux, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Francis Mégraud
- Université de Bordeaux, National Reference Center for Campylobacters and Helicobacters, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Laboratoire de Recherche Toxicologie-Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (LRES06), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Evaluating and improving terminal hygiene practices on broiler farms to prevent Campylobacter cross-contamination between flocks. Food Microbiol 2017; 64:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
16
|
Guyard-Nicodème M, Huneau-Salaün A, Tatone FA, Skiba F, Quentin M, Quesne S, Poezevara T, Chemaly M. Effect of Feed Additives on Productivity and Campylobacter spp. Loads in Broilers Reared under Free Range Conditions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:828. [PMID: 28553267 PMCID: PMC5427123 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry reservoir, especially broiler meat, is generally recognized as one of the most-important sources for human Campylobacteriosis. The measures to control Campylobacter targeted essentially the primary production level. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments against natural Campylobacter colonization in a French experimental farm of free-range broilers during the whole rearing period. Five commercial products and a combination of two of them were tested and all the products were added to feed or to water at the dose recommended by the suppliers. Campylobacter loads in caeca and on carcasses of broilers at the slaughter were determined by culture methods. Natural contamination of the flock occurred at the end of the indoor rearing period between day 35 and day 42. At day 42, the multispecies probiotic added to the feed reduced the contamination of 0.55 log10 CFU/g (p = 0.02) but was not significant (p > 0.05) at the end of rearing at day 78. However, another treatment, a combination of a cation exchange clay-based product in feed and an organic acid mixture (formic acid, sodium formate, lactic acid, propionic acid) in water, led to a slight but significant reduction of 0.82 ± 0.25 log10 CFU/g (p = 0.02) compared to the control group at day 78. Testing this combination in field conditions in several flocks is needed to determine if it is biologically relevant and if it could be a valuable measure to reduce Campylobacter in broiler flocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Guyard-Nicodème
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Adeline Huneau-Salaün
- Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Fabrizio A. Tatone
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Fabien Skiba
- NUTRICIA – Route de Saint-SeverHaut-Mauco, France
| | | | - Ségolène Quesne
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, ANSES – Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Salvat G, Guyot M, Protino J. Monitoring Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in traditional free-range 'Label Rouge' broiler production: a 23-year survey programme. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:248-256. [PMID: 27699969 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM 'Label Rouge' broiler free-range carcasses have been monitored since 1991, and broiler flocks since 2010, for contamination by the main foodborne zoonotic bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS Initially, the monitoring plan mainly focused on the surveillance of Salmonella, and on indicators of the overall microbiological quality of free-range broiler carcasses such as Staphylococcus aureus and coliforms, but was extended in 2007 to include Campylobacter enumeration on carcasses and in 2010, to Salmonella in the environment of live birds. Salmonella contamination of free-range broiler carcasses rose to a peak of 16% in 1994 but less than 1% of carcasses are now regularly found to be positive. Indicators of the overall microbiological quality of carcasses are also improving. These results correlate with the low prevalence of Salmonella in free-range broiler breeding and production flocks, and with the continuous improvement of hazard analysis and critical control points in slaughterhouses, the implementation of a good manufacturing practice guide since 1997 and the application of EU regulations on Salmonella since 1998 in France. Regarding Campylobacter counts on carcasses, the situation has been improving continuously over the last few years, even if 2·5% of the carcasses are still contaminated by more than 1000 Campylobacter per g of skin. CONCLUSIONS Although the current control system focusing on Salmonella is based on firm epidemiologic data and offers effective means of control (e.g. slaughtering of positive breeder flocks), existing information on Campylobacter makes it more difficult to formulate an effective control plan for free-range broilers, due to their particular exposure to environmental contamination. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This long-term surveillance programme provided an extended view of the evolution of the contamination of free-range broilers and a direct measurement of the impact of mandatory and profession-driven interventions on the microbiological quality of carcasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Salvat
- Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation de, l'Environnement et du Travail, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
| | - M Guyot
- SYNALAF (Syndicat National des Labels Avicoles de France), Paris, France
| | - J Protino
- SYNALAF (Syndicat National des Labels Avicoles de France), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Borck Høg B, Sommer H, Larsen L, Sørensen A, David B, Hofshagen M, Rosenquist H. Farm specific risk factors for Campylobacter colonisation in Danish and Norwegian broilers. Prev Vet Med 2016; 130:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
19
|
Saint-Cyr MJ, Guyard-Nicodème M, Messaoudi S, Chemaly M, Cappelier JM, Dousset X, Haddad N. Recent Advances in Screening of Anti-Campylobacter Activity in Probiotics for Use in Poultry. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:553. [PMID: 27303366 PMCID: PMC4885830 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Campylobacter species involved in this infection usually include the thermotolerant species Campylobacter jejuni. The major reservoir for C. jejuni leading to human infections is commercial broiler chickens. Poultry flocks are frequently colonized by C. jejuni without any apparent symptoms. Risk assessment analyses have identified the handling and consumption of poultry meat as one of the most important sources of human campylobacteriosis, so elimination of Campylobacter in the poultry reservoir is a crucial step in the control of this foodborne infection. To date, the use of probiotics has demonstrated promising results to reduce Campylobacter colonization. This review provides recent insights into methods used for probiotic screening to reduce the prevalence and colonization of Campylobacter at the farm level. Different eukaryotic epithelial cell lines are employed to screen probiotics with an anti-Campylobacter activity and yield useful information about the inhibition mechanism involved. These in vitro virulence models involve only human intestinal or cervical cell lines whereas the use of avian cell lines could be a preliminary step to investigate mechanisms of C. jejuni colonization in poultry in the presence of probiotics. In addition, in vivo trials to evaluate the effect of probiotics on Campylobacter colonization are conducted, taking into account the complexity introduced by the host, the feed, and the microbiota. However, the heterogeneity of the protocols used and the short time duration of the experiments lead to results that are difficult to compare and draw conclusions at the slaughter-age of broilers. Nevertheless, the combined approach using complementary in vitro and in vivo tools (cell cultures and animal experiments) leads to a better characterization of probiotic strains and could be employed to assess reduced Campylobacter spp. colonization in chickens if some parameters are optimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Muriel Guyard-Nicodème
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, ANSES, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | - Soumaya Messaoudi
- SECALIM Unit UMR1014, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne LoireNantes, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products Unit, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, ANSES, Université Bretagne LoirePloufragan, France
| | | | - Xavier Dousset
- SECALIM Unit UMR1014, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne LoireNantes, France
| | - Nabila Haddad
- SECALIM Unit UMR1014, Oniris, INRA, Université Bretagne LoireNantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Battersby T, Whyte P, Bolton D. The pattern of Campylobacter
contamination on broiler farms; external and internal sources. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1108-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Battersby
- Teagasc Ashtown Food Research; Ashtown Dublin 15 Ireland
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - P. Whyte
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - D.J. Bolton
- Teagasc Ashtown Food Research; Ashtown Dublin 15 Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meunier M, Guyard-Nicodème M, Dory D, Chemaly M. Control strategies against Campylobacter
at the poultry production level: biosecurity measures, feed additives and vaccination. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1139-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Meunier
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- GVB - Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - M. Guyard-Nicodème
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - D. Dory
- GVB - Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - M. Chemaly
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Quantitative estimation of Campylobacter cross-contamination in carcasses and chicken products at an abattoir. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
23
|
A systematic review characterizing on-farm sources of Campylobacter spp. for broiler chickens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104905. [PMID: 25171228 PMCID: PMC4149356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter and antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter are frequently isolated from broiler chickens worldwide. In Canada, campylobacteriosis is the third leading cause of enteric disease and the regional emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter in broiler chickens has raised a public health concern. This study aimed to identify, critically appraise, and synthesize literature on sources of Campylobacter in broilers at the farm level using systematic review methodology. Literature searches were conducted in January 2012 and included electronic searches in four bibliographic databases. Relevant studies in French or English (n = 95) conducted worldwide in any year and all study designs were included. Risk of Bias and GRADE criteria endorsed by the Cochrane collaboration was used to assess the internal validity of the study and overall confidence in the meta-analysis. The categories for on-farm sources were: broiler breeders/vertical transfer (number of studies = 32), animals (n = 57), humans (n = 26), environment (n = 54), and water (n = 63). Only three studies examined the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter from these on-farm sources. Subgroups of data by source and outcome were analyzed using random effect meta-analysis. The highest risk for contaminating a new flock appears to be a contaminated barn environment due to insufficient cleaning and disinfection, insufficient downtime, and the presence of an adjacent broiler flock. Effective biosecurity enhancements from physical barriers to restricting human movement on the farm are recommended for consideration to enhance local on-farm food safety programs. Improved sampling procedures and standardized laboratory testing are needed for comparability across studies. Knowledge gaps that should be addressed include farm-level drug use and antimicrobial resistance information, further evaluation of the potential for vertical transfer, and improved genotyping methods to strengthen our understanding of Campylobacter epidemiology in broilers at the farm-level. This systematic review emphasizes the importance of improved industry-level and on-farm risk management strategies to reduce pre-harvest Campylobacter in broilers.
Collapse
|
24
|
Allain V, Chemaly M, Laisney MJ, Rouxel S, Quesne S, Le Bouquin S. Prevalence of and risk factors forCampylobactercolonisation in broiler flocks at the end of the rearing period in France. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:452-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.941788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Kovanen SM, Kivistö RI, Rossi M, Hänninen ML. A combination of MLST and CRISPR typing reveals dominant Campylobacter jejuni types in organically farmed laying hens. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:249-57. [PMID: 24655229 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the Campylobacter jejuni population in organically farmed laying hens in Finland, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was combined with characterization of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) sequences. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 147 Camp. jejuni isolates, collected from organically farmed laying hens from 18 farms in 2003-2004, were previously analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In the present study, subsets of the isolates were further analysed by MLST and CRISPR sequences. Fourteen STs were found by MLST. ST-50 (27%, 7/18 farms), ST-3272 (20%, 8/18 farms), ST-45 (12%, 7/18 farms) and ST-356 (12%, 5/18 farms) were the most common STs. CRISPR types were identical among all isolates of ST-50 (ST-21 clonal complex (CC)) and the most variable among ST-45 (ST-45 CC). CONCLUSIONS ST-3272 (UA), a common ST in this study, has been infrequently detected in other hosts. Other major STs (ST-50 and ST-45) have been common in several hosts such as conventional poultry and bovines. CRISPR typing provided additional discrimination between isolates of certain dominant STs and could be useful in further epidemiological studies. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study gives new information about MLST and CRISPR types of Camp. jejuni among organically farmed laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Kovanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Colonization of Campylobacter spp. in broiler chickens and laying hens reared in tropical climates with low-biosecurity housing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:393-5. [PMID: 23087035 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02269-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset and prevalence of Campylobacter colonization in broilers and layers at commercial farms with low biosecurity in tropical climates were tested. Despite the presence of positive animals at the same farms, the broiler flocks tested negative until, on average, 21 days. Prelaying flocks showed a higher prevalence than laying flocks.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bouzidi N, Aoun L, Zeghdoudi M, Bensouilah M, Elgroud R, Oucief I, Granier SA, Brisabois A, Desquilbet L, Millemann Y. Salmonella contamination of laying-hen flocks in two regions of Algeria. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
28
|
Newell DG, Elvers KT, Dopfer D, Hansson I, Jones P, James S, Gittins J, Stern NJ, Davies R, Connerton I, Pearson D, Salvat G, Allen VM. Biosecurity-based interventions and strategies to reduce Campylobacter spp. on poultry farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8605-14. [PMID: 21984249 PMCID: PMC3233073 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01090-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention and control of Campylobacter colonization of poultry flocks are important public health strategies for the control of human campylobacteriosis. A critical review of the literature on interventions to control Campylobacter in poultry on farms was undertaken using a systematic approach. Although the focus of the review was on aspects appropriate to the United Kingdom poultry industry, the research reviewed was gathered from worldwide literature. Multiple electronic databases were employed to search the literature, in any language, from 1980 to September 2008. A primary set of 4,316 references was identified and scanned, using specific agreed-upon criteria, to select relevant references related to biosecurity-based interventions. The final library comprised 173 references. Identification of the sources of Campylobacter in poultry flocks was required to inform the development of targeted interventions to disrupt transmission routes. The approach used generally involved risk factor-based surveys related to culture-positive or -negative flocks, usually combined with a structured questionnaire. In addition, some studies, either in combination or independently, undertook intervention trials. Many of these studies were compromised by poor design, sampling, and statistical analysis. The evidence for each potential source and route of transmission on the poultry farm was reviewed critically, and the options for intervention were considered. The review concluded that, in most instances, biosecurity on conventional broiler farms can be enhanced and this should contribute to the reduction of flock colonization. However, complementary, non-biosecurity-based approaches will also be required in the future to maximize the reduction of Campylobacter-positive flocks at the farm level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Newell
- Foodborne Zoonoses Consultancy, Silver Birches, Wherwell, Andover SP11 7AW, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Haruna M, Sasaki Y, Murakami M, Ikeda A, Kusukawa M, Tsujiyama Y, Ito K, Asai T, Yamada Y. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Campylobacter in Broiler Flocks in Japan. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 59:241-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
30
|
Malher X, Simon M, Charnay V, Déserts RDD, Lehébel A, Belloc C. Factors associated with carcass contamination by Campylobacter at slaughterhouse in cecal-carrier broilers. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 150:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
31
|
Denis M, Henrique E, Chidaine B, Tircot A, Bougeard S, Fravalo P. Campylobacter from sows in farrow-to-finish pig farms: risk indicators and genetic diversity. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:163-70. [PMID: 21802224 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sows have been identified as a source of Campylobacter contamination in piglets. We carried out a one-year study, in 2008, at 53 farrow-to-finish farms in Brittany, France, to determine the proportion of sows excreting Campylobacter. We also determined the genotypes of the Campylobacter isolates. Moreover, Generalized Estimating Equations including repeated effects were used to assess the association between management practices and farm characteristics, and risk of Campylobacter shedding by sows. Per farm, 10 feces samples from sows were collected from selected sites (maternity, service area, gestation area) on the farms. Campylobacter isolates were identified by PCR and typed by PFGE. Campylobacter was detected in 25.1% of the 530 samples from sows, and 67% of the 53 pig farms had at least one positive sample (of 10 taken). All the Campylobacter isolates belonged to the Campylobacter coli species. They displayed a very high level of genetic diversity, also inside farms and few genotypes were common to several farms. Warmer months, large farms, and individual housing for sows were identified as risk indicators of Campylobacter shedding by sows. A short delay between sampling and treatment of the samples should be considered, to improve the detection of the bacterium in the feces samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Denis
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, unité Hygiène et Qualité des Produits Avicoles et Porcins, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Allen VM, Ridley AM, Harris JA, Newell DG, Powell L. Influence of production system on the rate of onset of Campylobacter colonization in chicken flocks reared extensively in the United Kingdom. Br Poult Sci 2011; 52:30-9. [PMID: 21337195 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2010.537306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Because thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are common in chicken flocks reared extensively, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were carried out on organic and free-range farms to determine the onset of colonisation (lag phase) and likely sources of flock infection. 2. For 14 organic and 14 free range flocks, there was a difference in lag phases, with the former being colonized at a mean of 14·1 d in comparison with 31·6 d for the latter. Whereas most free-range flocks became colonized when released on to pasture, those reared organically were usually colonized at the housed brooding stage. 3. Further study of organic flocks on three farms over 7 successive crop cycles confirmed that colonisation was strongly influenced by the prevailing husbandry conditions and was not a consequence of the length of the rearing period. 4. Molecular epidemiological investigations on a farm showing the shortest lag phase, using PFGE typing with two different restriction enzymes (SmaI and KpnI) and flaA SVR sequence typing, revealed that potential sources of colonisation for organic chickens were already present on the farm at the time of chick placement. Such sources included the ante area of the brooding house, surrounding pasture and other livestock being kept on the farm. 5. Overall, the study demonstrated that, under UK conditions, the prevalence of colonisation was greater in extensive flocks (95-100%) than it was for conventional broilers (55%), similar to the situation in other countries, but all three management systems showed comparable levels of caecal carriage in positive birds (log(10)/g 6·2-6·7).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Allen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Scientific Opinion onCampylobacterin broiler meat production: control options and performance objectives and/or targets at different stages of the food chain. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
34
|
Influence of season and geography on Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli subtypes in housed broiler flocks reared in Great Britain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3741-8. [PMID: 21460110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02444-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographical and seasonal variation in the incidence and prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in housed broiler flocks reared in Great Britain in 2004 to 2006 was investigated in this study. Ceca (30) from 797 flocks, not subject to prior partial depopulation and reared on 211 farms, were examined individually for the presence of Campylobacter spp. The best-fitting climatic factors explained approximately 46% of the prevalence of Campylobacter-colonized flocks at slaughter and consisted of a combination of temperature at slaughter, number of sunshine hours in placement month, and millimeters of rainfall in placement month. Positive flocks were more likely to be slaughtered between June and November than during the rest of the year and to be reared in northern Great Britain than in central or southern Great Britain. C. jejuni was identified in approximately 90% of flocks, and C. coli was present in 10% of flocks. The most common clonal complexes identified in 226 isolates typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were ST-45, ST-21, ST-574, ST-443, and ST-828. Flocks slaughtered at the same time were more likely to have similar complexes, and ST-45 had a seasonal pattern, with the highest prevalence in June, and was also more likely to be present in flocks reared in northern Great Britain.
Collapse
|
35
|
Aury K, Le Bouquin S, Toquin MT, Huneau-Salaün A, Le Nôtre Y, Allain V, Petetin I, Fravalo P, Chemaly M. Risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes contamination in French laying hens and broiler flocks. Prev Vet Med 2011; 98:271-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
36
|
Sasaki Y, Tsujiyama Y, Tanaka H, Yoshida S, Goshima T, Oshima K, Katayama S, Yamada Y. Risk Factors for Campylobacter Colonization in Broiler Flocks in Japan. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 58:350-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2010.01370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
37
|
Denis M, M Tanguy, Chidaine B, Laisney MJ, Mégraud F, Fravalo P. Description and sources of contamination by Campylobacter spp. of river water destined for human consumption in Brittany, France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 59:256-63. [PMID: 19942377 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Presence or absence of Campylobacter spp. in water of five rivers upstream from an intake point for drinking water production was investigated, and isolates genetically compared with human, pig and poultry isolates in order to determine their source. River water and drinking water obtained from these rivers were sampled one time per month, over a period of one year, and tested for Campylobacter. Isolates were typed by PFGE. Campylobacter was not detected in treated drinking water, but 50% of the river samples were contaminated. Contamination was observed on the four seasons. In total, 297 Campylobacter isolates were collected and generated 46 PFGE profiles. Campylobacter jejuni was the most frequently detected species in samples (74.1% of the isolates), followed by Campylobacter coli (17.8%) and Campylobacter lari (8.1%). Forty-two of the 46 PFGE profiles were unique. Only one genotype was detected three times in a river during the year and four genotypes in two different rivers. When compared to animal and human Campylobacter PFGE profiles, 14, 11 and one Campylobacter genotypes from water were genetically closed to human, poultry, and pig Campylobacter genotypes, respectively. The Campylobacter population displayed a high level of genetic diversity, suggesting that contamination originated from various origins. Human, poultry and pig were sources of contamination of the river by Campylobacter. Finally, no Campylobacter were detected in drinking water, indicating that the risk of outbreaks due to consumption of drinking water is low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Denis
- Laboratoire d'étude et de recherche avicole, porcine et piscicole, Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments (Afssa), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Green A, Wesley I, Trampel D, Xin H. Air quality and bird health status in three types of commercial egg layer houses. J APPL POULTRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2007-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
39
|
Namata H, Welby S, Aerts M, Faes C, Abrahantes JC, Imberechts H, Vermeersch K, Hooyberghs J, Méroc E, Mintiens K. Identification of risk factors for the prevalence and persistence of Salmonella in Belgian broiler chicken flocks. Prev Vet Med 2009; 90:211-22. [PMID: 19467722 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
According to the European Food Safety Authority, salmonellosis is still one of the main causes of infectious foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. Broilers are an important source of salmonellosis after eggs and pork. Between 1987 and 1999 the trend of human salmonellosis incidence in Belgium increased constantly. However, from 2000 until 2005 a decrease in human cases was observed, probably following the sanitary measures implemented in the poultry breeder and laying sector. In order to decrease human infections it is essential to tackle the problem at the farm level to minimize cross-contamination from farm to fork. This paper seeks to answer two questions: (i) given the Salmonella status of the farm at a certain occasion (equal to the sampling time of the flock), what are the risk factors that the farm will be Salmonella positive at a following occasion? And (ii) what are the risk factors for a farm to be persistently positive for two consecutive flocks? We used surveillance data on 6824 broiler flocks studied for Salmonella infectivity from 2005 to 2006 in Belgium. The farms were tested regularly (3 weeks before slaughter of each broiler flock) for the presence of Salmonella based on multiple faecal samples per flock on a farm yielding clustered data. Generalized estimating equations, alternating logistic regression models, and random-intercept logistic regression models were employed to analyse these correlated binary data. Our results indicated that there are many factors that influence Salmonella risk in broiler flocks, and that they interact. Accounting for interactions between risk factors leads to an improved determination of those risk factors that increase infection with Salmonella. For the conditional analysis, the risk factors found to increase the risk of Salmonella infection on a farm at a current occasion given the previous Salmonella status included: Salmonella infection of day-old chicks (of the current flock); a previously infected flock even though the farm was equipped with a hygiene place to change clothes prior to entering the broiler house; having temporary workmen when there was a separation between birds of different species; and separating birds of different species in the Walloon region relative to the Flanders region. Sanitary measures such as a cleaning and disinfecting procedure conducted by an external cleaning firm, applying the all-in all-out procedure, and hand washing decreased the risk despite their interaction with other factors. From the joint analysis, the most important factors identified for increased risk for persistent Salmonella on a farm involved the interaction between having temporary workmen when there were poultry or farmers in contact with foreign poultry or persons, and the interaction between having temporary workmen when there were poultry or farmers in contact with external poultry or persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Namata
- Hasselt University, Center for Statistics, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, B3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Denis M, Chidaine B, Laisney MJ, Kempf I, Rivoal K, Mégraud F, Fravalo P. Comparison of genetic profiles of Campylobacter strains isolated from poultry, pig and Campylobacter human infections in Brittany, France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 57:23-9. [PMID: 18534783 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
41
|
Denis M, Rose V, Huneau-Salaün A, Balaine L, Salvat G. Diversity of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Profiles of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Broiler Chickens in France. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1662-71. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
42
|
Colles FM, Jones TA, McCarthy ND, Sheppard SK, Cody AJ, Dingle KE, Dawkins MS, Maiden MCJ. Campylobacter infection of broiler chickens in a free-range environment. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:2042-50. [PMID: 18412548 PMCID: PMC2702501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with contaminated chicken meat considered to represent a major source of human infection. Biosecurity measures can reduce C. jejuni shedding rates of housed chickens, but the increasing popularity of free-range and organic meat raises the question of whether the welfare benefits of extensive production are compatible with food safety. The widespread assumption that the free-range environment contaminates extensively reared chickens has not been rigorously tested. A year-long survey of 64 free-range broiler flocks reared on two sites in Oxfordshire, UK, combining high-resolution genotyping with behavioural and environmental observations revealed: (i) no evidence of colonization of succeeding flocks by the C. jejuni genotypes shed by preceding flocks, (ii) a high degree of similarity between C. jejuni genotypes from both farm sites, (iii) no association of ranging behaviour with likelihood of Campylobacter shedding, and (iv) higher genetic differentiation between C. jejuni populations from chickens and wild birds on the same farm than between the chicken samples, human disease isolates from the same region and national samples of C. jejuni from chicken meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Colles
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|