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Jaswal AS, Elangovan R, Mishra S. Synthesis and molecular characterization of levan produced by immobilized Microbacterium paraoxydans. J Biotechnol 2023; 373:63-72. [PMID: 37451319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report high molecular weight (HMW) levan production by whole cells of Microbacterium paraoxydans, previously reported to be a good producer of fructooligosaccharides. Structural analysis of the extracellularly produced fructan indicated the glycosidic bonds between the adjacent fructose to be of β-(2, 6) linkage with over 90% of the fructan to have molecular weight around 2 × 108 Da and 10% with a molecular weight of ∼20 kDa. Immobilization of the cells in Ca-alginate led to the production of 44.6 g/L levan with a yield of 0.29 g/g sucrose consumed. Factors affecting the conversion rate were identified by One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) analysis and the combination of these (initial sucrose concentration of 400 g/L, 100 mM buffer pH 7, the temperature of 37 °C and 20 mM CaCl2) led to the production of ∼129 g/L of levan with a yield of ∼0.41 g/g sucrose consumed and volumetric productivity of 1.8 g/L/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijeet Singh Jaswal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New-Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ravikrishnan Elangovan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New-Delhi 110016, India
| | - Saroj Mishra
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz-Khas, New-Delhi 110016, India.
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Veljković M, Stepanović R, Banjanac K, Ćorović M, Milivojević A, Simović M, Milivojević M, Bezbradica D. Continuous production of fructo-oligosaccharides using selectively immobilized fructosyltransferase from Aspergillus aculeatus onto Purolite® A109. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Garcia-Gonzalez M, Narmontaite E, Cervantes FV, Plou FJ, Betancor L, Fernandez-Lobato M. Continuous production of honey oligosaccharides in packed-bed reactors with immobilized α-glucosidase from Metschnikowia reukaufii. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Pérez ER, Martínez D, Menéndez C, Alfonso D, Rodríguez I, Trujillo LE, Sobrino A, Ramírez R, Pimentel E, Hernández L. Fructooligosaccharides production by immobilized Pichia pastoris cells expressing Schedonorus arundinaceus sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6302379. [PMID: 34137896 PMCID: PMC9113426 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs)—fructose-based oligosaccharides—are typical prebiotics with health-promoting effects in humans and animals. The trisaccharide 1-kestotriose is the most attractive inulin-type FOS. We previously reported a recombinant sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST, EC 2.4.1.99) from Schedonorus arundinaceus (Sa) that efficiently converts sucrose into 1-kestotriose. In this study, Pichia pastoris PGFT6x-308 constitutively expressing nine copies of the Sa1-SST gene displayed fructosyltransferase activity in undisrupted biomass (49.8 U/ml) and culture supernatant (120.7 U/ml) in fed-batch fermentation (72 hr) with sugarcane molasses. Toluene permeabilization increased 2.3-fold the Sa1-SSTrec activity of whole cells entrapped in calcium-alginate beads. The reaction with refined or raw sugar (600 g/l) yielded 1-kestotriose and 1,1-kestotetraose in a ratio of 8:2 with their sum representing above 55% (wt/wt) of total carbohydrates. The FOSs yield decreased to 45% (wt/wt) when sugarcane syrup and molasses were used as cheaper sucrose sources. The beads retained 80% residual Sa1-SSTrec activity after a 30-day batchwise operation with refined cane sugar at 30°C and pH 5.5. The immobilized biocatalyst is attractive for the continuous production of short-chain FOSs, most particularly 1-kestotriose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique R Pérez
- Departamento de Investigación-Desarrollo, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología de Sancti Spíritus (CIGBSS), Circunvalante Norte S/N, Olivos 3, Apartado Postal 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Duniesky Martínez
- Departamento de Investigación-Desarrollo, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología de Sancti Spíritus (CIGBSS), Circunvalante Norte S/N, Olivos 3, Apartado Postal 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Carmen Menéndez
- Grupo Tecnología de Enzimas, Dirección de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Ave 31 entre 158 y 190, Apartado Postal 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Dubiel Alfonso
- Grupo Tecnología de Enzimas, Dirección de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Ave 31 entre 158 y 190, Apartado Postal 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Iván Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química-Farmacia, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní Km. 5 y 1/2, Santa Clara, Villa Clara 50100,Cuba
| | - Luis E Trujillo
- Grupo Tecnología de Enzimas, Dirección de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Ave 31 entre 158 y 190, Apartado Postal 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Alina Sobrino
- Departamento de Investigación-Desarrollo, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología de Sancti Spíritus (CIGBSS), Circunvalante Norte S/N, Olivos 3, Apartado Postal 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Ricardo Ramírez
- Grupo Tecnología de Enzimas, Dirección de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Ave 31 entre 158 y 190, Apartado Postal 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Eulogio Pimentel
- Grupo Tecnología de Enzimas, Dirección de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Ave 31 entre 158 y 190, Apartado Postal 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Lázaro Hernández
- Grupo Tecnología de Enzimas, Dirección de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología (CIGB), Ave 31 entre 158 y 190, Apartado Postal 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba
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5
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Nintzel FEH, Wu Y, Planchestainer M, Held M, Alcalde M, Hollmann F. An alginate-confined peroxygenase-CLEA for styrene epoxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5766-5769. [PMID: 33987632 PMCID: PMC8191455 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01868j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxyfunctionalisation reactions in neat substrate still pose a challenge for biocatalysis. Here, we report an alginate-confined peroxygenase-CLEA to catalyse the enantioselective epoxidation of cis-β-methylstyrene in a solvent-free reaction system achieving turnover numbers of 96 000 for the biocatalyst and epoxide concentrations of 48 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike E H Nintzel
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Yinqi Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Matteo Planchestainer
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Martin Held
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
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Choukade R, Kango N. Production, properties, and applications of fructosyltransferase: a current appraisal. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1178-1193. [PMID: 34015988 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1922352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructosyltransferases (FTases) are drawing increasing attention due to their application in prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (FOS) generation. FTases have been reported to occur in a variety of microorganisms but are predominantly found in filamentous fungi. These are employed at the industrial scale for generating FOS which make the key ingredient in functional food supplements and nutraceuticals due to their bifidogenic and various other health-promoting properties. SCOPE AND APPROACH This review is aimed to discuss recent developments made in the area of FTase production, characterization, and application in order to present a comprehensive account of their present status to the reader. Structural features, catalytic mechanisms, and FTase improvement strategies have also been discussed in order to provide insight into these aspects. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Although FTases occur in several plants and microorganisms, fungal FTases are being exploited commercially for industrial-scale FOS generation. Several fungal FTases have been characterized and heterologously expressed. However, considerable scope exists for improved production and application of FTases for cost-effective production of prebiotic FOS.HIGHLIGHTSFructosyltrasferase (FTase) is a key enzyme in fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) generationDevelopments in the production, properties, and functional aspects of FTasesMolecular modification and immobilization strategies for improved FOS generationFructosyltransferases are innovation hotspots in the food and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritumbhara Choukade
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Naveen Kango
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
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Ugwuodo CJ, Nwagu TN. Stabilizing enzymes by immobilization on bacterial spores: A review of literature. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:238-250. [PMID: 33115650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing applications of enzymes are limited by the relatively poor performance in harsh processing conditions. As a result, there are constant innovations in immobilization protocols for improving biocatalyst activity and stability. Bacterial spores are cheap to generate and highly resistant to environmental stress. The spore core is sheathed by an inner membrane, the germ cell wall, the cortex, outer membrane, spore coat and in some species the exosporium. The spore surface is anion-rich, hydrophobic and contains several reactive groups capable of interacting and stabilizing enzyme molecules through electrostatic forces, hydrophobic interactions and covalent bonding. The probiotic nature of spores obtained from non-toxic bacterial species makes them suitable carriers for the enzyme immobilization, especially food-grade enzymes or those intended for therapeutic use. Immobilization on spores is by direct adsorption, covalent attachment or surface display during the sporulation phase. Hindrances to the immobilization on spore matrix include the production rates, operational instability, and reduced catalytic properties due to conformational changes in enzyme. This paper reviews bacterial spore as a heterofunctional support matrix gives reasons why probiotic bacillus spores are better options and the diverse technologies adopted for spore-enzyme immobilization. It further suggests directions for future use and discusses the commercialization prospects.
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Entrapping Immobilisation of Lipase on Biocomposite Hydrogels toward for Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Acid Oil. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A new application of biocomposite hydrogels named gelatin-alginate (GA) and pectin alginate (PA) enables the use of the hydrogels as carriers for lipase entrapment during biodiesel production. Waste frying acid oil (WFAO), a raw material, was converted to biodiesel via an esterification reaction catalysed by two different immobilised biocatalysts: gelatin-alginate lipase (GAL) and pectin-alginate lipase (PAL). The highest immobilisation yield of GAL and PAL beads was achieved at 97.61% and 98.30%, respectively. Both of them gave biodiesel yields in the range of 75–78.33%. Furthermore, capability and reusability of biocatalysts were improved such that they could be reused up to 7 cycles. Moreover, the predicted biodiesel properties met the European biodiesel standard (EN14214). Interestingly, entrapped lipase on composite hydrogels can be used as an alternative catalyst choice for replacing the chemical catalyst during the biodiesel production.
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Oliveira RLD, Silva MFD, Silva SPD, Cavalcanti JVFL, Converti A, Porto TS. Immobilization of a commercial Aspergillus aculeatus enzyme preparation with fructosyltransferase activity in chitosan beads: A kinetic/thermodynamic study and fructo-oligosaccharides continuous production in enzymatic reactor. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ureta MM, Martins GN, Figueira O, Pires PF, Castilho PC, Gomez-Zavaglia A. Recent advances in β-galactosidase and fructosyltransferase immobilization technology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2659-2690. [PMID: 32590905 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1783639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The highly demanding conditions of industrial processes may lower the stability and affect the activity of enzymes used as biocatalysts. Enzyme immobilization emerged as an approach to promote stabilization and easy removal of enzymes for their reusability. The aim of this review is to go through the principal immobilization strategies addressed to achieve optimal industrial processes with special care on those reported for two types of enzymes: β-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases. The main methods used to immobilize these two enzymes are adsorption, entrapment, covalent coupling and cross-linking or aggregation (no support is used), all of them having pros and cons. Regarding the support, it should be cost-effective, assure the reusability and an easy recovery of the enzyme, increasing its stability and durability. The discussion provided showed that the type of enzyme, its origin, its purity, together with the type of immobilization method and the support will affect the performance during the enzymatic synthesis. Enzymes' immobilization involves interdisciplinary knowledge including enzymology, nanotechnology, molecular dynamics, cellular physiology and process design. The increasing availability of facilities has opened a variety of possibilities to define strategies to optimize the activity and re-usability of β-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases, but there is still great place for innovative developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Micaela Ureta
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Onofre Figueira
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Filipe Pires
- CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - Andrea Gomez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
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Hobisch M, Schie MMCH, Kim J, Røjkjær Andersen K, Alcalde M, Kourist R, Park CB, Hollmann F, Kara S. Solvent‐Free Photobiocatalytic Hydroxylation of Cyclohexane. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hobisch
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 10 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Kasper Røjkjær Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 10 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of Biocatalysis Institute of Catalysis CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology Graz University of Technology Petergasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 335 Science Road Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology Biocatalysis Group Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 10 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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Manufacturing of Short-Chain Fructooligosaccharides: from Laboratory to Industrial Scale. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-020-09209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Neifar S, Cervantes FV, Bouanane-Darenfed A, BenHlima H, Ballesteros AO, Plou FJ, Bejar S. Immobilization of the glucose isomerase from Caldicoprobacter algeriensis on Sepabeads EC-HA and its efficient application in continuous High Fructose Syrup production using packed bed reactor. Food Chem 2020; 309:125710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Copolymeric Hydrogel-Based Immobilization of Yeast Cells for Continuous Biotransformation of Fumaric Acid in a Microreactor. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10120867. [PMID: 31835518 PMCID: PMC6952971 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although enzymatic microbioreactors have recently gained lots of attention, reports on the use of whole cells as biocatalysts in microreactors have been rather modest. In this work, an efficient microreactor with permeabilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was developed and used for continuous biotransformation of fumaric into industrially relevant L-malic acid. The immobilization of yeast cells was achieved by entrapment in a porous structure of various hydrogels. Copolymers based on different ratios of sodium alginate (SA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used for hydrogel formation, while calcium chloride and boric or phenylboronic acid were tested as crosslinking agents for SA and PVA, respectively. The influence of hydrogel composition on physico-chemical properties of hydrogels prepared in the form of thin films was evaluated. Immobilization of permeabilized S. cerevisiae cells in the selected copolymeric hydrogel resulted in up to 72% retained fumarase activity. The continuous biotransformation process using two layers of hydrogels integrated into a two-plate microreactor revealed high space time yield of 2.86 g/(L·h) while no activity loss was recorded during 7 days of continuous operation.
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Charoenwongpaiboon T, Klaewkla M, Chunsrivirot S, Wangpaiboon K, Pichyangkura R, Field RA, Prousoontorn MH. Rational re-design of Lactobacillus reuteri 121 inulosucrase for product chain length control. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14957-14965. [PMID: 35516339 PMCID: PMC9064246 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) are well-known prebiotics that are widely used in the food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries. Inulosucrase (E.C. 2.4.1.9) can potentially be used to synthesise FOSs from sucrose. In this study, inulosucrase from Lactobacillus reuteri 121 was engineered by site-directed mutagenesis to change the FOS chain length. Three variants (R483F, R483Y and R483W) were designed, and their binding free energies with 1,1,1-kestopentaose (GF4) were calculated with the Rosetta software. R483F and R483Y were predicted to bind with GF4 better than the wild type, suggesting that these engineered enzymes should be able to effectively extend GF4 by one residue and produce a greater quantity of GF5 than the wild type. MALDI-TOF MS analysis showed that R483F, R483Y and R483W variants could synthesise shorter chain FOSs with a degree of polymerization (DP) up to 11, 10, and 10, respectively, while wild type produced longer FOSs and in polymeric form. Although the decrease in catalytic activity and the increase of hydrolysis/transglycosylation activity ratio was observed, the variants could effectively synthesise FOSs with the yield up to 73% of substrate. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that these variants produced a larger quantity of GF5 than wild type, which was in good agreement with the predicted binding free energy results. Our findings demonstrate the success of using aromatic amino acid residues, at position D418, to block the oligosaccharide binding track of inulosucrase in controlling product chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Methus Klaewkla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Surasak Chunsrivirot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Karan Wangpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7UH UK
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to encapsulate the oleoresins rich in carotenoids extracted from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) fruits into a blend of sodium-alginate and κ-carrageenan microbeads (2% w/v) coated by a sodium-alginate (2% w/v) layer prepared using an ionotropic gelation technique with calcium chloride (2% w/v) by dropping method. The fresh obtained coated microbeads had a “fried eggs” like appearance with a size distribution ranging from 4 to 6 mm. The coated microbeads were analyzed for their SEM and fluorescence. The encapsulation efficiency was 92%. Their stability was investigated by evaluation of the physical integrity performance in aqueous media with different pH to mimic the gastrointestinal tract for 24 h at 37 °C under laboratory conditions. The results demonstrated the limitation of the coated microbeads swelling ability under pH 7. The coated microbeads could be a good tool to guarantee oleoresins rich in carotenoids stability and colon delivery. The present study shows an attractive encapsulation system of oleoresins, in order to obtain stable products for further applications.
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Structure-Guided Immobilization of an Evolved Unspecific Peroxygenase. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071627. [PMID: 30986901 PMCID: PMC6480235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) are highly promiscuous biocatalyst with self-sufficient mono(per)oxygenase activity. A laboratory-evolved UPO secreted by yeast was covalently immobilized in activated carriers through one-point attachment. In order to maintain the desired orientation without compromising the enzyme’s activity, the S221C mutation was introduced at the surface of the enzyme, enabling a single disulfide bridge to be established between the support and the protein. Fluorescence confocal microscopy demonstrated the homogeneous distribution of the enzyme, regardless of the chemical nature of the carrier. This immobilized biocatalyst was characterized biochemically opening an exciting avenue for research into applied synthetic chemistry.
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Bedzo OKK, Trollope K, Gottumukkala LD, Coetzee G, Görgens JF. Amberlite IRA 900 versus calcium alginate in immobilization of a novel, engineered β-fructofuranosidase for short-chain fructooligosaccharide synthesis from sucrose. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2797. [PMID: 30816638 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of β-fructofuranosidase for short-chain fructooligosaccharide (scFOS) synthesis holds the potential for a more efficient use of the biocatalyst. However, the choice of carrier and immobilization technique is a key to achieving that efficiency. In this study, calcium alginate (CA), Amberlite IRA 900 (AI900) and Dowex Marathon MSA (DMM) were tested as supports for immobilizing a novel engineered β-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus japonicus for scFOS synthesis. Several immobilization parameters were estimated to ascertain the effectiveness of the carriers in immobilizing the enzyme. The performance of the immobilized biocatalysts are compared in terms of the yield of scFOS produced and reusability. The selection of carriers and reagents was motivated by the need to ensure safety of application in the production of food-grade products. The CA and AI900 both recorded impressive immobilization yields of 82 and 62%, respectively, while the DMM recorded 47%. Enzyme immobilizations on CA, AI900 and DMM showed activity recoveries of 23, 27, and 17%, respectively. The CA, AI900 immobilized and the free enzymes recorded their highest scFOS yields of 59, 53, and 61%, respectively. The AI900 immobilized enzyme produced a consistent scFOS yield and composition for 12 batch cycles but for the CA immobilized enzyme, only 6 batch cycles gave a consistent scFOS yield. In its first record of application in scFOS production, the AI900 anion exchange resin exhibited potential as an adequate carrier for industrial application with possible savings on cost of immobilization and reduced technical difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar K K Bedzo
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kim Trollope
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Gerhardt Coetzee
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Johann F Görgens
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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19
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Immobilization of enological pectinase in calcium alginate hydrogels: A potential biocatalyst for winemaking. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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Gonçalves MCP, Kieckbusch TG, Perna RF, Fujimoto JT, Morales SAV, Romanelli JP. Trends on enzyme immobilization researches based on bibliometric analysis. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Immobilization of the β-fructofuranosidase from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous by Entrapment in Polyvinyl Alcohol and Its Application to Neo-Fructooligosaccharides Production. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8050201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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22
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Charoenwongpaiboon T, Wangpaiboon K, Pichyangkura R, Prousoontorn MH. Highly porous core–shell chitosan beads with superb immobilization efficiency forLactobacillus reuteri121 inulosucrase and production of inulin-type fructooligosaccharides. RSC Adv 2018; 8:17008-17016. [PMID: 35540533 PMCID: PMC9080446 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inulosucrase immobilized on chitosan bead in core–shell format has proved to be an attractive biocatalyst for the synthesis of inulin-type fructooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karan Wangpaiboon
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
| | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
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23
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Neeraj G, Ravi S, Somdutt R, Ravi SK, Kumar VV. Immobilized inulinase: a new horizon of paramount importance driving the production of sweetener and prebiotics. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:409-422. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1359146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Neeraj
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Shobana Ravi
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Ravindran Somdutt
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - ShriAishvarya Kaliyur Ravi
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Chennai, India
| | - Vaidyanathan Vinoth Kumar
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Chennai, India
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24
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Gaio I, Oro CED, Graboski AM, Bustamante-Vargas CE, Tres MV, Junges A, Dallago RM, Valduga E, Furigo A. Liquefied petroleum gas as solvent medium for the treatment of immobilized pectinases. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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González-Delgado I, Segura Y, Morales G, López-Muñoz MJ. Production of High Galacto-oligosaccharides by Pectinex Ultra SP-L: Optimization of Reaction Conditions and Immobilization on Glyoxyl-Functionalized Silica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1649-1658. [PMID: 28176525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A rational optimization for the synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose catalyzed by β-galactosidase from Aspergillus aculeatus, included in the commercial product Pectinex Ultra SP-L, has been performed by using experimental design and surface response methodology. This accurate tool optimized empirical production of the most desired high-GOS (tri-GOS and tetra-GOS) up to 16.4% under the following reaction conditions: 59 °C, 4 U/mL free enzyme concentration, pH 6.5, 250 g/L initial lactose concentration, and 20 h of reaction. The statistical analysis revealed temperature and initial lactose concentration as critical parameters. The successful immobilization of the enzyme on a glyoxyl-functionalized porous silica support slightly increased the yield toward high-GOS (17.6%), especially tri-GOS yield (15.3%), under the optimized reaction conditions as compared to the free enzyme. Furthermore, the promotion of the transgalactosylation reaction toward tri-GOS production increased 1.5-fold the productivity of high-GOS as compared to the free enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel González-Delgado
- Department of Chemical and Energy Technology, Chemical and Environmental Technology, Mechanical Technology and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Segura
- Department of Chemical and Energy Technology, Chemical and Environmental Technology, Mechanical Technology and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Morales
- Department of Chemical and Energy Technology, Chemical and Environmental Technology, Mechanical Technology and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José López-Muñoz
- Department of Chemical and Energy Technology, Chemical and Environmental Technology, Mechanical Technology and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Continuous Packed Bed Reactor with Immobilized β-Galactosidase for Production of Galactooligosaccharides (GOS). Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6120189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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27
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Huang MP, Wu M, Xu QS, Mo DJ, Feng JX. Highly Efficient Synthesis of Fructooligosaccharides by Extracellular Fructooligosaccharide-Producing Enzymes and Immobilized Cells of Aspergillus aculeatus M105 and Purification and Biochemical Characterization of a Fructosyltransferase from the Fungus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6425-6432. [PMID: 27492129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Aspergillus aculeatus M105 was obtained to produce high extracellular fructooligosaccharide-producing enzyme activity. The maximum yields of fructooligosaccharides produced by its extracellular enzymes and immobilized cells were 67.54 and 65.47% (w/w), respectively. A fructosyltransferase (FTase), AaFT32A, was purified from M105. The optimal pH and temperature of AaFT32A were pH 5.0-6.0 and 65 °C, respectively. The Km, Vmax, and kcat values for the transfructosylating activity of AaFT32A were 2267 mM, 1347 μmol/min/mg protein, and 1550.2 s(-1), respectively, and those values for the hydrolytic activity of AaFT32A were 6.10 mM, 32.44 μmol/min/mg protein, and 37.3 s(-1), respectively. The sequence of AaFT32A deduced from the cloned gene shared 99.4% identity with a FTase from Aspergillus japonicus CB05 and a fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus niger and 96.5% identity with a FTase (Aspacl_37092) from A. aculeatus ATCC 16872. The fungal strain and its FTase may have potential applications in the prebiotics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qiang-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
| | - De-Jiao Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University , 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China
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28
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Bustamante-Vargas CE, de Oliveira D, Valduga E, Venquiaruto LD, Paroul N, Backes GT, Dallago RM. Biomimetic Mineralization of the Alginate/Gelatin/Calcium Oxalate Matrix for Immobilization of Pectinase: Influence of Matrix on the Pectinolytic Activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:1060-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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29
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Santos-Moriano P, Monsalve-Ledesma L, Ortega-Muñoz M, Fernandez-Arrojo L, Ballesteros AO, Santoyo-Gonzalez F, Plou FJ. Vinyl sulfone-activated silica for efficient covalent immobilization of alkaline unstable enzymes: application to levansucrase for fructooligosaccharide synthesis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14046g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl sulfone-silica was efficient to covalently immobilize levansucrase at neutral pH. LEV-VS showed altered selectivity towards FOS and good operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - F. J. Plou
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica
- CSIC
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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30
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Bolivar JM, Eisl I, Nidetzky B. Advanced characterization of immobilized enzymes as heterogeneous biocatalysts. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Modeling and simulation of fructooligosaccharides synthesis in a batch basket reactor. J Biotechnol 2015; 210:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Mouelhi R, Abidi F, Marzouki MN. An improved method for the production of fructooligosaccharides by immobilized β-fructofuranosidase fromSclerotinia sclerotiorum. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:281-91. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Refka Mouelhi
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB); National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology; University of Carthage; Tunis Cedex Tunisia
| | - Ferid Abidi
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB); National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology; University of Carthage; Tunis Cedex Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Nejib Marzouki
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB); National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology; University of Carthage; Tunis Cedex Tunisia
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33
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Zambelli P, Tamborini L, Cazzamalli S, Pinto A, Arioli S, Balzaretti S, Plou FJ, Fernandez-Arrojo L, Molinari F, Conti P, Romano D. An efficient continuous flow process for the synthesis of a non-conventional mixture of fructooligosaccharides. Food Chem 2015. [PMID: 26213017 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A sustainable and scalable process for the production of a new mixture of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) was developed using a continuous-flow approach based on an immobilized whole cells-packed bed reactor. The technological transfer from a classical batch system to an innovative flow environment allowed a significant improvement of the productivity. Moreover, the stability of this production system was ascertained by up to 7 days of continuous working. These results suggest the suitability of the proposed method for a large-scale production of the desired FOS mixture, in view of a foreseeable use as a novel prebiotic preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zambelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Samuele Cazzamalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Arioli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Balzaretti
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Romano
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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34
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Production of fructooligosaccharides by mycelium-bound transfructosylation activity present in Cladosporium cladosporioides and Penicilium sizovae. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Lorenzoni AS, Aydos LF, Klein MP, Rodrigues RC, Hertz PF. Fructooligosaccharides synthesis by highly stable immobilized β-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus aculeatus. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 103:193-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Gimeno-Perez M, Santos-Moriano P, Fernandez-Arrojo L, Poveda A, Jimenez-Barbero J, Ballesteros A, Fernandez-Lobato M, Plou F. Regioselective synthesis of neo-erlose by the β-fructofuranosidase from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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