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Kondo A, Shimane T, Takahashi M, Kobayashi M, Otomo M, Takeshita Y, Matsumoto T. Sex differences in the characteristics of stimulant offenders with a history of substance use disorder treatment. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2023; 43:561-569. [PMID: 37340754 PMCID: PMC10739071 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the results of a nationwide questionnaire administered to 699 stimulant offenders and examined sex differences in the association between various psychosocial problems and treatment history for substance use disorder. Based on their attributes, we predominantly evaluated the treatment and support provided to women with substance use disorder. The rates of childhood (before the age of 18) traumatic experiences (physical, psychological, and sexual abuse and neglect) and lifetime intimate partner violence were significantly higher in women than in men. The history of treatment for substance use disorder was also significantly higher in women than in men, at 15.8% for men and 42.4% for women [χ2 (1) = 41.223, p < 0.001]. Logistic regression analysis was performed using the treatment history of substance use disorder as the dependent variable. The results showed that treatment history was significantly associated with the total drug abuse screening test-20 score and suicidal ideation in men and with survivors of child abuse and eating disorders in women. A comprehensive assessment is required for several issues, such as child abuse, domestic violence, trauma symptoms, eating disorders, and drug problems. Moreover, an integrated treatment for substance use disorder, trauma, and eating disorders is required for female stimulant offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kondo
- Department of Drug Dependence ResearchNational Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Takuya Shimane
- Department of Drug Dependence ResearchNational Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Masaru Takahashi
- Department of Drug Dependence ResearchNational Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
- Faculty of Core ResearchOchanomizu UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Michiko Kobayashi
- Nagoya Regional Correction HeadquartersMinistry of JusticeAichiJapan
| | - Marie Otomo
- Research DepartmentResearch and Training Institute, Ministry of JusticeChibaJapan
| | | | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Drug Dependence ResearchNational Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
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Ray I, Fulham L, Simpson AI, Vogel T, Gerritsen C, Patel K, Jones RM. A comparison of men and women referred to provincial correctional mental health services in Ontario, Canada. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2022; 32:358-370. [PMID: 36209470 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women comprise around 15% of admissions to provincial correctional institutions in Canada. Women in custody are known to have a high prevalence of mental health concerns, but little is known about how those referred to mental health services compare with referred men at a similar stage of imprisonment. AIMS Our aim was to describe and compare clinical, social and demographic characteristics of a complete cohort of custodially remanded men and women who were referred to mental health services while under custodial remand in two correctional institutions. METHODS We carried out retrospective analysis of data obtained from 4040 men and 1734 provincially detained women referred to mental health services in two correctional centres holding mainly pre-trial prisoners and serving a large mixed urban-rural catchment area in Toronto, Canada over a nearly five-year period. Men and women were first screened using the Brief Jail Mental Health Screen. Those who screened positive were assessed using the Jail Screening Assessment Tool the Brief Psychopathology Rating Scale-Expanded (BPRS-E) and the Clinical Global Impression-Corrections (CGI-C). RESULTS There were many similarities between men and women, but also some important differences. Women were more socioeconomically disadvantaged than men. More women than men reported having children, yet fewer reported having any form of employment or social supports, although men were more likely to report unstable housing. In addition, women were significantly more likely to have mood and anxiety problems and to be self-harming, but did not differ from men in current psychotic symptoms. We also found differences in patterns of substance use, with a higher proportion of women using heroin and methamphetamines but fewer women having accessed addiction services. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have implications for clinicians and service planners. They underscore the value of systematic screening for identifying need. More specifically, they suggest need for increased availability of addiction services for women as well as ensuring support for those women who have dependent-age children. Improvement in supports for entry into employment is particularly needed for women, while men are particularly likely to need access to stable housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Ray
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alexander I Simpson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobias Vogel
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cory Gerritsen
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiran Patel
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland M Jones
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ford JA, Ortiz K, Schepis TS, McCabe SE. Types of criminal legal system exposure and polysubstance use: Prevalence and correlates among U.S. adults in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015-2019. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 237:109511. [PMID: 35752022 PMCID: PMC10862373 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Criminal legal system (CLS) exposed adults experience higher rates of substance use, substance use disorder (SUD), and overdose. As most CLS exposed adults are not incarcerated, it is important to focus on CLS exposure across the carceral continuum. METHODS This research used pooled data from adult respondents (N = 206,314) in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2019). Survey weighted descriptive statistics and Poisson regression were used to estimate prevalence of polysubstance use (i.e., concurrent use) across CLS exposure types (i.e., arrest, probation, parole), identifying relevant correlates. RESULTS The prevalence of polysubstance use was higher among CLS exposed adults, and nearly two-thirds of CLS exposed adults who used multiple types of substances indicated having an SUD. Comparing CLS exposure types, polysubstance use was less likely among adults on probation (IRR=0.89, 95%CI=0.84,0.94) or parole (IRR=0.82, 95%CI=0.76,0.87) compared to those arrested. Polysubstance use was also more likely among adults on probation (IRR=1.09, 95%CI =1.01,1.17) compared to those on parole. While some characteristics (i.e., age, ethnicity, SUD) were consistently associated with polysubstance use across types of CLS exposure, other characteristics (i.e., sexual identity, marital status, suicidal ideation) were not. CONCLUSIONS There is heterogeneity in health risks as a function of CLS exposure type. Further research is needed to identify causal mechanisms and differences based on demographic characteristics. Given high levels of polysubstance use across CLS exposure types, a shift towards a more comprehensive approach in substance use epidemiology may facilitate building an evidence-base to maximize treatment related interventions to reduce polysubstance-involved overdoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Ford
- Department of Sociology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Kasim Ortiz
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Sociology & Criminology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ty S Schepis
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Sean Esteban McCabe
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Merghati Khoei E, Rezaei Z, Mohraz M, Brady KT, Killeen T, Korte JE, Bayat A, Yousefi H. Gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Iranian population with substance use disorder. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2051624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Effat Merghati Khoei
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahed Rezaei
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Minoo Mohraz
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kathleen T. Brady
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Therese Killeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Korte
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alireza Bayat
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Yousefi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Augsburger A, Neri C, Bodenmann P, Gravier B, Jaquier V, Clair C. Assessing incarcerated women's physical and mental health status and needs in a Swiss prison: a cross-sectional study. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2022; 10:8. [PMID: 35194696 PMCID: PMC8864867 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-022-00171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women make up 5% of the European prison population on average. Almost invisible in prison and health research, and suffering the stigma associated with female offending, incarcerated women are often forgotten, and their specific healthcare needs remain much ignored. Combining face-to-face survey interviews and medical chart data, we aim to assess the health status, healthcare needs, and access to preventive medicine of women incarcerated in Switzerland. RESULTS Sixty incarcerated adult women participated in a cross-sectional study to assess their life and incarceration histories, physical and mental health problems, medication, and use of medical services. Eligibility criteria were (a) an incarceration of at least four weeks and (b) the ability to provide written informed consent. Exclusion criteria were psychiatric instability and insufficient language competence. Women's average age was 34.3 years old (SD = 9.8); 45.0% of them were born in Switzerland, 33.3% in Europe and 15.0% on the African continent. Overall, 61.7% of women self-reported physical or mental health problems and 13.3% indicated they were once diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. Further, 78.3% of women were active cigarette smokers; more than one in three women reported alcohol use problems and almost one in two women had used at least one illicit drug in the year before incarceration. Depression and perceived stress scores were above clinical cut-off points for more than half of interviewed women. When asked how they rated their health, 68.3% of women felt it had worsened since incarceration. All but four women had accessed prison medical services; however, our study does not indicate whether women's use of healthcare was indeed adequate to their needs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated incarcerated women's poor health and health-risk behaviours. Structural changes and gender-responsive health promotion interventions have the potential to improve the health of incarcerated women and help them return to the community in better health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Augsburger
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Training, Research and Innovation, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Neri
- Service of Correctional Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Bodenmann
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Vulnerabilities and Social Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gravier
- Service of Correctional Medicine and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Jaquier
- Centre for Criminological Research (CRRC), University of Neuchâtel, & School of Health Sciences Fribourg (HEdS-FR), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Neuchâtel/Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Carole Clair
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Training, Research and Innovation, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Bunting AM, Dickson M, Staton M. Polysubstance use and re-incarceration in the 12-months after release from jail: a latent transition analysis of rural Appalachian women. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022; 48:356-366. [PMID: 35130103 PMCID: PMC10119966 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2021.1995402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rural areas have high rates of opioid and stimulant involved polysubstance use which are known to contribute to overdose. Justice-involved women are likely to have multiple substance use disorders and are particularly vulnerable in rural areas where treatment is limited. OBJECTIVES The research had three aims to (1) identify the patterns of polysubstance use of rural Appalachian justice-involved women, (2) examine how women's engagement in polysubstance use changed in the 12-months following initial release from jail, and (3) determine if women's changes in substance use patterns were associated with re-incarceration during the 12-months of post-release follow-up. METHODS A total of 339 women with recent substance use histories were randomly recruited from three rural jails. Latent transition analysis of women's substance use from baseline (in jail) to 6 and 12-months was examined, including the effect of re-incarceration on transitions (changes in substance use patterns). RESULTS Three latent classes were found: High Polysubstance/injection drug use (IDU) (36.3% baseline), Opioid/Benzo (Benzodiazepine) Involved Polysubstance Use (57.3% baseline), and Low Use (6.4% baseline). Polysubstance use classes were characterized by use of opioids and benzodiazepines; the High Polysubstance/IDU class was distinct in co-use and injection use of methamphetamine. Post-release, women transitioned to latent classes of reduced substance use and/or reduced injection drug use, particularly in the first six months. Women who were re-incarcerated during follow-up were likely to remain engaged in, or transition to, the High Polysubstance/IDU class (ORs: 3.14-46.56). CONCLUSION Justice-involved women in Appalachia reported risky polysubstance use. The first six-months post-release were a critical period for changes in substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Bunting
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Megan Dickson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michele Staton
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Konrad K, Kohls G, Baumann S, Bernhard A, Martinelli A, Ackermann K, Smaragdi A, Gonzalez-Madruga K, Wells A, Rogers JC, Pauli R, Clanton R, Baker R, Kersten L, Prätzlich M, Oldenhof H, Jansen L, Kleeven A, Bigorra A, Hervas A, Kerexeta-Lizeaga I, Sesma-Pardo E, Angel Gonzalez-Torres M, Siklósi R, Dochnal R, Kalogerakis Z, Pirlympou M, Papadakos L, Cornwell H, Scharke W, Dikeos D, Fernández-Rivas A, Popma A, Stadler C, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, De Brito SA, Fairchild G, Freitag CM. Sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity and clinical presentation in youths with conduct disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:218-228. [PMID: 34008879 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conduct disorder (CD) rarely occurs alone but is typically accompanied by comorbid psychiatric disorders, which complicates the clinical presentation and treatment of affected youths. The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in comorbidity pattern in CD and to systematically explore the 'gender paradox' and 'delayed-onset pathway' hypotheses of female CD. METHODS As part of the FemNAT-CD multisite study, semistructured clinical interviews and rating scales were used to perform a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of 454 girls and 295 boys with CD (9-18 years), compared to 864 sex- and age-matched typically developing controls. RESULTS Girls with CD exhibited higher rates of current major depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, whereas boys with CD had higher rates of current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In line with the 'gender paradox' hypothesis, relative to boys, girls with CD showed significantly more lifetime psychiatric comorbidities (incl. Alcohol Use Disorder), which were accompanied by more severe CD symptoms. Female and male youths with CD also differed significantly in their CD symptom profiles and distribution of age-of-onset subtypes of CD (i.e. fewer girls with childhood-onset CD). In line with the 'delayed-onset pathway' hypothesis, girls with adolescent-onset CD showed similar levels of dimensional psychopathology like boys with childhood-onset CD, while boys with adolescent-onset CD had the lowest levels of internalizing psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Within the largest study of CD in girls performed to date, we found compelling evidence for sex differences in comorbidity patterns and clinical presentation of CD. Our findings further support aspects of the 'gender paradox' and 'delayed-onset pathway' hypotheses by showing that girls with CD had higher rates of comorbid lifetime mental disorders and functional impairments, and they usually developed CD during adolescence. These novel data on sex-specific clinical profiles of CD will be critical in informing intervention and prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Konrad
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, RWTH Aachen & Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Gregor Kohls
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Baumann
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anka Bernhard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne Martinelli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Ackermann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Areti Smaragdi
- Centre of Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Amy Wells
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Jack C Rogers
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruth Pauli
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roberta Clanton
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rosalind Baker
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Linda Kersten
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Prätzlich
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helena Oldenhof
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucres Jansen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Kleeven
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aitana Bigorra
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, University Hospital Mutua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Hervas
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, University Hospital Mutua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eva Sesma-Pardo
- Psychiatric Service, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Réka Siklósi
- Pediatrics and Child Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roberta Dochnal
- Pediatrics and Child Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zacharias Kalogerakis
- Child and Adolescent Unit of the 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mara Pirlympou
- Child and Adolescent Unit of the 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Papadakos
- Child and Adolescent Unit of the 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Wolfgang Scharke
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dimitris Dikeos
- Child and Adolescent Unit of the 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Arne Popma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Stadler
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephane A De Brito
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Naidoo S, Subramaney U, Paruk S, Ferreira L. Mental illness and HIV amongst female inmates in Durban, South Africa. S Afr J Psychiatr 2022; 28:1628. [PMID: 35169507 PMCID: PMC8832006 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited data regarding the prevalence of mental illness and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) amongst female inmates in South Africa. Rehabilitation programmes can only be formulated once the needs of this population have been identified. AIM This study aimed to measure the prevalence of mental illnesses, borderline and antisocial personality disorders and HIV amongst female inmates. SETTING The study was based at a correctional centre in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. METHODS This study forms part of a larger two-phased, mixed methods, sequential, explanatory design study. In phase one, 126 female inmates were interviewed using a clinical questionnaire and the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostics and Statistical Manual (DSM)-5 diagnoses - Research Version. RESULTS The following lifetime prevalence rates were found: depressive disorder 70.6%, alcohol use disorder 48.4%, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 46.8%, borderline personality disorder 33.3%, substance use disorder 31.7%, antisocial personality disorder 15.1% and psychotic disorder 4.8%. The prevalence of current adult attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder was 9.5%. A total of 39% of the participants admitted to past suicide attempts, whilst 64.3% reported past suicidal ideation and 36.5% had a current episode of a psychiatric disorder. A total of 64.3% of the participants were living with HIV. Although 90.4% had a lifetime psychiatric disorder, only 16.7% were previously diagnosed with a mental illness. The majority of inmates with lifetime disorders had psychiatric comorbidities. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of mental illness and HIV amongst female inmates, and the fact that most with mental illness remain undiagnosed, is concerning. Improved screening, identification and treatment of mental illnesses in this population is needed to ensure optimal mental health outcomes and decreased recidivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Naidoo
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ugasvaree Subramaney
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Saeeda Paruk
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Liezel Ferreira
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Randomized controlled trial of twelve-step volunteer linkage for women with alcohol use disorder leaving jail. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:109014. [PMID: 34482041 PMCID: PMC9236187 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder predicts poor health outcomes among women returning to the community from jail. Twelve-step self-help groups are free and accessible to women leaving jail, but reaching out to strangers can pose a barrier. Pilot work suggested that a volunteer-led "warm handoff" may increase post-release twelve-step self-help group attendance. METHODS This randomized trial evaluated the effectiveness of a warm handoff intervention on post-release twelve-step attendance and alcohol use. Participants (189 women with alcohol use disorder) were recruited in jail and followed for 6 months after release. Participants were randomized to: (1) a warm handoff, in which a female twelve-step volunteer met with each woman individually in jail and the same volunteer attended the woman's first twelve-step meeting with her after release; or (2) enhanced standard care (a list of meetings and community resources). Outcomes included days abstinent from alcohol, drinks per drinking day, alcohol-related problems, twelve-step attendance, twelve-step affiliation, network support for abstinence, number of unprotected sexual occasions, and drug using days. RESULTS Among intervention participants, only 66 % were aware that the volunteer tried to contact them after jail, only 38 % reported post-jail contact with their volunteers (typically phone), and only four went to meetings with their volunteers post-release. Of 8 post-release outcomes, intervention effects differed on only one (alcohol-related problems). CONCLUSION Although twelve-step self-help group attendance predicted alcohol abstinence, the volunteer-led warm handoff intervention did not increase twelve-step attendance. The twelve-step tradition of Attraction may inhibit the active outreach required to connect women to services after jail release.
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Timko C, Schonbrun YC, Anderson B, Johnson JE, Stein M. Perceived Substance Use Norms Among Jailed Women with Alcohol Use Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1834-1841. [PMID: 32876998 PMCID: PMC7722182 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social norms regarding substance use predict substance use behaviors. In a sample of jailed women with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), we compared (i) jailed women's perceptions of the US women population's rates of substance use, with US women's actual rates of substance use; (ii) jailed women's perceived rates of substance use by US women, with their perceptions of use by their own friends; and (iii) US women's actual rates of substance use, with observed sample substance use rates. METHODS Participants were 205 jailed women who met criteria for an AUD. We used the 1-sample or dependent-samples t-test to make the comparisons. RESULTS Participants overestimated US women's rates of substance use and incarceration rates. They perceived their friends' substance use as less common than US women's. The jailed women reported higher rates of their own substance use than actual rates by US women. In addition, jailed women self-reported less cannabis use, but more alcohol and cocaine use and cigarette smoking, than they perceived their friends to have used. The more women perceived their friends as drinking, the less they had a goal to drink less or abstain from drinking postincarceration; in contrast, perceptions of US women's drinking were not related to personal goals for drinking. CONCLUSIONS Interventions that correct misperceptions about substance use norms may have utility for jailed women with AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto
Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine, 795 Willow Road,
Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Yael Chatav Schonbrun
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert
Medical School, Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903 USA
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler
Hospital, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Bradley Anderson
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler
Hospital, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Jennifer E. Johnson
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine,
Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI 48502 USA
| | - Michael Stein
- Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research, Butler
Hospital, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI 02906 USA
- Department of Health Law, Policy, & Management, Boston
University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118
USA
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11
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Robertson AG, Easter MM, Lin HJ, Khoury D, Pierce J, Swanson J, Swartz M. Gender-specific participation and outcomes among jail diversion clients with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2020; 115:108035. [PMID: 32600621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Men and women with co-occurring substance use disorders and mental illness are at relatively high risk for becoming involved in the criminal justice system. Programs, such as post-booking jail diversion, aim to connect these individuals to community-based treatment services in lieu of pursuing criminal prosecution. Gender appears to have an important influence on risk factors and pathways through the criminal justice system, which in turn may influence how interventions like jail diversion work to engage men and women in treatment services and reduce recidivism. Different circumstances, levels of engagement, and outcomes by gender may be related to both person-level characteristics and external factors such as availability of gender-specific services and resources. This mixed-methods study identified specific ways in which men and women use services and reoffend after being diverted, and complemented those findings with in-depth insights from program clinicians about how program experiences and resources differ in important ways by gender. We matched and merged administrative records from 2007 to 2009 for 16,233 adults from several state agencies in Connecticut, and included data on demographic characteristics, clinical diagnoses, outpatient and inpatient behavioral health treatment utilization, arrest, and incarceration. Using propensity analysis, the 1693 men and women who participated in the statewide jail diversion program were matched to respective comparison groups of nondiverted men and women. We used longitudinal multivariable regression analyses to estimate the effects of jail diversion participation on treatment utilization, arrest, and incarceration, separately for men and women. We conducted three focus groups with jail diversion clinicians from around the state (n = 21) to gain in-depth insight from them about how circumstances, program experiences, and resources differ by gender in important ways; these subjective clinician insights complement the quantitative analyses of diversion outcomes for men and women. For both men and women, diversion was associated with reductions in risk for incarceration and increases in utilization of outpatient treatment services. For men only, diversion was associated with higher utilization of inpatient mental health care. No differences in treatment or criminal justice outcomes were observed in models that compared men and women directly. Major themes from the focus groups included: the existence of too few inpatient and residential resources for women with co-occurring disorders; different challenges to treatment engagement that men and women face; and a need for more effective, gender-specific services for all program participants. Results from this mixed-methods study offer information on gender-specific program outcomes and surrounding circumstances that can help programs to better understand and address unique risks and needs for men and women with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders who are involved in the criminal justice system.
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12
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Giarratano P, Ford JD, Nochajski TH. Gender Differences in Complex Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Their Relationship to Mental Health and Substance Abuse Outcomes in Incarcerated Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:1133-1157. [PMID: 29294660 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517692995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex trauma (CT; for example, childhood abuse) has been associated with significant behavioral health problems (i.e., mental health and substance use disorders) and symptoms that are consistent with complex posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD). CT is prevalent in adult forensic populations, and particularly important for women as they tend to report more adverse consequences of exposure to traumatic stressors and are entering the criminal justice system at a heightened rate compared with men. However, no studies have empirically tested the relationship among CT, C-PTSD, and behavioral health problems with gender among incarcerated adults. The present study examined the relationship between gender and childhood abuse history, C-PTSD symptom severity, and behavioral health problems in 497 incarcerated adults. Findings indicate that women were more likely to report a history of childhood abuse, and more severe C-PTSD symptoms and behavioral health problems than men. Childhood abuse history significantly accounted for the gender difference observed in C-PTSD symptom severity. C-PTSD partially mediated the gender difference in psychiatric morbidity and in risk of hard drug use. Implications for trauma-informed and gender-responsive services and research in the adult criminal justice system are discussed.
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13
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Dumont DM, Brousseau C, Shuford SH, van den Berg JJ, Stein LAR, Clarke JG. Bringing Personality Into the Public Health Conversation: Evidence From a Correctional Population. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2019; 25:373-381. [PMID: 31755333 DOI: 10.1177/1078345819881993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incarceration provides an opportunity for public health interventions, but communication and the delivery of services are complicated by considerable variability even within this generally high-needs population. Public health practitioners have relied heavily on social determinants of health data in their work, but this does not fully explain key patterns in responses and success. Psychometric work related to the "big five" or "five-factor" personality domains may provide important additional guidance to health communications and interventions. The Contraceptive Awareness and Reproductive Education clinical trial provided health risk factor and personality data on 257 incarcerated women aged 18-35. Of the study population, 85.9% reported at least one of the five forms of childhood trauma. Three of the five personality domains were associated with multiple health risk factors and four of the five were associated with fair or poor general health. Personality data provide important guidance in understanding variability in responses to public health interventions in the correctional setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora M Dumont
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA.,School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | | - L A R Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, North Kingston, RI, USA
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14
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McCann LJ, Peden J, Phipps E, Plugge E, O'Moore EJ. Developing gender-specific evidence-based standards to improve the health and wellbeing of women in prison in England: a literature review and modified eDelphi survey. Int J Prison Health 2019; 16:17-28. [PMID: 32040276 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-02-2019-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are significant health inequalities experienced by women in prison. They face distinct challenges and have particular and complex needs, specifically with regard to their physical and mental health. The purpose of this paper is to describe the approach taken to develop a set of health and wellbeing standards for the women's prison estate in England, which can be applied elsewhere. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A structured literature review of standard healthcare databases and grey literature was used to inform development of suggested standards. A multidisciplinary expert panel provided consensus on the standards through an online survey and women with a history of contact with the criminal justice system were consulted through consensus groups. FINDINGS A total of 549 papers were included in the final review. From this, 127 standards were identified for inclusion in the Delphi process. Consensus was achieved on all standards; this, combined with the analysis of qualitative feedback provided by both the survey and the consensus groups, resulted in the development of 6 overarching principles and 122 standards, across ten topic areas. ORIGINALITY/VALUE These standards are the most extensive that are known to exist for health and wellbeing of women in prison and the first to be developed in England. The process used ensures the standards have high validity, acceptability and feasibility and can be used to support those developing similar methodologies. There are few papers which document the development of standards to improve health and to the authors knowledge, only one other paper has been published detailing the development of health standards in prison settings specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J McCann
- National Health and Justice Team, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Jo Peden
- National Health and Justice Team, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Emily Phipps
- Oxford School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Plugge
- WHO UK Collaborating Centre for Health in Prisons Programme, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Eamonn J O'Moore
- National Health and Justice Team, Public Health England, London, UK.,WHO UK Collaborating Centre for Health in Prisons Programme, Public Health England, London, UK
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15
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Taylor E, Timko C, Harris AHS, Yu M, Finlay AK. Receipt of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder by justice-involved women in the Veterans Health Administration. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2019; 14:1. [PMID: 30602392 PMCID: PMC6317204 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-018-0129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and unhealthy drinking are prevalent among women involved in the criminal justice system and women military veterans. Pharmacotherapy—including naltrexone, topiramate, acamprosate, and disulfiram—for AUD is one form of effective treatment that is associated with better health and criminal justice outcomes. The current study examined the association of justice involvement with receipt of pharmacotherapy for AUD, as well as other patient factors that may explain variation in receipt of pharmacotherapy for AUD among women veterans who receive care at Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities.
Methods Using national VHA clinical records, we examined all women VHA patients who received an AUD diagnosis during an outpatient or inpatient visit in fiscal years (FY) 2014–2017. We compared patient characteristics by justice status, defined as contact with one of the VHA’s justice outreach programs, and used a mixed-effects logistic regression model to test whether justice involvement was independently associated with odds of receiving pharmacotherapy for AUD. Results Of 10,511 women veterans diagnosed with AUD in FY2017, 852 (8%) met our definition of justice-involved. Since FY2014, the percentage of women veterans who received pharmacotherapy for AUD increased (14–21%). Women justice-involved veterans and those who were homeless had higher odds of receiving pharmacotherapy for AUD (OR 1.29, CI 1.15–1.45; OR 1.35, CI 1.25–1.47). Women veterans age 55 or older or who were African-American had lower odds of receiving pharmacotherapy (OR 0.74, CI 0.67–0.82; OR 0.73, CI 0.68–0.79). Conclusions While women involved in the criminal justice system face many barriers to accessing health and social services, women justice-involved veterans had higher odds of receiving pharmacotherapy for AUD at VHA facilities compared to women veterans with no justice involvement. Legal mandates and supportive programming directed towards veterans in the criminal justice system may explain the higher rate of receipt of pharmacotherapy observed among justice-involved women veterans. Women veterans who are homeless may also have more opportunities to access and use pharmacotherapy for AUD compared to their housed counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline Taylor
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. .,, 795 Willow Road (MPD-152), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Christine Timko
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alex H S Harris
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mengfei Yu
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Andrea K Finlay
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Center for Innovation to Implementation, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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16
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Ornell F, Hansen F, Schuch FB, Pezzini Rebelatto F, Tavares AL, Scherer JN, Valerio AG, Pechansky F, Paim Kessler FH, von Diemen L. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in substance use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 193:91-103. [PMID: 30347311 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. It is not clear, however, whether BDNF levels are modified in substance use disorders (SUDs). METHODS We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases to identify studies comparing peripheral plasma or serum BDNF levels in adults with SUDs vs. non-user controls. Forty studies were included in the meta-analysis involving a total of 2238 participants with SUDs and 2574 controls. RESULTS After trim and fill adjustment, current drug users presented lower serum BDNF levels (SMD = -0.99, 95%CI -1.40 to -0.58, I2 = 95.9) than non-user controls. However, this difference disappears during withdrawal. Studies using serum or plasma BDNF samples have shown different results. Subgroup analysis revealed lower levels of serum BDNF in alcohol users (SMD = -0.70, 95%CI -1.15 to -0.25, I2 = 89.81) and crack/cocaine users (SMD = -1.78, 95%CI -2.92 to -0.65, I2 = 97.59) than controls. Meta-regression analysis revealed that gender, age, and age of first use moderate the effects of drug use in peripheral BDNF levels. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral BDNF levels are decreased in the serum, but not the plasma, of active drug users. Altogether, these findings suggest that BDNF levels may be related to acute use and addiction severity and also point to BDNF's potential utility as a biomarker in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ornell
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Hansen
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Barreto Schuch
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade La Salle, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pezzini Rebelatto
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Tavares
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nichterwitz Scherer
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andrei Garziera Valerio
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felix Henrique Paim Kessler
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisia von Diemen
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research and Collaborating Center on Alcohol and Drugs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Professor Álvaro Alvim, 400, 90420-020, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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17
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Fox JM, Brook M, Heilbronner RL, Susmaras T, Hanlon RE. Neuropsychological and Criminological Features of Female Homicide Offenders. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:460-467. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M. Fox
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 710 North Lakeshore Drive Chicago IL 60611
| | - Michael Brook
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 710 North Lakeshore Drive Chicago IL 60611
| | - Robert L. Heilbronner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 710 North Lakeshore Drive Chicago IL 60611
- Chicago Neuropsychology Group 333 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1801 Chicago IL 60601
| | - Teresa Susmaras
- Gundersen Health System, Neuropsychology 1900 South Avenue La Crosse WI 54601
| | - Robert E. Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 710 North Lakeshore Drive Chicago IL 60611
- Neuropsychological Associates of Chicago 645 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 803 Chicago IL 60611
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18
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Choudhry K, Armstrong D, Dregan A. Systematic review into obesity and weight gain within male prisons. Obes Res Clin Pract 2018; 12:327-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Mak VWM, Chan CKY. Effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and positive psychological intervention (PPI) on female offenders with psychological distress in Hong Kong. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2018; 28:158-173. [PMID: 28771918 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite rapid growth in the female prison population, there is little research on effectiveness of psychological interventions for them. AIMS To test the hypotheses that (1) each of two psychological interventions administered separately - cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or positive psychology intervention (PPI) - would be more effective than 'treatment-as-usual' alone in reducing psychological distress and enhancing psychological well-being; (2) outcomes would differ according to intervention; and (3) combining the interventions would be more effective than delivering either alone. METHODS We recruited 40 women in a special Hong Kong prison unit for female offenders with psychological distress. Half of them received eight sessions of CBT followed by eight sessions of PPI; the other half received the same interventions in the reverse order. We recruited another 35 women who received only 'treatment as usual' (TAU) in the same unit. We used various clinical scales to assess the women's psychological distress or well-being before and after the interventions or at similar time points for the comparison women. RESULTS All intervention group women showed a significant reduction in psychological distress and enhancement in psychological well-being after each intervention alone compared to the TAU women. There were no significant differences between CBT and PPI in this respect. Receiving both treatments, however, did yield significantly more improvement than either intervention alone in reducing depressive thoughts and enhancing global judgement of life satisfaction, self-perceived strengths and hopeful thinking style. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE Our findings provide preliminary empirical support for the effectiveness of psychological interventions with psychologically distressed women in prison. It would be important now to conduct a full, randomised trial to determine optimal length and combinations of treatment. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W M Mak
- Hong Kong Correctional Services, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong
| | - Calais K Y Chan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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20
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Mak VWM, Ho SMY, Kwong RWY, Li WL. A Gender-Responsive Treatment Facility in Correctional Services: The Development of Psychological Gymnasium for Women Offenders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:1062-1079. [PMID: 27604971 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x16667572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With increasing evidence suggesting a disparity in female and male offenders in terms of rehabilitative needs, growing concern has been placed on the development of gender-specific services for female offenders. As such, a prison-based psychological gymnasium (PSY GYM), with distinctive features in integrating cognitive-behavioral and positive-psychology concepts to address female offenders' needs, was set up in 2011. The present study aims to introduce the concept as well as present findings to evaluate the overall effectiveness of PSY GYM. Nineteen Chinese female offenders participated in a 6- to 8-month intensive training program at the Lo Wu Correctional Institution (LWCI) of the Hong Kong Correctional Services Department in Hong Kong. Psychometric inventories were used to assess their psychological distress and positive growth following the program. Participants showed significant reduction in their depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and in their tendency to pay attention to negative information. Furthermore, their sense of hope, gratitude, and tendency to pay attention to positive information had remarkably increased. This indicated the effectiveness of PSY GYM in facilitating successful rehabilitation for female offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - W L Li
- 1 Hong Kong Correctional Services, Hong Kong
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21
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Johnson JE, Schonbrun YC, Anderson B, Kurth M, Timko C, Stein M. Study protocol: Community Links to Establish Alcohol Recovery (CLEAR) for women leaving jail. Contemp Clin Trials 2017; 55:39-46. [PMID: 28185995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article describes the protocol for a randomized effectiveness trial of a method to link alcohol use disordered women who are in pretrial jail detention with post-release 12-step mutual help groups. BACKGROUND Jails serve 15 times more people per year than do prisons and have very short stays, posing few opportunities for treatment or treatment planning. Alcohol use is associated with poor post-jail psychosocial and health outcomes including sexually transmitted diseases and HIV, especially for women. At least weekly 12-step self-help group attendance in the months after release from jail has been associated with improvements in alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences. Linkage strategies improve 12-step attendance and alcohol outcomes among outpatients, but have not previously been tested in criminal justice populations. DESIGN In the intervention condition, a 12-step volunteer meets once individually with an incarcerated woman while she is in jail and arranges to be in contact after release to accompany her to 12-step meetings. The control condition provides schedules for local 12-step meetings. Outcomes include percent days abstinent from alcohol (primary), 12-step meeting involvement, and fewer unprotected sexual occasions (secondary) after release from jail. We hypothesize that (Minton, 2015) 12-step involvement will mediate the intervention's effect on alcohol use, and (O'Brien, 2001) percent days abstinent will mediate the intervention's effect on STI/HIV risk-taking outcomes. Research methods accommodate logistical and philosophical hurdles including rapid turnover of commitments and unpredictable release times at the jail, possible post-randomization ineligibility due to sentencing, 12-step principles such as Nonaffiliation, and use of volunteers as interventionists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Johnson
- Division of Public Health, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 200 East 1st St Room 367, Flint, MI 48503, United States.
| | - Yael Chatav Schonbrun
- Butler Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, United States.
| | - Bradley Anderson
- Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, United States.
| | - Megan Kurth
- Butler Hospital, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI 02906, United States.
| | - Christine Timko
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Stanford University School of Medicine, 795 Willow Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States.
| | - Michael Stein
- Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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22
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Ahmed R, Angel C, Martel R, Pyne D, Keenan L. Access to healthcare services during incarceration among female inmates. Int J Prison Health 2016; 12:204-215. [DOI: 10.1108/ijph-04-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Incarcerated women have a disproportionate burden of infectious and chronic disease, in addition to substance use disorder and mental health illness, when compared to the general population (Binswanger et al., 2009; Fazel et al., 2006; Fuentes, 2013; Kouyoumdjian et al., 2012). Women often enter the correctional system in poor health, making incarceration an opportunity to address health issues. The purpose of this paper is to explore the barriers to accessing health services that female inmates face during incarceration, the consequences to their health, and implications for correctional health services delivery.
Design/methodology/approach
Focus groups were conducted in Canadian correctional center with female inmates. Focus groups explored women’s experiences with accessing health services while incarcerated; the impact of access to health services on health during incarceration and in the community; and recommendations for improving access to health services. Thematic analysis was completed using N-vivo 10.
Findings
The women described multiple barriers to accessing health services that resulted in negative consequences to their health: treatment interruption; health disempowerment; poor mental and physical health; and recidivism into addiction and crime upon release. Women made three important recommendations for correctional health service delivery: provision of comprehensive health entry and exit assessments; improvement of health literacy; and establishment of health support networks. The recommendations were organized into an “Accessing Health Services Resource Manual” for incarcerated women.
Originality/value
There is a paucity of existing literature examining provision of health services for female inmates. These findings have relevancy for correctional and community health care providers and organizations that provide health services for this vulnerable population.
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23
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Ahmed RA, Angel C, Martell R, Pyne D, Keenan L. The Impact of Homelessness and Incarceration on Women's Health. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2016; 22:62-74. [PMID: 26672120 DOI: 10.1177/1078345815618884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Female inmates have multiple challenges during incarceration and as they transition into the community including: barriers to accessing health care within correctional facilities, poor transitional preparation preceding release, and inadequate continuity of health care after release. This qualitative study explored the health-seeking experiences and the health and housing needs of female inmates. Four focus groups were conducted in a remand facility in Canada. Women described poor health at entry to the correctional system and viewed incarceration as a means to access health care services. Transition back into the community represented a crossroad that was dependent on the stability of housing status. These findings support gender-sensitive health and housing programs to reduce addictions, recidivism, and poor health among this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia A Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Cybele Angel
- Corrections Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Rebecca Martell
- Department of Occupational Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Diane Pyne
- Corrections Health, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Louanne Keenan
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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24
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Collier S, Friedman SH. Mental Illness Among Women Referred for Psychiatric Services in a New Zealand Women's Prison. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2016; 34:539-550. [PMID: 27061421 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This naturalistic exploratory study describes the characteristics of women prisoners referred to the forensic psychiatry service of the largest women's prison in New Zealand. Forensic psychiatrists diagnosed more than one-third of the referred female inmates with psychotic disorders, and they diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder in one-fifth. The majority of the women reported substance use prior to incarceration, as well as a history of personal victimization by family violence. Of the women prisoners referred to community mental health services at release, two-thirds attended the arranged outpatient mental health follow-up appointment. This study highlights the need for secondary prevention and rehabilitation for female inmates, and it provides suggestions for intervention. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Collier
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC, U.S.A
| | - Susan Hatters Friedman
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC, U.S.A
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25
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Saxena P, Grella CE, Messina NP. Continuing Care and Trauma in Women Offenders' Substance Use, Psychiatric Status, and Self-Efficacy Outcomes. WOMEN & CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2015; 26:99-121. [PMID: 26924891 PMCID: PMC4767708 DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2015.1067173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using secondary data analysis of 3 separate trauma-informed treatment programs for women offenders, we examine outcomes between those who received both prison and community-based substance abuse treatment (i.e., continuing care; n = 85) and those who received either prison or community aftercare treatment (n = 108). We further account for differences in trauma exposure to examine whether continuing care moderates this effect on substance use, psychiatric severity, and self-efficacy outcomes at follow-up. The main effect models of continuing care showed a significant association with high psychiatric status and did not yield significant associations with substance use or self-efficacy. However, the interaction between trauma history and continuing care showed significant effects on all 3 outcomes. Findings support the importance of a continuing care treatment model for women offenders exposed to multiple forms of traumatic events, and provide evidence of the effectiveness of integrating trauma-informed treatment into women's substance abuse treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Saxena
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA & College of the Canyons, Santa Clarita, California, USA
| | | | - Nena P Messina
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Los Angeles, California, USA
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26
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Turney K, Wildeman C. Self-Reported Health Among Recently Incarcerated Mothers. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:2014-20. [PMID: 26270294 PMCID: PMC4566549 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined self-reported health among formerly incarcerated mothers. METHODS We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 4096), a longitudinal survey of mostly unmarried parents in urban areas, to estimate the association between recent incarceration (measured as any incarceration in the past 4 years) and 5 self-reported health conditions (depression, illicit drug use, heavy drinking, fair or poor health, and health limitations), net of covariates including health before incarceration. RESULTS In adjusted logistic regression models, recently incarcerated mothers, compared with their counterparts, have an increased likelihood of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18, 2.17), heavy drinking (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.19, 2.68), fair or poor health (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.08, 2.06), and health limitations (OR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.27, 2.50). This association is similar across racial/ethnic subgroups and is larger among mothers who share children with fathers who have not been recently incarcerated. CONCLUSIONS Recently incarcerated mothers struggle with even more health conditions than expected given the disadvantages they experience before incarceration. Furthermore, because incarceration is concentrated among those who are most disadvantaged, incarceration may increase inequalities in population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Turney
- Kristin Turney is with the Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine. Christopher Wildeman is with the Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Christopher Wildeman
- Kristin Turney is with the Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine. Christopher Wildeman is with the Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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27
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Panosky DM, Shelton D. Evaluating an Adolescent Behavioral Program: Leadership, Education, Achievement, and Development for Adolescent Female Offenders in Corrections. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2015; 11:144-153. [PMID: 26186153 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the findings of a pilot study designed to: test the feasibility of implementation, assess implementation barriers, and determine the effectiveness of a modified evidence-based program designed for adolescent female offenders in a women's correctional facility in the United States. A therapeutic expressive arts behavioral program, Leadership, Education, Achievement and Development (LEAD), has been used in community settings as a health promotion program. This behavioral program was adapted to LEAD-Corrections (LEAD-C) and serves incarcerated adolescent female offenders. Results of this pilot study show that it is feasible to offer LEAD-C in a correctional setting. Positive effects were noted on session satisfaction surveys as well as formative and summative evaluations. Implementation of LEAD-C, using therapeutic expressive arts interventions, included coping strategies to help adolescents become confident and self-assured and review better choices. Adolescents were taught to utilize these learned coping strategies in their life, which may help to overcome adversity, enhance resilience, and support youth transition at the time of reentry to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Panosky
- Author Affiliation: School of Nursing, University of Connecticut
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28
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Sarpong AA, Otupiri E, Yeboah-Awudzi K, Osei-Yeboah J, Berchie GO, Ephraim R. An Assessment of Female Prisoners' Perception of the Accessibility of Quality Healthcare: A Survey in the Kumasi Central Prisons, Ghana. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2015; 5:179-84. [PMID: 26097759 PMCID: PMC4455007 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.157495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accessibility of quality healthcare across the globe has generated a lot of attention among public health practitioners. AIM This study explored the background characteristics of female prisoners and how it influences their assessment of the quality of accessible healthcare in the Kumasi Female Prison. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Female section of the Kumasi Central Prisons from June to December 2011. We used pretested questionnaires to obtain quantitative data from all 39 inmates of the female Prisons. An in-depth interview was used to obtain qualitative data from the prison healthcare giver. Data were analyzed with Epi Info Version 3.5.1, (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Excel, and Graph Pad Prism version 5.00 for Windows (Graph Pad software, San Diego California USA, www.graphpad.com). RESULTS Using a 12-point scale inventory questionnaire, inmates with no formal education gave the highest mean health provision assessment score (6.0) whereas those with tertiary education gave the lowest (4.5). Females serving prison sentences gave the highest mean health assessment score whereas remand prisoners gave the lowest. Single females' mean health assessment score was 5.7 whereas that of married inmates was 4.9. Unemployed inmates scored 5.8, informal 5.4 while civil servants scored 5.0. CONCLUSION Access to quality healthcare was poor and demographic characteristics, marital status, educational background, and occupation influenced inmates' perceptions of accessibility to quality healthcare. Inmates should be encouraged to be proactive in seeking healthcare irrespective of their background characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Sarpong
- Department of Community Health, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - E Otupiri
- Department of Community Health, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - K Yeboah-Awudzi
- Metropolitan Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - J Osei-Yeboah
- Department of Nursing, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - G O Berchie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Rkd Ephraim
- Department of Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
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29
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Gobin RL, Reddy MK, Zlotnick C, Johnson JE. Lifetime trauma victimization and PTSD in relation to psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder in a sample of incarcerated women and men. Int J Prison Health 2015; 11:64-74. [DOI: 10.1108/ijph-06-2014-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy are similar, but distinct, psychiatric conditions that are common in male and female inmates; a segment of the population with high rates of trauma exposure. It is unclear whether specific types of lifetime trauma are associated with ASPD and psychopathy in incarcerated women and men. Furthermore, the unique roles of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and trauma victimization in antisocial personality disturbance are not well-understood. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
– This study investigated associations between trauma variables (different kinds of traumatic experiences and PTSD) and antisocial personality variables (ASPD and psychopathy) in a sample of incarcerated women and men who participated in a randomized clinical trial for major depressive disorder. In total, 88 incarcerated men and women were assessed for ASPD diagnosis, psychopathy severity, PTSD symptom severity, and history of physical, sexual, and crime-related trauma. Regression analyses predicted ASPD or psychopathy from trauma variables, controlling for gender.
Findings
– Physical trauma was the only form of trauma that was significantly related to psychopathy. Physical trauma and crime-related trauma were associated with ASPD. PTSD symptom severity was not associated with psychopathy or ASPD.
Originality/value
– There are associations between some kinds of lifetime trauma exposure and current ASPD/psychopathy in the target sample, but these associations do not appear to be mediated through current PTSD symptoms.
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30
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Finlay AK, Binswanger IA, Smelson D, Sawh L, McGuire J, Rosenthal J, Blue-Howells J, Timko C, Blodgett JC, Harris AHS, Asch SM, Frayne S. Sex differences in mental health and substance use disorders and treatment entry among justice-involved Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration. Med Care 2015; 53:S105-11. [PMID: 25767963 PMCID: PMC5764085 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over half of veterans in the criminal justice system have mental health or substance use disorders. However, there is a critical lack of information about female veterans in the criminal justice system and how diagnosis prevalence and treatment entry differ by sex. OBJECTIVES To document prevalence of mental health and substance use disorder diagnoses and treatment entry rates among female veterans compared with male veterans in the justice system. RESEARCH DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using national Veterans Health Administration clinical/administrative data from veterans seen by Veterans Justice Outreach Specialists in fiscal years 2010-2012. SUBJECTS A total of 1535 females and 30,478 male veterans were included. MEASURES Demographic characteristics (eg, sex, age, residence, homeless status), mental health disorders (eg, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder), substance use disorders (eg, alcohol and opioid use disorders), and treatment entry (eg, outpatient, residential, pharmacotherapy). RESULTS Among female veterans, prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders was 88% and 58%, respectively, compared with 76% and 72% among male veterans. Women had higher odds of being diagnosed with a mental health disorder [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.98; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.68-2.34] and lower odds of being diagnosed with a substance use disorder (AOR=0.50; 95% CI, 0.45-0.56) compared with men. Women had lower odds of entering mental health residential treatment (AOR=0.69; 95% CI, 0.57-0.83). CONCLUSIONS Female veterans involved in the justice system have a high burden of mental health disorders (88%) and more than half have substance use disorders (58%). Entry to mental health residential treatment for women is an important quality improvement target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K. Finlay
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), Substance Use Disorder Quality Research Enhancement Initiative, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Ingrid A. Binswanger
- Division of General Internal Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine, Community Health Services, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO
| | - David Smelson
- National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Leon Sawh
- National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Bedford, MA
| | - Jim McGuire
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Justice Programs
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Justice Programs
| | | | - Christine Timko
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Janet C. Blodgett
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Alex H. S. Harris
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), Substance Use Disorder Quality Research Enhancement Initiative, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Steven M. Asch
- Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Susan Frayne
- Center for Innovation to Implementation (Ci2i), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA
- Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Menlo Park, CA
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31
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Dumont DM, Parker DR, Viner-Brown S, Clarke JG. Incarceration and perinatal smoking: a missed public health opportunity. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:648-53. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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32
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Handtke V, Bretschneider W, Elger B, Wangmo T. Easily forgotten: Elderly female prisoners. J Aging Stud 2015; 32:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Scott CK, Grella CE, Dennis ML, Funk RR. PREDICTORS OF RECIDIVISM OVER 3 YEARS AMONG SUBSTANCE-USING WOMEN RELEASED FROM JAIL. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 41:1257-1289. [PMID: 35783536 PMCID: PMC9248854 DOI: 10.1177/0093854814546894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examines predictors of recidivism over 3 years for 624 women released from a county jail using a comprehensive range of standardized measures derived from gender-responsive and gender-neutral criminogenic recidivism models. Although more than a dozen factors were related to recidivism in the univariate analysis, the multivariate analysis shows that recidivism can be reliably predicted (area under the curve = 0.90) with just four factors: age, no custody of children, substance use frequency, and number of substance problems. Exploratory analysis of women who recidivated in post-release months 1 to 3, 4 to 12, and 13 to 36 revealed that the effects of several variables (age, super optimism, and number of weeks in the jail treatment program) were dependent on the time elapsed since release from jail, whereas others (substance use and custody) had persistent effects over time. These findings support the development of re-entry services tailored for female offenders who address both gender-responsive and gender-neutral criminogenic risk factors.
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34
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Dumont DM, Wildeman C, Lee H, Gjelsvik A, Valera PA, Clarke JG. Incarceration, maternal hardship, and perinatal health behaviors. Matern Child Health J 2014; 18:2179-87. [PMID: 24615355 PMCID: PMC4161663 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-014-1466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parental incarceration is associated with mental and physical health problems in children, yet little research directly tests mechanisms through which parental incarceration could imperil child health. We hypothesized that the incarceration of a woman or her romantic partner in the year before birth constituted an additional hardship for already-disadvantaged women, and that these additionally vulnerable women were less likely to engage in positive perinatal health behaviors important to infant and early childhood development. We analyzed 2006-2010 data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System to assess the association between incarceration in the year prior to the birth of a child and perinatal maternal hardships and behaviors. Women reporting incarceration of themselves or their partners in the year before birth of a child had .86 the odds (95 % CI .78-.95) of beginning prenatal care in the first trimester compared to women not reporting incarceration. They were nearly twice as likely to report partner abuse and were significantly more likely to rely on WIC and/or Medicaid for assistance during pregnancy. These associations persist after controlling for socioeconomic measures and other stressors, including homelessness and job loss. Incarceration of a woman or her partner in the year before birth is associated with higher odds of maternal hardship and poorer perinatal health behaviors. The unprecedented scale of incarceration in the US simultaneously presents an underutilized public health opportunity and constitutes a social determinant of health that may contribute to disparities in early childhood development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora M. Dumont
- Rhode Island Department of Health, At the time work was completed: The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI
| | | | | | - Annie Gjelsvik
- Brown University, Providence, RI; 2. Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Providence, RI,
| | - Pamela A. Valera
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY,
| | - Jennifer G. Clarke
- Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, RI; 2. Brown University, Providence, RI,
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35
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White KLA, Jordens CFC, Kerridge I. Contextualising professional ethics: the impact of the prison context on the practices and norms of health care practitioners. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2014; 11:333-345. [PMID: 25008354 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-014-9558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Health care is provided in many contexts-not just hospitals, clinics, and community health settings. Different institutional settings may significantly influence the design and delivery of health care and the ethical obligations and practices of health care practitioners working within them. This is particularly true in institutions that are established to constrain freedom, ensure security and authority, and restrict movement and choice. We describe the results of a qualitative study of the experiences of doctors and nurses working within two women's prisons in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Their accounts make clear how the provision and ethics of health care may be compromised by the physical design of the prison, the institutional policies and practices restricting movement of prisoners and practitioners, the focus on maintaining control and security, and the very purpose of the prison and prison system itself. The results of this study make clear the impact that context has on professional practice and illustrate the importance of sociology and anthropology to bioethics and to the development of a more nuanced account of professional ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolyn L A White
- Research Ethics, Macquarie University, Level 3, Research HUB, C5C, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia,
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36
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Nargiso JE, Kuo CC, Zlotnick C, Johnson JE. Social support network characteristics of incarcerated women with co-occurring major depressive and substance use disorders. J Psychoactive Drugs 2014; 46:93-105. [PMID: 25052785 PMCID: PMC4111158 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2014.890766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The nature of social support available to incarcerated women is not well-understood, particularly among women at high risk of negative outcomes, including women dually diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder and a Substance Use Disorder (MDD-SUD). Descriptive statistics and paired-tests were conducted on 60 incarcerated MDD-SUD women receiving in-prison substance use and depression treatments to characterize the women's social networks, including the strength of support, network characteristics, and types of support provided as well as to determine what aspects of social support may be amenable to change during incarceration and post-release. Study results showed that, on average, women perceived they had moderately supportive individuals in their lives, although more than a quarter of the sample could not identify any regular supporters in their network at baseline. During incarceration, women's social networks significantly increased in general supportiveness, and decreased in network size and percentage of substance users in their networks. Participants maintained positive social support gains post-release in most areas while also significantly increasing the size of their support network post-release. Findings suggest that there are aspects of incarcerated MDD-SUD women's social networks that are amenable to change during incarceration and post-release and provide insight into treatment targets for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Nargiso
- a Instructor, Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA
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37
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Barry LC, Ford JD, Trestman RL. Comorbid mental illness and poor physical function among newly admitted inmates in Connecticut's jails. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2014; 20:135-44. [PMID: 24659760 DOI: 10.1177/1078345813518634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of co-occurring mental illness and poor physical functioning among inmates, and whether there are differences according to age or gender, is largely unknown. Of the 315 new inmate admissions into Connecticut's jails with a current psychiatric diagnosis, 97 (30.9%) had poor physical function. Compared with inmates aged 18 to 24, those aged 25 to 39 and those ≥ 40 had increasingly higher likelihoods of having poor physical function overall, and among men and women separately. Whereas women were more likely to report poor physical functioning than men overall and within age groups 18 to 24 and 25 to 39, the effect of gender was nonsignificant in the oldest age group. Future research should determine whether poor physical function is associated with worse health-related outcomes among inmates with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Barry
- 1Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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38
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Asberg K, Renk K. Perceived stress, external locus of control, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment among female inmates with or without a history of sexual abuse. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2014; 58:59-84. [PMID: 23070955 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x12461477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the growing number of women who are incarcerated across the United States, the current study investigated the relationships among female inmates' perceptions of their own stress, external locus of control (LOC), social support adequacy, and various aspects of psychological functioning. Generally, female inmates with a self-reported history of childhood sexual abuse did not differ from their nonabused counterparts on the variables of interest. Results suggested that female inmates' perceptions of higher stress, a higher degree of external LOC, and inadequate social support correlated with greater symptoms of depression and hopelessness as well as lower self-esteem. In regression analyses, stress and social support were significant predictors for depression and anxiety. In contrast, stress was the only significant predictor of hopelessness and self-esteem. Finally, none of the predictors examined here was significant in the prediction of traumatic stress. Overall, findings suggested the importance of stress and social support in the prediction of female inmates' adjustment, specifically their symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Asberg
- Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA
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39
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Kim S, Mazza J. Reliability, Validity, and Item Response of MOS Social Support Score among Incarcerated Women. WOMEN & CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2014; 24:1-21. [PMID: 24910502 PMCID: PMC4043332 DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2012.733327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seijeoung Kim
- University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Division of Health Policy and Administration
| | - Jessica Mazza
- University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Division of Health Policy and Administration
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40
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Williams CT, Kim S, Meyer J, Spaulding A, Teixeira P, Avery A, Moore K, Altice F, Murphy-Swallow D, Simon D, Wickersham J, Ouellet LJ. Gender differences in baseline health, needs at release, and predictors of care engagement among HIV-positive clients leaving jail. AIDS Behav 2013; 17 Suppl 2:S195-202. [PMID: 23314801 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-012-0391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Women represent a significant and growing segment of jail detainees and persons living with HIV. This paper examines gender differences in health status, care and social service needs, and care engagement among jail releasees with HIV. Data are from 1,270 participants in the HRSA-funded Enhancing Linkages to HIV Primary Care and Social Services multisite demonstration project (EnhanceLink). Compared to men, more women reported homelessness, reduced adherence to prescribed ART, worse health, more severe substance use disorders, and more chronic health conditions. Men and women generally reported different needs post-release. As the number of expressed needs increased, women were more likely to drop out of care. Our findings suggest that effective and gender-specific strategies are required to identify needs, link services between jails and communities, and sustain retention of women with HIV in programs after release from criminal justice settings.
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Mahmood ST, Vaughn MG, Mancini M, Fu QJ. Gender disparity in utilization rates of substance abuse services among female ex-offenders: a population-based analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2013; 39:332-9. [PMID: 23968173 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2013.820732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use and abuse of substances is common among offender populations. Although the female former offender population has risen substantially in recent decades, relatively little is known about their substance abuse treatment experiences. OBJECTIVE This study examines disparities in substance abuse treatment utilization among the US population with special focus upon formerly incarcerated female offenders. METHODS Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC, n = 43,093) collected in 2001-2002 and 2004-2005 the authors compared lifetime rates of substance abuse treatment utilization between female and male ex-offenders with the U.S. general population. The sample population covered inpatient and community based substance use treatment, detoxification and rehabilitation programs. It is a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized persons over the age of 18. Multinomial logistic regression was performed and likelihood of using substance use treatment and services was calculated using adjusted odds ratios (AOR). RESULTS Compared to male ex-offenders, female ex-offenders were 52% less likely to use substance-abuse treatment services (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26-0.89) and 51% less likely to use rehabilitation programs (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.26-0.93). Compared to females in the general population, female ex-offenders were 10 times more likely to use substance-abuse treatment services (AOR = 10.14, 95% CI = 5.71-18.00), 10.5 times more likely to use substance detoxification programs (AOR = 10. 45, 95% CI = 5.64-19.39); 8 times more likely to use inpatient wards (AOR = 8.05, 95% CI = 4.16-15.59); 9 times more likely to use outpatient wards (AOR = 9.06, 95% CI = 4.89-16.81), and 12 times more likely to use substance-abuse rehabilitation programs (AOR = 12.06, 95% CI = 6.55-22.22). CONCLUSIONS While female ex-offenders were more likely to have used a range of substance abuse services when compared to the general population, they were less likely to use substance-abuse treatment services and rehabilitation programs than male ex-offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senik T Mahmood
- Department of Research, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Arbil, Iraq
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Kapoor R, Dike C, Burns C, Carvalho V, Griffith EEH. Cultural competence in correctional mental health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2013; 36:273-280. [PMID: 23669593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cultural competence is an essential aspect of competence as a mental health professional. In this article, the framework of cultural competence developed in general psychiatry-acquiring knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to understand the interaction between culture and the individual-is applied to the prison setting. Race and ethnicity, extremes of age, gender, and religion are highlighted and examined as elements of the overall culture of prisons. The model of the cultural formulation from the DSM-IV is then adapted for use by clinicians in the correctional setting, with particular emphasis on the interaction between the inmate's culture of origin and the unique culture of the prison environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Kapoor
- Law & Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The proportion of women incarcerated is growing at a faster pace than that for men. The reasons for this important increase have been mainly attributed to drug-using lifestyle and drug-related offenses. About half of female inmates have history of substance misuse and one third demonstrate high impulsiveness levels. The objectives of this study were to (a) identify subtypes of alcohol and drug problems and impulsiveness among women convicted of homicide, and (b) examine the association between psychosocial and criminological features and the resulting clusters. METHODS Data come from 158 female inmates serving a sentence for homicide in the Penitentiary of Sant'Ana in São Paulo State, Brazil. Latent class analysis was used to group participants into substance misuse and impulsiveness classes. RESULTS Two classes were identified: nonproblematic (cluster 1: 54.53%, n = 86) and problematic (cluster 2: 45.57%, n = 72) ones. After controlling for several psychosocial and criminological variables, cluster 2 inmates showed an earlier beginning of criminal activities and a lower educational level than their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS To recognize the necessities of specific groups of female offenders is crucial for the development of an adequate system of health politics and for the decrease of criminal recidivism among those offenders who have shown higher risk.
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Zoladz PR, Diamond DM. Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: a search for clarity in a conflicting literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:860-95. [PMID: 23567521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has identified stereotypic behavioral and biological abnormalities in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as heightened autonomic activity, an exaggerated startle response, reduced basal cortisol levels and cognitive impairments. We have reviewed primary research in this area, noting that factors involved in the susceptibility and expression of PTSD symptoms are more complex and heterogeneous than is commonly stated, with extensive findings which are inconsistent with the stereotypic behavioral and biological profile of the PTSD patient. A thorough assessment of the literature indicates that interactions among myriad susceptibility factors, including social support, early life stress, sex, age, peri- and post-traumatic dissociation, cognitive appraisal of trauma, neuroendocrine abnormalities and gene polymorphisms, in conjunction with the inconsistent expression of the disorder across studies, confounds attempts to characterize PTSD as a monolithic disorder. Overall, our assessment of the literature addresses the great challenge in developing a behavioral and biomarker-based diagnosis of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Zoladz
- Department of Psychology, Sociology, & Criminal Justice, Ohio Northern University, 525 S. Main St., Ada, OH, 45810, USA
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Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral trauma treatment for incarcerated women with mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders. J Anxiety Disord 2012; 26:703-10. [PMID: 22858893 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An open trial design was used to examine the implementation and effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral intervention (Seeking Safety) for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) for incarcerated women with Axis I mental disorders who self-referred for specialty trauma treatment. The study sample was female inmates aged 18 and old who were primarily minority, had experienced childhood-based trauma, committed violent crimes, had a serious mental illness, and resided in maximum, medium, and minimum compounds of a women's prison. A total of 74 women completed the group intervention, with the average attending 23 of the 28 sessions (82%). Implementation feasibility was demonstrated by the ability to recruit, screen, assign, and retain participation. Effectiveness was supported by changes pre-post intervention on the PTSD Checklist (ES=0.56) and Global Severity Index (ES=0.47). Of the 19 completers with PCL scores of 50 or higher pre-intervention, 16 (84%) had scores below 50, the "cut score" consistent with or supportive of a PTSD diagnosis. Three-quarters or more of participants reported that Seeking Safety was helpful in each of the following areas: overall, for traumatic stress symptoms, for substance use, to focus on safety, and to learn safe coping skills. Future directions include the need for larger scale randomized controlled trials in medium or maximum security prisons and fidelity evaluations of non-research dissemination efforts.
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Gunter TD, Chibnall JT, Antoniak SK, McCormick B, Black DW. Relative contributions of gender and traumatic life experience to the prediction of mental disorders in a sample of incarcerated offenders. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2012; 30:615-30. [PMID: 22991312 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify the relative contributions of gender and traumatic life experience to psychiatric disorders in a sample of 320 offenders entering a state prison. Women were more likely than men to report traumatic events and personal and family mental health treatment histories; and were more likely to meet criteria for posttraumatic stress, borderline personality, and eating disorders. People reporting traumatic life experiences were more likely than those not so reporting to have family mental histories and to meet criteria for mood, anxiety, psychotic, antisocial personality, and borderline personality disorders, as well as elevated suicide risk. With both gender and trauma included in the logistic regression models, only trauma was a significant predictor of mood, anxiety, psychotic, attention deficit hyperactivity, and antisocial personality disorders, as well as suicide risk. Trauma-informed programming, regardless of gender, is important for incarcerated offenders. To the extent that trauma is also criminogenic, these data suggest that women and men share the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy D Gunter
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-7176, USA.
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Asberg K, Renk K. Substance use coping as a mediator of the relationship between trauma symptoms and substance use consequences among incarcerated females with childhood sexual abuse histories. Subst Use Misuse 2012; 47:799-808. [PMID: 22468563 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2012.669446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rates of substance use and maltreatment are alarmingly high among incarcerated women. Although the direct link between trauma and substance use has been established, less is known about potential mediators. Thus, we examined substance use coping as a mediator between trauma symptoms and substance use consequences among a sample of incarcerated females (N = 111) who were survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Trauma symptoms predicted the severity of substance use consequences, with this relationship being mediated fully by avoidance coping (e.g., using substances to cope). Overall, trauma histories are important in predicting outcomes but must be examined in the context of current coping behaviors and substance use. Findings (data collected in 2007/2008) may help promote interventions that target patterns of coping and/or emotional avoidance among trauma survivors with substance use problems in incarcerated populations. The study's limitations are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Asberg
- Department of Psychology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina 28753, USA.
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Iliceto P, Pompili M, Candilera G, Rosafio I, Erbuto D, Battuello M, Lester D, Girardi P. Temperament, insecure attachment, impulsivity, and sexuality in women in jail. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2012; 8:23-29. [PMID: 22372395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-3938.2011.01127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women constitute only a small proportion of inmates, but several studies have shown that they have higher rates of psychiatric disturbance than incarcerated men and community samples. Mental health treatment is necessary to prevent severe illness and suicide in these women. METHODS The convenience sample consisted of 40 female detainees and 40 controls who were administered self-report questionnaires to assess temperament (TEMPS-A), insecure attachment (ECR), impulsivity (BIS-11), and sexual behavior (SESAMO). RESULTS The incarcerated women had higher levels of affective temperament (except for hyperthymia), avoidance, anxiety, impulsivity, and psychosexual issues than the female community sample. CONCLUSIONS Many interrelated emotional and affective disturbances affect the physical and psychological well-being of women in jail, and it is possible that these problems may lead to suicide. Health professionals need to develop gender-specific therapeutic interventions for women in jail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Iliceto
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Functions, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Grella CE, Rodriguez L. Motivation for treatment among women offenders in prison-based treatment and longitudinal outcomes among those who participate in community aftercare. J Psychoactive Drugs 2012; Suppl 7:58-67. [PMID: 22185040 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2011.602275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Participation in aftercare may reduce risk of recidivism among women offenders with substance use problems following their release to the community. This study examines motivation to participate in aftercare among women offenders and whether their participation in both in-custody and aftercare treatment reduces their risk of recidivism. Surveys were conducted with women (N = 1,158) in prison-based substance abuse treatment programs. Return-to-prison was examined among participants in community-based aftercare (N = 1,182) over 12 months following treatment discharge. Higher treatment motivation was associated with child welfare involvement, prior treatment, and use of "harder" drugs; ethnic minority women had lower treatment motivation compared with White women. Participants who completed the aftercare program, or who had longer treatment duration, and those who had participated in an in-prison program prior to parole had reduced risk of recidivism. Study findings suggest the value of community aftercare for women offenders, particularly when combined with prior in-prison treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Grella
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
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50
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Dumont DM, Brockmann B, Dickman S, Alexander N, Rich JD. Public health and the epidemic of incarceration. Annu Rev Public Health 2012; 33:325-39. [PMID: 22224880 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented number of Americans have been incarcerated in the past generation. In addition, arrests are concentrated in low-income, predominantly nonwhite communities where people are more likely to be medically underserved. As a result, rates of physical and mental illnesses are far higher among prison and jail inmates than among the general public. We review the health profiles of the incarcerated; health care in correctional facilities; and incarceration's repercussions for public health in the communities to which inmates return upon release. The review concludes with recommendations that public health and medical practitioners capitalize on the public health opportunities provided by correctional settings to reach medically underserved communities, while simultaneously advocating for fundamental system change to reduce unnecessary incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora M Dumont
- The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA.
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