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Haller SP, Linke JO, Grassie HL, Jones EL, Pagliaccio D, Harrewijn A, White LK, Naim R, Abend R, Mallidi A, Berman E, Lewis KM, Kircanski K, Fox NA, Silverman WK, Kalin NH, Bar-Haim Y, Brotman MA. Normalization of Fronto-Parietal Activation by Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Unmedicated Pediatric Patients With Anxiety Disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2024; 181:201-212. [PMID: 38263879 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anxiety disorders are prevalent among youths and are often highly impairing. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective first-line treatment. The authors investigated the brain mechanisms associated with symptom change following CBT. METHODS Unmedicated youths diagnosed with an anxiety disorder underwent 12 weeks of CBT as part of two randomized clinical trials testing the efficacy of adjunctive computerized cognitive training. Across both trials, participants completed a threat-processing task during functional MRI before and after treatment. Age-matched healthy comparison youths completed two scans over the same time span. The mean age of the samples was 13.20 years (SD=2.68); 41% were male (youths with anxiety disorders, N=69; healthy comparison youths, N=62). An additional sample including youths at temperamental risk for anxiety (N=87; mean age, 10.51 years [SD=0.43]; 41% male) was utilized to test the stability of anxiety-related neural differences in the absence of treatment. Whole-brain regional activation changes (thresholded at p<0.001) were examined using task-based blood-oxygen-level-dependent response. RESULTS Before treatment, patients with an anxiety disorder exhibited altered activation in fronto-parietal attention networks and limbic regions relative to healthy comparison children across all task conditions. Fronto-parietal hyperactivation normalized over the course of treatment, whereas limbic responses remained elevated after treatment. In the at-risk sample, overlapping clusters emerged between regions showing stable associations with anxiety over time and regions showing treatment-related changes. CONCLUSIONS Activation in fronto-parietal networks may normalize after CBT in unmedicated pediatric anxiety patients. Limbic regions may be less amenable to acute CBT effects. Findings from the at-risk sample suggest that treatment-related changes may not be attributed solely to the passage of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone P Haller
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Julia O Linke
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hannah L Grassie
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Emily L Jones
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Pagliaccio
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anita Harrewijn
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lauren K White
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Reut Naim
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rany Abend
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ajitha Mallidi
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Erin Berman
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krystal M Lewis
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Katharina Kircanski
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Wendy K Silverman
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ned H Kalin
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Melissa A Brotman
- Emotion and Development Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, Md. (Haller, Grassie, Jones, Mallidi, Berman, Lewis, Kircanski, Brotman); Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (Linke); Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (Pagliaccio); Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Harrewijn); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (White); Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel (Abend); Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park (Fox); Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Silverman); Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison (Kalin); School of Psychological Sciences (Bar-Heim, Naim) and Sagol School of Neuroscience (Bar-Haim), Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sydnor VJ, Cieslak M, Duprat R, Deluisi J, Flounders MW, Long H, Scully M, Balderston NL, Sheline YI, Bassett DS, Satterthwaite TD, Oathes DJ. Cortical-subcortical structural connections support transcranial magnetic stimulation engagement of the amygdala. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn5803. [PMID: 35731882 PMCID: PMC9217085 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala processes valenced stimuli, influences emotion, and exhibits aberrant activity across anxiety disorders, depression, and PTSD. Interventions modulating amygdala activity hold promise as transdiagnostic psychiatric treatments. In 45 healthy participants, we investigated whether transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) elicits indirect changes in amygdala activity when applied to ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), a region important for emotion regulation. Harnessing in-scanner interleaved TMS/functional MRI (fMRI), we reveal that vlPFC neurostimulation evoked acute and focal modulations of amygdala fMRI BOLD signal. Larger TMS-evoked changes in the amygdala were associated with higher fiber density in a vlPFC-amygdala white matter pathway when stimulating vlPFC but not an anatomical control, suggesting this pathway facilitated stimulation-induced communication between cortex and subcortex. This work provides evidence of amygdala engagement by TMS, highlighting stimulation of vlPFC-amygdala circuits as a candidate treatment for transdiagnostic psychopathology. More broadly, it indicates that targeting cortical-subcortical structural connections may enhance the impact of TMS on subcortical neural activity and, by extension, subcortex-subserved behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J. Sydnor
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Cieslak
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Romain Duprat
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress (CNDS), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Deluisi
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress (CNDS), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew W. Flounders
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress (CNDS), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hannah Long
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress (CNDS), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Morgan Scully
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress (CNDS), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Balderston
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress (CNDS), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yvette I. Sheline
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress (CNDS), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dani S. Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Desmond J. Oathes
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress (CNDS), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Penn Brain Science, Translation, Innovation, and Modulation Center (brainSTIM), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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