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Pinto JV, Hoeboer C, Hunt C, O’Toole B, Olff M. Examining the clinical validity of the global psychotrauma screen in refugees. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1394014. [PMID: 39105148 PMCID: PMC11299515 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1394014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Global Psychotrauma Screen (GPS) is a brief transdiagnostic screener that covers a broad range of trauma-related disorders as well as risk factors known to influence the course of symptoms. Methods We analyzed data from African war refugees in Australia (n = 70), including the GPS, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (SCID-5), the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5), and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Results Using the Youden's J Index to examine the clinical validity of the GPS subscales measuring PTSD, dissociation, depression, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), we found that a PTSD subscale score of 3 or higher, and a depression and dissociation subscale score of 1 or higher, was optimally efficient for detecting a probable diagnosis (Youden's J = 0.76, J = 0.72, and J = 0.90, respectively) with high sensitivity and specificity. We were unable to test the GPS clinical validity for GAD due to the low GAD occurrence. The GPS resilience item was not related to the total score (r = 0.02), indicating low convergent validity for resilience. Risk factors, including current stressors and childhood trauma history, were related to more severe GPS symptom scores, while lack of resilience, social support, and history of mental illness were not. Conclusion We conclude that the GPS may be a useful screening tool for PTSD, depression, and the dissociative subtype in refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina V. Pinto
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Caroline Hunt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian O’Toole
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Miranda Olff
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Mann AJD, Tull MT, Gratz KL. Examining the Presence, Frequency, and Associated Characteristics of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury by Proxy: Initial Validation of the Nonsuicidal Self-Injury by Proxy Questionnaire (NSSIBPQ). Behav Modif 2024; 48:3-50. [PMID: 37599465 DOI: 10.1177/01454455231191710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) by proxy is the intentional destruction of one's own body tissue through the elicitation of another being's actions. Despite its clinical relevance, research on NSSI by proxy is limited and there are no available measures of this behavior. This research aimed to characterize NSSI by proxy among young adults and provide preliminary data on the validity of a new self-report measure, the NSSI by Proxy Questionnaire (NSSIBPQ). Two nationwide community samples of young adults (one general community sample and one with a history of traditional NSSI and suicidality) completed online studies. NSSI by proxy was reported by 18% of the general community sample and 45% of the self-injuring sample. Findings support the clinical relevance of NSSI by proxy and its potential to meet criteria for an NSSI disorder diagnosis. Results also provide preliminary support for the internal consistency and convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity of the NSSIBPQ.
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3
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Deng W, Yan S, Xu Y, Lu Z, Liu L, Zhou Y, Chen M. Effects of BPD tendencies and subjective well-being on NSSI in adolescents with PTSD. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1152352. [PMID: 37398590 PMCID: PMC10308082 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1152352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may lead to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and borderline personality disorder (BPD) tendencies may play a role in this process. Secondary vocational students experience more social, familial and other pressures and are more vulnerable to psychological problems. Thus, we explored the effect of BPD tendencies and subjective well-being (SWB) on NSSI in secondary vocational students with PTSD. Methods A total of 2,160 Chinese secondary vocational students in Wuhan participated in our cross-sectional investigation. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), criteria for PTSD, NSSI Questionnaire, Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+, subjective well-being scale, and family adaptation, partnership, growth, affection, and resolve (APGAR) Index were used. We conducted a binary logistic regression model and linear regression analysis. Results Sex (odds ratio [OR] = 0.354, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.171-0.733), BPD tendencies (OR = 1.192, 95% CI = 1.066-1.333) and SWB (OR = 0.652, 95% CI = 0.516-0.824) were independent factors that predicted NSSI in secondary vocational students with PTSD. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that BPD tendencies were positively correlated with NSSI frequency (r = 0.282, P < 0.01). SWB was negatively correlated with NSSI frequency (r = -0.301, P < 0.01). The linear regression showed that BPD tendencies (β = 0.137, P < 0.05 and β = -0.230, P < 0.001) were significantly correlated with NSSI frequency. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that family functioning was positively correlated with SWB (r = 0.486, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with BPD tendencies (r = -0.296, P < 0.01). Conclusion In adolescents, PTSD in response to stressful events could lead to NSSI, and BPD tendencies promote the intensity of NSSI, while SWB diminishes its intensity. Improvement in family functioning may actively guide the development of mental health and improve SWB; such steps may constitute interventions to prevent or treat NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Deng
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjun Xu
- Wuhan Dongfang Bode Psychiatric Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Lu
- School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianzhong Liu
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
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4
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Raudales AM, Yang M, Schatten HT, Armey MF, Weiss NH. Daily reciprocal relations between emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury among individuals with a history of sexual assault: The influence of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2023; 53:124-136. [PMID: 36326152 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious public health concern that can be understood within an emotion dysregulation framework. The current study adds to the literature by utilizing a micro-longitudinal design and novel statistical modeling to test reciprocal associations between emotion dysregulation and NSSI, as well as the potential moderating effect of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). METHODS Participants were 81 individuals with a history of sexual assault and NSSI (Mage = 33.80; 67.9% women; 80.2% white) recruited from the community who self-reported on symptoms of emotion dysregulation and NSSI thoughts/behaviors once daily for 7 days. Average compliance rate was 72.8% (SD = 31.3%) and 34 participants (42.0%) endorsed NSSI thoughts/behaviors over the course of the study. RESULTS Findings revealed a significant positive effect of NSSI thoughts/behaviors on subsequent abilities to regulate negative emotions. Furthermore, while results did not detect a moderating influence of baseline PTSS on the relation between emotion dysregulation and NSSI thoughts/behaviors over time, individuals with higher baseline PTSS were found to experience heightened levels of NSSI thoughts/behaviors and emotion dysregulation on average. CONCLUSION Information from this study may be useful for future research and intervention development focused on the intersection of NSSI, PTSS, and emotion dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa M Raudales
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Manshu Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Heather T Schatten
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Michael F Armey
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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5
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Beagley MC, Mann AJ, Patel TA, McConnell AA, Caron KM, Kinner DG, Boeding SE, Kimbrel NA. Traditional Masculine Gender Role Norms and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Veterans. PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN & MASCULINITIES 2022; 1:10.1037/men0000419. [PMID: 36712903 PMCID: PMC9881189 DOI: 10.1037/men0000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reducing Veteran rates of suicide has long remained a top priority for the Veterans Health Administration, and as such, identifying correlates of suicidal behaviors is important to develop targeted interventions. Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been identified as a robust predictor of suicide attempts; however, less is known about correlates of NSSI that may aid in upstream prevention efforts. Prior research suggests adherence to various traditional masculine gender role norms may be positively associated with NSSI. Thus, as the U.S. military is widely recognized for promoting and rewarding such norms, this study sought to build off previous research by examining the association between adherence to various masculine gender role norms and engagement in NSSI behaviors among a mixed-sex sample of U.S. Veterans (N = 124). Results showed the norm of emotional control was most strongly associated with lifetime engagement in NSSI behaviors (including the behavior of wall-object punching), whereas the norm of violence was associated with NSSI disorder. Interestingly, exploratory analyses indicated that these associations were primarily driven by women Veterans and sexual orientation status. Overall, the results highlight the importance of assessing for adherence to masculine gender role norms among all Veterans and speak to additional avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin C. Beagley
- Central Texas Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Austin Outpatient Clinic, Austin, TX, USA,Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Dr. Marin C. Beagley, Central Texas Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Austin Outpatient Clinic, 7901 Metropolis Dr., Austin, TX, 78744,
| | - Adam J. Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tapan A. Patel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA,VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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6
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Hawn SE, Wolf EJ, Neale Z, Miller MW. Conceptualizing traumatic stress and the structure of posttraumatic psychopathology through the lenses of RDoC and HiTOP. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 95:102177. [PMID: 35690042 PMCID: PMC9229497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Trauma-related psychopathology, most notably posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), poses unique challenges for psychiatric nosology due to the wide range of symptoms and diagnoses associated with trauma and challenges representing the impact of trauma exposure on psychopathology. In this paper, we review the literature on categorical (i.e., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases systems) versus dimensional conceptualizations of trauma-related symptoms with an emphasis on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) frameworks. We identify strengths of each approach and challenges in accommodating the full range of trauma-related psychopathology and the clinical implications thereof. We discuss several potential approaches for improving the representation of traumatic stress, including the use of PTSD subtypes, trauma-related specifiers for psychiatric diagnoses, and the development of a dimension that we call the traumatic stress spectrum, which spans both adaptive and adverse reactions to trauma. These approaches to representing traumatic stress can be evaluated empirically and further refined. We also discuss how the use of an integrated RDoC-HiTOP approach to reconceptualize traumatic stress might maximize the ability to model valid and reliable trauma-related phenotypes, which would aid in the investigation of clinically relevant biological correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage E Hawn
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erika J Wolf
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoë Neale
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Miller
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Forbes CN, Tull MT, Chapman AL, Dixon-Gordon KL, Gratz KL. Implicit Associations of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury with Relief in Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Disorders. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:565-580. [PMID: 32866425 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1811182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although once considered a defining feature of borderline personality disorder, research has found high rates of NSSI among individuals with other psychiatric disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorders. A recent study from our research team found that lifetime PTSD and depressive disorders were associated with unique self-reported NSSI motives. Given well-established limitations of assessing motives via self-report measures, the present study sought to extend this line of research by using a novel laboratory measure of the implicit NSSI-relief association to examine NSSI emotional relief motives. METHOD A subset of participants from our previous study (N = 109) completed diagnostic interviews and the laboratory-based DSH-Relief Implicit Association Test (IAT). RESULTS Findings indicated that individuals with lifetime PTSD evidenced stronger NSSI-relief associations than those without PTSD. Further, this main effect was qualified by a PTSD by depressive disorder interaction, such that stronger NSSI-relief associations were found among individuals with lifetime PTSD but no lifetime depressive disorder than among individuals without a history of either PTSD or a depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the importance of investigating NSSI motives associated with different symptom profiles using a multi-method approach.
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8
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Khazaie H, Khazaie S, Zakiei A, Dürsteler KM, Brühl AB, Brand S, Sadeghi-Bahmani D. When Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Predicts Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Poor Sleep-Results from a Larger Cross-Sectional and Quasi-Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413011. [PMID: 34948620 PMCID: PMC8701371 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Poor sleep is associated with a higher risk of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) as a proxy of unfavorable emotion regulation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that past non-suicidal self-injury was associated with current non-suicidal self-injury and with current subjective sleep patterns. To this end, a larger sample of young adults were assessed. A total of 2374 adults (mean age: 27.58 years; 39.6% females) completed a series of self-rating questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, past and current NSSIs, suicide attempts, and current sleep patterns, including experiencing nightmares. Past NSSIs predicted current NSSIs. Current sleep patterns had a modest impact on the association between past and current NSSIs. Compared to male participants, female participants did not report more sleep complaints or more current NSSIs, but more past NSSIs. Past NSSIs predicted the occurrences of nightmares and suicide attempts. The best predictor of current NSSI was the remembered past NSSI, while current poor sleep was only modestly associated with current NSSI. Further indicators of current NSSI and poor sleep were suicide attempts and nightmares within the last six months. Overall, it appears that poor emotion regulation should be considered as underlying factor to trigger and maintain non-suicidal self-injury-related behavior and poor sleep. Further, unlike previous studies, which focused on the possible influence of sleep patterns on NSSIs, the aim of the present study paradigm was to investigate NSSIs on sleep patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851451, Iran; (H.K.); (A.Z.); (D.S.-B.)
| | - Sepideh Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851451, Iran; (H.K.); (A.Z.); (D.S.-B.)
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Ali Zakiei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851451, Iran; (H.K.); (A.Z.); (D.S.-B.)
| | - Kenneth M. Dürsteler
- Psychiatric Clinics, Division of Substance Use Disorders Basel, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Center for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Beatrix Brühl
- Center of Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Serge Brand
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851451, Iran; (H.K.); (A.Z.); (D.S.-B.)
- Center of Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851451, Iran
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851451, Iran; (H.K.); (A.Z.); (D.S.-B.)
- Center of Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Khazaie H, Zakiei A, McCall WV, Noori K, Rostampour M, Sadeghi Bahmani D, Brand S. Relationship between Sleep Problems and Self-Injury: A Systematic Review. Behav Sleep Med 2021; 19:689-704. [PMID: 32991212 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2020.1822360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective/Background: Previous studies suggested that sleep problems were related to non-suicidal self-injury. The current systematic review investigated more thoroughly this relationship.Methods: PubMED and Embase databases were searched. The keywords were "self-injury" OR "self-harm" OR "non-suicidal self-injury" OR "self-injurious behavior" OR "self-destructive behavior" OR "self-mutilation" AND "sleep problem" OR "sleep disturbance" OR insomnia OR nightmare OR "poor sleep quality" or "sleep disorders." A total of 16 studies were included in the present review.Results: The pattern of results indicated that sleep problems such as short sleep duration, sleep disturbances, and poor sleep quality were associated with non-suicidal self-injury. Additionally, emotional dysregulation, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder appeared to mediate this relationship. Above all adolescents and young adults with sleep disruptions were at higher risk of non-suicidal self-injury.Conclusions:g Interventions to improve sleep quality and sleep duration might concomitantly decrease the risk of non-suicidal self-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Zakiei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - William Vaughn McCall
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Khadijeh Noori
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Rostampour
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Dena Sadeghi Bahmani
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Psychiatric Hospital, Center of Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Departments of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Serge Brand
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Psychiatric Hospital, Center of Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Edinger A, Fischer-Waldschmidt G, Parzer P, Brunner R, Resch F, Kaess M. The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Therapy Outcome in Adolescents Engaging in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:505661. [PMID: 33329074 PMCID: PMC7672012 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.505661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent and clinically significant behavior. There is a substantial association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and NSSI. However, there are no studies investigating the impact of ACEs on NSSI treatment (psychotherapy) outcome. The aim of this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) on psychotherapy of NSSI was to investigate the relationship between ACEs and treatment outcome in adolescents engaging in NSSI. Method: A sample of 74 adolescent outpatients engaging in repetitive NSSI (incidents on ≥ 5 days within the last 6 months) was recruited for a RCT. ACEs were assessed by the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA) interview before treatment onset. Based on the CECA, participants were divided in two groups: with a history of ACEs (n = 30) and without a history of ACEs (n = 44). Frequencies of NSSI, depression, and suicide attempts as well as quality of life were measured at three points in time: before treatment onset (baseline; T0), 4 (T1), and 10 months (T2) after treatment onset. Results: Both participants with and without ACEs were able to reduce the frequency of NSSI significantly [χ2 (1) = 26.72; p < 0.001]. Surprisingly, participants with ACEs reached a significantly greater reduction in NSSI frequency within the past 6 months compared to participants without ACEs [χ2 (1) = 5.08; p = 0.024]. There were also substantial and similar improvements regarding depressive symptoms, suicide attempts and quality of life in both groups. Conclusion: ACEs seem to positively predict treatment response in psychotherapy for adolescent NSSI. This is contrary to prior research suggesting ACE as an unfavorable prognostic factor in the treatment of mental disorders. Clinical Trial Registration: Short term therapy in adolescents with self-destructive and risk-taking behaviors; http://www.drks.de; DRKS00003605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Edinger
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gloria Fischer-Waldschmidt
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Parzer
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Clinic and Policlinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg District Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franz Resch
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Rawlins B, Brooks M, Khan R. Posttraumatic stress symptoms mediate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, avoidant personality traits and resilience. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:590-601. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1768532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Rawlins
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Brooks
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Roxanne Khan
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Manchester, UK
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12
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Motives for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Individuals with Lifetime Depressive Disorders and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Is the association of deliberate self-harm with emotional relief stable or dependent on emotional context? J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 60:61-68. [PMID: 29605669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite strong support for the role of emotional relief in deliberate self-harm (DSH), no research has examined the impact of emotional distress on the strength of the DSH-relief association. Thus, it remains unclear whether the association of DSH with emotional relief is stable across emotional contexts or context-dependent. This study aimed to examine if the implicit DSH-relief association is stronger in the context of emotional distress (relative to a neutral emotional context). METHODS Young adult women with (n = 60) and without (n = 60) a history of recent recurrent DSH were randomly assigned to complete a novel version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) assessing the DSH-relief association at baseline (following an initial neutral emotion induction) and again following either a neutral or negative (i.e., social rejection) emotion induction. RESULTS Consistent with hypotheses, the DSH-relief association was stronger among women with recent recurrent DSH (vs. those without DSH) at baseline. Contrary to hypotheses, however, whereas the DSH-relief association remained stable following both the neutral and negative emotion inductions among participants with DSH, it became stronger across both conditions for participants without DSH. LIMITATIONS The use of a community sample of young adult women may limit generalizability to other relevant populations (e.g., clinical populations, young men, adolescents). Additionally, the negative emotion induction may not have been powerful enough to affect the strength of the learned DSH-relief association among individuals with a repeated history of DSH. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the repeated use of DSH to bring about emotional relief may engender associations of DSH with relief that are relatively insensitive to emotional context.
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14
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Cox DW, Motl TC, Myfanwy Bakker A, Lunt RA. Cognitive fusion and post-trauma functioning in veterans: Examining the mediating roles of emotion dysregulation. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Dimaggio G, Popolo R, Montano A, Velotti P, Perrini F, Buonocore L, Garofalo C, D'Aguanno M, Salvatore G. Emotion dysregulation, symptoms, and interpersonal problems as independent predictors of a broad range of personality disorders in an outpatient sample. Psychol Psychother 2017; 90:586-599. [PMID: 28585718 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Emotion dysregulation (ED) is considered a hallmark of borderline personality disorder and is prominent in other personality disorders (PDs). Its presence and contribution to personality pathology need to be explored in the whole range of PDs. In this study, we investigated the association of ED with the whole range of PD traits, symptoms, and interpersonal problems and then investigated whether ED had a unique contribution in predicting the different PDs. A sample of 478 treatment-seeking outpatients was interviewed with the SCID-II. The patients were then tested for symptoms (SCL-90-R), interpersonal problems (IIP-32), and ED (DERS). RESULTS ED correlated with the large majority of PDs and with symptoms and interpersonal problems. Regression showed how ED explained a unique part of the variance for many PDs. ED appears to be a relevant feature of pathology in many PDs; with replication, it can be considered a treatment target in this population. PRACTITIONER POINTS Emotion dysregulation is present in many personality disorders. Emotion dysregulation is not just explained by heightened symptoms and interpersonal problems in personality disorders. Emotion dysregulation could be considered a treatment target in personality disorders other than borderline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaele Popolo
- Center for Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy, Rome, Italy.,Studi Cognitivi, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlo Garofalo
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | - Mario D'Aguanno
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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16
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Bryan CJ, Grove JL, Kimbrel NA. Theory-driven models of self-directed violence among individuals with PTSD. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 14:12-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Gratz KL, Chapman AL, Dixon-Gordon KL, Tull MT. Exploring the association of deliberate self-harm with emotional relief using a novel Implicit Association Test. Personal Disord 2016; 7:91-102. [PMID: 26147069 PMCID: PMC5493474 DOI: 10.1037/per0000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing consensus that negative reinforcement in the form of emotional relief plays a key role in the maintenance of deliberate self-harm (DSH), most of the research in this area has relied exclusively on self-report measures of the perceived motives for and emotional consequences of DSH. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to extend extant research on the role of emotional relief in DSH by examining the strength of the association of DSH with emotional relief using a novel version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The strength of the DSH-relief association among both participants with (vs. without) DSH and self-harming participants with (vs. without) BPD, as well as its associations with relevant clinical constructs (including DSH characteristics, self-reported motives for DSH, BPD pathology, and emotion dysregulation and avoidance) were examined in a community sample of young adults (113 with recent recurrent DSH; 135 without DSH). As hypothesized, results revealed stronger associations between DSH and relief among participants with versus without DSH, as well as among DSH participants with versus without BPD. Moreover, the strength of the DSH-relief association was positively associated with DSH frequency and versatility (both lifetime and at 6-month follow-up), BPD pathology, emotion dysregulation, experiential avoidance, and self-reported emotion relief motives for DSH. Findings provide support for theories emphasizing the role of emotional relief in DSH (particularly among individuals with BPD), as well as the construct validity, predictive utility, and incremental validity (relative to self-reported emotion relief motives) of this IAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center
| | | | | | - Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center
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18
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Gratz KL, Dixon-Gordon KL, Chapman AL, Tull MT. Diagnosis and Characterization of DSM-5 Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder Using the Clinician-Administered Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder Index. Assessment 2015; 22:527-39. [PMID: 25604630 PMCID: PMC5505727 DOI: 10.1177/1073191114565878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the inclusion of nonsuicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID) in the DSM-5, research on NSSID is limited and no studies have examined the full set of DSM-5 NSSID diagnostic criteria. Thus, this study examined the reliability and validity of a new structured diagnostic interview for NSSID (the Clinician-Administered NSSI Disorder Index; CANDI) and provides information on the clinical characteristics and features of DSM-5 NSSID. Data on the interrater reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity of the CANDI and associated characteristics of NSSID were collected in a community sample of young adults (N = 107) with recent recurrent NSSI (≥10 lifetime episodes of NSSI, at least one episode in the past year). Participants completed self-report measures of NSSI characteristics, psychopathology, and emotion dysregulation, as well as diagnostic interviews of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and lifetime mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. The CANDI demonstrated good interrater reliability and adequate internal consistency. Thirty-seven percent of participants met criteria for NSSID. NSSID was associated with greater clinical and diagnostic severity, including greater NSSI versatility, greater emotion dysregulation and psychopathology, and higher rates of BPD, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and alcohol dependence. Findings provide support for the reliability, validity, and feasibility of the CANDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Gratz
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew T Tull
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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19
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Bjureberg J, Ljótsson B, Tull MT, Hedman E, Sahlin H, Lundh LG, Bjärehed J, DiLillo D, Messman-Moore T, Gumpert CH, Gratz KL. Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2015; 38:284-296. [PMID: 27239096 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is a widely-used, theoretically-driven, and psychometrically-sound self-report measure of emotion regulation difficulties. However, at 36-items, the DERS may be challenging to administer in some situations or settings (e.g., in the course of patient care or large-scale epidemiological studies). Consequently, there is a need a briefer version of the DERS. The goal of the present studies was to develop and evaluate a 16-item version of the DERS - the DERS-16. The reliability and validity of the DERS-16 were examined in a clinical sample (N = 96) and two large community samples (Ns = 102 and 482). The validity of the DERS-16 was evaluated comparing the relative strength of the association of the two versions of the DERS with measures of emotion regulation and related constructs, psychopathology, and clinically-relevant behaviors theorized to stem from emotion regulation deficits. Results demonstrate that the DERS-16 has retained excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and good convergent and discriminant validity. Further, the DERS-16 showed minimal differences in its convergent and discriminant validity with relevant measures when compared to the original DERS. In conclusion, the DERS-16 offers a valid and brief method for the assessment of overall emotion regulation difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bjureberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brjánn Ljótsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Erik Hedman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Sahlin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - David DiLillo
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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20
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Weiss NH, Dixon-Gordon KL, Duke AA, Sullivan TP. The underlying role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in the association between intimate partner violence and deliberate self-harm among African American women. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 59:8-16. [PMID: 25752736 PMCID: PMC4363011 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African American women are at heightened risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) and its negative consequences, including health-compromising behaviors. Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is one clinically-relevant behavior that has been understudied among African American women generally and those with exposure to IPV in particular. To date, no studies have examined factors that may account for the relationship between IPV and DSH. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the intercorrelations among IPV (physical, psychological, and sexual), PTSD, and DSH history and versatility, and the potentially mediating role of PTSD symptoms in the IPV-DSH relation. Participants were 197 African American community women currently experiencing IPV. Sixty participants (31%) reported a history of DSH. Among participants who reported DSH, there was an average endorsement of 2.3 unique forms of deliberate self-harm (i.e., DSH versatility). Significant positive associations were detected among physical IPV severity, psychological IPV severity, PTSD symptom severity, and DSH history and versatility. PTSD symptom severity mediated the relationships between physical and psychological IPV severity and DSH history and versatility. Results highlight the relevance of PTSD symptoms to DSH and suggest that treatments targeting PTSD symptoms may be useful in reducing DSH among IPV-exposed African American women.
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21
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Weiss NH, Tull MT, Gratz KL. A preliminary experimental examination of the effect of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity on risky behaviors among women with sexual assault-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Modif 2014; 38:914-39. [PMID: 25155301 PMCID: PMC4343321 DOI: 10.1177/0145445514547957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with a wide range of risky behaviors (e.g., substance use and risky sexual behaviors); however, few studies have examined mechanisms that may underlie risky behaviors in this population. The present study utilized a prospective experimental design to examine the effects of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity on risky behaviors across time. Thirty women with sexual assault-related PTSD were randomly assigned to receive emotion modulation (EM), impulsivity reduction (IR), or healthy living (HL; comparison condition) skills trainings. Participants completed measures of emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, and risky behaviors pre-manipulation and 1-month post-manipulation. Participants in the EM and IR conditions reported a significant reduction in risky behaviors from pre- to post-manipulation relative to the HL condition. Changes in emotion dysregulation from pre- to post-manipulation fully accounted for reductions in risky behaviors over time. Results provide preliminary experimental support for the role of emotion dysregulation in risky behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole H. Weiss
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511,
| | - Matthew T. Tull
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS, 39216,
| | - Kim L. Gratz
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, MS, 39216,
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22
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Dixon-Gordon KL, Tull MT, Gratz KL. Self-injurious behaviors in posttraumatic stress disorder: an examination of potential moderators. J Affect Disord 2014; 166:359-67. [PMID: 24981133 PMCID: PMC4155484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing evidence for a relation between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and self-injurious behaviors (SIB), limited research has examined the factors that may moderate the associations between PTSD and both nonsuicidal SIB (deliberate self-harm; DSH) and suicidal SIB (suicide attempts). Nonetheless, research suggests that characteristics of the traumatic event, co-occurring borderline personality disorder (BPD), and emotion dysregulation may influence the relations between PTSD and SIB. METHODS Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the moderating role of these factors in the association between PTSD and SIB (including history and frequency of DSH and suicide attempts, and DSH versatility) among a sample of substance use disorder inpatients with (n=116) and without (n=130) a history of PTSD. RESULTS Results from stepwise regression analyses indicate that sexual assault-related PTSD predicted suicide attempt frequency and DSH versatility among those with PTSD. Furthermore, results from hierarchical linear and logistic regression analyses suggest that co-occurring BPD moderates the relationship between PTSD and both DSH history and versatility and emotion dysregulation moderates the relationship between PTSD and DSH frequency. Specifically, the relations between PTSD and DSH outcomes were stronger among participants with co-occurring BPD and higher levels of emotion dysregulation. LIMITATIONS This study is limited by its reliance on cross-sectional, self-report data. CONCLUSIONS Despite limitations, findings suggest distinct risk factors for suicide attempts and DSH, and highlight the importance of examining characteristics of the trauma and associated BPD and emotion dysregulation in assessing risk for SIB in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Dixon-Gordon
- Corresponding author. Tel.: + 1-601-609-2964, Address: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS 39216,
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23
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Non-suicidal self-injury during an exposure-based treatment in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline features. Behav Res Ther 2014; 61:136-41. [PMID: 25193004 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) often show non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, patients with on-going NSSI are mostly excluded from PTSD treatments and NSSI during PTSD treatment has rarely been investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the course of NSSI during an exposure-based PTSD treatment. This study focused on a subset (n = 34) of data from a randomised controlled trial that tested the efficacy of a residential PTSD programme (DBT-PTSD) in comparison to a treatment-as-usual wait-list. In this subset we compared a) NSSI during treatment between participants who had or had not engaged in NSSI pre-treatment and b) NSSI between treatment weeks that included exposure interventions vs. those that did not. We further compared the outcome between participants with vs. without NSSI at pre-treatment. At pre-treatment, 62% participants reported on-going NSSI. During treatment, the percentage of participants carrying out NSSI decreased to 38% (p = 0.003). The rates of NSSI were similar in treatment weeks with exposure compared to weeks without. Similar results were observed for the frequency of NSSI. At the end of treatment, participants showed comparable improvement in PTSD symptoms regardless of whether or not they had exhibited NSSI beforehand.
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24
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Kimbrel NA, Johnson ME, Clancy C, Hertzberg M, Collie C, Van Voorhees EE, Dennis MF, Calhoun PS, Beckham JC. Deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation among male Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans seeking treatment for PTSD. J Trauma Stress 2014; 27:474-7. [PMID: 25066891 PMCID: PMC4697760 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present research were to examine the prevalence of deliberate self-harm (DSH) among 214 U.S. male Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to evaluate the relationship between DSH and suicidal ideation within this population. Approximately 56.5% (n = 121) reported engaging in DSH during their lifetime; 45.3% (n = 97) reported engaging in DSH during the previous 2 weeks. As hypothesized, DSH was a significant correlate of suicidal ideation among male Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans, OR = 3.88, p < .001, along with PTSD symptom severity, OR = 1.03, p < .001, and combat exposure, OR = 0.96, p = .040. A follow-up analysis identified burning oneself, OR = 17.14, p = .017, and hitting oneself, OR = 7.93, p < .001, as the specific DSH behaviors most strongly associated with suicidal ideation. Taken together, these findings suggest that DSH is quite prevalent among male Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans seeking treatment for PTSD and is associated with increased risk for suicidal ideation within this population. Routine assessment of DSH is recommended when working with male Iraq/Afghanistan veterans seeking treatment for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret E. Johnson
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Carolina Clancy
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael Hertzberg
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire Collie
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Van Voorhees
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick S. Calhoun
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,VA Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care; Durham VAMC (152), Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,The VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Abstract
Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has a high prevalence among the general undergraduate population, but as yet, no study has investigated the rate of NSSI among medical students despite the high levels of depression and suicidal ideation found in this population. Our study aimed to estimate the prevalence of NSSI and suicide attempts in German medical students and explore the associations between these behaviors and the five major personality traits. Seven hundred fourteen medical students (67% women; age range, 18-35 years; mean age, 23.1 years) participated in an online survey. We report a lifetime prevalence of 14.3% for NSSI and 1.5% for suicide attempt. The students with NSSI showed higher levels of neuroticism and openness to experience but lower levels of conscientiousness and extraversion on the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Our results are in line with previous research from other countries regarding the prevalence of NSSI among students and its association with personality.
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26
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Ford JD, Courtois CA. Complex PTSD, affect dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2014; 1:9. [PMID: 26401293 PMCID: PMC4579513 DOI: 10.1186/2051-6673-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex PTSD (cPTSD) was formulated to include, in addition to the core PTSD symptoms, dysregulation in three psychobiological areas: (1) emotion processing, (2) self-organization (including bodily integrity), and (3) relational security. The overlap of diagnostic criteria for cPTSD and borderline personality disorder (BPD) raises questions about the scientific integrity and clinical utility of the cPTSD construct/diagnosis, as well as opportunities to achieve an increasingly nuanced understanding of the role of psychological trauma in BPD. We review clinical and scientific findings regarding comorbidity, clinical phenomenology and neurobiology of BPD, PTSD, and cPTSD, and the role of traumatic victimization (in general and specific to primary caregivers), dissociation, and affect dysregulation. Findings suggest that BPD may involve heterogeneity related to psychological trauma that includes, but extends beyond, comorbidity with PTSD and potentially involves childhood victimization-related dissociation and affect dysregulation consistent with cPTSD. Although BPD and cPTSD overlap substantially, it is unwarranted to conceptualize cPTSD either as a replacement for BPD, or simply as a sub-type of BPD. We conclude with implications for clinical practice and scientific research based on a better differentiated view of cPTSD, BPD and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Ford
- University of Connecticut Health Center MC1410, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1410 USA
| | - Christine A Courtois
- Independent Pactice, Washington, DC, Elements Behavioral Health, Promises, Malibu, CA USA
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27
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Muehlenkamp JJ, Bagge CL, Tull MT, Gratz KL. Body regard as a moderator of the relation between emotion dysregulation and nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2013; 43:479-93. [PMID: 23611413 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite research documenting a strong association between emotion dysregulation and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), the moderators of this association have received little attention. Thus, it remains unclear why some individuals with heightened emotion dysregulation engage in NSSI and others do not. Body regard (i.e., how one perceives, experiences, and cares for the body) may be one such moderator, explaining the risk for NSSI among some individuals with emotion dysregulation. The current study used structural equation modeling within a sample of 398 undergraduates (26% reporting NSSI, mean frequency = 25.16, SD = 40.5) to test the interactive effect of emotion dysregulation and body regard on NSSI frequency when controlling for negative affect and borderline personality disorder symptoms. The interaction model provided a strong fit to the data and showed that emotion regulation was associated with NSSI only when low levels of body regard were present. Results suggest that body regard may be important to understanding who engages in NSSI within the context of emotion dysregulation. Possible mechanisms underlying the interaction between body regard and emotion dysregulation are discussed along with treatment and prevention implications.
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28
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Jaquier V, Hellmuth JC, Sullivan TP. Posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms as correlates of deliberate self-harm among community women experiencing intimate partnerviolence. Psychiatry Res 2013; 206:37-42. [PMID: 23040795 PMCID: PMC3594077 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deliberate self-harm (DSH) among women in the general population is correlated separately with posttraumatic stress, depression, and abuse during childhood and adulthood. The prevalence of these DSH correlates is particularly high among women exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV), yet few studies have examined DSH among this high-risk population and none have examined these correlates simultaneously. Two hundred and twelve IPV-victimized women in the community participated in a 2-h retrospective interview. One-third reported current or past DSH. Discriminant analysis was used to examine which posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms and types of current IPV and childhood abuse were uniquely associated with current DSH. Findings show that women who currently use DSH reported greater severity of posttraumatic stress numbing symptoms and more severe sexual IPV compared to women who used DSH only in the past. Examining factors that are associated with women's current DSH in this population is critical so that a focus on DSH can be integrated into the treatment plans of women who are receiving mental health care, but also so that women who are not receiving such care can be referred to adequate mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tami P. Sullivan
- Corresponding author: Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, The Consultation Center, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511. Phone 203 789 7645; Fax 203 562 6355;
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