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Mariani N, McLaughlin A, Lambert E, Kose M, Nikkheslat N, Patsalos O, Bogdanova A, Chamseddine G, Panagiotopoulos S, Chang A, Rubino F, Mondelli V. Disentangling the effects of depression and perceived stress on cortisol levels in individuals with obesity: Preliminary results from a cross-sectional study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 158:106387. [PMID: 37801751 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation has been suggested to play a role in the association between depression and obesity. The study aimed to investigate differences in cortisol levels in individuals with obesity with and without depression and the role of perceived stress on these differences. METHODS Saliva samples were collected at awakening, 15-, 30- and 60-minutes post-awakening from 66 individuals with obesity (30 with major depressive disorder and 36 without major depressive disorder). Salivary cortisol was analysed using ELISA technique. Linear Mixed Models were used for group differences in cortisol awakening response (CAR) with adjustment for socio-demographic confounders and binge eating. RESULTS Individuals with obesity and depression had lower CAR compared with individuals with obesity without depression (β = -0.44; p = 0.036). When controlling for perceived stress, CAR was no longer influenced by depression (β = -0.09; p = 0.75), but individuals with moderate/high stress had lower CAR compared with those with low stress (β = -0.63; p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that differences in CAR between individuals with obesity with and without depression could be due to higher levels of perceived stress in the depressed subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mariani
- Department of Psychological Medicine, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Anna McLaughlin
- Department of Psychological Medicine, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ellen Lambert
- Department of Psychological Medicine, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Melisa Kose
- Department of Psychological Medicine, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Naghmeh Nikkheslat
- Department of Psychological Medicine, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Olivia Patsalos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Department of Psychological Medicine, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ghassan Chamseddine
- Department of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Diabetes and Nutritional Science Division, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Spyros Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Diabetes and Nutritional Science Division, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Avril Chang
- Department of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Diabetes and Nutritional Science Division, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Francesco Rubino
- Department of Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery, Diabetes and Nutritional Science Division, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
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Rofe N, Brosh YS, Vardi-Naim H, Einat H, Kronfeld-Schor N, Lan A. Salivary cortisol concentration and perceived stress measure in response to acute natural stress: The role of morningness-eveningness preference. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1515-1521. [PMID: 37919934 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2276203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronotype reflects the morningness-eveningness preference over a 24-h period. Significant data indicates meaningful differences between evening types (ET) and morning types (MT) in behavior, personality traits, health and well-being. The aim of this study was to investigate cortisol response and subjective perceived stress of MT and ET individuals in response to an acute natural stressor. Twenty six definite MT (mean age 23.4 ± 1.7) and twenty six definite ET (mean age 23.8 ± 1.3) college students were recruited for this study. Participants were instructed to evaluate their perceived subjective stress and to provide saliva samples for cortisol levels at four different time points: Morning of regular school day, morning immediately before a final exam, afternoon of a regular school day and afternoon immediately before a final exam. For general mood assessment, the participants were also asked to fill out the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) questionnaire. The most outstanding finding of this study was the blunting of cortisol increase in response to acute stress in the morning in the ET group: Salivary cortisol was higher before a final exam only in MT but not in ET. However, no differences between the groups were found in the subjective stress measure. In the PANAS scale, ET showed lower positive affect, and a trend towards a higher negative affect. Overall, our results suggest dysregulation of cortisol response in ET individuals, possibly due to their daily struggle to function in a morning-oriented society. These results further highlight the challenges faced by ET individuals and raise the question of possible interventions to assist them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Rofe
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel-Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval S Brosh
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel-Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Haim Einat
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel-Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Anat Lan
- School of Behavioral Sciences, Tel-Aviv-Yaffo Academic College, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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3
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Squair C, Proudfoot K, Montelpare W, Overall KL. Effects of Changing Veterinary Handling Techniques on Canine Behaviour and Physiology Part 1: Physiological Measurements. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071253. [PMID: 37048509 PMCID: PMC10093362 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Signs of distress in dogs are often normalized during routine veterinary care, creating an animal welfare concern. We sought to test whether targeted interventions during veterinary visits affect physiological indicators of stress in dogs. Some 28 dogs were examined within four visits across 8 weeks. All dogs received the same care during the first visit and were then randomized into control and intervention groups for visits 2-4. In the intervention group, 14 dogs underwent procedures designed to reduce stress and to enlist their collaboration during examination. The 14 dogs in the control group received routine care. At each visit, heart rate (HR), serum cortisol (CORT), neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and creatine kinase (CK) were measured. A composite stress index based on the summed standardized scores for these markers was constructed. No differences in HR, NLR, and CK parameters between groups were found, and both groups had a decrease in CORT by visit four. However, the intervention group showed a greater overall decrease in CORT between the first and fourth visit than the control group (p < 0.04). The composite stress index differed between the first and fourth visits for the intervention group, but not for the control group (Intervention p = 0.03; Control p= 0.288). There was a tendency for the composite stress index to worsen at visit four vs. visit one for the control group. The findings suggest that dogs that participated in adaptive, collaborative exams and procedures designed to minimize fear had a greater reduction in stress over time compared to those receiving standard care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Squair
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Kathryn Proudfoot
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - William Montelpare
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Karen L Overall
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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Dell’Acqua C, Palomba D, Patron E, Messerotti Benvenuti S. Rethinking the risk for depression using the RDoC: A psychophysiological perspective. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1108275. [PMID: 36814670 PMCID: PMC9939768 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1108275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering that the classical categorical approach to mental disorders does not allow a clear identification of at-risk conditions, the dimensional approach provided by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) is useful in the exploration of vulnerability to psychopathology. In the RDoC era, psychophysiological models have an important role in the reconceptualization of mental disorders. Indeed, progress in the study of depression vulnerability has increasingly been informed by psychophysiological models. By adopting an RDoC lens, this narrative review focuses on how psychophysiological models can be used to advance our knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression vulnerability. Findings from psychophysiological research that explored multiple RDoC domains in populations at-risk for depression are reviewed and discussed. Future directions for the application of psychophysiological research in reaching a more complete understanding of depression vulnerability and, ultimately, improving clinical utility, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Dell’Acqua
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy,Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy,*Correspondence: Carola Dell’Acqua, ✉
| | - Daniela Palomba
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy,Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Simone Messerotti Benvenuti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy,Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy,Hospital Psychology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
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5
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Groeger D, Murphy EF, Tan HTT, Larsen IS, O'Neill I, Quigley EMM. Interactions between symptoms and psychological status in irritable bowel syndrome: An exploratory study of the impact of a probiotic combination. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14477. [PMID: 36178333 PMCID: PMC10078522 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is an exacerbator of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms, and anxiety and depression are co-morbidities. Bifidobacterium longum strains 1714® and 35642® attenuate stress responses in healthy people and reduce symptoms in IBS, respectively. Here, we explore relationships between the psychological and visceral effects of the two strains (COMBO) in IBS subjects and biomarkers of stress and inflammation. METHODS We recruited 40 patients with IBS (Rome III) and mild to moderate anxiety (HADS-A) and/or depression (HADS-D) and 57 asymptomatic female controls with low or moderate stress. IBS patients were fed COMBO (1 × 109 cfu/day) for 8 weeks with an 8-week washout. IBS symptoms, psychometric measures, salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR), and plasma inflammatory biomarkers were assessed every 4 weeks. KEY RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, IBS subjects had a blunted CAR. Treatment with COMBO restored CAR and improved IBS symptoms compared to baseline during the treatment phase. The COMBO reduced HADS-D, HADS-A score, and TNF-α, while sleep quality improved significantly from baseline to the end of the intervention. Surprisingly, these parameters improved further once treatment ended and maintained this improvement by Week 16. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These findings suggest that the stress response is a major driver of IBS symptoms. The time course of the beneficial effect of COMBO on IBS symptoms suggests that this is achieved through a restoration of the stress response. In contrast, the time course of the effects of COMBO on anxiety and depression in IBS paralleled an anti-inflammatory effect as indicated by a reduction in circulating levels of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology, APC Microbiome IrelandNational University of IrelandCorkIreland
| | - Eamonn M. M. Quigley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist HospitalWeill Cornell Medical CollegeHoustonTexasUSA
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Linnemann P, Friedrich N, Nauck M, Teismann H, Berger K. The relationship between cortisol awakening response and trait resilience in two patient cohorts and one population-based cohort. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 24:429-438. [PMID: 36239666 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2129445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined (1) the proportion of cortisol awakening non-responders, (2) the association between cortisol awakening response (CAR) and trait resilience, and (3) the association between CAR increase and trait resilience in two patient cohorts (depression and myocardial infarction [CVD]) and one population-based cohort. METHODS Eight hundred and eighty study participants delivered CAR scores (response and increase) based on three self-collected saliva samples and a trait resilience score. Descriptive data of CAR non-responders were reported and calculated. Associations between CAR response/increase and trait resilience, sociodemographic and compliance variables were evaluated using multiple logistic and multiple linear regression analyses stratified by cohort. RESULTS The proportion of CAR non-responders was high in all cohorts (57% depression cohort, 53.4% CVD cohort, 51.6% control cohort). In the depression cohort age was associated with CAR response and increase. In the CVD cohort salivary collection on a weekday was associated with CAR response and awakening time with CAR increase. In the control cohort age was associated with CAR response and sex with CAR increase. CONCLUSIONS We observed many CAR non-responders and significant associations between CAR response and CAR increase with single sociodemographic and compliance variables. We did not find significant relationships between CAR response or increase and trait resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Linnemann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henning Teismann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
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Krempel R, Schleicher D, Jarvers I, Ecker A, Brunner R, Kandsperger S. Sleep quality and neurohormonal and psychophysiological accompanying factors in adolescents with depressive disorders: study protocol. BJPsych Open 2022; 8:e57. [PMID: 35236539 PMCID: PMC8935910 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive disorders are common mental health problems during adolescence. Many adolescents with depression describe difficulties with sleeping. Findings of previous studies regarding changes in objective sleep quality in adolescents with depressive disorders are heterogeneous. AIMS This study aims to investigate differences in objective and subjective sleep quality between adolescents with depressive disorders and healthy peers, and to evaluate if potential changes in sleep occur concurrently with changes in the release of cortisol and alpha-amylase after awakening. METHOD This non-interventional parallel study examines correlations between depressive disorders, sleep quality and release of stress hormones. Sleep quality in the past 2 weeks, severity of depressive symptoms, psychiatric comorbidities and stress response of 30 adolescents with depressive disorders and 30 healthy controls (N = 60) are assessed via questionnaires. In participants' home environments, the objective sleep quality of seven consecutive nights is measured by sleep accelerometry. After awakening, participants answer sleep questionnaires to examine the subjective sleep quality of those nights. Furthermore, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase are measured three times after awakening (+0 min, +30 min and +45 min after awakening). CONCLUSIONS Sleep is an important factor for prognosis and well-being in adolescents with depression. The results of this study can be highly valuable to integrate a more detailed examination of sleep quality and sleeping impairments in the treatment of adolescent depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Krempel
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schleicher
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Irina Jarvers
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Ecker
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kandsperger
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany
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Impact of Fkbp5 × early life adversity × sex in humanised mice on multidimensional stress responses and circadian rhythmicity. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3544-3555. [PMID: 35449298 PMCID: PMC9708571 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cumulative load of genetic predisposition, early life adversity (ELA) and lifestyle shapes the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human FKBP5 gene were shown to modulate disease risk. To enable investigation of disease-related SNPs in behaviourally relevant context, we generated humanised mouse lines carrying either the risk (AT) or the resiliency (CG) allele of the rs1360780 locus and exposed litters of these mice to maternal separation. Behavioural and physiological aspects of their adult stress responsiveness displayed interactions of genotype, early life condition, and sex. In humanised females carrying the CG- but not the AT-allele, ELA led to altered HPA axis functioning, exploratory behaviour, and sociability. These changes correlated with differential expression of genes in the hypothalamus, where synaptic transmission, metabolism, and circadian entrainment pathways were deregulated. Our data suggest an integrative role of FKBP5 in shaping the sex-specific outcome of ELA in adulthood.
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Dion A, Muñoz PT, Franklin TB. Epigenetic mechanisms impacted by chronic stress across the rodent lifespan. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 17:100434. [PMID: 35198660 PMCID: PMC8841894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposures to stress at all stages of development can lead to long-term behavioural effects, in part through changes in the epigenome. This review describes rodent research suggesting that stress in prenatal, postnatal, adolescent and adult stages leads to long-term changes in epigenetic regulation in the brain which have causal impacts on rodent behaviour. We focus on stress-induced epigenetic changes that have been linked to behavioural deficits including poor learning and memory, and increased anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviours. Interestingly, aspects of these stress-induced behavioural changes can be transmitted to offspring across several generations, a phenomenon that has been proposed to result via epigenetic mechanisms in the germline. Here, we also discuss evidence for the differential impact of stress on the epigenome in males and females, conscious of the fact that the majority of published studies have only investigated males. This has led to a limited picture of the epigenetic impact of stress, highlighting the need for future studies to investigate females as well as males.
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10
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Cortisol and shiftwork: A scoping review. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 64:101581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Roddy D, Kelly JR, Farrell C, Doolin K, Roman E, Nasa A, Frodl T, Harkin A, O'Mara S, O'Hanlon E, O'Keane V. Amygdala substructure volumes in Major Depressive Disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102781. [PMID: 34384996 PMCID: PMC8361319 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of the amygdala in the experience of emotional states and stress is well established. Connections from the amygdala to the hypothalamus activate the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis and the cortisol response. Previous studies have failed to find consistent whole amygdala volume changes in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), but differences may exist at the smaller substructural level of the amygdala nuclei. High-resolution T1 and T2-weighted-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRIs were compared between 80 patients with MDD and 83 healthy controls (HC) using the automated amygdala substructure module in FreeSurfer 6.0. Volumetric assessments were performed for individual nuclei and three anatomico-functional composite groups of nuclei. Salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR), as a measure of HPA responsivity, was measured in a subset of patients. The right medial nucleus volume was larger in MDD compared to HC (p = 0.002). Increased right-left volume ratios were found in MDD for the whole amygdala (p = 0.004), the laterobasal composite (p = 0.009) and in the central (p = 0.003) and medial (p = 0.014) nuclei. The CAR was not significantly different between MDD and HC. Within the MDD group the left corticoamygdaloid transition area was inversely correlated with the CAR, as measured by area under the curve (AUCg) (p ≤ 0.0001). In conclusion, our study found larger right medial nuclei volumes in MDD compared to HC and relatively increased right compared to left whole and substructure volume ratios in MDD. The results suggest that amygdala substructure volumes may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Roddy
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John R Kelly
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Chloë Farrell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kelly Doolin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Elena Roman
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anurag Nasa
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shane O'Mara
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Erik O'Hanlon
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Rawn KP, Keller PS, Bi S, Schoenberg N. Salivary Markers of Stress in Grandparents Rearing Grandchildren in Rural Appalachia: The Role of Mental Health, Religiosity, and Social Support. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2021; 21:19-39. [PMID: 36861060 PMCID: PMC9970288 DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2021.1921653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examines changes in salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase among grandparents rearing grandchildren in rural Appalachia. Grandparent-caregivers experience greater stress than non-grandparent-caregivers. Participants included 20 grandparent-caregivers and a child for which they cared, who completed questionnaires assessing family functioning and mental health via interview. Grandparent-caregivers provided morning saliva samples once a year for two years. For grandparent-caregivers low in social support and religiosity, grandparent-caregiver depressive symptoms, child depressive symptoms, and child stress were associated with increased grandparent-caregiver salivary alpha-amylase. For grandparent-caregivers high in social support and religiosity, child depressive symptoms, child stress, and child aggression were associated with increased grandparent-caregiver cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P. Rawn
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky
| | | | - Shuang Bi
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky
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13
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Dembińska E, Rutkowski K, Sobański J, Mielimąka M, Citkowska-Kisielewska A, Klasa K, Konietzka M. Abnormal cortisol awakening responses in patients with neurotic and personality disorders admitted for psychotherapy in day hospital. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130:207-214. [PMID: 32836009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) has been associated with various psychiatric conditions. The most interesting parameter of the HPA axis function is cortisol awakening response (CAR). Few data exist about the CAR in anxiety or personality disorders and findings are often contradictory showing blunted or increased CAR compared with control groups. The goal of this study was to determine whether patients with neurotic and personality disorders show a specific CAR pattern. The study population comprised 130 patients, mainly females (71.5%), with the primary diagnosis of a neurotic disorder or personality disorder according to ICD-10 admitted for psychotherapy in a day hospital. Pre-treatment cortisol levels were measured in three saliva samples collected in one day. The Symptom Checklist "O" and MMPI-2 were used to assess the pre-treatment levels of patients' symptoms and personality traits. The study revealed a high percentage of CAR non-responders (cortisol increase of less than 2.5 nmol/l) in the study group (43.1%), particularly in females. 49% of them were CAR non-responders compared with 28% in males and 25% in the general population, respectively. CAR non-responders did not differ from the remainder in clinical characteristics. Four different CAR patterns were found in the study group: negative (26.9%), blunted (26.1%), normal (25.4%) and elevated (21.6%) as well as a particular type was not related to clinical characteristics of the patients. The study suggests that abnormal CAR types are observed in patients with neurotic and personality disorders and further research into the mechanism of the findings is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Dembińska
- Department of Psychotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Lenartowicza 14, 31-138, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Rutkowski
- Department of Psychotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Lenartowicza 14, 31-138, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sobański
- Department of Psychotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Lenartowicza 14, 31-138, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Mielimąka
- Department of Psychotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Lenartowicza 14, 31-138, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Citkowska-Kisielewska
- Department of Psychotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Lenartowicza 14, 31-138, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Klasa
- Department of Psychotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Lenartowicza 14, 31-138, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Konietzka
- Department of Psychotherapy, University Hospital in Krakow, Lenartowicza 14, 31-138, Krakow, Poland
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Losiak W, Losiak-Pilch J. Cortisol Awakening Response, Self-Reported Affect and Exam Performance in Female Students. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2020; 45:11-16. [PMID: 31486985 PMCID: PMC7018672 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-019-09449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to find whether there were differences in cortisol awakening response (CAR) between a neutral day and an exam day in a group of female students and to explore possible relationships between CAR, self-reported affect, and exam performance. A group of 25 female students took samples of their saliva using Salivettes at the moment of waking and after 30 min. They then described their affect using the PANAS scale. Measures were taken twice: three days before an examination and on the day of the examination. The level of free cortisol in saliva samples was determined using enzyme immunoassay. The integrated volume of cortisol (CARauc) was significantly higher on the day of the exam than on the neutral day. There were also significant differences in affect, with negative higher and positive lower on the exam day, but correlations between cortisol measures and self-reported affect were low and not significant. A negative relationship between integrated volume of cortisol (CARauc) and exam performance was also found. Anticipated exam stress caused a significant increase in CAR in female study participants when compared to a neutral day, but only in the case of integrated volume of cortisol over the waking period (CARauc). The negative relationship between this measure and exam performance can be explained by attributing CARauc to negative expectations concerning the anticipated exam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladyslaw Losiak
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Julia Losiak-Pilch
- Institute of Pedagogy, Jagiellonian University, ul. Batorego 12, 31-135, Kraków, Poland
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15
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Attachment impacts cortisol awakening response in chronically depressed individuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 120:104778. [PMID: 32585509 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life experiences shape individual attachment, creating a template for regulating emotions in interpersonal situations, likely to persist across the lifespan. Research has shown that individual attachment creates vulnerability for depression, and also impacts the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. Still, the relationship between attachment and the HPA axis in depressed individuals is unclear. Cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been recently investigated as a possibly useful physiological marker related to attachment insecurity and depression risk. However, research exploring the relationship between the CAR and attachment in individuals with chronic depression in either the presence or the absence of comorbid anxiety is lacking. The purpose of the current study was to fill this gap, by comparing the CAR in individuals with chronic depression with/without comorbid anxieties and controls. In addition, we also wanted to explore the relationship between attachment and the CAR in this group and to explore their predictive role for later depression severity. METHODS Individuals experiencing a current depressive episode at least six months in length (cMDD; n = 63) and healthy controls (HC; n = 57) were enrolled in the study (total n = 120). Participants completed a structured clinical diagnostic interview (SCID-I) as well as measures of depression severity (Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) and attachment dimensions (Experiences in Close Relationships scale; ECR) at baseline. In addition, participants provided salivary samples at four time points (i.e. 0 (S1), 30, 45 and 60 min) following awakening on two consecutive days. S1 cortisol, the area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg) and increase (AUCi) were calculated based on the average values across both days. The HC and cMDD groups were compared on all measures. The CAR for individuals with cMDD alone (n = 14) and individuals with cMDD with two or more comorbid anxiety disorders (cMDD ≥ 2Anx; n = 30) were also compared. A subset of participants (n = 59) agreed to return for follow up one year later. Participants returning for follow up repeated the BDI-II and ECR. No salivary samples were collected at follow-up. RESULTS The cMDD group had significantly lower S1 cortisol and AUCg compared to the HC group (both p ≤ 0.02). cMDD and cMDD ≥ 2Anx groups did not differ in their CAR. Regression analyses revealed that depression severity and the attachment interaction term was associated with lower S1 and AUCg cortisol (p < 0.01). Greater attachment avoidance was positively associated with S1 cortisol (p = 0.02), while mean awakening time on sample days was negatively associated with S1 cortisol. We also found a significant interaction between the attachment dimensions such that at low levels of attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance had a positive relationship with S1 cortisol and AUCg. The opposite relationship existed when attachment anxiety was high. Higher baseline BDI-II score and higher baseline attachment anxiety were predictive of higher scores on the BDI-II one-year later (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The current findings bring evidence that depression severity is associated with blunting of the CAR irrespective of the comorbid status with anxiety disorders. In addition, attachment avoidance may protect against the CAR blunting in individuals with low attachment anxiety. However, individuals with high attachment anxiety and avoidance might have additional CAR blunting. Attachment anxiety might be a good predictor of future depression severity.
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Jairaj C, O'Leary N, Doolin K, Farrell C, McCarthy A, McAuliffe FM, O'Grady-Walshe A, Sheehan J, O'Keane V. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the perinatal period: Its relationship with major depressive disorder and early life adversity. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:552-563. [PMID: 32216569 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1740318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Effects of major depressive disorder and early life adversity (ELA) on the maternal HPA axis in the perinatal period were examined.Methods: Four groups of women (n = 127) were recruited, with the perinatal groups being compared during pregnancy (Preg) and at two months postpartum (PP) - [1] Depressed during pregnancy (Depressed-Preg/PP), [2] Prior history of depression but euthymic during pregnancy (History-Preg/PP), [3] Healthy pregnant women (Control-Preg/PP), and [4] Healthy non-pregnant women (Non-pregnant Control). Serial saliva samples were collected over the course of a day and waking and evening cortisol, total cortisol output and the cortisol awakening response were examined.Results: There were no HPA axis differences among the three groups during pregnancy. A history of ELA, regardless of comorbid depression, was associated with higher evening cortisol levels during pregnancy (p = 0.015). Women in the Depressed-PP group had had higher evening cortisol levels compared to the History-PP group (p < 0.017).Conclusions: Evening cortisol measures are a potential marker for both ELA and depression, with higher levels during pregnancy being associated with ELA and higher levels postpartum being associated with antenatal depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Jairaj
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh O'Leary
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kelly Doolin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chloe Farrell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anthony McCarthy
- Perinatal Mental Health Service, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann O'Grady-Walshe
- Perinatal Mental Health Service, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Sheehan
- Perinatal Mental Health Service, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Peters SU, Fu C, Neul JL, Granger DA. Cortisol profiles and clinical severity in MECP2 duplication syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:19. [PMID: 32698758 PMCID: PMC7376951 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS) is a rare X-linked genomic disorder primarily affecting males which is caused by interstitial chromosomal duplications at Xq28 encompassing the MECP2 gene. Core clinical features of MDS include choreiform movements, progressive spasticity, recurrent respiratory infections, developmental delays in the first 6 months of life, hypotonia, vasomotor disturbances, constipation, drooling, and bruxism. Prior studies suggest that HPA axis activity may be altered in MDS and measures of HPA axis activity may offer insight into disease severity. METHODS To ascertain whether cortisol profiles are a potential biomarker of clinical severity, diurnal profiles of cortisol and the cortisol awakening response were examined from saliva samples in 31 participants with MDS (ages 2-24 years), and 27 of these samples were usable. Documentation of a positive diagnostic test for MECP2 duplication was required for entry into the study. Samples were collected on each of two consecutive weekdays at four time points during the day: immediately after waking, 30 min after waking, between 3 and 4 PM, and in the evening before bedtime. Correlations with duplication size, clinical severity, sleep problems, and behavior were also examined. RESULTS Results revealed that a majority of participants with MDS exhibit a declining cortisol awakening response (n = 17). A declining CAR was significantly associated with increased clinical severity scores (r = - .508; p = .03), larger duplication size, waking later, and an increased number of hospitalizations for infections. CONCLUSIONS Future mechanistic studies will have to determine whether the declining CAR in MDS is attributable to problems with "flip-flop switching" of regional brain activation (involving the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the hippocampus, and the HPA axis) that is responsible for the switch from reduced to increased adrenal sensitivity. Taken together, results suggest the possibility that cortisol profiles could potentially be a biomarker of clinical severity and utilized for the purposes of patient stratification for future clinical trials in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika U Peters
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA.
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, PMB 74, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN, 37203-5721, USA.
| | - Cary Fu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | | | - Douglas A Granger
- University of California, Irvine, and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the Trier Social Stress Test in eliciting physiological stress responses in children and adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 116:104582. [PMID: 32305745 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is known to reliably induce physiological stress responses in adult samples. Less is known about its effectiveness to elicit these responses in youth samples. We performed a meta-analysis of stress responses to the TSST in youth participants. Fifty-seven studies were included representing 5026 youth participants. Results indicated that the TSST was effective at eliciting stress responses for salivary cortisol (sCort; effect size [ES] = 0.47, p = 0.006), heart rate (HR; ES = 0.89, p < 0.001), pre-ejection period (PEP; ES = -0.37, p < 0.001), heart rate variability (HRV; ES = -0.33, p = 0.028), and systolic blood pressure (ES = 1.17, p < 0.001), as well as negative affect (ES = 0.57, p = 0.004) and subjective anxiety (ES = 0.80, p = 0.004) in youth samples. Cardiac output (ES = 0.15, p = 0.164), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (ES = -0.10, p = 0.064), and diastolic blood pressure (ES = 2.36, p = 0.072) did not reach statistical significance. Overall, effect sizes for the TSST varied based on the physiological marker used. In addition, several physiological markers demonstrated variance in reactivity by youth age (sCort, HR, HRV, and PEP), gender (sCort), type of sample (i.e., clinical versus community sample; sCort and HR), duration of TSST (sCort, HR, HRV, negative affect, and subjective anxiety), number of judges present in TSST (HR and subjective anxiety), gender of judges (sCort), and time of day the marker was assessed (morning versus afternoon/evening; sCort). Overall, the findings provide support for the validity of the TSST as a psychosocial stressor for inducing physiological and psychological stress responses in children and adolescents, but also highlight that some markers may capture the stress response more effectively than others.
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Santiago GTP, de Menezes Galvão AC, de Almeida RN, Mota-Rolim SA, Palhano-Fontes F, Maia-de-Oliveira JP, de Araújo DB, Lobão-Soares B, Galvão-Coelho NL. Changes in Cortisol but Not in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Modulate the Association Between Sleep Disturbances and Major Depression. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:44. [PMID: 32410966 PMCID: PMC7199815 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbance is a symptom consistently found in major depression and is associated with a longer course of illness, reduced response to treatment, increased risk of relapse and recurrence. Chronic insomnia has been associated with changes in cortisol and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, which in turn are also changed in major depression. Here, we evaluated the relationship between sleep quality, salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR), and serum BDNF levels in patients with sleep disturbance and treatment-resistant major depression (n = 18), and in a control group of healthy subjects with good (n = 21) and poor (n = 18) sleep quality. We observed that the patients had the lowest CAR and sleep duration of all three groups and a higher latency to sleep than the healthy volunteers with a good sleep profile. Besides, low CAR was correlated with more severe depressive symptoms and worse sleep quality. There was no difference in serum BDNF levels between groups with distinct sleep quality. Taken together, our results showed a relationship between changes in CAR and in sleep quality in patients with treatment-resistant depression, which were correlated with the severity of disease, suggesting that cortisol could be a physiological link between sleep disturbance and major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Cecília de Menezes Galvão
- Laboratory of Hormonal Measurement, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Nóbrega de Almeida
- Laboratory of Hormonal Measurement, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Sergio Arthuro Mota-Rolim
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Palhano-Fontes
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Maia-de-Oliveira
- Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Natal, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Dráulio Barros de Araújo
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lobão-Soares
- National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Natal, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Nicole Leite Galvão-Coelho
- Laboratory of Hormonal Measurement, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Natal, Brazil
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Chronic corticosterone aggravates behavioral and neuronal symptomatology in a mouse model of alpha-synuclein pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 83:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Sharpley CF, Bitsika V, McMillan ME, Jesulola E, Agnew LL. Dyadic coping and the cortisol:CRP ratio: How marital stress influences physiological state. Physiol Behav 2019; 211:112669. [PMID: 31479683 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although previous data indicate that dyadic coping is associated with Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA-axis and C-reactive protein (CRP) separately, no study has reported on the ratio between these two systems and dyadic coping, despite this index of physiological homeostasis being associated with physical health and depression. Forty-eight community volunteers who were either married (n = 36) or cohabiting (n = 12) provided saliva and serum samples, and also completed a dyadic coping inventory. There was a significant inverse correlation between cortisol:CRP ratio and dyadic coping, but only for married participants. One of the six dyadic coping items, related to being able to calmly discuss something within a dyad, was the key factor in the association between dyadic coping and cortisol:CRP ratio. These findings provide some initial support for the influence of the way that spouses interact to solve problems and the balance between their HPA and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Sharpley
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale 2351, NSW, Australia.
| | - Vicki Bitsika
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale 2351, NSW, Australia
| | - Mary E McMillan
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale 2351, NSW, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Jesulola
- Emergency Department, Bathurst Base Hospital, Bathurst, 2795, NSW, Australia
| | - Linda L Agnew
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale 2351, NSW, Australia
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Vincent GE, Jay SM, Preece H, Hall SJ, Aisbett B, Baumert M, Sprajcer M, Lack L, Ferguson SA. Overnight heart rate variability and next day cortisol response during simulated on-call conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109:104406. [PMID: 31472434 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study had two specific objectives, 1) to investigate the impact of being on-call on overnight heart rate variability during sleep and; 2) to examine whether being on-call overnight impacted next-day salivary cortisol concentrations. METHODS Data are reported from three within-subject laboratory studies (n = 24 in each study) that assessed varying on-call conditions. Healthy male participants (n = 72 total) completed a four-night laboratory protocol, comprising an adaptation night, a control night, and two counterbalanced on-call nights with varying on-call conditions. These on-call conditions were designed to determine the impact of, Study 1: the likelihood of receiving a call (definitely, maybe), Study 2: task stress (high-stress, low-stress), and Study 3: chance of missing the alarm (high-chance, low-chance), on measures of physiological stress. Overnight heart rate variability (HRV) (during sleep) was measured using two-lead electrocardiography, and time- and frequency-domain variables were analysed. Saliva samples were collected at 15-min time intervals from 0700-0800 h to determine cortisol awakening response outcomes and at four daily time points (0930 h, 1230 h, 1430 h, and 1730 h) to assess diurnal cortisol profiles. RESULTS There were few differences in HRV measures during sleep across all three studies. The only exception was in Study 1 where the standard deviation of the time interval between consecutive heartbeats and the root mean square of consecutive differences between heartbeats were lower across all sleep stages in the definitely condition, when compared to control. Across all three studies, being on-call overnight also had little impact on next-day cortisol awakening response (CAR), with the exception of Study 2 where the 1) CAR area under the curve with respect to increase was blunted in the high-stress condition, compared to the control and low-stress conditions and, 2) CAR reactivity was higher in low-stress condition, compared with the high-stress condition. In Study 1, diurnal cortisol area under the curve with respect to ground was lower in the on-call conditions (definitely and maybe) when compared to control. There were no differences in diurnal cortisol measures in Study 3. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate how different aspects of being on-call affect physiological stress responses. Overall, relatively little differences in measures of overnight heart rate variability and next-day cortisol response were recorded in all three studies. Further research utilising real on-call work tasks, not just on-call expectations (as in the current study) will help determine the impact of on-call work on the physiological stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Vincent
- Central Queensland University, Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Sarah M Jay
- Central Queensland University, Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Helen Preece
- Central Queensland University, Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah J Hall
- Deakin University, Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Deakin University, Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mathias Baumert
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Madeline Sprajcer
- Central Queensland University, Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Leon Lack
- School of Psychology, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- Central Queensland University, Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Zurawek D, Gruca P, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Resilient Phenotype in Chronic Mild Stress Paradigm Is Associated with Altered Expression Levels of miR-18a-5p and Serotonin 5-HT 1a Receptor in Dorsal Part of the Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7680-7693. [PMID: 31098953 PMCID: PMC6815272 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed serotonergic signaling in the hippocampus observed in many individuals vulnerable to stress has been suggested as one of the primary factors contributing to the development of depression. However, little is known about the physiology of the brain in the resilient phenotype. Resilient subjects maintain a positive mood and psychological balance despite being under the stress influence. In our study, we generated stress-vulnerable and resilient rats by using a chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm. Using different molecular approaches, we revealed that resilient animals exhibited a significantly decreased expression level of miR-18a-5p and, in the same time, an elevated level of 5-HT1AR in dorsal, but not ventral, part of the hippocampus. Described biochemical changes were not observed in animals behaviorally vulnerable to stress. Further, in vitro analysis showed that miR-18a-5p may be a negative epigenetic regulator of 5-HT1AR since the treatment of adult hippocampal neurons with miR-18a-5p mimic significantly lowered the expression level of mRNA encoding 5-HT1AR. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis of potential target genes expressed in the hippocampus and being regulated by miR-18a-5p showed that this microRNA may regulate biological processes, such as axonogenesis, which are important in the functioning of the hippocampus in both rats and humans. All these molecular features may contribute to serotonergic homeostatic balance at the level of serotonin turnover observed in hippocampi of resilient but not stress-vulnerable rats. Delineation of further molecular and biochemical markers underlying resilience to stress may contribute to the development of new antidepressant strategies which will restore resilient phenotype in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Zurawek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of General Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland. .,Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
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Cohen A, Colodner R, Masalha R, Haimov I. The Relationship Between Tobacco Smoking, Cortisol Secretion, and Sleep Continuity. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1705-1714. [PMID: 31081433 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1608250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Existing theories hold that chronic tobacco smoking leads to the development of adverse psychological symptoms, thus producing a compulsive urge to smoke in order to alleviate these sensations. Sleep disturbances are often considered among the negative consequences of chronic smoking. Objectives: The current study aimed at examining whether dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis may be involved in this disruption of sleep quality among smokers. Methods: Smokers and non-smokers provided saliva samples following awakening for assessment of cortisol concentrations as a measure of HPA activity. Subsequently the participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Next, their sleep was monitored objectively for one week using an actigraph. Results: While smokers' self-reported sleep quality was similar to that of non-smokers, their sleep recording data pointed to diminished sleep continuity (increased wake time after sleep onset; WASO), while total sleep time and sleep onset latency were similar to that of non-smokers. Cortisol secretion was higher among smokers. However, among smokers only, cortisol was negatively correlated with WASO, suggesting that the direct enhancing effect of smoking on WASO is somewhat balanced by an indirect process related to higher cortisol levels. Possible interpretations for this inconsistent mediation are discussed. Conclusions/Importance: Smoking is associated with reduced sleep continuity and the relationship between smoking and sleep continuity may involve the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Cohen
- a Department of Psychology, The Center for Psychobiological Research , The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel , Yezreel Valley , Israel
| | - Raul Colodner
- b Endocrinology Laboratory , Emek Medical Center , Afula , Israel
| | - Rifat Masalha
- b Endocrinology Laboratory , Emek Medical Center , Afula , Israel
| | - Iris Haimov
- a Department of Psychology, The Center for Psychobiological Research , The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel , Yezreel Valley , Israel
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Increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels predict severity of depression after six months of follow-up in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:246-252. [PMID: 30269042 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported dysfunction in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Outpatients diagnosed with MDD (n = 199) underwent psychological evaluation, and were followed up with a phone interview after 6 months, using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). At 6-month follow-up, 59 out of 199 patients with MDD were still depressed (29.5%), as shown by scores ≥ 10 on the PHQ-9. The depressed group at follow-up showed significantly higher anxiety and suicidality levels at baseline than the non-depressed group at follow-up. Among the complete blood counts, lipid profiles, and hormone levels, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was the only parameter that was significantly increased in the still depressed group. Levels higher than 40 pg/mL of ACTH at baseline were associated with higher depression scores at follow-up. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that ACTH and cortisol predicted depression scores at follow-up, after controlling for baseline depression scores. Increased ACTH level at baseline may predict ongoing symptoms and severity of depression at follow-up, suggesting the role of dysfunctional HPA axis in MDD prognosis.
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Lee RS, Mahon PB, Zandi PP, McCaul ME, Yang X, Bali U, Wand GS. DNA methylation and sex-specific expression of FKBP5 as correlates of one-month bedtime cortisol levels in healthy individuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 97:164-173. [PMID: 30036794 PMCID: PMC6366448 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to cortisol is associated with cardiovascular, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders. Although cortisol can be readily measured from peripheral sources such as blood, urine, or saliva, multiple samplings spanning several days to weeks are necessary to reliably assess chronic cortisol exposure levels (referred to as cortisol load). Although cortisol levels in hair have been proposed as a measure of cortisol load, measurement is cumbersome and many people are not candidates due to short hair length and use of hair dyes. To date, there are no blood biomarkers that capture cortisol load. To identify a blood biomarker capable of integrating one-month cortisol exposure levels, 75 healthy participants provided 30+ days of awakening and bedtime saliva cortisol and completed psychosocial measures of anxiety, depression, and stress. Mean daily awakening and bedtime cortisol levels were then compared to CpG methylation levels, gene expression, and genotypes of the stress response gene FKBP5 obtained from blood drawn on the last day of the study. We found a correlation between FKBP5 methylation levels and mean 30+day awakening and bedtime cortisol levels (|r|≥0.32, p ≤ 0.006). We also observed a sex-specific correlation between bedtime cortisol levels and FKBP5 mRNA expression in female participants (r = 0.42, p = 0.005). Dividing the 30-day sampling period into four weekly bins showed that the correlations for both methylation and expression were not being driven by cortisol levels in the week preceding the blood draw. We also identified a female-specific association between FKBP5 mRNA expression and scores on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (r = 0.37, p = 0.013) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (r = 0.32, p = 0.033). Finally, DNA was genotyped at four SNPs, and variation in rs4713902 was shown to have an effect on FKBP5 expression under a codominant model (f = 3.41, p = 0.048) for females only. Our results suggest that blood FKBP5 DNA methylation and mRNA expression levels may be a useful marker for determining general or sex-specific 30-day cortisol load and justifies genome-wide approaches that can potentially identify additional cortisol markers with broader clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Pamela B Mahon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Peter P Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Mary E McCaul
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Xiaoju Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Utsav Bali
- Sygnature Discovery, Nottingham, NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Gary S Wand
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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Weigensberg MJ, Spruijt-Metz D, Wen CKF, Davis JN, Ávila Q, Juarez M, Brown-Wadé N, Lane CJ. Protocol for the Imagine HEALTH Study: Guided imagery lifestyle intervention to improve obesity-related behaviors and salivary cortisol patterns in predominantly Latino adolescents. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 72:103-116. [PMID: 30076988 PMCID: PMC8746570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Innovative lifestyle interventions are needed to reduce type 2 diabetes risk in adolescents. This report describes the protocol of the Imagine HEALTH cluster randomized control trial, that tests an intervention based in Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and uses lifestyle education combined with the mind-body, complementary health modality of guided imagery (GI), to address obesity prevention and treatment in predominantly Latino adolescents. The primary aim is to determine the unique effects of each of the three major components of the 12-week lifestyle intervention (lifestyle education, stress reduction guided imagery, and lifestyle behavior guided imagery) compared to control on primary outcomes of physical activity (accelerometry), dietary intake (3-day recall), and stress biomarker levels (salivary cortisol). Secondary aims assess changes compared to controls in psychosocial outcomes (stress, well-being, depression), diabetes-related metabolic outcomes (adiposity, insulin resistance), maintenance of outcome changes for one year post-intervention, and SDT-based mediation of intervention effects. The development and rationale for each of the intervention components, study design, and outcome measurement processes are described. Adolescent participants recruited from four urban schools are cluster randomized by school into one of four arms of the 12-week (3-month) intervention, followed by 6 months of maintenance and 6 months of no contact. Outcome measures are assessed at the end of each period (3-, 9-, and 15-months). Results to date show successful recruitment of 97% of the target study population. Future results will demonstrate the effects of this integrative intervention on primary and secondary outcome measures in adolescents at risk for lifestyle-related metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- USC Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, Department of Psychology, United States; USC Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, United States
| | - Cheng K Fred Wen
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, United States
| | - Jaimie N Davis
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Nutritional Sciences, United States
| | - Quintilia Ávila
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Magaly Juarez
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Niquelle Brown-Wadé
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, United States
| | - Christianne J Lane
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, United States
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Vrshek-Schallhorn S, Avery BM, Ditcheva M, Sapuram VR. The cortisol reactivity threshold model: Direction of trait rumination and cortisol reactivity association varies with stressor severity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 92:113-122. [PMID: 29150403 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Various internalizing risk factors predict, in separate studies, both augmented and reduced cortisol responding to lab-induced stress. Stressor severity appears key: We tested whether heightened trait-like internalizing risk (here, trait rumination) predicts heightened cortisol reactivity under modest objective stress, but conversely predicts reduced reactivity under more robust objective stress. Thus, we hypothesized that trait rumination would interact with a curvilinear (quadratic) function of stress severity to predict cortisol reactivity. Evidence comes from 85 currently non-depressed emerging adults who completed either a non-stressful control protocol (n = 29), an intermediate difficulty Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; n = 26), or a robustly stressful negative evaluative TSST (n = 30). Latent growth curve models evaluated relationships between trait rumination and linear and quadratic effects of stressor severity on the change in cortisol and negative affect over time. Among other findings, a significant Trait Rumination x Quadratic Stress Severity interaction effect for cortisol's Quadratic Trend of Time (i.e., reactivity, B = .125, p = .017) supported the hypothesis. Rumination predicted greater cortisol reactivity to intermediate stress (rp = .400, p = .043), but blunted reactivity to more robust negative evaluative stress (rp = -0.379, p = 0.039). Contrasting hypotheses, negative affective reactivity increased independently of rumination as stressor severity increased (B = .453, p = 0.044). The direction of the relationship between an internalizing risk factor (trait rumination) and cortisol reactivity varies as a function of stressor severity. We propose the Cortisol Reactivity Threshold Model, which may help reconcile several divergent reactivity literatures and has implications for internalizing psychopathology, particularly depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley M Avery
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - Maria Ditcheva
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - Vaibhav R Sapuram
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Psychology, USA
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29
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Antonelli M, Donelli D. Effects of balneotherapy and spa therapy on levels of cortisol as a stress biomarker: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:913-924. [PMID: 29455296 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Balneotherapy and spa therapy are well-known practices, even though limited evidence has been produced about their biological effects. This systematic review primarily aims at assessing if balneotherapy, mud/peloid therapy, and spa therapy may influence cortisol levels. Secondarily, it aims at understanding if these interventions may improve stress resilience. PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant articles in English or Italian about studies involving healthy and sub-healthy subjects or patients with a diagnosed disease about effects of balneotherapy, mud/peloid therapy, and spa therapy on serum and salivary cortisol levels. Fifteen studies involving 684 subjects were included. Five studies investigated biological effects of balneotherapy alone. Two of them reported significant changes of cortisol levels in healthy participants. The other three studies reported no significant variations in patients with rheumatic conditions. No studies investigated biological effects of mud/peloid therapy alone. Ten studies investigated biological effects of spa therapy with or without included mud/peloid therapy, and in all but two studies, significant variations of cortisol levels were reported. Our main findings suggest that balneotherapy may have the potential to influence cortisol levels in healthy subjects, in such a way as to improve stress resilience. Spa therapy with or without included mud/peloid therapy demonstrated the same potential to influence cortisol levels also in sub-healthy subjects and in patients with a diagnosed disease. Therefore, balneotherapy and spa therapy may be considered as useful interventions for the management of stress conditions. Further investigation is needed because of limited available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Antonelli
- Laboratorio di Statistica Medica ed Epidemiologia Clinica, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Davide Donelli
- CdLM Medicina e Chirurgia, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Violanti JM, Fekedulegn D, Gu JK, Allison P, Mnatsakanova A, Tinney-Zara C, Andrew ME. Effort-reward imbalance in police work: associations with the cortisol awakening response. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018. [PMID: 29516173 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We hypothesized that effort-reward imbalance (ERI) is associated with an atypical cortisol response. ERI has been associated with higher job stress. Stress triggers cortisol secretion via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and significant deviation from a typical cortisol pattern can indicate HPA axis dysfunction. METHODS 176 police officers participated from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) Study. ERI was the exposure variable. Outcome variables were saliva-based peak and mean cortisol values, total area under the curve ground (AUCG) and baseline (AUCI); linear regression line fitted to log-transformed cortisol. Regression analyses were used to examine linear trend between ERI and cortisol parameters. Repeated measures analysis examined whether the pattern of cortisol over time differed between low ERI (< median) and high ERI (≥ median). RESULTS Mean age was 46 years (SD = 6.6). After adjustment for potential confounders, there was a significant inverse association between ERI and peak cortisol (β = - 0.20, p = 0.009), average cortisol (β = - 0.23, p = 0.003), and total area under the curve (β = - 0.21, p = 0.009). ERI was not significantly associated with AUCI (β = - 0.11, p = 0.214); slope of the regression line fitted to the cortisol profile (β = - 0.009, p = 0.908). Repeated measures analyses showed that the cortisol pattern did not vary significantly between high and low ERI using the median as a cut point (interaction p value = 0.790). CONCLUSIONS ERI was inversely associated with the magnitude of awakening cortisol over time, indicating HPA axis dysregulation and potential future health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Violanti
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 270 Farber Hall, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ja Kook Gu
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Penelope Allison
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Anna Mnatsakanova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cathy Tinney-Zara
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 270 Farber Hall, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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31
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Zimmaro LA, Sephton SE, Siwik CJ, Phillips KM, Rebholz WN, Kraemer HC, Giese-Davis J, Wilson L, Bumpous JM, Cash ED. Depressive symptoms predict head and neck cancer survival: Examining plausible behavioral and biological pathways. Cancer 2018; 124:1053-1060. [PMID: 29355901 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck cancers are associated with high rates of depression, which may increase the risk for poorer immediate and long-term outcomes. Here it was hypothesized that greater depressive symptoms would predict earlier mortality, and behavioral (treatment interruption) and biological (treatment response) mediators were examined. METHODS Patients (n = 134) reported depressive symptomatology at treatment planning. Clinical data were reviewed at the 2-year follow-up. RESULTS Greater depressive symptoms were associated with significantly shorter survival (hazard ratio, 0.868; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.819-0.921; P < .001), higher rates of chemoradiation interruption (odds ratio, 0.865; 95% CI, 0.774-0.966; P = .010), and poorer treatment response (odds ratio, 0.879; 95% CI, 0.803-0.963; P = .005). The poorer treatment response partially explained the depression-survival relation. Other known prognostic indicators did not challenge these results. CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptoms at the time of treatment planning predict overall 2-year mortality. Effects are partly influenced by the treatment response. Depression screening and intervention may be beneficial. Future studies should examine parallel biological pathways linking depression to cancer survival, including endocrine disruption and inflammation. Cancer 2018;124:1053-60. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Zimmaro
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sandra E Sephton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Chelsea J Siwik
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kala M Phillips
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Whitney N Rebholz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Helena C Kraemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - Janine Giese-Davis
- Alberta Health Services Center Care (Holy Cross Site), Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Division of Psychosocial Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liz Wilson
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey M Bumpous
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Elizabeth D Cash
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
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Durguerian A, Filaire E, Drogou C, Sauvet F, Bougard C, Chennaoui M. Hyperactivity of the Sympatho-Adrenomedullary System Without Any Modification of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis After Food Restriction Among High-Level Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:1643-1655. [PMID: 29194183 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Durguerian, A, Filaire, E, Drogou, C, Sauvet, F, Bougard, C, and Chennaoui, M. Hyperactivity of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system without any modification of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis after food restriction among high-level weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1643-1655, 2018-We examined the effects of 6 days of food restriction on salivary α-amylase (sAA), cortisol and dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA) awakening responses, psychological parameters and performance among 11 international weightlifters. Assessments were made at baseline (T1) and 6 days after a normal period of training while maintaining body weight (T2). Then, participants were assigned to 2 groups depending on whether they lost (Diet group) or maintained (Control group) their body mass. Anthropometric, psychological, physical, and physiological assessments were also realized 6 days (T3) after the restricted dietary period for the Diet group. Food restriction (T3) induced a significant rise of sAA awakening response (364.6%, p ≤ 0.05), whereas no significant variations were observed among the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (cortisol and DHEA). Significant alterations of the general Recovery Score and General stress Score, evaluated through the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for athletes, were noted after food restriction. Weightlifting performance, evaluated during a simulated weightlifting competition, was maintained after the 6-day food restriction; we even noted an increased weightlifting performance related to body mass (Sinclair coefficient). Our findings support the hypothesis that food restriction induces a challenging situation to the organism, resulting in an asymmetry between the 2 stress systems activation. These results reinforce the necessity to cautiously plan and monitor the weight regulation process before competition to avoid potential negative outcomes on psychophysiological parameters. In this regard, the psychobiological approach, especially the awakening responses, seems a useful tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Durguerian
- Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Orleans, France
| | - Edith Filaire
- Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Research laboratory CIAMS, EA 4532, University of Orleans, France.,Team Research ECRIN, CLARA, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, UMR, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Sauvet
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Clément Bougard
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France.,Research laboratory VIFASOM, EA 7330, University of Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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Diurnal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Measures and Inflammatory Marker Correlates in Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102226. [PMID: 29064428 PMCID: PMC5666905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and inflammatory systems is a consistent finding in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Cortisol is often assessed by measurement of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and/or diurnal cortisol levels. Some methods of cortisol measurement overestimate cortisol concentration due to detection of other glucocorticoids including the relatively inert cortisone, therefore this study aimed to assess the presence of both cortisol and cortisone, and the cortisol-cortisone catalyzing enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), in depressed patients and controls. Because the HPA axis is known to regulate the body’s immune system, relationships between measures of cytokines and cortisol were also assessed. Saliva samples were collected from 57 MDD patients and 40 healthy controls at five post-wakening time points (0, +30, +60, +720 and +750 min). Glucocorticoid concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Whole blood mRNA expression of several inflammatory markers was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This study replicated the common finding of elevated morning cortisol and reduced CAR reactivity in MDD and found no differences in cortisone or 11β-HSD1 mRNA measures. There was a negative association between interleukin 1-β (IL-1β) mRNA and morning cortisol reactivity within the depressed group, indicating that dysregulation of the HPA axis and immune system may be interconnected.
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Anderson T, Wideman L. Exercise and the Cortisol Awakening Response: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2017; 3:37. [PMID: 29019089 PMCID: PMC5635140 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cortisol awakening response (CAR) has been used as a biomarker of stress response in a multitude of psychological investigations. While a myriad of biochemical responses have been proposed to monitor responses to exercise training, the use of CAR within the exercise and sports sciences is currently limited and is a potentially underutilized variable. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to collate studies that incorporate both exercise and CAR, in an effort to better understand (a) whether CAR is a useful marker for monitoring exercise stress and (b) how CAR may be most appropriately used in future research. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted using PubMed, SportDISCUS, Scopus, and PsychInfo databases, using search terms related toCAR and exercise and physical activity. RESULTS 10,292 articles were identified in the initial search, with 32 studies included in the final analysis. No studies investigated the effects of laboratory-controlled exercise on CAR. Variable effects were observed, possibly due to inconsistencies in study design, methodology, population, and CAR analysis. The available literature suggests a threshold of exercise may be required to alter the HPA axis and affect CAR. Moreover, CAR may represent a combination of previous exercise load and upcoming stress, making current interpretation of field-based observational research challenging. CONCLUSIONS More research is needed to fully elucidate the influence of exercise on CAR and address a number of gaps in the literature, including controlling exercise load, consistent sample collection, and CAR calculation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Anderson
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA
| | - Laurie Wideman
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA
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Etiologic specificity of waking Cortisol: Links with maternal history of depression and anxiety in adolescent girls. J Affect Disord 2017; 208:103-109. [PMID: 27756045 PMCID: PMC5154865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many previous studies have indicated that individuals who are depressed or at risk for depression are characterized by increased levels of morning cortisol and a greater cortisol awakening response (CAR). However, despite the high comorbidity between depressive and anxiety disorders, fewer studies have examined whether these diurnal cortisol abnormalities are also characteristic of anxiety or risk for anxiety. METHODS In the present study we examined cortisol in a community sample of 476 female adolescents and related it to maternal history of depression and/or anxiety disorders. Salivary cortisol was collected at waking, 30min post waking, and in the evening on three weekdays. RESULTS Contrary to prior results, offspring at risk for depression did not have increased morning cortisol or CAR. However, offspring at risk for anxiety disorders had elevated 30min cortisol and total cortisol produced throughout the day; this effect was primarily driven by offspring of mothers with panic disorder or agoraphobia. Additionally, levels of cortisol were highest among offspring of mothers with multiple anxiety diagnoses. LIMITATIONS The study is limited to female adolescents and maternal diagnostic history. Additionally, some diagnoses could not be examined as a result of too few cases (e.g. GAD). CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results underscore the importance of considering anxiety when examining the association of diurnal cortisol abnormalities with risk for psychopathology, as it may have influenced prior observations of elevated morning cortisol in depression.
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Pinto RJ, Correia-Santos P, Costa-Leite J, Levendosky AA, Jongenelen I. Cortisol awakening response among women exposed to intimate partner violence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:57-64. [PMID: 27587076 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The studies of the effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) on the cortisol awakening response (CAR) are scarce and contradictory. While some of the studies suggested that female victims of IPV showed high CAR, other studies found low CAR. Mixed results may be related to differences in sample characteristics as well as other potential covariates associated with the cortisol, as femalés history of abuse, chronicity, severity and type of IPV, psychological distress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and social support. The study examined individual differences in CAR among 149 female victims of severe IPV reported to authorities, including 76 (51%) living in shelter and 73 (49%) living with the abusive partners. Results revealed several individual differences in CAR that may contribute to understanding the mixed results found in literature, including women with cortisol that decreased between the baseline and 30min later, women with no increase of cortisol, and women whose cortisol increased above baseline. Additionally, women without CAR experienced more chronic and severe violence, more psychological distress and PTSD symptoms. However, hierarchical multiple regression indicated that chronic severe violence was the only independent variable that significantly explained 13% of the variance in CAR, even after including all covariates in the model, and adjusting for sociodemographic variables. In conclusion, this study suggests that the HPA axis dysregulation is influenced by chronic severe violence among women victims of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Pinto
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, University Lusófona of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa, n° 24, Porto 4000-098, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Correia-Santos
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, University Lusófona of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa, n° 24, Porto 4000-098, Portugal
| | - Joana Costa-Leite
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, University Lusófona of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa, n° 24, Porto 4000-098, Portugal
| | - Alytia A Levendosky
- Psychology Department, Michigan State University, US, Psychology Building 316 Physics Rm 262 East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Inês Jongenelen
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, University Lusófona of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa, n° 24, Porto 4000-098, Portugal
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Sharpley CF, Bitsika V, Andronicos NM, Agnew LL. Further evidence of HPA-axis dysregulation and its correlation with depression in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Data from girls. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:110-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gilbert K, Mineka S, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG, Adam EK. Emotion Regulation Regulates More than Emotion: Associations of Momentary Emotion Regulation with Diurnal Cortisol in Current and Past Depression and Anxiety. Clin Psychol Sci 2016; 5:37-51. [PMID: 28944106 DOI: 10.1177/2167702616654437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive emotion regulation and dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning are characteristic of depression and anxiety. However, little research examines whether and how emotion regulation affects HPA axis functioning. We utilized an experience sampling methodology to examine associations between three emotion regulation strategies (problem solving, disengagement, and emotional expression/support seeking) and diurnal cortisol rhythms and reactivity in everyday life. Participants were young adults with current, past, or no history of internalizing disorders (depression or anxiety; N = 182). Across participants, problem solving was associated with an elevated cortisol awakening response (CAR) while disengagement was associated with a steeper cortisol slope. Only for individuals with internalizing disorders was momentary problem solving and emotional expression/support seeking associated with higher cortisol reactivity and emotional expression/support seeking associated with a flatter diurnal slope and blunted CAR. Results provide insight into associations between emotion regulation and day-to-day HPA-axis functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Susan Mineka
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | | | - Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Emma K Adam
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University.,Cells to Society Center, Institute of Policy Research, Northwestern University
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Altered diurnal pattern of steroid hormones in relation to various behaviors, external factors and pathologies: A review. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Maternal elaborative reminiscing mediates the effect of child maltreatment on behavioral and physiological functioning. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:1515-26. [PMID: 26535941 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical and empirical evidence suggest that the way in which parents discuss everyday emotional experiences with their young children (i.e., elaborative reminiscing) has significant implications for child cognitive and socioemotional functioning, and that maltreating parents have a particularly difficult time in engaging in this type of dialogue. This dyadic interactional exchange, therefore, has the potential to be an important process variable linking child maltreatment to developmental outcomes at multiple levels of analysis. The current investigation evaluated the role of maternal elaborative reminiscing in associations between maltreatment and child cognitive, emotional, and physiological functioning. Participants included 43 maltreated and 49 nonmaltreated children (aged 3-6) and their mothers. Dyads participated in a joint reminiscing task about four past emotional events, and children participated in assessments of receptive language and emotion knowledge. Child salivary cortisol was also collected from children three times a day (waking, midday, and bedtime) on 2 consecutive days to assess daily levels and diurnal decline. Results indicated that maltreating mothers engaged in significantly less elaborative reminiscing than did nonmaltreating mothers. Maternal elaborative reminiscing mediated associations between child maltreatment and child receptive language and child emotion knowledge. In addition, there was support for an indirect pathway between child maltreatment and child cortisol diurnal decline through maternal elaborative reminiscing. Directions for future research are discussed, and potential clinical implications are addressed.
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Jankowski KS. Morningness-eveningness and depressive symptoms: Test on the components level with CES-D in Polish students. J Affect Disord 2016; 196:47-53. [PMID: 26897456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to elucidate previously observed associations between morningness-eveningness and depressive symptomatology in university students. Relations between components of depressive symptomatology and morningness-eveningness were analysed. METHODS Nine hundred and seventy-four university students completed Polish versions of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies - Depression scale (CES-D; Polish translation appended to this paper) and the Composite Scale of Morningness. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to test the structure of depressive symptoms. Pearson and partial correlations (with age and sex controlled), along with regression analyses with morning affect (MA) and circadian preference as predictors, were used. RESULTS PCA revealed three components of depressive symptoms: depressed/somatic affect, positive affect, interpersonal relations. Greater MA was related to less depressive symptoms in three components. Morning circadian preference was related to less depressive symptoms in depressed/somatic and positive affects and unrelated to interpersonal relations. Both morningness-eveningness components exhibited stronger links with depressed/somatic and positive affects than with interpersonal relations. Three CES-D components exhibited stronger links with MA than with circadian preference. In regression analyses only MA was statistically significant for positive affect and better interpersonal relations, whereas more depressed/somatic affect was predicted by lower MA and morning circadian preference (relationship reversed compared to correlations). LIMITATIONS Self-report assessment. CONCLUSIONS There are three groups of depressive symptoms in Polish university students. Associations of MA with depressed/somatic and positive affects are primarily responsible for the observed links between morningness-eveningness and depressive symptoms in university students. People with evening circadian preference whose MA is not lowered have less depressed/somatic affect.
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Jakobsen GR, Fisher PM, Dyssegaard A, McMahon B, Holst KK, Lehel S, Svarer C, Jensen PS, Knudsen GM, Frokjaer VG. Brain serotonin 4 receptor binding is associated with the cortisol awakening response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 67:124-32. [PMID: 26894483 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin signalling is considered critical for an appropriate and dynamic adaptation to stress. Previously, we have shown that prefrontal serotonin transporter (SERT) binding is positively associated with the cortisol awakening response (CAR) (Frokjaer et al., 2013), which is an index of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis output dynamics. Here, we investigated in healthy individuals if cerebral serotonin 4 receptor (5-HT4r) binding, reported to be a proxy for serotonin levels, is associated with CAR. Thirty healthy volunteers (25 males, age range 20-56 years) underwent 5-HT4r PET imaging with [(11)C]-SB207145, genotyping of the SERT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), and performed serial home sampling of saliva (5 time points from 0 to 60min from awakening) to assess CAR. The association between 5-HT4r binding in 4 regions of interest (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, pallidostriatum, and hippocampus) and CAR was tested using multiple linear regression with adjustment for age and 5-HTTLPR genotype. Finally, an exploratory voxel-based analysis of the association was performed. CAR was negatively associated with 5-HT4r binding in pallidostriatum (p=0.01), prefrontal cortex (p=0.03), and anterior cingulate cortex (p=0.002), respectively, but showed no association in hippocampus. The results remained significant when taking into account other potentially relevant covariates. In conclusion, our finding reinforces an association between HPA-axis function and serotonin signaling in vivo in humans. We suggest that higher synaptic serotonin concentration, here indexed by lower 5-HT4r binding, supports HPA-axis dynamics, which in healthy volunteers is reflected by a robust CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav R Jakobsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick M Fisher
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agnete Dyssegaard
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brenda McMahon
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus K Holst
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Svarer
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter S Jensen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibe G Frokjaer
- Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Devine JK, Wolf JM. Determinants of cortisol awakening responses to naps and nighttime sleep. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 63:128-34. [PMID: 26441231 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a phenomenon describing the sharp increase in basal cortisol levels shortly after waking from sleep. While extensively studied, little is known about the role of sleep architecture contributing to CAR. Furthermore, the potential for CAR after a shorter bout of sleep--a nap--has not been directly investigated. The current studies thus aimed at assessed sleep duration, time of day, and sleep architecture as potential determinants of the cortisol awakening response. Saliva samples were collected during the first hour (0, 30, 45, 60 min) following several EEG-monitored laboratory sleep conditions. Those included afternoon naps wherein 17 participants (4 men; ages 18-26) napped for 50 min and 24 participants (11 men; ages 18-24) napped for 90 min. Furthermore, 20 participants (10 men; ages 18-35) visited the lab twice and in addition to staying overnight, napped 90 min in the morning either under placebo conditions or pharmacologically-manipulated sleep conditions (5mg Zolpidem). Cortisol increases were observed in response to each sleep condition except to 50-min afternoon naps. Furthermore, CARs were predicted by Stage 2 sleep when following nighttime sleep (r=.46, p=.04) and by Stage 1 sleep when following placebo morning naps (r=.54, p=.01). The current study established cortisol awakening responses to naps and implicates sleep duration and architecture in the generation of CAR to both napping and nighttime sleep. Assessing CAR in conjunction with the specific type of sleep may thus contribute to our understanding of mechanisms underlying positive and negative health effects of napping.
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Stalder T, Kirschbaum C, Kudielka BM, Adam EK, Pruessner JC, Wüst S, Dockray S, Smyth N, Evans P, Hellhammer DH, Miller R, Wetherell MA, Lupien SJ, Clow A. Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Expert consensus guidelines. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 63:414-32. [PMID: 26563991 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cortisol awakening response (CAR), the marked increase in cortisol secretion over the first 30-45 min after morning awakening, has been related to a wide range of psychosocial, physical and mental health parameters, making it a key variable for psychoneuroendocrinological research. The CAR is typically assessed from self-collection of saliva samples within the domestic setting. While this confers ecological validity, it lacks direct researcher oversight which can be problematic as the validity of CAR measurement critically relies on participants closely following a timed sampling schedule, beginning with the moment of awakening. Researchers assessing the CAR thus need to take important steps to maximize and monitor saliva sampling accuracy as well as consider a range of other relevant methodological factors. To promote best practice of future research in this field, the International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology initiated an expert panel charged with (i) summarizing relevant evidence and collective experience on methodological factors affecting CAR assessment and (ii) formulating clear consensus guidelines for future research. The present report summarizes the results of this undertaking. Consensus guidelines are presented on central aspects of CAR assessment, including objective control of sampling accuracy/adherence, participant instructions, covariate accounting, sampling protocols, quantification strategies as well as reporting and interpreting of CAR data. Meeting these methodological standards in future research will create more powerful research designs, thus yielding more reliable and reproducible results and helping to further advance understanding in this evolving field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emma K Adam
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| | | | - Stefan Wüst
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Samantha Dockray
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nina Smyth
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Phil Evans
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Dirk H Hellhammer
- Department of Psychology, Trier University, and Stresszentrum Trier, Germany
| | - Robert Miller
- Department of Psychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sonia J Lupien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angela Clow
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
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Bredt DS, Furey ML, Chen G, Lovenberg T, Drevets WC, Manji HK. Translating depression biomarkers for improved targeted therapies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Jones BDM, Chopra KK, Grummitt J, Ravindran A, Matthews SG, Levitan RD. High reactivity of the cortisol awakening response predicts positive treatment outcome in heterogeneous depressed patients completing an alternate milieu inpatient program. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2015; 37:601-5. [PMID: 26143962 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Delineating clinically meaningful subgroups within heterogeneous depressed populations is a major challenge. As outlined in the Research Domain Criteria Strategy, biomarkers may help to empirically classify such patients. Following this basic strategy, the current pilot study examined whether the cortisol awakening response (CAR) following admission to hospital predicts treatment response in heterogeneous depressed patients completing a 4-week alternate milieu inpatient program. METHODS The Alternate Inpatient Milieu program at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health is composed of both individual-based and group-based programming designed to promote a recovery-oriented, collaborative treatment environment. The current sample consisted of 25 consecutive patients with various forms of complex/chronic depression who completed the full program. Saliva samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 min after awakening on 2 consecutive days following admission. Linear regressions controlling for baseline depression scores were used to assess whether the CAR AUCg (area under the curve ground) and/or AUCi (area under the curve increase) at admission predicted the change in depression scores from admission to discharge based on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms scale. RESULTS The CAR AUCi, but not the CAR AUCg, at admission significantly predicted treatment response over the 4-week hospital stay. In these naturalistic patients with major depressive disorder, high CAR reactivity as assessed using the AUCi was associated with a better treatment response (t=2.20; df=2,24; P=.039). The CAR was easy to implement and well accepted by patients and staff. CONCLUSION This pilot study suggests that CAR reactivity at admission may help to identify a subgroup of depressed patients most likely to respond clinically to a 4-week alternate milieu inpatient program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D M Jones
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6J 1H4; Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2J7.
| | - Kevin K Chopra
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6J 1H4; University of Toronto Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2J7
| | - Jessica Grummitt
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6J 1H4; Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2J7
| | - Arun Ravindran
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6J 1H4; University of Toronto Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2J7; Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2J7
| | - Stephen G Matthews
- University of Toronto Department of Physiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2J7
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6J 1H4; University of Toronto Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2J7; University of Toronto Department of Physiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2J7; Institute of Medical Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2J7
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The Cortisol Awakening Response in Patients with Poststroke Depression Is Blunted and Negatively Correlated with Depressive Mood. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:709230. [PMID: 26417598 PMCID: PMC4568330 DOI: 10.1155/2015/709230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is important to reduce poststroke depression (PSD) to improve the stroke outcomes and quality of life in stroke patients, but the underlying mechanisms of PSD are not completely understood. As many studies implicate dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the etiology of major depression and stroke, we compared the cortisol awakening response (CAR) of 28 admitted PSD patients with that of 23 age-matched caregiver controls. Saliva samples for cortisol measurement were collected immediately, 15, 30, and 45 min after awakening for two consecutive days. Depressive mood status in PSD patients was determined with Beck Depression Inventory and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Salivary cortisol levels of PSD patients did not rise significantly at any sampling time, showing a somewhat flat curve. Caregiver controls showed significantly higher CAR at 15 and 30 min after awakening compared to PSD patients even though the two groups did not differ at awakening or 45 min after awakening. Area-under-the-curve analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the CAR and the degree of depression in PSD patients. Thus, our findings suggest that poststroke depression is closely related with dysfunctional HPA axis indicated by blunted CAR.
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Harris A, Endresen Reme S, Tangen T, Hansen ÅM, Helene Garde A, Eriksen HR. Diurnal cortisol rhythm: Associated with anxiety and depression, or just an indication of lack of energy? Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:209-15. [PMID: 26001959 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-activity has been associated with low back pain (LBP). The underlying mechanisms are not fully explained, but psychological mechanisms are considered important. In this study we examine the association between psychiatric disorders/symptoms measured with different instruments, and cortisol in a population with LBP. Participants (n=305) sick-listed 2-10 months due to non-specific LBP were included in the study. The screening instruments were the MINI-interview, HADS and HSCL-25. Saliva cortisol were measured on 2 consecutive days; at awakening, 30min later, at 15:00h and 22:00h. Results showed no associations between any of the main diagnostic categories from the MINI-interview, or anxiety/depression measured with HADS or HSCL-25 and cortisol. However, significant associations were found between low cortisol awakening response, low cortisol slope during the day and the somatization scale from HSCL-25 (dizziness or lack of energy, lack of sexual interest, the feeling that everything requires substantial efforts, difficulties to fall asleep, headache). The results indicate that cortisol, may not be directly associated with psychopathology, such as anxiety and depression, but instead are associated with one dimension of the psychopathology, namely lack of energy. This could help explain the inconsistency in the literature, and it should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Harris
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Silje Endresen Reme
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Tone Tangen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Åse Marie Hansen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne Helene Garde
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hege Randi Eriksen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Norway; Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway.
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Neural Correlates of the Cortisol Awakening Response in Humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2278-85. [PMID: 25781268 PMCID: PMC4613622 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cortisol rise after awakening (cortisol awakening response, CAR) is a core biomarker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation related to psychosocial stress and stress-related psychiatric disorders. However, the neural regulation of the CAR has not been examined in humans. Here, we studied neural regulation related to the CAR in a sample of 25 healthy human participants using an established psychosocial stress paradigm together with multimodal functional and structural (voxel-based morphometry) magnetic resonance imaging. Across subjects, a smaller CAR was associated with reduced grey matter volume and increased stress-related brain activity in the perigenual ACC, a region which inhibits HPA axis activity during stress that is implicated in risk mechanisms and pathophysiology of stress-related mental diseases. Moreover, functional connectivity between the perigenual ACC and the hypothalamus, the primary controller of HPA axis activity, was associated with the CAR. Our findings provide support for a role of the perigenual ACC in regulating the CAR in humans and may aid future research on the pathophysiology of stress-related illnesses, such as depression, and environmental risk for illnesses such as schizophrenia.
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50
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Laudenslager ML, Simoneau TL, Kilbourn K, Natvig C, Philips S, Spradley J, Benitez P, McSweeney P, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK. A randomized control trial of a psychosocial intervention for caregivers of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: effects on distress. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50:1110-8. [PMID: 25961767 PMCID: PMC4527944 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Caregivers of patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants (Allo-HSCT) serve a pivotal role in patient care but experience high stress, anxiety, and depression as a result. We theorized that a stress management adapted for Allo-HSCT caregivers would reduce distress compared to treatment as usual (TAU). From 267 consecutive caregivers of Allo-HSCT patients approached, 148 (mean=53.5 years, 75.7% female) were randomized to either psychosocial intervention (n=74) or TAU (n=74). Eight 1-on-1 stress management sessions delivered across the 100 day post-transplant period focused on understanding stress, changing role(s) as caregiver, cognitive behavioral stress management, pacing respiration, and identifying social support. Primary outcomes included perceived stress (psychological) and salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR) (physiological). Randomized groups were not statistically different at baseline. Mixed models analysis of covariance (intent-to-treat) showed that intervention was associated with significantly lower caregiver stress 3 months post-transplant (Mean=20.0, CI95=17.9-22.0) compared to TAU (Mean=23.0, CI95=21.0-25.0) with an effect size (ES) of 0.39 (p=0.039). Secondary psychological outcomes, including depression and anxiety, were significantly reduced with ESs of 0.46 and 0.66 respectively. Caregiver CAR did not differ from non-caregiving controls at baseline and was unchanged by intervention. Despite significant caregiving burden, this psychosocial intervention significantly mitigated distress in Allo-HSCT caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Laudenslager
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T L Simoneau
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - K Kilbourn
- Department of Psychology, Univerity of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - C Natvig
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Philips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Spradley
- 1] Presbyterian/St Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA [2] Colorado Blood Cancer Institute, Denver, CO, USA
| | - P Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P McSweeney
- 1] Presbyterian/St Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA [2] Colorado Blood Cancer Institute, Denver, CO, USA
| | - S K Mikulich-Gilbertson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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