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Hussein H, Van Remoortel S, Boeckxstaens GE. Irritable bowel syndrome: When food is a pain in the gut. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39037230 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal condition associated with altered bowel habits and recurrent abdominal pain, often triggered by food intake. Current treatments focus on improving stool pattern, but effective treatments for pain in IBS are still lacking due to our limited understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms. Visceral hypersensitivity (VHS), or abnormal visceral pain perception, underlies abdominal pain development in IBS, and mast cell activation has been shown to play an important role in the development of VHS. Our work recently revealed that abdominal pain in response to food intake is induced by the sensitization of colonic pain-sensing neurons by histamine produced by activated mast cells following a local IgE response to food. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on abdominal pain and VHS pathophysiology in IBS, we outline the work leading to the discovery of the role of histamine in abdominal pain, and we introduce antihistamines as a novel treatment option to manage chronic abdominal pain in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Hussein
- Center for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interactions, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel Van Remoortel
- Center for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interactions, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Center for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interactions, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Molotla-Torres DE, Guzmán-Mejía F, Godínez-Victoria M, Drago-Serrano ME. Role of Stress on Driving the Intestinal Paracellular Permeability. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9284-9305. [PMID: 37998758 PMCID: PMC10670774 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelium is a polarized monolayer that exhibits apical and basolateral membrane surfaces. Monolayer cell components are joined side by side via protein complexes known as tight junction proteins (TJPs), expressed at the most apical extreme of the basolateral membrane. The gut epithelium is a physical barrier that determinates intestinal permeability, referred to as the measurement of the transit of molecules from the intestinal lumen to the bloodstream or, conversely, from the blood to the gut lumen. TJPs play a role in the control of intestinal permeability that can be disrupted by stress through signal pathways triggered by the ligation of receptors with stress hormones like glucocorticoids. Preclinical studies conducted under in vitro and/or in vivo conditions have addressed underlying mechanisms that account for the impact of stress on gut permeability. These mechanisms may provide insights for novel therapeutic interventions in diseases in which stress is a risk factor, like irritable bowel syndrome. The focus of this study was to review, in an integrative context, the neuroendocrine effects of stress, with special emphasis on TJPs along with intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Efrain Molotla-Torres
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico;
| | - Fabiola Guzmán-Mejía
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico;
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
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Leigh SJ, Uhlig F, Wilmes L, Sanchez-Diaz P, Gheorghe CE, Goodson MS, Kelley-Loughnane N, Hyland NP, Cryan JF, Clarke G. The impact of acute and chronic stress on gastrointestinal physiology and function: a microbiota-gut-brain axis perspective. J Physiol 2023; 601:4491-4538. [PMID: 37756251 DOI: 10.1113/jp281951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological consequences of stress often manifest in the gastrointestinal tract. Traumatic or chronic stress is associated with widespread maladaptive changes throughout the gut, although comparatively little is known about the effects of acute stress. Furthermore, these stress-induced changes in the gut may increase susceptibility to gastrointestinal disorders and infection, and impact critical features of the neural and behavioural consequences of the stress response by impairing gut-brain axis communication. Understanding the mechanisms behind changes in enteric nervous system circuitry, visceral sensitivity, gut barrier function, permeability, and the gut microbiota following stress is an important research objective with pathophysiological implications in both neurogastroenterology and psychiatry. Moreover, the gut microbiota has emerged as a key aspect of physiology sensitive to the effects of stress. In this review, we focus on different aspects of the gastrointestinal tract including gut barrier function as well as the immune, humoral and neuronal elements involved in gut-brain communication. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence for a role of stress in gastrointestinal disorders. Existing gaps in the current literature are highlighted, and possible avenues for future research with an integrated physiological perspective have been suggested. A more complete understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the integrated host and microbial response to different kinds of stressors in the gastrointestinal tract will enable full exploitation of the diagnostic and therapeutic potential in the fast-evolving field of host-microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Leigh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Friederike Uhlig
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lars Wilmes
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paula Sanchez-Diaz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cassandra E Gheorghe
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael S Goodson
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Acute Stress Regulates Sex-Related Molecular Responses in the Human Jejunal Mucosa: Implications for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030423. [PMID: 36766765 PMCID: PMC9913488 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder linked to intestinal barrier dysfunction and life stress. We have previously reported that female sex per se determines an increased susceptibility to intestinal barrier dysfunction after cold pain stress (CPS). We aimed to identify sex-related molecular differences in response to CPS in healthy subjects to understand the origin of sex bias predominance in IBS. In 13 healthy males and 21 females, two consecutive jejunal biopsies were obtained using Watson's capsule, at baseline, and ninety minutes after CPS. Total mucosal RNA and protein were isolated from jejunal biopsies. Expression of genes related to epithelial barrier (CLDN1, CLDN2, OCLN, ZO-1, and ZO-3), mast cell (MC) activation (TPSAB1, SERPINA1), and the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) were analyzed using RT-qPCR. NR3C1, ZO-1 and OCLN protein expression were evaluated through immunohistochemistry and western blot, and mucosal inflammation through MC, lymphocyte, and eosinophil numbering. Autonomic, hormonal, and psychological responses to CPS were monitored. We found an increase in jejunal MCs, a reduced CLDN1 and OCLN expression, and an increased CLDN2 and SERPINA1 expression 90 min after CPS. We also found a significant decrease in ZO-1, OCLN, and NR3C1 gene expression, and a decrease in OCLN protein expression only in females, when compared to males. CPS induced a significant increase in blood pressure, plasma cortisol and ACTH, and subjective stress perception in all participants. Specific and independent sex-related molecular responses in epithelial barrier regulation are unraveled by acute stress in the jejunum of healthy subjects and may partially explain female predominance in IBS.
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Hussain Z, Park H. Inflammation and Impaired Gut Physiology in Post-operative Ileus: Mechanisms and the Treatment Options. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:517-530. [PMID: 36250359 PMCID: PMC9577567 DOI: 10.5056/jnm22100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-operative ileus (POI) is the transient cessation of coordinated gastrointestinal motility after abdominal surgical intervention. It decreases quality of life, prolongs length of hospital stay, and increases socioeconomic costs. The mechanism of POI is complex and multifactorial, and has been broadly categorized into neurogenic and inflammatory phase. Neurogenic phase mediated release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a central role in neuroinflammation, and affects both central autonomic response as well hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. HPA-stress axis associated cortisol release adversely affects gut microbiota and permeability. Peripheral CRF (pCRF) is a key player in stress induced gastric emptying and colonic transit. It functions as a local effector and interacts with the CRF receptors on the mast cell to release chemical mediators of inflammation. Mast cells proteases disrupt epithelial barrier via protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). PAR-2 facilitates cytoskeleton contraction to reorient tight junction proteins such as occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecule, and zonula occludens-1 to open epithelial barrier junctions. Barrier opening affects the selectivity, and hence permeation of luminal antigens and solutes in the gastrointestinal tract. Translocation of luminal antigens perturbs mucosal immune system to further exacerbate inflammation. Stress induced dysbiosis and decrease in production of short chain fatty acids add to the inflammatory response and barrier disintegration. This review discusses potential mechanisms and factors involved in the pathophysiology of POI with special reference to inflammation and interlinked events such as epithelial barrier dysfunction and dysbiosis. Based on this review, we recommend CRF, mast cells, macrophages, and microbiota could be targeted concurrently for efficient POI management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyojin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Arciniega-Martínez IM, Reséndiz Albor AA, Cárdenas Jaramillo LM, Gutiérrez-Meza JM, Falfán-Valencia R, Mendoza Arroyo B, Yépez-Ortega M, Pacheco-Yépez J, Abarca-Rojano E. CD4 +/IL‑4 + lymphocytes of the lamina propria and substance P promote colonic protection during acute stress. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:63. [PMID: 34958108 PMCID: PMC8767552 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Life stress may influence symptom onset and severity in certain gastrointestinal disorders in association with a dysregulated intestinal barrier. It has been widely accepted that stress triggers the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑adrenal (HPA) axis, releasing corticosterone, which promotes intestinal permeability. In response, colonic inflammation alters mucosal immune homeostasis and destroys the colonic architecture, leading to severe intestinal diseases. Endogenous substance P (SP) does not inhibit the initial extent of the HPA axis response to restraint stress, but it reduces the duration of the stress, suggesting that SP plays an important role in the transition between acute and chronic stress. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of two groups of mice exposed to stress, including acute and chronic stress. The corticosterone was evaluated by ELISA, colon samples were obtained to detected polymorphonuclear cells by hematoxylin and eosin staining, goblet and mast cells were identified by immunocytochemistry and cytokine‑producing CD4+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry assays, adhesion proteins in the colon epithelium by western blotting and serum SP levels by ELISA. The results demonstrated an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear, goblet and mast cells, a decrease in claudin‑1 expression and an elevation in E‑cadherin expression during acute stress. Increased E‑cadherin expression was also detected during chronic stress. Moreover, it was found that acute stress caused a shift towards a predominantly anti‑inflammatory immune response (T helper 2 cells), as shown by the increase in the percentage of CD4+/IL‑6+ and CD4+/IL4+ lymphocytes in the lamina propria and the increase in serum SP. In conclusion, this response promoted colonic protection during acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Maciel Arciniega-Martínez
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz Albor
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Luz María Cárdenas Jaramillo
- Morphology Coordination, Department of Basic Disciplinary Training, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Juan Manuel Gutiérrez-Meza
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
- Morphology Coordination, Department of Basic Disciplinary Training, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, 14080 Mexico City, México
| | - Belen Mendoza Arroyo
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Mariazell Yépez-Ortega
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yépez
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Edgar Abarca-Rojano
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
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Liu S, Karo A, Agterberg S, Hua H, Bhargava A. Effects of stress-related peptides on chloride secretion in the mouse proximal colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14021. [PMID: 33118282 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress increases intestinal secretion and exacerbates symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Peripherally derived corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is known to mediate stress-induced intestinal secretion, presumably by activation of CRF1 receptors in the gut. The present study aimed to ascertain the role of CRF2 activation in intestinal secretion by three other members of CRF peptide family, urocortin (UCN) 1-3, in wild type (WT) and CRF2 knockout (Crhr2-/- ) mice. METHODS Mucosal/submucosal preparations from proximal colon of WT and Crhr2-/- mice of both sexes were mounted in Ussing chambers for measurement of short-circuit current (Isc ) as an indicator of ion secretion. KEY RESULTS Male mice demonstrated a significantly higher baseline Isc than female in both WT and Crhr2-/- genotypes. CRF and UCN1-3 (1 μM) caused greater increases in colonic Isc (ΔIsc ) in male than female. Colonic Isc response to the selective CRF1 agonist, stressin1, was similar in both sexes. In male mice, the selective CRF2 agonists (UCN2 and UCN3) caused significantly greater ΔIsc than CRF and stressin1. UCN2- and UCN3-evoked ΔISC was significantly reduced in preparations pretreated with the selective CRF2 antagonist antisauvagine-30 and in Crhr2-/- mice. The prosecretory effects of urocortins were due to increases in Cl- secretion and involved enteric neurons and mast cells. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCE The findings revealed sex differences in baseline colonic secretion and responses to stress-related peptides. CRF2 receptors play a more prominent role in colonic secretion in male mice. The greater baseline secretion and responses to UCNs may contribute to the higher prevalence of diarrhea-predominant IBS in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Aaron Karo
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Sita Agterberg
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Howard Hua
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Health, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of OBGYN, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Bhuiyan P, Wang YW, Sha HH, Dong HQ, Qian YN. Neuroimmune connections between corticotropin-releasing hormone and mast cells: novel strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2184-2197. [PMID: 33818491 PMCID: PMC8354134 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a critical component of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which plays a major role in the body’s immune response to stress. Mast cells are both sensors and effectors in the interaction between the nervous and immune systems. As first responders to stress, mast cells can initiate, amplify and prolong neuroimmune responses upon activation. Corticotropin-releasing hormone plays a pivotal role in triggering stress responses and related diseases by acting on its receptors in mast cells. Corticotropin-releasing hormone can stimulate mast cell activation, influence the activation of immune cells by peripheral nerves and modulate neuroimmune interactions. The latest evidence shows that the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone induces the degranulation of mast cells under stress conditions, leading to disruption of the blood-brain barrier, which plays an important role in neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recent studies suggest that stress increases intestinal permeability and disrupts the blood-brain barrier through corticotropin-releasing hormone-mediated activation of mast cells, providing new insight into the complex interplay between the brain and gastrointestinal tract. The neuroimmune target of mast cells is the site at which the corticotropin-releasing hormone directly participates in the inflammatory responses of nerve terminals. In this review, we focus on the neuroimmune connections between corticotropin-releasing hormone and mast cells, with the aim of providing novel potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory, autoimmune and nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piplu Bhuiyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan-Huan Sha
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Quan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Ning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Peripheral Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Triggers Jejunal Mast Cell Activation and Abdominal Pain in Patients With Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115:2047-2059. [PMID: 32740086 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To determine the effect of peripheral CRF on intestinal barrier function in diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathophysiology has been linked to life stress, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and mast cell activation. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a major mediator of stress responses in the gastrointestinal tract, yet its role on IBS mucosal function remains largely unknown. METHODS Intestinal response to sequential i.v. 5-mL saline solution (placebo) and CRF (100 μg) was evaluated in 21 IBS-D and 17 healthy subjects (HSs). A 20-cm jejunal segment was perfused with an isosmotic solution and effluents collected at baseline, 30 minutes after placebo, and 60 minutes after CRF. We measured water flux, albumin output, tryptase release, stress hormones, cardiovascular and psychological responses, and abdominal pain. A jejunal biopsy was obtained for CRF receptor expression assessment. RESULTS Water flux did not change after placebo in IBS-D and HS but significantly increased after CRF in IBS-D (P = 0.007). Basal luminal output of albumin was higher in IBS-D and increased further after CRF in IBS-D (P = 0.042). Basal jejunal tryptase release was higher in IBS-D, and CRF significantly increased it in both groups (P = 0.004), the response being higher in IBS-D than in HS (P = 0.0023). Abdominal pain worsened only in IBS-D after CRF and correlated with jejunal tryptase release, water flux, and albumin output. IBS-D displayed jejunal up-regulation of CRF2 and down-regulation of CRF1 compared with HS. DISCUSSION Stress via CRF-driven mast cell activation seems to be relevant in the pathophysiology of IBS-D.
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Ji Y, Hu B, Klontz C, Li J, Dessem D, Dorsey SG, Traub RJ. Peripheral mechanisms contribute to comorbid visceral hypersensitivity induced by preexisting orofacial pain and stress in female rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13833. [PMID: 32155308 PMCID: PMC7319894 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress exacerbates many chronic pain syndromes including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Among these patient populations, many suffer from comorbid or chronic overlapping pain conditions and are predominantly female. Nevertheless, basic studies investigating chronic psychological stress-induced changes in pain sensitivity have been mostly carried out in male rodents. Our laboratory developed a model of comorbid pain hypersensitivity (CPH) (stress in the presence of preexisting orofacial pain inducing chronic visceral pain hypersensitivity that significantly outlasts transient stress-induced pain hypersensitivity (SIH)) facilitating the study of pain associated with IBS. Since CPH and SIH are phenotypically similar until SIH resolves and CPH persists, it is unclear if underlying mechanisms are similar. METHODS In the present study, the visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distention was recorded in the SIH and CPH models in intact females and ovariectomized rats plus estradiol replacement (OVx + E2). Over several months, rats were determined to be susceptible or resilient to stress and the role of peripheral corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) underlying in the pain hypersensitivity was examined. KEY RESULTS Stress alone induced transient (3-4 weeks) visceral hypersensitivity, though some rats were resilient. Comorbid conditions increased susceptibility to stress prolonging hypersensitivity beyond 13 weeks. Both models had robust peripheral components; hypersensitivity was attenuated by the CRF receptor antagonist astressin and the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). However, DSCG was less effective in the CPH model compared to the SIH model. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The data indicate many similarities but some differences in mechanisms contributing to comorbid pain conditions compared to transient stress-induced pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Ji
- Department of Neural and Pain SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neural and Pain SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMDUSA,Present address:
Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine ResearchXi’an Jiao Tong University College of StomatologyXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Charles Klontz
- Department of Neural and Pain SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Jiyun Li
- Department of Neural and Pain SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Dean Dessem
- Department of Neural and Pain SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMDUSA,UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain ResearchUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Susan G. Dorsey
- UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain ResearchUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMDUSA,Department of Pain and Translational Symptom ScienceSchool of NursingUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Richard J. Traub
- Department of Neural and Pain SciencesSchool of DentistryUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMDUSA,UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain ResearchUniversity of Maryland BaltimoreBaltimoreMDUSA
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11
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Mayorga EJ, Ross JW, Keating AF, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. Biology of heat stress; the nexus between intestinal hyperpermeability and swine reproduction. Theriogenology 2020; 154:73-83. [PMID: 32531658 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Unfavorable weather conditions are one of the largest constraints to maximizing farm animal productivity. Heat stress (HS), in particular, compromises almost every metric of profitability and this is especially apparent in the grow-finish and reproductive aspects of the swine industry. Suboptimal production during HS was traditionally thought to result from hypophagia. However, independent of inadequate nutrient consumption, HS affects a plethora of endocrine, physiological, metabolic, circulatory, and immunological variables. Whether these changes are homeorhetic strategies to survive the heat load or are pathological remains unclear, nor is it understood if they temporally occur by coincidence or if they are chronologically causal. However, mounting evidence suggest that the origin of the aforementioned changes lie at the gastrointestinal tract. Heat stress compromises intestinal barrier integrity, and increased appearance of luminal contents in circulation causes local and systemic inflammatory responses. The resulting immune activation is seemingly the epicenter to many, if not most of the negative consequences HS has on reproduction, growth, and lactation. Interestingly, thermoregulatory and production responses to HS are only marginally related. In other words, increased body temperature indices poorly predict decreases in productivity. Further, HS induced malnutrition is also a surprisingly inaccurate predictor of productivity. Thus, selecting animals with a "heat tolerant" phenotype based solely or separately on thermoregulatory capacity or production may not ultimately increase resilience. Describing the physiology and mechanisms that underpin how HS jeopardizes animal performance is critical for developing approaches to ameliorate current production issues and requisite for generating future strategies (genetic, managerial, nutritional, and pharmaceutical) aimed at optimizing animal well-being, and improving the sustainable production of high-quality protein for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - J W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - A F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - R P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Itomi Y, Tanaka T, Matsushita K, Kawamura T, Kojima T, Aso K, Matsumoto-Okano S, Tsukimi Y. Pharmacological evaluation of a novel corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor antagonist T-3047928 in stress-induced animal models in a comparison with alosetron. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13795. [PMID: 31970891 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are changes in bowel habits and abdominal pain. Psychological stress is the major pathophysiological components of IBS. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a well-known integrator in response to psychological stress. In this study, a novel CRF1 receptor antagonist T-3047928 was evaluated in stress-induced IBS models of rats to explore its potency for IBS. METHODS Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels after intravenous oCRH challenge were measured as a pharmacodynamic marker. Efficacies of oral T-3047928 were compared with oral alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, on conditioning fear stress (CFS)-induced defecation, restraint stress (RS)-induced acute visceral pain, specific alteration of rhythm in temperature (SART) stress-induced chronic visceral pain, and normal defecation. RESULTS T-3047928 (1-10 mg/kg, p.o.) demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition on oCRH-induced ACTH secretion. In disease models, T-3047928 suppressed fecal pellet output induced by CFS and improved both acute and chronic visceral hypersensitivity induced by RS and SART stress, respectively. Alosetron was also efficacious in stress-induced defecation and visceral pain models at 1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Alosetron, however, also suppressed normal defecation at lower those. On the other hand, T-3047928 did not change normal defecation even at higher dose than those in disease models. CONCLUSION T-3047928 is an orally active CRF1 antagonist that demonstrated potent inhibitory effects in stress-associated IBS models with no effect on normal defecation. Therefore, it is suggested that T-3047928 may have a potency as a novel option for IBS-D therapy with minimal constipation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Itomi
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kozo Matsushita
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Kawamura
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuto Kojima
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiho Matsumoto-Okano
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsukimi
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
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Baritaki S, de Bree E, Chatzaki E, Pothoulakis C. Chronic Stress, Inflammation, and Colon Cancer: A CRH System-Driven Molecular Crosstalk. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1669. [PMID: 31614860 PMCID: PMC6833069 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is thought to be involved in the occurrence and progression of multiple diseases, via mechanisms that still remain largely unknown. Interestingly, key regulators of the stress response, such as members of the corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH) family of neuropeptides and receptors, are now known to be implicated in the regulation of chronic inflammation, one of the predisposing factors for oncogenesis and disease progression. However, an interrelationship between stress, inflammation, and malignancy, at least at the molecular level, still remains unclear. Here, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge that supports the inseparable link between chronic stress, inflammation, and colorectal cancer (CRC), by modulation of a cascade of molecular signaling pathways, which are under the regulation of CRH-family members expressed in the brain and periphery. The understanding of the molecular basis of the link among these processes may provide a step forward towards personalized medicine in terms of CRC diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Baritaki
- Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece.
| | - Eelco de Bree
- Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece.
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- IBD Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 10833, USA.
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Machorro-Rojas N, Sainz-Espuñes T, Godínez-Victoria M, Castañeda-Sánchez JI, Campos-Rodríguez R, Pacheco-Yepez J, Drago-Serrano ME. Impact of chronic immobilization stress on parameters of colonic homeostasis in BALB/c mice. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2083-2090. [PMID: 31257542 PMCID: PMC6691234 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a monolayer of cells arranged side‑by‑side and connected by tight junction (TJ) proteins expressed at the apical extreme of the paracellular membrane. This layer prevents stress‑induced inflammatory responses, thus helping to maintain gut barrier function and gut homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chronic immobilization stress on the colonic expression of various parameters of homeostasis. A total of two groups of female BALB/c mice (n=6) were included: A stressed group (short‑term immobilization for 2 h/day for 4 consecutive days) and an unstressed (control) group. Colon samples were obtained to detect neutrophils and goblet cells by optical microscopy, TJ protein expression (occludin, and claudin ‑2, ‑4, ‑7, ‑12 and ‑15) by western blotting, mRNA levels of TJ genes and proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β, ‑6 and ‑8] by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, fecal lactoferrin by ELISA and the number of colony‑forming units of aerobic bacteria. Compared with goblet cells in control mice, goblet cells were enlarged and reduced in number in stressed mice, whereas neutrophil cellularity was unaltered. Stressed mice exhibited reduced mRNA expression for all evaluated TJ mRNAs, with the exception of claudin‑7, which was upregulated. Protein levels of occludin and all claudins (with the exception of claudin‑12) were decreased in stressed mice. Fecal lactoferrin, proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels and aerobic bacterial counts were all increased in the stressed group. These results indicated that immobilization stress induced proinflammatory and potential remodeling effects in the colon by decreasing TJ protein expression. The present study may be a useful reference for therapies aiming to regulate the effects of stress on intestinal inflammatory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Machorro-Rojas
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Teresita Sainz-Espuñes
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yepez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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Li Y, Yang T, Yao Q, Li S, Fang E, Li Y, Liu C, Li W. Metformin prevents colonic barrier dysfunction by inhibiting mast cell activation in maternal separation-induced IBS-like rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13556. [PMID: 30740845 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a key etiologic factor of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Metformin improves intestinal barrier function, although the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully explained. This study evaluates the protective effect of metformin on colonic barrier integrity and explores the underlying cellular mechanisms. METHODS IBS-like rats were induced by maternal separation. Metformin was administered daily by gavage at 08:30, and rat pups were then separated from their mother. Visceral hyperalgesia and depression-like behaviors were evaluated by colorectal distension, sucrose preference tests, and forced swimming tests. Intestinal integrity was analyzed using sugar probes and transmission electron microscopy. Inflammatory factors and the levels of corticotropin-releasing factor were assessed by PCR and ELISA. The number of mast cells was evaluated by toluidine blue staining. Protein expression and localization were determined using Western blot and immunochemistry. KEY RESULTS Metformin pretreatment (a) reduced visceral hypersensitivity to colorectal distension, immobility time and enhanced sucrose consumption; (b) decreased urine lactulose/mannitol ratio and sucralose output; (c) inhibited the dilation of tight junction and prevented claudin-4 translocation; (d) inhibited mast cell activation and downregulated the expression of IL-6, IL-18, tryptase, PAR-2, and ERK activation; (e) inhibited claudin-4 phosphorylation at serine sites and interactions between clau-4 and ZO-1. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Metformin may block mast cell activation to reduce PAR-2 expression and subsequently inhibit ERK activation and clau-4 phosphorylation at serine sites to normalize the interaction of clau-4 and ZO-1 and clau-4 distribution. Metformin may be clinically beneficial for patients with IBS or IBS-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Songsong Li
- Xianning Institute for Drug Control, Xianning, China
| | - En Fang
- Xianning Institute for Drug Control, Xianning, China
| | - Yankun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network and Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Nozu T, Miyagishi S, Nozu R, Takakusaki K, Okumura T. Altered colonic sensory and barrier functions by CRF: roles of TLR4 and IL-1. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:241-252. [PMID: 30139928 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Visceral allodynia and increased colonic permeability are considered to be crucial pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and immune-mediated mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to these changes in IBS, but the precise roles have not been determined. We explored these issues in rats in vivo. The threshold of visceromotor response, i.e., abdominal muscle contractions induced by colonic balloon distention was electrophysiologically measured. Colonic permeability was estimated by quantifying the absorbed Evans blue in colonic tissue. Intraperitoneal injection of CRF increased the permeability, which was blocked by astressin, a non-selective CRF receptor antagonist, but astressin2-B, a selective CRF receptor subtype 2 (CRF2) antagonist did not modify it. Urocortin 2, a selective CRF2 agonist inhibited the increased permeability by CRF. Eritoran, a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist or anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocked the visceral allodynia and the increased gut permeability induced by CRF. Subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (immune stress) or repeated water avoidance stress (WAS, psychological stress), 1 h daily for 3 days induced visceral allodynia and increased gut permeability (animal IBS models), which were also blocked by astressin, eritoran or anakinra. In conclusion, stress-induced visceral allodynia and increased colonic permeability were mediated via peripheral CRF receptors. CRF induced these visceral changes via TLR4 and cytokine system, which were CRF1 dependent, and activation of CRF2 inhibited these CRF1-triggered responses. CRF may modulate immune system to alter visceral changes, which are considered to be pivotal pathophysiology of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Saori Miyagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rintaro Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takakusaki
- Research Center for Brain Function and Medical Engineering, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Chatoo M, Li Y, Ma Z, Coote J, Du J, Chen X. Involvement of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Receptors in Immune Cells in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:21. [PMID: 29483895 PMCID: PMC5816029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder defined by ROME IV criteria as pain in the lower abdominal region, which is associated with altered bowel habit or defecation. The underlying mechanism of IBS is not completely understood. IBS seems to be a product of interactions between various factors with genetics, dietary/intestinal microbiota, low-grade inflammation, and stress playing a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. The crosstalk between the immune system and stress in IBS mechanism is increasingly recognized. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a major mediator in the stress response, is involved in altered function in GI, including inflammatory processes, colonic transit time, contractile activity, defecation pattern, pain threshold, mucosal secretory function, and barrier functions. This mini review focuses on the recently establish local GI-CRF system, its involvement in modulating the immune response in IBS, and summarizes current IBS animal models and mapping of CRF, CRFR1, and CRFR2 expression in colon tissues. CRF and receptors might be a key molecule involving the immune and movement function via brain-gut axis in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahanand Chatoo
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John Coote
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jizeng Du
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuequn Chen,
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18
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Wang CC, Wu H, Lin FH, Gong R, Xie F, Peng Y, Feng J, Hu CH. Sodium butyrate enhances intestinal integrity, inhibits mast cell activation, inflammatory mediator production and JNK signaling pathway in weaned pigs. Innate Immun 2017; 24:40-46. [PMID: 29183244 PMCID: PMC6830759 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917741970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate on the intestinal barrier and mast cell activation, as well as inflammatory mediator production, and determine whether mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways are involved in these processes. A total of 72 piglets, weaned at 28 ± 1 d age, were allotted to two dietary treatments (control vs. 450 mg/kg sodium butyrate) for 2 wk. The results showed that supplemental sodium butyrate increased daily gain, improved intestinal morphology, as indicated by greater villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio, and intestinal barrier function reflected by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased paracellular flux of dextran (4 kDa). Moreover, sodium butyrate reduced the percentage of degranulated mast cells and its inflammatory mediator content (histamine, tryptase, TNF-α and IL-6) in the jejunum mucosa. Sodium butyrate also decreased the expression of mast cell-specific tryptase, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA. Sodium butyrate significantly decreased the phosphorylated ratio of JNK whereas not affecting the phosphorylated ratios of ERK and p38. The results indicated that the protective effects of sodium butyrate on intestinal integrity were closely related to inhibition of mast cell activation and inflammatory mediator production, and that the JNK signaling pathway was likely involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chun Wang
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Wu
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Hui Lin
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Gong
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xie
- 2 Shanghai Menon Animal Nutrition Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Peng
- 2 Shanghai Menon Animal Nutrition Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Feng
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cai Hong Hu
- 1 Animal Science College, Zhejiang University; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Ducarouge B, Pelissier-Rota M, Powell R, Buisson A, Bonaz B, Jacquier-Sarlin M. Involvement of CRF2 signaling in enterocyte differentiation. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5127-5145. [PMID: 28811708 PMCID: PMC5537180 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i28.5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the role of corticotropin releasing factor receptor (CRF2) in epithelial permeability and enterocyte cell differentiation.
METHODS For this purpose, we used rat Sprague Dawley and various colon carcinoma cell lines (SW620, HCT8R, HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines). Expression of CRF2 protein was analyzed by fluorescent immunolabeling in normal rat colon and then by western blot in dissociated colonic epithelial cells and in the lysates of colon carcinoma cell lines or during the early differentiation of HT-29 cells (ten first days). To assess the impact of CRF2 signaling on colonic cell differentiation, HT-29 and Caco-2 cells were exposed to Urocortin 3 recombinant proteins (Ucn3, 100 nmol/L). In some experiments, cells were pre-exposed to the astressin 2b (A2b) a CRF2 antagonist in order to inhibit the action of Ucn3. Intestinal cell differentiation was first analyzed by functional assays: the trans-cellular permeability and the para-cellular permeability were determined by Dextran-FITC intake and measure of the transepithelial electrical resistance respectively. Morphological modifications associated to epithelial dysfunction were analyzed by confocal microscopy after fluorescent labeling of actin (phaloidin-TRITC) and intercellular adhesion proteins such as E-cadherin, p120ctn, occludin and ZO-1. The establishment of mature adherens junctions (AJ) was monitored by following the distribution of AJ proteins in lipid raft fractions, after separation of cell lysates on sucrose gradients. Finally, the mRNA and the protein expression levels of characteristic markers of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) differentiation such as the transcriptional factor krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) or the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) were performed by RT-PCR and western blot respectively. The specific activities of DPPIV and alkaline phosphatase (AP) enzymes were determined by a colorimetric method.
RESULTS CRF2 protein is preferentially expressed in undifferentiated epithelial cells from the crypts of colon and in human colon carcinoma cell lines. Furthermore, CRF2 expression is down regulated according to the kinetic of HT-29 cell differentiation. By performing functional assays, we found that Ucn3-induced CRF2 signaling alters both para- and trans-cellular permeability of differentiated HT-29 and Caco-2 cells. These effects are partly mediated by Ucn3-induced morphological changes associated with the disruption of mature AJ in HT-29 cells and tight junctions (TJ) in Caco-2 cells. Ucn3-mediated activation of CRF2 decreases mRNA and protein expression levels of KLF4 a transcription factor involved in IEC differentiation. This signaling is correlated to a down-regulation of key IEC markers such as DPPIV and AP, at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that CRF2 signaling could modulate IEC differentiation. These mechanisms could be relevant to the stress induced epithelial alterations found in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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20
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Zhang L, Song J, Bai T, Qian W, Hou XH. Stress induces more serious barrier dysfunction in follicle-associated epithelium than villus epithelium involving mast cells and protease-activated receptor-2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4950. [PMID: 28694438 PMCID: PMC5503989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress has been associated with intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability, the basic process in various functional and organic bowel diseases. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the differences and underlining mechanisms in stress-induced barrier disruption in functionally and structurally distinct epitheliums, including the villus epithelium (VE) and follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), a specialized epithelium overlaid the domes of Peyer’s lymphoid follicles. Employing an Ussing Chamber system, the epithelial permeability was assessed in rats following water avoidance stress (WAS) in vivo and in mucosa tissues exposed to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ex vivo. Decreased transepithelial resistance (TER) and increased paracellular and transcellular macromolecular permeability in colon, ileal VE and FAE had been observed in WAS rats and in CRF-exposed mucosa. Especially, the barrier dysfunction was more serious in the FAE. Moreover, WAS upregulated the expression of mast cell tryptase and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), which positively correlated with epithelial conductance. Mast cell stabilizer cromolyn sodium obviously alleviated the barrier disruption induced by WAS in vivo and CRF in vitro. Serine protease inhibitor aprotinin and FUT-175, and selective PAR2 antagonist ENMD-1068 effectively inhibited the CRF-induced FAE hyperpermeability. Altogether, it concluded that the FAE was more susceptible to stress, and the mast cells and PAR2 signaling played crucial roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jun Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Pelissier-Rota M, Chartier NT, Bonaz B, Jacquier-Sarlin MR. A crosstalk between muscarinic and CRF2 receptors regulates cellular adhesion properties of human colon cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1246-1259. [PMID: 28432022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease often suffer from chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammation that favor the development of colitis associated cancer. An alteration of the epithelial intestinal barrier function observed in IBD is supposed to be a consequence of stress. It has been proposed that corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2), one of the two receptors of CRF, the principal neuromediator of stress, acts on cholinergic nerves to induce stress-mediated epithelial barrier dysfunction. Non-neuronal acetylcholine (Ach) and muscarinic receptors (mAchR) also contribute to alterations of epithelial cell functions. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms through which stress and Ach modulate epithelial cell adhesive properties. We show that Ach-induced activation of mAchR in HT-29 cells results in cell dissociation together with changes in cell-matrix contacts, which correlates with the acquisition of invasive potential consistent with a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mode of invasion. These processes result from mAchR subsequent stimulation of the cascade of src/Erk and FAK activation. Ach-induced secretion of laminin 332 leads to α3β1 integrin activation and RhoA-dependent reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. We show that Ach-mediated effects on cell adhesion are blocked by astressin 2b, a CRF2 antagonist, suggesting that Ach action depends partly on CRF2 signaling. This is reinforced by the fact that Ach-mediated activation of mAchR stimulates both the synthesis and the release of CRF2 ligands in HT-29 cells (effects blocked by atropine). In summary, our data provides evidence for a novel intracellular circuit involving mAchR acting on CRF2-signaling that could mediate colonic mucosal barrier dysfunction and exacerbate mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pelissier-Rota
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France; INSERM U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - N T Chartier
- Biotechnology Center, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - B Bonaz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France; INSERM U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CHU, Grenoble, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M R Jacquier-Sarlin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France; INSERM U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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22
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Chronic social stress in pigs impairs intestinal barrier and nutrient transporter function, and alters neuro-immune mediator and receptor expression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171617. [PMID: 28170426 PMCID: PMC5295718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is a major factor driving gastrointestinal (GI) pathophysiology and disease susceptibility in humans and animals. The mechanisms governing susceptibility to stress-induced GI disease remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the influence of chronic social stress (CSS) in pigs, induced by 7 d of chronic mixing/crowding stress, on intestinal barrier and nutrient transport function, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling and immunological responses. Results from this study showed that CSS resulted in a significant impairment of ileal and colonic barrier function indicated by reduced transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in the ileum and increased FD4 flux in the ileum (by 0.8 fold) and colon (by 0.7 fold). Ileal sodium glucose linked transporter 1 (SGLT-1) function, measured as glucose-induced changes in short-circuit current (Isc), was diminished (by 52%) in CSS pigs, associated with reduced body weight gain and feed efficiency. Although reductions in SGLT-1 function were observed in CSS pigs, mRNA expression for SGLT-1, villus heights were increased in CSS pigs. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) mRNA was upregulated (by 0.9 fold) in the ileum of CSS pigs but not in the colon. Urocortin 2 (Ucn2) mRNA was upregulated (by 1.5 fold) in the colon of CSS pigs, but not in the ileum. In CSS pigs, a downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA (IL1B, TNFA, IL8, and IL6) was observed in both ileum and colon, compared with controls. In contrast CSS induced a marked upregulation of mRNA for IL10 and mast cell chymase gene (CMA1) in the ileum and colon. Together, these data demonstrate that chronic stress in pigs results in significant alterations in intestinal barrier and nutrient transport function and neuro-immune mediator and receptor expression.
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West C, Wu RY, Wong A, Stanisz AM, Yan R, Min KK, Pasyk M, McVey Neufeld KA, Karamat MI, Foster JA, Bienenstock J, Forsythe P, Kunze WA. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain JB-1 reverses restraint stress-induced gut dysmotility. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 27381257 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental stress affects the gut with dysmotility being a common consequence. Although a variety of microbes or molecules may prevent the dysmotility, none reverse the dysmotility. METHODS We have used a 1 hour restraint stress mouse model to test for treatment effects of the neuroactive microbe, L. rhamnosus JB-1™ . Motility of fluid-filled ex vivo gut segments in a perfusion organ bath was recorded by video and migrating motor complexes measured using spatiotemporal maps of diameter changes. KEY RESULTS Stress reduced jejunal and increased colonic propagating contractile cluster velocities and frequencies, while increasing contraction amplitudes for both. Luminal application of 10E8 cfu/mL JB-1 restored motor complex variables to unstressed levels within minutes of application. L. salivarius or Na.acetate had no treatment effects, while Na.butyrate partially reversed stress effects on colonic frequency and amplitude. Na.propionate reversed the stress effects for jejunum and colon except on jejunal amplitude. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, a potential for certain beneficial microbes as treatment of stress-induced intestinal dysmotility and that the mechanism for restoration of function occurs within the intestine via a rapid drug-like action on the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C West
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - R Y Wu
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - A Wong
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - A M Stanisz
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - R Yan
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - K K Min
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Pasyk
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - K-A McVey Neufeld
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M I Karamat
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J Bienenstock
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - P Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - W A Kunze
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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24
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Fish oil enhances intestinal barrier function and inhibits corticotropin-releasing hormone/corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 signalling pathway in weaned pigs after lipopolysaccharide challenge. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1947-57. [PMID: 27080003 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Stress induces injury in intestinal barrier function in piglets. Long-chain n-3 PUFA have been shown to exhibit potential immunomodulatory and barrier protective effects in animal models and clinical trials. In addition, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)/CRH receptor (CRHR) signalling pathways play an important role in stress-induced alterations of intestinal barrier function. We hypothesised that fish oil could affect intestinal barrier function and CRH/CRHR signalling pathways. In total, thirty-two weaned pigs were allocated to one of four treatments. The experiment consisted of a 2×2 factorial design, and the main factors included immunological challenge (saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and diet (5 % maize oil or 5 % fish oil). On d 19 of the trial, piglets were treated with saline or LPS. At 4 h after injection, all pigs were killed, and the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, spleen and intestinal samples were collected. Fish oil decreased bacterial translocation incidence and the number of translocated micro-organisms in the MLN. Fish oil increased intestinal claudin-1 protein relative concentration and villus height, as well as improved the intestinal morphology. In addition, fish oil supplementation increased intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte number and prevented elevations in intestinal mast cell and neutrophil numbers induced by LPS challenge. Moreover, fish oil tended to decrease the mRNA expression of intestinal CRHR1, CRH and glucocorticoid receptors. These results suggest that fish oil supplementation improves intestinal barrier function and inhibits CRH/CRHR1 signalling pathway and mast cell tissue density.
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25
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Pigrau M, Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Casado-Bedmar M, Lobo B, Vicario M, Santos J, Alonso-Cotoner C. The joint power of sex and stress to modulate brain-gut-microbiota axis and intestinal barrier homeostasis: implications for irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:463-86. [PMID: 26556786 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal homeostasis is a dynamic process that takes place at the interface between the lumen and the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, where a constant scrutiny for antigens and toxins derived from food and microorganisms is carried out by the vast gut-associated immune system. Intestinal homeostasis is preserved by the ability of the mucus layer and the mucosal barrier to keep the passage of small-sized and antigenic molecules across the epithelium highly selective. When combined and preserved, immune surveillance and barrier's selective permeability, the host capacity of preventing the development of intestinal inflammation is optimized, and viceversa. In addition, the brain-gut-microbiome axis, a multidirectional communication system that integrates distant and local regulatory networks through neural, immunological, metabolic, and hormonal signaling pathways, also regulates intestinal function. Dysfunction of the brain-gut-microbiome axis may induce the loss of gut mucosal homeostasis, leading to uncontrolled permeation of toxins and immunogenic particles, increasing the risk of appearance of intestinal inflammation, mucosal damage, and gut disorders. Irritable bowel syndrome is prevalent stress-sensitive gastrointestinal disorder that shows a female predominance. Interestingly, the role of stress, sex and gonadal hormones in the regulation of intestinal mucosal and the brain-gut-microbiome axis functioning is being increasingly recognized. PURPOSE We aim to critically review the evidence linking sex, and stress to intestinal barrier and brain-gut-microbiome axis dysfunction and the implications for irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pigrau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B K Rodiño-Janeiro
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Casado-Bedmar
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Lobo
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Vicario
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Santos
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Alonso-Cotoner
- Laboratory of Neuro-immuno-gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron & Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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26
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Zhong CJ, Wang K, Zhang L, Yang CQ, Zhang K, Zhou SP, Duan LP. Mast cell activation is involved in stress-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction in the esophagus. J Dig Dis 2015; 16:186-96. [PMID: 25565566 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the role of mast cell in stress-induced barrier dysfunction in the esophagus and its possible pathway involved using mast cell-deficient (Ws/Ws) rats. METHODS Ws/Ws rats and normal (+/+) rats were submitted to chronic restraint stress (CRS) 2 h/day for 7 days. Tissues were obtained from distal esophagus. Mast cells were counted under Alcian blue-safranin O stain. Activation of mast cells was assessed using transmission electron microscope. Esophageal epithelial barrier dysfunction was evaluated by measuring intercellular spaces (ICS) and by quantifying tight junction (TJ) proteins. The localization and expression of mast cell-derived tryptase and proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) were assessed. RESULTS A higher number of mast cells and higher proportion of activated mast cells were observed in CRS +/+ rats compared with non-stress controls. Increased ICS and decreased expression of some TJ proteins were observed in the CRS +/+ rats but not in the CRS Ws/Ws rats. Tryptase and its receptor PAR-2 were found elevated concomitantly by nearly 100% in CRS +/+ rats, but not in CRS Ws/Ws rats. CONCLUSIONS Mast cells play an important role in stress-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction in esophagus. The mechanism may involve the activation of PAR-2 by mast cell-derived tryptase, causing proinflammatory responses and the subsequent disruption of the epithelial TJ proteins and a disturbed cytoskeleton function, resulting in dilated intercellular spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Juan Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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27
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Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Alonso-Cotoner C, Pigrau M, Lobo B, Vicario M, Santos J. Role of Corticotropin-releasing Factor in Gastrointestinal Permeability. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:33-50. [PMID: 25537677 PMCID: PMC4288093 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface between the intestinal lumen and the mucosa is the location where the majority of ingested immunogenic particles face the scrutiny of the vast gastrointestinal immune system. Upon regular physiological conditions, the intestinal micro-flora and the epithelial barrier are well prepared to process daily a huge amount of food-derived antigens and non-immunogenic particles. Similarly, they are ready to prevent environmental toxins and microbial antigens to penetrate further and interact with the mucosal-associated immune system. These functions promote the development of proper immune responses and oral tolerance and prevent disease and inflammation. Brain-gut axis structures participate in the processing and execution of response signals to external and internal stimuli. The brain-gut axis integrates local and distant regulatory networks and super-systems that serve key housekeeping physiological functions including the balanced functioning of the intestinal barrier. Disturbance of the brain-gut axis may induce intestinal barrier dysfunction, increasing the risk of uncontrolled immunological reactions, which may indeed trigger transient mucosal inflammation and gut disease. There is a large body of evidence indicating that stress, through the brain-gut axis, may cause intestinal barrier dysfunction, mainly via the systemic and peripheral release of corticotropin-releasing factor. In this review, we describe the role of stress and corticotropin-releasing factor in the regulation of gastrointestinal permeability, and discuss the link to both health and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno K Rodiño-Janeiro
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Pigrau
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Vicario
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology Group, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d' Hebron Research Institute; and Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Hyland NP, O'Mahony SM, O'Malley D, O'Mahony CM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Early-life stress selectively affects gastrointestinal but not behavioral responses in a genetic model of brain-gut axis dysfunction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:105-13. [PMID: 25443141 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life stress and a genetic predisposition to display an anxiety- and depressive-like phenotype are associated with behavioral and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Animals exposed to early-life stress, and those genetically predisposed to display anxiety or depressive behaviors, have proven useful tools in which to study stress-related GI disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). IBS is a heterogeneous disorder, and likely a consequence of both genetic and environmental factors. However, the combined effects of early-life stress and a genetic predisposition to display anxiety- and depression-like behaviors on GI function have not been investigated. METHODS We assessed the effect of maternal separation (MS) on behavioral and GI responses in WKY animals relative to a normo-anxious reference strain. KEY RESULTS Both non-separated (NS) WKY and WKY-MS animals displayed anxiety-like responses in the open-field test and depressive-like behaviors in the forced swim test relative to Sprague-Dawley rats. However, MS had no further influence on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors exhibited by this stress-prone rat strain. Similarly, corticosterone levels measured after the OFT were insensitive to MS in WKY animals. However, WKY-MS displayed significantly increased colonic visceral hypersensitivity, fecal output, and altered colonic cholinergic sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our data suggest that early-life stress, on the background of a genetic predisposition to display an anxiety- and depressive-like phenotype, selectively influences GI function rather than stress-related behaviors. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of genetic predisposition on the outcome of early-life adversity on GI function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Hyland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Wright RJ, Berin MC. Unlocking the stress-allergy puzzle: need for a more comprehensive stress model. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113:1-2. [PMID: 24950842 PMCID: PMC4797627 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind J Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children's Hospital, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Immunology, Immunology Institute, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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30
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Ochoa-Cortes F, Guerrero-Alba R, Valdez-Morales EE, Spreadbury I, Barajas-Lopez C, Castro M, Bertrand J, Cenac N, Vergnolle N, Vanner SJ. Chronic stress mediators act synergistically on colonic nociceptive mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons to increase excitability. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:334-45. [PMID: 24286174 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress hormones can signal to colonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and may play a role in sustained hyperexcitability of nociceptors. METHODS Mouse DRG neurons were exposed overnight to epinephrine (Epi) 5 nM and/or corticosterone (Cort) 1 μM or prior water-avoidance stress. Patch clamp recordings, visceromotor reflexes (VMRs) and molecular studies were conducted. KEY RESULTS Water-avoidance stress induced neuronal hyperexcitability. Incubation of DRG neurons in both Cort and Epi (but neither alone) induced hyperexcitability (rheobase decreased 51%, p < 0.05; action potential discharge increased 95%, p < 0.01); this was blocked by antagonists of the β2 adrenoreceptor (butoxamine, But) and Cort receptor (mifepristone) in combination or alone. Stress hormones enhanced voltage-gated Nav 1.7 currents (p < 0.05) and suppressed IA (p < 0.0001) and IK+ (p < 0.05) currents. Furthermore, stress hormones increased DRG β2 adrenoreceptor mRNA (59%, p = 0.007) and protein (125%, p < 0.05), also Nav 1.7 transcript (45%, p = 0.004) and protein (114%, p = 0.002). In whole-animal studies, the WAS hyperexcitability of DRG neurons was blocked by antagonists of the β2 and glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) but together they paradoxically increased VMRs to colorectal balloon distension. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Stress mediators Epi and Cort activate β2 and GCR on DRG neurons which synergistically induce hyperexcitability of nociceptive DRG neurons and cause corresponding changes in voltage-gated Na(+) and K(+) currents. Furthermore, they increase the expression of β2 adrenoreceptors and Nav1.7 channels, suggesting transcriptional changes could contribute to sustained signaling following stress. The paradoxical effects of But and mifepristone in electrophysiological compared to VMR testing may reflect different peripheral and central actions on sensory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ochoa-Cortes
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Carroll SY, O’Mahony SM, Grenham S, Cryan JF, Hyland NP. Disodium cromoglycate reverses colonic visceral hypersensitivity and influences colonic ion transport in a stress-sensitive rat strain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84718. [PMID: 24367692 PMCID: PMC3867510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interface between psychiatry and stress-related gastrointestinal disorders (GI), such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is well established, with anxiety and depression the most frequently occurring comorbid conditions. Moreover, stress-sensitive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, which display anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, exhibit GI disturbances akin to those observed in stress-related GI disorders. Additionally, there is mounting preclinical and clinical evidence implicating mast cells as significant contributors to the development of abdominal visceral pain in IBS. In this study we examined the effects of the rat connective tissue mast cell (CTMC) stabiliser, disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on visceral hypersensitivity and colonic ion transport, and examined both colonic and peritoneal mast cells from stress-sensitive WKY rats. DSCG significantly decreased abdominal pain behaviors induced by colorectal distension in WKY animals independent of a reduction in colonic rat mast cell mediator release. We further demonstrated that mast cell-stimulated colonic ion transport was sensitive to inhibition by the mast cell stabiliser DSCG, an effect only observed in stress-sensitive rats. Moreover, CTMC-like mast cells were significantly increased in the colonic submucosa of WKY animals, and we observed a significant increase in the proportion of intermediate, or immature, peritoneal mast cells relative to control animals. Collectively our data further support a role for mast cells in the pathogenesis of stress-related GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Yvonne Carroll
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain Mary O’Mahony
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan Grenham
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Francis Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall Patrick Hyland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Inflammatory bowel disease therapies and gut function in a colitis mouse model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:909613. [PMID: 24027765 PMCID: PMC3763566 DOI: 10.1155/2013/909613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is a well-established approach to the management of Crohn's disease. Aim. To determine effects of EEN upon inflammation and gut barrier function in a colitis mouse model. Methods. Interleukin-10-deficient mice (IL-10−/−) were inoculated with Helicobacter trogontum and then treated with EEN, metronidazole, hydrocortisone, or EEN and metronidazole combination. Blood and tissue were collected at 2 and 4 weeks with histology, mucosal integrity, tight junction integrity, inflammation, and H. trogontum load evaluated. Results. H. trogontum induced colitis in IL-10−/− mice with histological changes in the cecum and colon. Elevated mucosal IL-8 mRNA in infected mice was associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction indicated by decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and mRNA of tight junction proteins and increased short-circuit current, myosin light chain kinase mRNA, paracellular permeability, and tumor necrosis factor-α and myeloperoxidase plasma levels (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). EEN and metronidazole, but not hydrocortisone, treatments restored barrier function, maintained gut barrier integrity, and reversed inflammatory changes along with reduction of H. trogontum load (versus infected controls P < 0.05). Conclusion. H. trogontum infection in IL-10−/− mice induced typhlocolitis with intestinal barrier dysfunction. EEN and metronidazole, but not hydrocortisone, modulate barrier dysfunction and reversal of inflammatory changes.
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Hill LT, Kidson SH, Michell WL. Corticotropin-releasing factor: a possible key to gut dysfunction in the critically ill. Nutrition 2013; 29:948-52. [PMID: 23484741 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Critically ill patients frequently display unexplained or incompletely explained features of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, including gastric stasis, ileus, and diarrhea. This makes nutrition delivery challenging, and may contribute to poor outcomes. The typical bowel dysfunction seen in severely ill patients includes retarded gastric emptying, unsynchronized intestinal motility, and intestinal hyperpermeability. These functional changes appear similar to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-mediated bowel dysfunctions associated with stress of various types and some GI disorders and diseases. CRF has been shown to be present within the GI tract and its action on CRF receptors within the gut have been shown to reduce gastric emptying, alter intestinal motility, and increase intestinal permeability. However, the precise role of CRF in the GI dysfunction in critical illness remains unclear. In this short review, we provide an update on GI dysfunction during stress and review the possible role of CRF in the aetiology of gut dysfunction. We suggest that activation of CRF signaling pathways in critical illness might be key to understanding the mechanisms underlying the gut dysfunction that impairs enteral feeding in the intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T Hill
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Zheng G, Wu SP, Hu Y, Smith DE, Wiley JW, Hong S. Corticosterone mediates stress-related increased intestinal permeability in a region-specific manner. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e127-39. [PMID: 23336591 PMCID: PMC3558943 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic psychological stress (CPS) is associated with increased intestinal epithelial permeability and visceral hyperalgesia. It is unknown whether corticosterone (CORT) plays a role in mediating alterations of epithelial permeability in response to CPS. METHODS Male rats were subjected to 1-h water avoidance (WA) stress or subcutaneous CORT injection daily for 10 consecutive days in the presence or absence of corticoid receptor antagonist RU-486. The visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD) was measured. The in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion was used to measure intestinal permeability in jejunum and colon simultaneously. KEY RESULTS We observed significant decreases in the levels of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and tight junction proteins in the colon, but not the jejunum in stressed rats. These changes were largely reproduced by serial CORT injections in control rats and were significantly reversed by RU-486. Stressed and CORT-injected rats demonstrated a threefold increase in permeability for PEG-400 (MW) in colon, but not jejunum and significant increase in VMR to CRD, which was significantly reversed by RU-486. In addition, no differences in permeability to PEG-4000 and PEG-35 000 were detected between control and WA groups. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our findings indicate that CPS was associated with region-specific decrease in epithelial tight junction protein levels in the colon, increased colon epithelial permeability to low molecular weight macromolecules which were largely reproduced by CORT treatment in control rats and prevented by RU-486. These observations implicate a novel, region-specific role for CORT as a mediator of CPS-induced increased permeability to macromolecules across the colon epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shu-Pei Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John W. Wiley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shuangsong Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Mariman R, Kremer B, van Erk M, Lagerweij T, Koning F, Nagelkerken L. Gene expression profiling identifies mechanisms of protection to recurrent trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis mediated by probiotics. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1424-33. [PMID: 22162025 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host-microbiota interactions in the intestinal mucosa play a major role in intestinal immune homeostasis and control the threshold of local inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics in the recurrent trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model and gain more insight into protective mechanisms. METHODS Moderate chronic inflammation of the colon was induced in BALB/c mice by repetitive intrarectal challenges with TNBS. Administration of probiotics started 2 weeks before colitis induction and was continued throughout colitis development. RESULTS Long-term administration of Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB8826 or the probiotic mixture VSL#3 reduced intestinal inflammation induced by TNBS, evident from improved colon morphology and less influx of innate (CD11b(+) ) and adaptive (CD4(+) /CD8(+) ) immune cells in the intestinal mucosa and decreased proinflammatory serum cytokines (interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], interleukin [IL]-17, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1) in probiotic-treated mice. Genomewide expression analysis of colonic tissues using microarrays revealed differences in expression of genes related to inflammation and immune processes between untreated and probiotic treated mice. Principal component analysis revealed that probiotic treatment resulted in a shift of gene expression profiles toward those of healthy controls. Effects of probiotics on colonic gene expression were most profound during active inflammation, in particular on gene clusters related to mast cells and antimicrobial peptides. The results were substantiated by suppression of chemokine gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data are in favor of a model in which probiotics downregulate expression of chemokines in the colon, thereby decreasing influx of inflammatory cells and rendering mice resistant to the induction of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Mariman
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Overman EL, Rivier JE, Moeser AJ. CRF induces intestinal epithelial barrier injury via the release of mast cell proteases and TNF-α. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39935. [PMID: 22768175 PMCID: PMC3386952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Psychological stress is a predisposing factor in the onset and exacerbation of important gastrointestinal diseases including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The pathophysiology of stress-induced intestinal disturbances is known to be mediated by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) but the precise signaling pathways remain poorly understood. Utilizing a porcine ex vivo intestinal model, the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which CRF mediates intestinal epithelial barrier disturbances. METHODOLOGY Ileum was harvested from 6-8 week-old pigs, mounted on Ussing Chambers, and exposed to CRF in the presence or absence of various pharmacologic inhibitors of CRF-mediated signaling pathways. Mucosal-to-serosal flux of 4 kDa-FITC dextran (FD4) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) were recorded as indices of intestinal epithelial barrier function. RESULTS Exposure of porcine ileum to 0.05-0.5 µM CRF increased (p<0.05) paracellular flux compared with vehicle controls. CRF treatment had no deleterious effects on ileal TER. The effects of CRF on FD4 flux were inhibited with pre-treatment of tissue with the non-selective CRF(1/2) receptor antagonist Astressin B and the mast cell stabilizer sodium cromolyn (10(-4) M). Furthermore, anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibody (p<0.01), protease inhibitors (p<0.01) and the neural blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) inhibited CRF-mediated intestinal barrier dysfunction. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that CRF triggers increases in intestinal paracellular permeability via mast cell dependent release of TNF-α and proteases. Furthermore, CRF-mast cell signaling pathways and increases in intestinal permeability require critical input from the enteric nervous system. Therefore, blocking the deleterious effects of CRF may address the enteric signaling of mast cell degranulation, TNFα release, and protease secretion, hallmarks of IBS and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Overman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jean E. Rivier
- The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Moeser
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yu XZ, Liu HF, Sun ZX. Investigation of the effect of military stress on the prevalence of functional bowel disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3004-7. [PMID: 22736925 PMCID: PMC3380329 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i23.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the morbidity of functional bowel disorders (FBD) under military stress conditions in order to lay foundations for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
METHODS: Four hundred and fifty-seven soldiers who were assigned to specified services and 471 soldiers who were assigned to routine services were enrolled using cluster sampling, with the latter as a control group. They were surveyed using the Rome III FBD standard questionnaire. The FBD symptom questionnaire included FBD-related symptoms, severity, duration or attack time, and accompanying symptoms.
RESULTS: The morbidity of the military stress group (14.6%) was significantly higher than in the control group (9.98%) (χ2 = 4.585, P < 0.05). The incidence of smoking, abdominal pain and acid regurgitation (χ2 = 4.761, P < 0.05) as well as the ZUNG anxiety/depression scores (χ2 = 7.982, P < 0.01) were also significantly higher in the military stress group compared with the control group. ZUNG anxiety (χ2 = 11.523, P < 0.01) and depression (χ2 = 5.149, P < 0.05) scores were higher in the FBD group compared with the non-FBD group. The differences in the ZUNG self-rated anxiety and depression scales between the 2 groups were statistically significant (χ2 = 14.482, P < 0.01 and χ2 = 6.176, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The morbidity of FBD was higher under military stress conditions.
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van den Wijngaard RM, Stanisor OI, van Diest SA, Welting O, Wouters MM, de Jonge WJ, Boeckxstaens GE. Peripheral α-helical CRF (9-41) does not reverse stress-induced mast cell dependent visceral hypersensitivity in maternally separated rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:274-82, e111. [PMID: 22129370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute stress-induced hypersensitivity to colorectal distention was shown to depend on corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-induced mast cell degranulation. At present it remains unclear whether CRF also induces chronic poststress activation of these cells. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to compare pre- and poststress CRF-receptor antagonist treatment protocols for their ability to, respectively, prevent and reverse mast cell dependent visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of neonatal maternal separation. METHODS The visceromotor response to colonic distention was assessed in adult maternally separated and non-handled rats before and at different time points after 1 h of water avoidance (WA). Rats were treated with the mast cell stabilizer doxantrazole and the CRF receptor-antagonist α-helical-CRF (9-41). Western blotting was used to assess mucosal protein levels of the mast cell protease RMCP-2 and the tight junction protein occludin. KEY RESULTS In maternally separated, but not in non-handled rats, WA induced chronic hypersensitivity (up to 30 days) to colorectal distention. Visceral hypersensitivity was prevented, but could not be reversed by administration of α-helical-CRF (9-41). In contrast, however, the mast cell stabilizer doxantrazole reversed visceral hypersensitivity. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, pre-WA α-helical-CRF (9-41) treated animals displayed higher mucosal RMCP-2 and occludin levels. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Water avoidance-stress leads to persistent mast cell dependent visceral hypersensitivity in maternally separated rats, which can be prevented, but not reversed by blockade of peripheral CRF-receptors. We conclude that persistent poststress mast cell activation and subsequent visceral hypersensitivity are not targeted by CRF-receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M van den Wijngaard
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Larauche M. Novel insights in the role of peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor and mast cells in stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:201-5. [PMID: 22316289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity is one of the hallmarks in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathophysiology. Stress is well known to affect visceral sensitivity in humans and rodents, an effect which is associated in part with alterations of intestinal epithelial permeability in rodents. Although the pathophysiology of visceral hypersensitivity is still unclear, two key factors have been identified as playing a major role in its modulation, namely peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and mast cells. In a recent study in Neurogastroenterology and Motility, van den Wijngaard et al. demonstrate that the mast-cell dependent visceral hypersensitivity observed in maternally separated rats after an acute exposure to a psychological stress can be prevented but not reversed by the peripherally restricted CRF receptor antagonist, α-helical CRF(9-41). They further show that the preventive effect of the CRF receptor antagonist is linked to a stabilization of mast cells and maintenance of the epithelial barrier at the colonic level. These data suggest that post stress mast cell activation and subsequent visceral hypersensitivity are not targeted by peripheral CRF receptor antagonists. These novel insights in the role of peripheral CRF in the modulation of stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity add to our growing understanding of the mechanisms that may lie at the origin of visceral pain disturbances following stress and will contribute to enhance the development of drugs that may have potential therapeutic benefits for IBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Larauche
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Vicario M, Alonso C, Guilarte M, Serra J, Martínez C, González-Castro AM, Lobo B, Antolín M, Andreu AL, García-Arumí E, Casellas M, Saperas E, Malagelada JR, Azpiroz F, Santos J. Chronic psychosocial stress induces reversible mitochondrial damage and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type-1 upregulation in the rat intestine and IBS-like gut dysfunction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:65-77. [PMID: 21641728 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between psychological and environmental stress with functional gastrointestinal disorders, especially irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is well established. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. We aimed to probe chronic psychosocial stress as a primary inducer of intestinal dysfunction and investigate corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling and mitochondrial damage as key contributors to the stress-mediated effects. Wistar-Kyoto rats were submitted to crowding stress (CS; 8 rats/cage) or sham-crowding stress (SC; 2 rats/cage) for up to 15 consecutive days. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity was evaluated. Intestinal tissues were obtained 1h, 1, 7, or 30 days after stress exposure, to assess neutrophil infiltration, epithelial ion transport, mitochondrial function, and CRF receptors expression. Colonic response to CRF (10 μg/kg i.p.) and hyperalgesia were evaluated after ending stress exposure. Chronic psychosocial stress activated HPA axis and induced reversible intestinal mucosal inflammation. Epithelial permeability and conductance were increased in CS rats, effect that lasted for up to 7 days after stress cessation. Visceral hypersensitivity persisted for up to 30 days post stress. Abnormal colonic response to exogenous CRF lasted for up to 7 days after stress. Mitochondrial activity was disturbed throughout the intestine, although mitochondrial response to CRF was preserved. Colonic expression of CRF receptor type-1 was increased in CS rats, and negatively correlated with body weight gain. In conclusion, chronic psychosocial stress triggers reversible inflammation, persistent epithelial dysfunction, and colonic hyperalgesia. These findings support crowding stress as a suitable animal model to unravel the complex pathophysiology underlying to common human intestinal stress-related disorders, such as IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Vicario
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, CIBERehd, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
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Singh R, Rai U. Immunomodulatory role of urotensins in teleost Channa punctatus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:613-21. [PMID: 21130092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study, for the first time in ectothermic vertebrates, reports the immunoregulatory role of urotensins I and II (UI and UII). Urotensins decreased the phagocytosis and nitrite production by splenic phagocytes. On superoxide production, UI had stimulatory while UII showed inhibitory effect. UI exerted its effect on phagocytes through corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor as its non-specific antagonist astressin completely blocked the effect of UI on phagocytosis, nitrite release and superoxide production. Among the antagonists for specific CRF receptor 1 and 2, only CRF receptor 1 antagonist NBI 27914 abolished the effect of urotensin I. On the other hand, UII mediated its effect through urotensin receptor (UT receptor) since its antagonist urantide antagonized the effect of UII on phagocytosis, superoxide and nitrite release. These findings provide the direct evidence on physiological role of UI and UII through CRF receptor 1 and UT receptor, respectively in control of fish immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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Lyte M, Vulchanova L, Brown DR. Stress at the intestinal surface: catecholamines and mucosa-bacteria interactions. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:23-32. [PMID: 20941511 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress has profound effects on gastrointestinal function, and investigations over the past few decades have examined the mechanisms by which neural and hormonal stress mediators act to modulate gut motility, epithelial barrier function and inflammatory states. With its cellular diversity and large commensal bacterial population, the intestinal mucosa and its overlying mucous environment constitute a highly interactive environment for eukaryotic host cells and prokaryotic bacteria. The elaboration of stress mediators, particularly norepinephrine, at this interface influences host cells engaged in mucosal protection and the bacteria which populate the mucosal surface and gut lumen. This review will address growing evidence that norepinephrine and, in some cases, other mediators of the adaptation to stress modulate mucosal interactions with enteric bacteria. Stress-mediated changes in this delicate interplay may shift the microbial colonization patterns on the mucosal surface and alter the susceptibility of the host to infection. Moreover, changes in host-microbe interactions in the digestive tract may also influence ongoing neural activity in stress-responsive brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyte
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 8162, Lubbock, TX 79430-8162, USA.
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Vicario M, Guilarte M, Alonso C, Yang P, Martínez C, Ramos L, Lobo B, González A, Guilà M, Pigrau M, Saperas E, Azpiroz F, Santos J. Chronological assessment of mast cell-mediated gut dysfunction and mucosal inflammation in a rat model of chronic psychosocial stress. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1166-75. [PMID: 20600818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Life stress and mucosal inflammation may influence symptom onset and severity in certain gastrointestinal disorders, particularly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in connection with dysregulated intestinal barrier. However, the mechanism responsible remains unknown. Crowding is a validated animal model reproducing naturalistic psychosocial stress, whose consequences on gut physiology remain unexplored. Our aims were to prove that crowding stress induces mucosal inflammation and intestinal dysfunction, to characterize dynamics in time, and to evaluate the implication of stress-induced mast cell activation on intestinal dysfunction. Wistar-Kyoto rats were submitted to 15 days of crowding stress (8 rats/cage) or sham-crowding (2 rats/cage). We measured spontaneous and corticotropin-releasing factor-mediated release of plasma corticosterone. Stress-induced intestinal chrono-pathobiology was determined by measuring intestinal inflammation, epithelial damage, mast cell activation and infiltration, and intestinal barrier function. Corticosterone release was higher in crowded rats throughout day 15. Stress-induced mild inflammation, manifested earlier in the ileum and the colon than in the jejunum. While mast cell counts remained mostly unchanged, piecemeal degranulation increased along time, as the mucosal content and luminal release of rat mast cell protease-II. Stress-induced mitochondrial injury and increased jejunal permeability, both events strongly correlated with mast cell activation at day 15. Taken together, we have provided evidences that long-term exposure to psychosocial stress promotes mucosal inflammation and mast cell-mediated barrier dysfunction in the rat bowel. The notable resemblance of these findings with those in some IBS patients, support the potential interest and translational validity of this experimental model for the research of stress-sensitive intestinal disorders, particularly IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Vicario
- Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Lab Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, CIBERehd, Department of Gastroenterology, Barcelona, Spain
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Sand E, Themner-Persson A, Ekblad E. Corticotropin releasing factor-distribution in rat intestine and role in neuroprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 166:68-75. [PMID: 20801165 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aims of the present study were to describe the distribution of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) immunoreactivity in rat small and large intestines, to quantify the percentage of CRF-immunoreactive (CRF-IR) enteric neurons, to reveal possible CRF immunoreactivity in cultured myenteric neurons from rat ileum and to examine if additions of CRF, urocortin 1 (Ucn1), CRF antagonist or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) affect neuronal survival in vitro. Co-localization of CRF- and VIP-immunoreactivity was examined, as well as a possible interplay between CRF and VIP in neuroprotection. Further we wanted to elucidate if mast cells affect neuronal survival via CRF signaling. Networks of CRF-containing nerve cell bodies and fibers were detected in rat intestine. CRF-IR neurons contained to a high degree also VIP. A low number of cultured myenteric neurons was CRF-IR. CRF, Ucn1 or CRF-antagonist did not promote neuronal survival of cultured myenteric neurons, while VIP significantly enhanced neuronal survival. Simultaneous presence of CRF attenuated the VIP mediated increase in neuronal survival. Co-culturing neurons and mast cells resulted in a marked reduction in neuronal survival, not executed via CRF signaling pathways. CONCLUSION CRF is present in enteric neurons and counteracts the neuroprotective effect of VIP in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sand
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Chichlowski M, Westwood GS, Abraham SN, Hale LP. Role of mast cells in inflammatory bowel disease and inflammation-associated colorectal neoplasia in IL-10-deficient mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12220. [PMID: 20808919 PMCID: PMC2923184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is hypothesized to result from stimulation of immune responses against resident intestinal bacteria within a genetically susceptible host. Mast cells may play a critical role in IBD pathogenesis, since they are typically located just beneath the intestinal mucosal barrier and can be activated by bacterial antigens. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study investigated effects of mast cells on inflammation and associated neoplasia in IBD-susceptible interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice with and without mast cells. IL-10-deficient mast cells produced more pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro both constitutively and when triggered, compared with wild type mast cells. However despite this enhanced in vitro response, mast cell-sufficient Il10(-/-) mice actually had decreased cecal expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA, suggesting that mast cells regulate inflammation in vivo. Mast cell deficiency predisposed Il10(-/-) mice to the development of spontaneous colitis and resulted in increased intestinal permeability in vivo that preceded the development of colon inflammation. However, mast cell deficiency did not affect the severity of IBD triggered by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID) exposure or helicobacter infection that also affect intestinal permeability. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Mast cells thus appear to have a primarily protective role within the colonic microenvironment by enhancing the efficacy of the mucosal barrier. In addition, although mast cells were previously implicated in progression of sporadic colon cancers, mast cells did not affect the incidence or severity of colonic neoplasia in this inflammation-associated model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Chichlowski
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Greg S. Westwood
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Soman N. Abraham
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura P. Hale
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- The Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Psychological stress-induced, IDO1-dependent tryptophan catabolism: implications on immunosuppression in mice and humans. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11825. [PMID: 20689575 PMCID: PMC2911374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that psychological stress influences inflammatory responses and mood. Here, we investigated whether psychological stress (combined acoustic and restraint stress) activates the tryptophan (Trp) catabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(IDO1) and thereby alters the immune homeostasis and behavior in mice. We measured IDO1 mRNA expression and plasma levels of Trp catabolites after a single 2-h stress session and in repeatedly stressed (4.5-days stress, 2-h twice a day) naïve BALB/c mice. A role of cytokines in acute stress-induced IDO1 activation was studied after IFNγ and TNFα blockade and in IDO1−/− mice. RU486 and 1-Methyl-L-tryptophan (1-MT) were used to study role of glucocorticoids and IDO1 on Trp depletion in altering the immune and behavioral response in repeatedly stressed animals. Clinical relevance was addressed by analyzing IDO1 activity in patients expecting abdominal surgery. Acute stress increased the IDO1 mRNA expression in brain, lung, spleen and Peyer's patches (max. 14.1±4.9-fold in brain 6-h after stress) and resulted in a transient depletion of Trp (−25.2±6.6%) and serotonin (−27.3±4.6%) from the plasma measured 6-h after stress while kynurenine levels increased 6-h later (11.2±9.3%). IDO1 mRNA up-regulation was blocked by anti-TNFα and anti-IFNγ treatment. Continuous IDO1 blockade by 1-MT but not RU486 treatment normalized the anti-bacterial defense and attenuated increased IL-10 inducibility in splenocytes after repeated stress as it reduced the loss of body weight and behavioral alterations. Moreover, kynurenic acid which remained increased in 1-MT treated repeatedly stressed mice was identified to reduce the TNFα inducibility of splenocytes in vitro and in vivo. Thus, psychological stress stimulates cytokine-driven IDO1 activation and Trp depletion which seems to have a central role for developing stress-induced immunosuppression and behavioral alteration. Since patients showed Trp catabolism already prior to surgery, IDO is also a possible target enzyme for humans modulating immune homeostasis and mood.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to control uptake across the mucosa and protect from damage of harmful substances from the lumen is defined as intestinal barrier function. A disturbed barrier dysfunction has been described in many human diseases and animal models, for example, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and intestinal hypersensitivity. In most diseases and models, alterations are seen both of the paracellular pathway, via the tight junctions, and of the transcellular routes, via different types of endocytosis. Recent studies of pathogenic mechanisms have demonstrated the important role of neuroimmune interaction with the epithelial cells in the regulation of barrier function. Neural impulses from extrinsic vagal and/or sympathetic efferent fibers or intrinsic enteric nerves influence mucosal barrier function via direct effects on epithelial cells or via interaction with immune cells. For example, by nerve-mediated activation by corticotropin-releasing hormone or cholinergic pathways, mucosal mast cells release a range of mediators with effects on transcellular, and/or paracellular permeability (for example, tryptase, TNF-alpha, nerve growth factor, and interleukins). PURPOSE In this review, we discuss current physiological and pathophysiological aspects of the intestinal barrier and, in particular, its regulation by neuroimmune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Keita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Health Science, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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Smith F, Clark JE, Overman BL, Tozel CC, Huang JH, Rivier JEF, Blisklager AT, Moeser AJ. Early weaning stress impairs development of mucosal barrier function in the porcine intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G352-63. [PMID: 19926814 PMCID: PMC2838512 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00081.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress is a predisposing factor for the development of chronic intestinal disorders in adult life. Here, we show that stress associated with early weaning in pigs leads to impaired mucosal barrier function. Early weaning (15- to 21-day weaning age) resulted in sustained impairment in intestinal barrier function, as indicated by reductions in jejunal transepithelial electrical resistance and elevations in mucosal-to-serosal flux of paracellular probes [(3)H]mannitol and [(14)C]inulin measured at 5 and 9 wk of age, compared with that shown in late-weaned pigs (23- to 28-day weaning age). Elevated baseline short-circuit current was observed in jejunum from early-weaned pigs and was shown to be mediated via enhanced Cl(-) secretion. Jejunal barrier dysfunction in early-weaned pigs coincided with increased lamina propria immune cell density particularly mucosal mast cells. The mast cell stabilizer drug sodium cromoglycolate ameliorated barrier dysfunction and hypersecretion in early-weaned pigs, demonstrating an important role of mast cells. Furthermore, activation of mast cells ex vivo with c48/80 and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in pig jejunum mounted in Ussing chambers induced barrier dysfunction and elevations in short-circuit current that were inhibited with mast cell protease inhibitors. Experiments in which selective CRF receptor antagonists were administered to early-weaned pigs revealed that CRF receptor 1 (CRFr1) activation mediates barrier dysfunction and hypersecretion, whereas CRFr2 activation may be responsible for novel protective properties in the porcine intestine in response to early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feli Smith
- 1Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Jessica E. Clark
- 1Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Beth L. Overman
- 1Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Christena C. Tozel
- 1Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Jennifer H. Huang
- 1Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Jean E. F. Rivier
- 2Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Anthony T. Blisklager
- 3Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Adam J. Moeser
- 1Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina;
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o'malley D, Julio-Pieper M, Gibney SM, Gosselin RD, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Differential stress-induced alterations of colonic corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the Wistar Kyoto rat. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:301-11. [PMID: 19807869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of data implicates increased life stresses with the initiation, persistence and severity of symptoms associated with functional gut disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Activation of central and peripheral corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors is key to stress-induced changes in gastrointestinal (GI) function. METHODS This study utilised immunofluorescent and Western blotting techniques to investigate colonic expression of CRF receptors in stress-sensitive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and control Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. KEY RESULTS No intra-strain differences were observed in the numbers of colonic CRFR1 and CRFR2 positive cells. Protein expression of functional CRFR1 was found to be comparable in control proximal and distal colon samples. Sham levels of CRFR1 were also similar in the proximal colon but significantly higher in WKY distal colons (SD: 0.38 +/- 0.14, WKY: 2.06 +/- 0.52, P < 0.01). Control levels of functional CRFR2 were similar between strains but sham WKYs samples had increased CRFR2 in both the proximal (SD: 0.88 +/- 0.21, WKY: 1.8 +/- 0.18, P < 0.001) and distal (SD: 0.18 +/- 0.08, WKY: 0.94 +/- 0.32, P < 0.05) regions. Exposure to open field (OF) and colorectal distension (CRD) stressors induced decreased protein expression of CRFR1 in SD proximal colons, an effect that was blunted in WKYs. CRD stimulated decreased expression of CRFR2 in WKY rats alone. Distally, CRFR1 is decreased in WKY rats following CRD but not OF stress without any apparent changes in SD rats. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This study demonstrates that psychological and physical stressors alter colonic CRF receptor expression and further support a role for local colonic CRF signalling in stress-induced changes in GI function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D o'malley
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Taché Y, Kiank C, Stengel A. A role for corticotropin-releasing factor in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2009; 11:270-7. [PMID: 19615302 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-009-0040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), which include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), encompass a heterogeneous group of diseases identified by chronic or recurrent symptom-based diagnostic criteria. Psychosocial factors are key components in the outcome of clinical manifestations of IBS symptoms. Anxiogenic and endocrine responses to stress are mediated by the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-CRF1 receptor pathway. Preclinical studies show that activation of the CRF1 receptor by exogenous CRF or stress recapitulates many functional symptoms of IBS diarrhea-predominant patients as related to anxiogenic/hypervigilant behavior, autonomic nervous system alterations, induction of diarrhea, visceral hyperalgesia, enhanced colonic motility, mucus secretion, increased permeability, bacterial translocation, and mast cell activation, which are all alleviated by selective CRF1 receptor antagonists. Clinical studies also support that CRF administration can induce IBS-like symptoms in healthy subjects and heighten colonic sensitivity in IBS patients. Yet to be ascertained is whether CRF1 receptor antagonists hold promise as a new therapy in IBS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Taché
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education-CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Building 115, Room 117, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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