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Soysal F, Unsal B, Isler SC, Akca G, Bakirarar B, Ozcan M. Evaluation of salivary stress markers and inflammatory cytokine levels in peri-implantitis patients. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:290. [PMID: 38691206 PMCID: PMC11062951 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Psychological stress has been identified in some observational studies as a potential factor that may modify and affect periodontal diseases, but there are no similar data for peri-implantitis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)α inflammatory cytokines and the psychological stress-related markers, glucocorticoid receptor-α (GRα), and salivary α-amylase (sAA) gene expression levels in saliva samples obtained from healthy implants and peri-implantitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included a total of 50 systemically healthy subjects. Peri-implant clinical parameters were recorded and psychological stress level was evaluated with the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HAD) and state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) questionnaire forms. Following the evaluations, the patients were divided into 4 groups according their stress and clinical status (Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb). IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFNα, GRα, sAA gene expression levels in the saliva samples were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS In the group of peri-implantitis who had a high score in stress level assessment scales, significantly higher IL-1β, IL-6, sAA expression levels were observed (p < 0.001). The IL-10 gene expression levels were lower in the groups with a high score in the stress level assessment scales (p < 0.001). GRα gene was expressed at lower levels in the group of peri-implantitis who had a high score in stress level assessment scales but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.065). CONCLUSION The study findings suggest that psychological stress may increase the inflammation associated with peri-implantitis by affecting cytokine expression levels. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To prevent peri-implantitis or reduce its prevalence, it could be beneficial to evaluate stress levels and identify individuals experiencing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Soysal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Berrin Unsal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sila Cagri Isler
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gulcin Akca
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Batuhan Bakirarar
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozcan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Jirakittayakorn N, Tamboon E, Mitrirattanakul S. Effect of 1% H 2O 2 on Three Salivary Stress Biomarkers, Cortisol, Alpha-Amylase, and sIgA. Int Dent J 2024; 74:343-351. [PMID: 37985342 PMCID: PMC10988260 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, several associations worldwide have been recommending the use of 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse before dental treatments to reduce viral load in saliva. This protocol is also employed in stress studies, especially in the context of dental treatment that uses salivary biomarkers as an indicator. However, the effect of 1% hydrogen peroxide as mouth rinse on salivary biomarkers remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the effects of 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse on 3 salivary stress biomarkers-salivary cortisol, salivary secretory IgA, and salivary α-amylase-both on chemical influence and mechanical irrigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety healthy participants with confirmed negative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction results for COVID-19 at most 2 days prior to the experiment were included in this study. All participants were randomly allocated into 3 groups: experimental (1% hydrogen peroxide solution), positive control (distilled water), and negative control (no mouth rinse). Saliva samples were collected before and after mouth rinsing with the respective solutions. Salivary biomarkers were analysed using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS Salivary cortisol and salivary α-amylase did not significantly differ before and after rinsing, whilst salivary sIgA levels decreased in all 3 groups. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in the changes of these biomarkers across the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that using 1% hydrogen peroxide solution as a preprocedural mouth rinse for universal precaution does not alter the levels of these 3 salivary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantawachara Jirakittayakorn
- Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; School of Dentistry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eakapong Tamboon
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsak Mitrirattanakul
- Department of Masticatory Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand.
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Thieux M, Guyon A, Seugnet L, Franco P. Salivary α-amylase as a marker of sleep disorders: A theoretical review. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 74:101894. [PMID: 38157687 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are commonplace in our modern societies. Specialized hospital departments are generally overloaded, and sleep assessment is an expensive process in terms of equipment, human resources, and time. Biomarkers would usefully complement current measures in the screening and follow-up of sleep disorders and their daytime repercussions. Among salivary markers, a growing body of literature suggests that salivary α-amylase (sAA) may be a cross-species marker of sleep debt. However, there is no consensus as to the direction of variation in sAA with sleep disorders. Herein, after describing the mechanisms of sAA secretion and its relationship with stress, studies assessing the relationship between sAA and sleep parameters are reviewed. Finally, the influence of confounding factors is discussed, along with methodological considerations, to better understand the fluctuations in sAA and facilitate future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Thieux
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM, Lyon, France.
| | - Aurore Guyon
- Pediatric Sleep Unit and CRMR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnies Rares, Department of Pediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Seugnet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Franco
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM, Lyon, France; Pediatric Sleep Unit and CRMR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnies Rares, Department of Pediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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4
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Sobas EM, Amanda V, Fernández I, Reinoso R, García-Vázquez C, Ortega E, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Influence of controlled environmental conditions in potential salivary ocular pain biomarkers for enhancing the assessment of ocular pain. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296764. [PMID: 38277377 PMCID: PMC10817219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We endeavored to identify objective salivary biomarkers for pain, a subjective sensation with a biological basis, using molecules already described related to pain. The study aimed to analyze inter-individual differences and intersession variability in salivary potential ocular pain biomarkers on healthy subjects, in samples obtained under the influence of controlled environmental conditions. METHODS Thirty-four healthy subjects, 20 male, 14 female, median age 35.44 years (range 30-40) were exposed for 30 minutes under standard environmental conditions (T: 22°C, 50% relative humidity) in the Controlled Environmental Research Laboratory (CE-Lab, Vision R&D, Valladolid Spain) in two separate visits (V1, V2) at least 24 hours apart. Saliva was collected after the exposure in each of the visits, and cortisol, α-amylase (sAA), secretory IgA (sIgA), testosterone, and soluble fraction of TNFα receptor II (sTNFαRII) were analyzed by ELISA. Repeatability of inter-subject inter-session measurements was assayed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS There were no significant inter-session differences in testosterone (p = 0.2497), sTNFαRII (p = 0.6451) and sIgA (p = 0.9689) salivary levels. The reproducibility for salivary cortisol, sAA, testosterone, sTNFαRII and sIgA were 0.98 ng/ml, 20.58 U/ml, 21.07 μg/ml, 24.68 pg/ml and 0.19 pg/ml, respectively. Salivary cortisol, sAA, testosterone, sTNFαRII and sIgA yielded the following ICCs: 0.506, 0.569, 0.824, 0.870 and 0.4295, respectively; all these ICCs (except that for cortisol and sIgA) were found to be improved compared to those found previously by our group in a previous study in salivary samples obtained from healthy subjects under non-controlled environmental conditions; Cortisol´s ICC didn´t improve and was in both cases at the limit of acceptability. CONCLUSION Environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity affect the reproducibility of measurement of some salivary molecules which have been proposed as potential pain biomarkers. The exposure of subjects to standard controlled environmental conditions before salivary sample obtention would improve the reproducibility of these molecule measures' as potential biomarkers of chronic ocular pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Sobas
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- OculoFacial Pain Unit, IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Nursery Faculty, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Vázquez Amanda
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- OculoFacial Pain Unit, IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Itziar Fernández
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Roberto Reinoso
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Valladolid, Spain
- Deparment of Didactics of Experimental Sciences, Social Sciences and Mathematics, Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Vázquez
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Pain Unit, Aliance of University Hospitals, Castile and Leon Nacional Health System, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- OculoFacial Pain Unit, IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Valladolid, Spain
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Tyler MP, Wright BJ, Beaton R, Monger K, Raison CL, Lowry CA, Evans L, Hale MW. Severity of depressive symptoms moderates the sympathoinhibitory effect of local skin warming following exposure to a social stressor. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 159:106420. [PMID: 37866124 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Depression is the leading cause of disease burden globally. Existing antidepressant treatments that target the central nervous system have limited efficacy and come at the cost of significant side effects. Thus, there is growing interest in novel therapeutic interventions for the prevention and treatment of depression, including interventions that target interoceptive signaling. The thermosensory system may hold particular promise, given evidence that depression is associated with impairments in thermosensory functioning, and that whole-body hyperthermia produces an antidepressant effect in patients with major depressive disorder. In this study, we investigated whether the severity of depressive symptoms in a non-clinical population moderated the effect of local skin warming on subjective and physiological stress responses following exposure to an acute social stressor. Following exposure to the stressor, participants (N = 90) rested their arm on a heat blanket that was either turned on (local skin warming condition) or left off (control condition). We demonstrate that local skin warming increased fingertip temperature, a marker of reduced sympathetic nervous system activity, but only for participants with high levels of depressive symptoms. While local skin warming also inhibited salivary alpha amylase, severity of depressive symptoms did not moderate this effect, and no effect was found for electrodermal activity. These data highlight the importance of incorporating peripheral physiology in our conceptualization of the pathophysiology of depression and show that changes in sympathetic nervous system activity may underpin the antidepressant effect of warm stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Tyler
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Bradley J Wright
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Russell Beaton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Katherine Monger
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Charles L Raison
- Human Development and Family Studies, School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Denver, CO 80220, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Denver, CO 80220, USA
| | - Lynette Evans
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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6
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Chong LS, Senich KL, Ahmad S, Olezeski CL, Gordis EB. Psychologically aggressive parenting and later aggression: Salivary alpha-amylase reactivity and sex as moderators. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 194:112260. [PMID: 37939902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Psychologically aggressive parenting (PAP) exposure negatively affects children's development of aggression. Nevertheless, not all children exposed to PAP display aggressive behaviors. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity may influence the impact of early adversity on aggression. This study examines whether SNS reactivity and sex moderate the link between psychologically aggressive parenting (PAP) during childhood and later aggression. Emerging adults (N = 182, mean age = 19.03 years, 53 % female) retrospectively reported on their childhood PAP and current aggression. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) collected from a social stress task indexed SNS reactivity to stress. Childhood PAP was associated with emerging adulthood anger, hostility, physical, and verbal aggression. Moreover, males were more likely to exhibit anger, verbal, and physical aggression and had higher levels of sAA reactivity than females. A significant three-way interaction between childhood PAP, sAA reactivity, and sex accounted for participants' current verbal aggression. The link between childhood PAP and later verbal aggression was stronger for males at higher levels of sAA reactivity. Females with higher levels of sAA reactivity displayed lower levels of verbal aggression regardless of PAP exposure. Males and females with lower levels of sAA reactivity were at elevated risk for verbal aggression regardless of PAP exposure. Moreover, we found a significant two-way interaction between PAP and sex on anger, such that higher levels of PAP exposure were associated with more anger among males, but not females. These findings highlight the importance of examining interactions between biological and environmental factors and sex in accounting for later aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen Chong
- University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue Social Science 399, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Kate L Senich
- University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue Social Science 399, Albany, NY 12222.
| | - Sadena Ahmad
- University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue Social Science 399, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Christy L Olezeski
- Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St #901, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Elana B Gordis
- University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue Social Science 399, Albany, NY 12222
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Ernst H, Scherpf M, Pannasch S, Helmert JR, Malberg H, Schmidt M. Assessment of the human response to acute mental stress-An overview and a multimodal study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294069. [PMID: 37943894 PMCID: PMC10635557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous vital signs are reported in association with stress response assessment, but their application varies widely. This work provides an overview over methods for stress induction and strain assessment, and presents a multimodal experimental study to identify the most important vital signs for effective assessment of the response to acute mental stress. We induced acute mental stress in 65 healthy participants with the Mannheim Multicomponent Stress Test and acquired self-assessment measures (Likert scale, Self-Assessment Manikin), salivary α-amylase and cortisol concentrations as well as 60 vital signs from biosignals, such as heart rate variability parameters, QT variability parameters, skin conductance level, and breath rate. By means of statistical testing and a self-optimizing logistic regression, we identified the most important biosignal vital signs. Fifteen biosignal vital signs related to ventricular repolarization variability, blood pressure, skin conductance, and respiration showed significant results. The logistic regression converged with QT variability index, left ventricular work index, earlobe pulse arrival time, skin conductance level, rise time and number of skin conductance responses, breath rate, and breath rate variability (F1 = 0.82). Self-assessment measures indicated successful stress induction. α-amylase and cortisol showed effect sizes of -0.78 and 0.55, respectively. In summary, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and sympathetic nervous system were successfully activated. Our findings facilitate a coherent and integrative understanding of the assessment of the stress response and help to align applications and future research concerning acute mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Ernst
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthieu Scherpf
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pannasch
- Chair of Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens R. Helmert
- Chair of Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hagen Malberg
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Schmidt
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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D'Agostini M, Burger AM, Jelinčić V, von Leupoldt A, Van Diest I. Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on P300 magnitudes and salivary alpha-amylase during an auditory oddball task. Biol Psychol 2023; 182:108646. [PMID: 37481230 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a non-invasive neurostimulation technique that is thought to modulate noradrenergic activity. Previous studies have demonstrated inconsistent effects of taVNS on noradrenergic activity, which is possibly due to insufficient statistical power, suboptimal stimulation parameter settings, and data collection procedures. In this preregistered within-subject experiment, 44 healthy participants received taVNS and sham (earlobe) stimulation during two separate experimental sessions. Stimulation intensity was individually calibrated to the maximum level below pain. During each session, participants received the stimulation continuously ten minutes before an auditory novelty oddball task till the end of the experimental session. The P3b component of the event-related potential served as a marker of phasic noradrenergic activity, whereas P3a magnitude was explored as an index of dopaminergic activity. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) was measured as an index of tonic noradrenergic activity before and at the end of the stimulation. The taVNS and sham conditions did not differ in P3a or P3b magnitudes, nor sAA secretion. These findings call into question whether taVNS, administered continuously at high, nonpainful stimulation intensities, reliably augments noradrenergic activity via the vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina D'Agostini
- Health Psychology Research Group, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102/3726, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Andreas M Burger
- Health Psychology Research Group, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102/3726, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Valentina Jelinčić
- Health Psychology Research Group, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102/3726, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Andreas von Leupoldt
- Health Psychology Research Group, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102/3726, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Health Psychology Research Group, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102/3726, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Doerr JM, Juenemann M, Hakel L, Schmidt L, Menzler K, Krause K, Linka L, Skoluda N, Nater UM, Knake S. Effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on stress-reactive neuroendocrine measures in a sample of persons with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2023; 8:1013-1020. [PMID: 37310988 PMCID: PMC10472404 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of stress-reactive neuroendocrine measures, as well as subjective stress, have been found to worsen epilepsy. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a relatively new treatment option for epilepsy. We were interested in its effect on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system (ANS) as well as subjective stress and tiredness in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS Twenty patients (age 44 ± 11 years, 13 women) were enrolled in the study. They were free of seizures for more than 1 year. All took part in two sessions with 4 h of stimulation (tVNS vs. sham) in a randomized order. Saliva samples and subjective stress and tiredness levels were measured at five time points each session (before and after stimulation and three time points every hour in between). Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance as well as paired t-tests. RESULTS There was a dampened salivary cortisol (sCort) decrease during tVNS (time × condition effect: F[2.38, 38.15] = 6.50, P = 0.002, partial η2 = 0.29). Furthermore, we detected a dampened increase in salivary flow rate during tVNS (time × condition effect: F[3.28, 55.67] = 2.82, P = 0.043, partial η2 = 0.14). There was neither a difference in overall sCort or salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) levels nor in subjective stress or tiredness levels between conditions. sAA levels at the last measurement point were slightly higher during tVNS (t(19) = 2.26, P = 0.035, d = 0.51), but this effect failed to reach significance when controlled for multiple comparisons. SIGNIFICANCE Our results partially support that tVNS influences the regulation of stress-reactive neuroendocrine systems (namely the HPA axis and ANS) in epilepsy. More research with larger samples is needed on the difference between short-term and repeated long-term stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Doerr
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Gießen and MarburgGießenGermany
| | - Martin Juenemann
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Gießen and MarburgGießenGermany
| | - Lukas Hakel
- Epilepsy Center Hessen, Department of NeurologyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Laura Schmidt
- Epilepsy Center Hessen, Department of NeurologyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Katja Menzler
- Epilepsy Center Hessen, Department of NeurologyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Kristina Krause
- Epilepsy Center Hessen, Department of NeurologyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Louise Linka
- Epilepsy Center Hessen, Department of NeurologyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Nadine Skoluda
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of PsychologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Urs M. Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of PsychologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Susanne Knake
- Epilepsy Center Hessen, Department of NeurologyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
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10
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Sommer A, Fischer R, Borges U, Laborde S, Achtzehn S, Liepelt R. The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on cognitive control in multitasking. Neuropsychologia 2023; 187:108614. [PMID: 37295553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current research in brain stimulation suggests transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) as a promising tool to modulate cognitive functions in healthy populations, such as attention, memory, and executive functions. Empirical evidence in single-task contexts, suggests that taVNS promotes holistic task processing, which strengthens the integration of multiple stimulus features in task processing. However, it is unclear how taVNS might affect performance in multitasking, where the integration of multiple stimuli leads to an overlap in stimulus response translation processes, increasing the risk of between-task interference (crosstalk). In a single-blinded, sham-controlled, within-subject design, participants underwent taVNS while performing a dual task. To assess the effects of taVNS, behavioral (reaction times), physiological (heart rate variability, salivary alpha-amylase), and subjective psychological variables (e.g., arousal) were recorded over three cognitive test blocks. Our results revealed no overall significant effect of taVNS on physiological and subjective psychological variables. However, the results showed a significant increase in between-task interference under taVNS in the first test block, but not in the subsequent test blocks. Our findings therefore suggest that taVNS increased integrative processing of both tasks early during active stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Sommer
- Department of General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, Action, Faculty of Psychology, University of Hagen (FernUniversität in Hagen), Hagen, Germany; Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Rico Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uirassu Borges
- Department of Health and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Normandie Université, UFR STAPS, EA 4260 CESAMS, Caen, France
| | - Silvia Achtzehn
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman Liepelt
- Department of General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, Action, Faculty of Psychology, University of Hagen (FernUniversität in Hagen), Hagen, Germany
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Zhou Y, Liu Z. Saliva biomarkers in oral disease. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117503. [PMID: 37536520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is a versatile biofluid that contains a wide variety of biomarkers reflecting both physiologic and pathophysiologic states. Saliva collection is noninvasive and highly applicable for tests requiring serial sampling. Furthermore, advances in test accuracy, sensitivity and precision for saliva has improved diagnostic performance as well as the identification of novel markers especially in oral disease processes. These include dental caries, periodontitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Numerous growth factors, enzymes, interleukins and cytokines have been identified and are the subject of much research investigation. This review highlights current procedures for successful determination of saliva biomarkers including preanalytical factors associated with sampling, storage and pretreatment as well as subsequent analysis. Moreover, it provides an overview of the diagnostic applications of these salivary biomarkers in common oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Zhou
- Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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12
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Larson ER, Moussa-Tooks AB, Tullar RL, Bolbecker AR, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP, Wisner KM. Sex differences in neuroendocrine, sympathetic nervous system, and affect responses to acute stress in cannabis users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1805-1821. [PMID: 37367968 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance in the USA and is often reportedly used for stress reduction. Indeed, cannabinoids modulate signaling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system. However, the role of biological sex in this interaction between cannabis use and stress is poorly understood, despite sex differences in neurobiological stress responsivity, endocannabinoid signaling, and clinical correlates of cannabis use. OBJECTIVE The study aims to examine the role of biological sex in multisystem stress responsivity in cannabis users. METHODS Frequent cannabis users (> 3 times/week, n = 48, 52% male) and non-users (n = 41, 49% male) participated in an acute psychosocial stress paradigm. Saliva was collected at eight timepoints and analyzed for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (cortisol) and sympathetic (alpha-amylase) indices of stress responsivity, and basal estradiol. Subjective ratings of negative affect, including distress, were collected at three timepoints. RESULTS Cannabis users showed blunted pre-to-post-stress cortisol reactivity. Female cannabis users demonstrated greater blunted cortisol reactivity than their male counterparts. Sex moderated the effect of cannabis use on alpha-amylase responsivity over time, wherein female cannabis users showed flattened alpha-amylase responses across the stressor compared to male cannabis users and both non-user groups. Qualitatively, female cannabis users demonstrated the greatest pre-to-post-stress change in subjective distress. Differences in stress responding were not explained by estradiol or distress intolerance. CONCLUSIONS Biological sex impacts multisystem stress responding in cannabis users. Paradoxically, female cannabis users showed the least physiological, but greatest subjective, responses to the stressor. Further research into sex differences in the effects of cannabis use is warranted to better understand mechanisms and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Larson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel L Tullar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Krista M Wisner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Konjusha A, Yu S, Mückschel M, Colzato L, Ziemssen T, Beste C. Auricular Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Specifically Enhances Working Memory Gate Closing Mechanism: A System Neurophysiological Study. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4709-4724. [PMID: 37221097 PMCID: PMC10286950 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2004-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Everyday tasks and goal-directed behavior involve the maintenance and continuous updating of information in working memory (WM). WM gating reflects switches between these two core states. Neurobiological considerations suggest that the catecholaminergic and the GABAergic are likely involved in these dynamics. Both of these neurotransmitter systems likely underlie the effects to auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (atVNS). We examine the effects of atVNS on WM gating dynamics and their underlying neurophysiological and neurobiological processes in a randomized crossover study design in healthy humans of both sexes. We show that atVNS specifically modulates WM gate closing and thus specifically modulates neural mechanisms enabling the maintenance of information in WM. WM gate opening processes were not affected. atVNS modulates WM gate closing processes through the modulation of EEG alpha band activity. This was the case for clusters of activity in the EEG signal referring to stimulus information, motor response information, and fractions of information carrying stimulus-response mapping rules during WM gate closing. EEG-beamforming shows that modulations of activity in fronto-polar, orbital, and inferior parietal regions are associated with these effects. The data suggest that these effects are not because of modulations of the catecholaminergic (noradrenaline) system as indicated by lack of modulatory effects in pupil diameter dynamics, in the inter-relation of EEG and pupil diameter dynamics and saliva markers of noradrenaline activity. Considering other findings, it appears that a central effect of atVNS during cognitive processing refers to the stabilization of information in neural circuits, putatively mediated via the GABAergic system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Goal-directed behavior depends on how well information in short-term memory can be flexibly updated but also on how well it can be shielded from distraction. These two functions were guarded by a working memory gate. We show how an increasingly popular brain stimulation techniques specifically enhances the ability to close the working memory gate to shield information from distraction. We show what physiological and anatomic aspects underlie these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyla Konjusha
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Shijing Yu
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Lorenza Colzato
- Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, MS Centre, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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14
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Schneider S, Grosse Holtforth M, Wettstein A, Jenni G, Kühne F, Tschacher W, La Marca R. The diurnal course of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase on workdays and leisure days in teachers and the role of social isolation and neuroticism. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286475. [PMID: 37256854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Teachers are among the occupational groups with the highest sick leave rates due to workplace stress and burnout symptoms. A substantial body of research has suggested social isolation and neuroticism to be related to physiological stress activity. However, the relationship between such characteristics and stress experiences has rarely been studied in conjunction with physiological stress indicators in the teachers' natural settings. Thus, the present study examines salivary cortisol and α-amylase as physiological stress indicators on teachers' work and leisure days and their relationship with social isolation. Furthermore, we test whether neuroticism moderates the relationship between social isolation and salivary biomarkers. Forty-two teachers completed questionnaires assessing social isolation (Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress) and neuroticism (Big-Five Inventory). Participants collected eight saliva samples on three days, two workdays, and one leisure day to measure the concentration of cortisol and α-amylase as biomarkers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), respectively. Results showed a significantly higher Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) and diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) on workdays than on the leisure day but no significant differences regarding measures of α-amylase. We found a significant positive relationship between social isolation and the CAR on the leisure day but no association with the α-amylase measures. Furthermore, after controlling for confounders, social isolation was unrelated to neuroticism, and the latter did not moderate between social isolation and the CAR. Our findings suggest an association between social isolation and the HPA axis, i.e., the CAR, but do not support an association with the ANS, which would be indicated by the α-amylase assessments. Finally, our findings could not support an association of neuroticism with the HPA axis and ANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schneider
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Research and Development, University of Teacher Education Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Grosse Holtforth
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Wettstein
- Department of Research and Development, University of Teacher Education Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Jenni
- Department of Research and Development, University of Teacher Education Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Kühne
- Department of Research and Development, University of Teacher Education Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Tschacher
- Experimental Psychology Division, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roberto La Marca
- Department of Research and Development, University of Teacher Education Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Clinica Holistica Engiadina, Centre for Stress-Related Disorders, Susch, Switzerland
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Franco-Martínez L, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A. Effects of filtration and alpha-amylase depletion on salivary biochemical composition measurements. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286092. [PMID: 37235564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of filtration (F) and alpha-amylase depletion (AD) were assessed in n = 34 saliva samples. Each saliva sample was split into three aliquots and treated as follows: (1) no treatment; (2) 0.45μm commercial filter; and (3) 0.45μm commercial filter and affinity depletion of alpha-amylase. Then, a panel of biochemical biomarkers consisting of amylase, lipase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), calcium, phosphorus, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid was measured. Differences between the different aliquots were observed in all measured analytes. The most marked changes were found in triglycerides and lipase data for filtered samples, and in alpha-amylase, uric acid, triglycerides, creatinine, and calcium results in alpha-amylase-depleted aliquots. In conclusion, the salivary filtration and amylase depletion methods employed in this report caused significant changes in saliva composition measurements. Based on these results, it would be recommended to consider the possible effects of these treatments in salivary biomarkers when filtration or amylase depletion is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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16
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Broche N, Mouri K, Suzumura T, Huffman MA. Measuring short-term changes in stress-associated salivary analytes in free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Primates 2023:10.1007/s10329-023-01067-8. [PMID: 37165180 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring short-term changes of endocrine responses in non-human primates living in wild populations is a challenge. Saliva contains enzymes, steroids, and various analytes that can be broadly useful for helping us understand physiological responses to social and environmental sources of stress as well as other compromises to an individual's health homeostasis. Salivary alpha-amylase and salivary cortisol are known to respond rapidly to stress, which can allow us to use these analytes to monitor stress on a time scale of minutes. We developed a non-invasive methodology for the collection of saliva and verified its applicability by conducting short-term interval sampling of focal individuals under varying social conditions in a group of semi-provisioned free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) living endemically on the island of Koshima, Miyazaki prefecture, Japan. Monkeys were habituated to sampling by using ingestive attractants applied to cotton ropes. Their receptivity to chewing on the saliva sampling material provided and chewing time was recorded ad libitum during the initial habituation period of the troop to the sampling procedure. Focal animal behavior observations were conducted in conjunction with saliva sampling. Salivary analytes associated with stress, alpha-amylase and cortisol, were measured via enzyme immunoassay. Short-term changes in salivary alpha-amylase and salivary cortisol were examined in relation to short-term changes in social behavior, in particular aggression or grooming. We tested flow-rate effects in both analytes and found strong correlations between original sample results and their respective flow-rate transformed equivalents. Additionally, temperature effects on samples were tested and both analytes showed nearly the same values when stored at - 20, 4, and 30 °C conditions for 6 h; important information expected to facilitate future sampling in field conditions where freezer storage is uncertain. Our study shows that saliva can be repeatedly sampled non-invasively to investigate short-term changes in stress-associated markers in free-ranging Japanese macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Broche
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Keiko Mouri
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Michael A Huffman
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Simoura JADS, Pires ALPV, Alves LDB, Arsati F, Lima-Arsati YBDO, Santos JND, Freitas VS. Psychological profile and α-amylase levels in oral lichen planus patients: A case-control preliminary study. Oral Dis 2023; 29:1242-1249. [PMID: 34797946 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate psychological (anxiety, depression, and stress) and salivary (flow and concentration of α-amylase) profile associated with oral lichen planus. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control preliminary study with oral lichen planus patients and age-gender matched controls was conducted. The participants underwent psychological tests (Beck depression and anxiety inventories and perceived stress scale) and saliva collection to determine the unstimulated salivary flow and α-amylase levels at three moments along the day. The data were analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney, McNemar chi-square and Friedman tests, and the Spearman correlation coefficient. The significance level adopted was 5%. RESULTS A total of 46 case-control pairs were recruited. There was a significant correlation between anxiety, depression, stress, and oral lichen planus, as well as the stress and decline of salivary α-amylase levels. Higher concentrations of this biomarker were found in the case group thirty minutes post-awakening. CONCLUSION The applied psychological tests indicated that factors such as anxiety, depression, and stress were associated with oral lichen planus. Salivary analyses demonstrated a higher concentration of α-amylase thirty minutes post-awakening on individuals with the disease and its decline correlated with stress, suggesting the role of α-amylase as a promising biomarker for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franco Arsati
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Valéria Souza Freitas
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
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18
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Larra MF, Capellino S, Schwendich E, von Haugwitz L, Reinders J, Wascher E. Immediate and Delayed Salivary Cytokine Responses during Repeated Exposures to Cold Pressor Stress. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:81-92. [PMID: 36917961 DOI: 10.1159/000529625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excessive stress is increasingly recognized as an important trigger of many diseases prevalent in modern societies, and monitoring such stress-related effects could aid prevention. The measurement of salivary markers of inflammation is emerging as a promising tool to non-invasively quantify stress' effects on immune processes in everyday life and thereby detect early aberrations before the manifestation of serious health problems. However, more laboratory-controlled research is needed in order to establish the timescale and determinants of salivary cytokine responses to acute stress. METHODS We repeatedly exposed participants to Cold Pressor Stress Test (CPT) or a control procedure and measured a wide array of salivary cytokines as well as subjective, cardiovascular, and cortisol stress reactions. CPT exposure was repeated every 15 min, 3 times in total, with a duration of 3 min each. Saliva was sampled immediately after the first two exposures as well as in 15-min intervals until 60 min after the onset of the first intervention. RESULTS We found that many cytokines were detectable in saliva. Specific stress effects were limited to IL-8 and IL-6, however, which decreased immediately or 15 min after stress onset, respectively. Moreover, IL-8 was negatively correlated to cortisol output in the stress but not in the control group. Significant increases were also observed in salivary TNFα and IFNγ; however, these effects were similar under both stress and control conditions. DISCUSSION Our results show that particular salivary cytokines may be sensitive to immediate effects of acute CPT-induced stress and also highlight the importance of employing control procedures to discern stress effects from unrelated variations in salivary cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro F Larra
- Department of Ergonomics, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Silvia Capellino
- Department of Immunology, Research Group of Neuroimmunology, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena Schwendich
- Department of Immunology, Research Group of Neuroimmunology, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leon von Haugwitz
- Department of Ergonomics, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinders
- Department of Toxicology, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Department of Ergonomics, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
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19
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Demori I, Grasselli E. The Role of the Stress Response in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Psychoneuroendocrineimmunology-Based Perspective. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030795. [PMID: 36771500 PMCID: PMC9921904 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel term metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which has been proposed to describe the major cause of hepatic disease, pinpoints the coexistence of multiple metabolic disturbances and liver steatosis, giving rise to different phenotypic manifestations. Within the psychoneuroendocrineimmunological (PNEI) network that regulates body-mind interactions, the stress response plays a pervasive role by affecting metabolic, hormonal, immune, and behavioral balance. In this perspective, we focus on chronic psychosocial stress and high levels of cortisol to highlight their role in MAFLD pathogenesis and worsening. From a PNEI perspective, considering the stress response as a therapeutic target in MAFLD allows for simultaneously influencing multiple pathways in the development of MAFLD, including dysmetabolism, inflammation, feeding behaviors, gut-liver axis, and dysbiosis, with the hope of better outcomes.
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20
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Cardoso AG, Viltres H, Ortega GA, Phung V, Grewal R, Mozaffari H, Ahmed SR, Rajabzadeh AR, Srinivasan S. Electrochemical sensing of analytes in saliva: Challenges, progress, and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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21
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D'Agostini M, Burger AM, Franssen M, Perkovic A, Claes S, von Leupoldt A, Murphy PR, Van Diest I. Short bursts of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhance evoked pupil dilation as a function of stimulation parameters. Cortex 2023; 159:233-253. [PMID: 36640622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a neurostimulatory technique hypothesised to enhance central noradrenaline. Currently, there is scarce evidence in support of a noradrenergic mechanism of taVNS and limited knowledge on its stimulation parameters (i.e., intensity and pulse width). Therefore, the present study aimed to test whether taVNS enhances pupil dilation, a noradrenergic biomarker, as a function of stimulation parameters. Forty-nine participants received sham (i.e., left ear earlobe) and taVNS (i.e., left ear cymba concha) stimulation in two separate sessions, in a counterbalanced order. We administered short bursts (5s) of seven stimulation settings varying as a function of pulse width and intensity and measured pupil size in parallel. Each stimulation setting was administered sixteen times in separate blocks. We expected short bursts of stimulation to elicit phasic noradrenergic activity as indexed by event-related pupil dilation and event-related temporal derivative. We hypothesised higher stimulation settings, quantified as the total charge per pulse (pulse width x intensity), to drive greater event-related pupil dilation and temporal derivative in the taVNS compared to sham condition. Specifically, we expected stimulation settings in the taVNS condition to be associated with a linear increase in event-related pupil dilation and temporal derivative. We found stimulation settings to linearly increase both pupil measures. In line with our hypothesis, the observed dose-dependent effect was stronger in the taVNS condition. We also found taVNS to elicit more intense and unpleasant sensations than sham stimulation. These results support the hypothesis of a noradrenergic mechanism of taVNS. However, future studies should disentangle whether stimulation elicited sensations mediate the effect of taVNS on evoked pupil dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Perkovic
- Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan Claes
- The Mind Body Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Peter R Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Chong LS, Lin B, Gordis E. Racial differences in sympathetic nervous system indicators: Implications and challenges for research. Biol Psychol 2023; 177:108496. [PMID: 36641137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates the presence of racial differences in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) functioning, yet the nature of these differences is unclear and appears to vary across different indices of SNS activity. Moreover, racial differences among commonly used indices of SNS activity are under-investigated. This systematic review examines racial differences among widely used resting SNS indices, such as electrodermal activity (EDA), pre-ejection period (PEP), and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA). Our review reveals that Black participants have consistently been found to display lower resting EDA compared to White participants. The few studies that have investigated or reported racial differences in PEP and sAA yield mixed findings about whether racial differences exist. We discuss potential reasons for racial differences in SNS activity, such as index-specific factors, lab confounds, psychosocial environmental factors, and their interactions. We outline a framework characterizing possible contributors to racial differences in SNS functioning. Lastly, we highlight the implications of several definitional, analytic, and interpretive issues concerning the treatment of group differences in psychophysiological activity and provide future recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen Chong
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| | - Betty Lin
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| | - Elana Gordis
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
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23
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Simon SG, Jamner LD, Dent AL, Granger DA, Riis JL. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic nervous system responses to social evaluative stress in chronic cannabis users and non-users. Addict Behav 2023; 136:107489. [PMID: 36181746 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To advance our understanding of the health-related consequences of chronic cannabis use, this study examined hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) reactivity and regulation in response to a well-characterized, acute, social evaluative stress task among cannabis users and non-users. We also explored differences in HPA-SNS coordination across the stress task in cannabis users and non-users. METHOD Participants were 75 adults (53% female) who reported no use of tobacco/nicotine products. Cannabis use was measured using self-report and salivary/urinary THC levels. Participants were classified as cannabis users (n = 33) if they reported using cannabis at least twice per week in the prior year and had a positive salivary/urinary THC test or as non-users (n = 42) if they reported no use in the prior year and had a negative THC test. During a laboratory visit, participants completed the standard Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and provided saliva samples before, and 5, 20, and 40 min after the task. Samples were assayed for salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase (sAA) as indices of HPA axis and SNS activity, respectively. RESULTS Multilevel piecewise growth models revealed that, relative to non-users, cannabis users showed (a) blunted cortisol reactivity and recovery to the TSST, and (b) greater reductions in sAA concentrations following the TSST. Chronic cannabis users may exhibit blunted HPA axis responses and greater SNS recovery to acute psychosocial stress. Implications of individual differences in stress reactivity and regulation for the biobehavioral health of chronic cannabis users are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna G Simon
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Larry D Jamner
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amy L Dent
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jenna L Riis
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, USA
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Warth M, Stoffel M, Koehler F, Bardenheuer HJ, Kessler J, Ditzen B. Characteristics of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase as psychobiological study outcomes in palliative care research. BMC Palliat Care 2022; 21:226. [PMID: 36550454 PMCID: PMC9773457 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-022-01085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial interventions are rapidly emerging in palliative care. However, randomized trials often fail to provide evidence for their effectiveness with regard to patient-reported outcomes. Stress biomarkers could complement self-report data, but little is known about their feasibility, acceptance, and interpretability. METHODS Therefore, we designed a randomized crossover trial in which 42 patients in a palliative care unit participated in both a brief mindfulness intervention (MI) and a resting state control condition (CC) on two consecutive afternoons. On each day, we collected four saliva samples in 20-min intervals using Salivettes© to determine salivary cortisol (sCort) and alpha-amylase (sAA) concentration levels. At all measurement points, self-rated well-being and stress as well as cardiovascular markers were assessed. Baseline measurements further included self-rated quality of life and clinician-rated functional status. RESULTS 78.6% of the patients provided the maximum number of 8 saliva samples and 62.2% reported no subjective difficulties with the sampling procedures. 66.6% (sCort) and 69.6% (sAA) of all possible samples were finally included in the analysis. Xerostomia and nausea were the main reasons for missing data. Higher sCort levels were associated with higher heart rate and lower quality of life, functional status, and heart rate variability. Corticosteroid and sedative medication as well as time since last meal were identified as potential confounders. Regarding reactivity to the MI, we found an overall decrease in sCort levels over time (b = -.03, p = .01), but this effect did not differ significantly between the study conditions (b = .03, p = .21). sAA levels were higher in men than in women. Trajectories over time did not significantly differ between the two conditions (b = -.02, p = .80) and associations with other stress and health-related constructs were weak. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that sCort might serve as a psychobiological outcome in future palliative care trials. However, future research should refine the exact measurement and conceptualization strategies for sCort in palliative care research. High attrition rates should be expected in patients with xerostomia or nausea. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at the German Clinical Trials Registry (DRKS00013135) at 04/12/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Warth
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.466188.50000 0000 9526 4412School of Therapeutic Sciences, SRH University Heidelberg, Ludwig-Guttmann-Straße 6, 66120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Stoffel
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Koehler
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert J. Bardenheuer
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 131, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Kessler
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 131, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Ditzen
- grid.5253.10000 0001 0328 4908Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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Hasson RE, Hofsess RC, Adams TE, Gill AK, Mazin LN, Gerras JM. Community Violence Exposure and Stress Reactivity in African American and Non-Latino White Adolescents With Overweight/Obesity. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP22784-NP22810. [PMID: 35148232 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211073091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents who experience community violence are exposed to toxic stressors at a critical period of growth and development. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between community violence exposure and stress reactivity in African American and non-Latino white adolescents with overweight/obesity. Fifty-one adolescents (47% female, 55% African American; aged 14-19) participated in this study. Community violence was assessed using the Survey of Children's Exposure to Community Violence. Stress reactivity was assessed via salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase area under the curve (AUC) during a Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Race was a significant predictor of alpha-amylase reactivity (β = 10740±3665, p = 0.0006), with a higher alpha-amylase AUC observed in African American compared to non-Latino white adolescents. There was also a significant difference in the relationship between community violence exposure and alpha-amylase AUC by race (β = -3561±1226, p = 0.007). At similar increases in violence exposure, African Americans demonstrated a significant decline in alpha-amylase AUC while non-Latino whites demonstrated a significant increase in alpha-amylase AUC. Neither race nor violence exposure were significant predictors of cortisol AUC and there were no significant differences in the relationship between community violence exposure and cortisol AUC by race (all p's > .05). These preliminary findings suggest exposure to community violence may act to exacerbate autonomic dysregulation in African American adolescents with overweight/obesity. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the mechanisms by which community violence exposure differentially impacts stress responses by race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Hasson
- 1259University of Michigan School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- 1259University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- 1259University of Michigan Childhood Disparities Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel C Hofsess
- 1259University of Michigan Childhood Disparities Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tessa E Adams
- 1259University of Michigan Childhood Disparities Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amaanat K Gill
- 1259University of Michigan School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- 1259University of Michigan Childhood Disparities Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren N Mazin
- 1259University of Michigan School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- 1259University of Michigan Childhood Disparities Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julia M Gerras
- 1259University of Michigan School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- 1259University of Michigan Childhood Disparities Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Giraudier M, Ventura-Bort C, Burger AM, Claes N, D'Agostini M, Fischer R, Franssen M, Kaess M, Koenig J, Liepelt R, Nieuwenhuis S, Sommer A, Usichenko T, Van Diest I, von Leupoldt A, Warren CM, Weymar M. Evidence for a modulating effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on salivary alpha-amylase as indirect noradrenergic marker: A pooled mega-analysis. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:1378-1388. [PMID: 36183953 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has received tremendous attention as a potential neuromodulator of cognitive and affective functions, which likely exerts its effects via activation of the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline (LC-NA) system. Reliable effects of taVNS on markers of LC-NA system activity, however, have not been demonstrated yet. METHODS The aim of the present study was to overcome previous limitations by pooling raw data from a large sample of ten taVNS studies (371 healthy participants) that collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) as a potential marker of central NA release. RESULTS While a meta-analytic approach using summary statistics did not yield any significant effects, linear mixed model analyses showed that afferent stimulation of the vagus nerve via taVNS increased sAA levels compared to sham stimulation (b = 0.16, SE = 0.05, p = 0.001). When considering potential confounders of sAA, we further replicated previous findings on the diurnal trajectory of sAA activity. CONCLUSION(S) Vagal activation via taVNS increases sAA release compared to sham stimulation, which likely substantiates the assumption that taVNS triggers NA release. Moreover, our results highlight the benefits of data pooling and data sharing in order to allow stronger conclusions in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Giraudier
- Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Carlos Ventura-Bort
- Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Nathalie Claes
- Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Rico Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Koenig
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman Liepelt
- Department of General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, Action, Faculty of Psychology, University of Hagen (FernUniversität in Hagen), Hagen, Germany
| | - Sander Nieuwenhuis
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Aldo Sommer
- Department of General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, Action, Faculty of Psychology, University of Hagen (FernUniversität in Hagen), Hagen, Germany; Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Taras Usichenko
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Christopher M Warren
- Emma Eccles Jones College of Education and Human Services, Utah State University, United States
| | - Mathias Weymar
- Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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Correspondence. Retina 2022; 42:e50. [PMID: 35921629 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Danilenko KV. Objective Measures of Immediate “Energizing” Effect of Light: Studies Review and Data Analysis. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:475-496. [PMID: 36278531 PMCID: PMC9589941 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the energizing effect of light has been known since the early years of light therapy, its reliable detection using objective measures is still not well-established. This review aims to ascertain the immediate energizing effect of light and determine its best indicators. Sixty-four articles published before July 2022 were included in the review. The articles described 72 (sub-)studies performed in healthy individuals. Fourteen measures were analyzed. The analysis showed that light causes an energizing effect that can be best documented by measuring core (rectal) body temperature: the proportion of the studies revealing increasing, unchanging, and decreasing rectal temperature was 13/6/1. The second most suitable indicator was heart rate (10/22/1), which showed concordant changes with rectal temperature (a trend, seven mutual studies). There is no evidence from the reviewed articles that oxygen consumption, skin conductance, blood pressure, heart rate variability, non-rectal inner temperature (combined digestive, tympanic, and oral), skin temperature, or cortisol levels can provide light effect detection. Four other measures were found to be unsuitable as well but with less certainty due to the low number of studies (≤3): skin blood flow, noradrenaline, salivary alpha-amylase, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. On the other hand, light exposure had a noticeable effect on sympathetic nerve activity measured using microneurography; however, this measure can be accepted as a marker only tentatively as it was employed in a single study. The analysis took into account three factors—study limitation in design/analysis, use of light in day- or nighttime, and relative brightness of the light stimulus—that were found to significantly influence some of the analyzed variables. The review indicates that the energizing effect of light in humans can be reliably detected using rectal temperature and heart rate.
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Costa AR, Freire A, Parraca JA, Silva V, Tomas-Carus P, Villafaina S. Heart Rate Variability and Salivary Biomarkers Differences between Fibromyalgia and Healthy Participants after an Exercise Fatigue Protocol: An Experimental Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092220. [PMID: 36140620 PMCID: PMC9497903 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that people with Fibromyalgia (FM) suffer from dysautonomia. Dysautonomia consists of persistent autonomic nervous system hyperactivity at rest and hyporeactivity during stressful situations. There is evidence that parameters reflecting the complex interplay between the autonomic nervous system and the cardiovascular system during exercise can provide significant prognostic information. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the differences between people with FM and healthy controls on heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary parameters (such as flow, protein concentration, enzymatic activities of amylase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in two moments: (1) at baseline, and (2) after an exercise fatigue protocol. A total of 37 participants, twenty-one were people with fibromyalgia and sixteen were healthy controls, participated in this cross-sectional study. HRV and salivary samples were collected before and after an exercise fatigue protocol. The fatigue protocol consisted of 20 repetitions of knee extensions and flexions of the dominant leg at 180 °·s−1 (degrees per second). Significant differences were found in the HRV (stress index, LF and HF variables) and salivary biomarkers (with a higher concentration of salivary amylase in people with FM compared to healthy controls). Exercise acute effects on HRV showed that people with FM did not significantly react to exercise. However, significant differences between baseline and post-exercise on HRV significantly induce alteration on the HRV of healthy controls. Catalase significantly increased after exercise in healthy controls whereas salivary flow significantly increased in women with FM after an exercise fatigue protocol. Our study suggests that a higher α-amylase activity and an impaired HRV can be used as possible biomarkers of fibromyalgia, associated with a reduction in salivary flow without changes in HRV and catalase activity after a fatigue exercise protocol. More studies should be carried out in the future to evaluate this hypothesis, in order to find diagnostic biomarkers in fibromyalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodrigues Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Freire
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Jose A. Parraca
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Vanda Silva
- Family Health Unit—Lusitania, Rua do Ferragial do Poço Novo, S/N, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
| | - Pablo Tomas-Carus
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Santos Villafaina
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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Franco-Martínez L, Ortín-Bustillo A, Rubio CP, Escribano D, López-Arjona M, García-Manzanilla E, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Tecles F. Effects of pen faeces and feed contamination in biomarkers determination in oral fluid of pigs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:403-409. [PMID: 36115297 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the possible effects of the presence of pen faeces and feed on the measurement of a panel of biomarkers in porcine oral fluid. For this, clean porcine oral fluid was pooled and incubated with two different concentrations of pen faeces or feed representing a high or low level of contamination with each material. In addition, these pools were aliquoted and subjected to centrifugation, filtration or chemical clarification to evaluate if these techniques could revert the effects of those contaminants in biomarker evaluation. A panel of 21 biomarkers that assessed stress, inflammation, immune system and redox homeostasis among others, were measured for all aliquots. Changes of statistical relevance (p < 0.05) in oral fluid contaminated with pen faeces or feed versus untreated samples were observed for all methods employed with the exception of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and creatine kinase (CK) in oral fluid contaminated with pen faeces or feed. Pen faeces did not affect the measurement of haptoglobin, superoxide dismutase, CK, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ADA and cortisol (when the latter is measured by chemiluminescence); while uric acid, LDH, CK, ADA, and hydrogen peroxide methods were not affected by the presence of feed in oral fluid. The effects of centrifugation, filtration or chemical clarification with chitosan in these contaminated samples were modest and for most cases did not caused baseline levels on the measured biomarkers. In conclusion, the presence of pen faeces or feed in porcine oral fluid can interfere with the results obtained when analytes are measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Camila P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Edgar García-Manzanilla
- Moorepark Animal and Grassland Research Centre, Teagasc, Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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The Effect of Dental Treatments in Caries Management on Stress and Salivary Protein Levels. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154350. [PMID: 35893440 PMCID: PMC9332813 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A great burden is put on healthcare systems by dental caries and understanding patients’ treatment needs is of utmost importance. The aim of this pre−post study was to assess dental anxiety and the psychological stress induced by two different types of dental treatment (prophylaxis and cavity preparation), by combining psychometric evaluations with salivary biomarkers, in a group of 28 schoolchildren presenting in a university clinic. Pre- and post-treatment unstimulated whole saliva was collected and levels of cortisol, alpha-amylase (sAA) and total protein content were measured. The State−Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and the Frankl Behaviour Rating Scale (FBRS) were applied. Statistical analysis was performed using the Stata/IC 16 (StataCorp) programme. All salivary parameters showed strong positive correlations between pre- and post-treatment levels. Post-treatment, salivary cortisol decreased (p = 0.008, paired t-test), sAA did not change significantly (p = 0.572, sign test), while the sAA/cortisol ratio (AOC) increased (p = 0.036, sign test). There were no correlations between state and trait anxiety levels. State anxiety scores registered significantly higher values for children with an FBRS score of 3 compared with a score of 4 (p < 0.001, unpaired t-test). The post-treatment decrease in the salivary cortisol level was higher for prophylaxis compared with the cavity preparation group (p = 0.024, t-test). These results demonstrate that sAA and cortisol levels are altered differently by psychological stress induced by two different types of dental treatment.
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Walther LM, von Känel R, Zuccarella-Hackl C, Wirtz PH. Hyperreactivity of Salivary Alpha-Amylase to Acute Psychosocial Stress and Norepinephrine Infusion in Essential Hypertension. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071762. [PMID: 35885066 PMCID: PMC9312828 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether the observed general physiological hyperreactivity to acute psychosocial stress in essential hypertension also extends to salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), a surrogate sympathetic nervous system marker. Here, we investigated sAA reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in essential hypertensive males (HT) as compared to normotensive controls (NT). To shed light on underlying mechanisms, we moreover tested for sAA reactivity following a standardized norepinephrine (NE) infusion. We hypothesized that both acute psychosocial stress and an NE infusion of similar duration would lead to greater sAA reactivity in HT than in NT. In the stress study, we examined sAA reactivity to 15 min of acute psychosocial stress induced by the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in 19 HT and 23 NT up to 40 min after stress. In the infusion study, 20 HT and 22 NT received a standardized NE infusion (5 μg/mL/min) over 15 min mimicking NE release in reaction to acute psychosocial stress. HT exhibited greater sAA reactivity to the TSST as compared to NT (p = 0.049, ηp2 = 0.08, f = 0.29). In reaction to the standardized NE infusion, HT showed higher sAA reactivity as compared to NT (p = 0.033, ηp2 = 1.00, f = 0.33). Our findings suggest stress-induced sAA hyperreactivity in essential hypertension that seems to be at least in part mediated by a higher reactivity to a standardized amount of NE in HT. With respect to clinical implications, sAA stress reactivity may serve as a noninvasive marker indicative of early cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Walther
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany;
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Roland von Känel
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.v.K.); (C.Z.-H.)
| | - Claudia Zuccarella-Hackl
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.v.K.); (C.Z.-H.)
| | - Petra H. Wirtz
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany;
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7531-88-3742
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Chen WN, San Tang K, Yeong KY. Potential Roles of α-amylase in Alzheimer's Disease: Biomarker and Drug Target. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1554-1563. [PMID: 34951390 PMCID: PMC9881084 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666211223124715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is pathologically characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β plaques and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. In a neurodegenerative brain, glucose metabolism is also impaired and considered as one of the key features in AD patients. The impairment causes a reduction in glucose transporters and the uptake of glucose as well as alterations in the specific activity of glycolytic enzymes. Recently, it has been reported that α-amylase, a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, is present in the human brain. The enzyme is known to be associated with various diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperamylasaemia. With this information at hand, we hypothesize that α-amylase could have a vital role in the demented brains of AD patients. This review aims to shed insight into the possible link between the expression levels of α-amylase and AD. Lastly, we also cover the diverse role of amylase inhibitors and how they could serve as a therapeutic agent to manage or stop AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Ning Chen
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim San Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia;,Address correspondence to this author at the School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia;, Tel: +603 5514 6102; E-mail:
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Menean M, Sacconi R, Querques G. Letter to the Editor: Relationship of Choroidal Vasculature and Choriocapillaris Flow With Alterations of Salivary α-Amylase Patterns in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:11. [PMID: 35679033 PMCID: PMC9187946 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.6.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Menean
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sacconi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Querques
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,E-mail: ,
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Scarinci F, Patacchioli FR, Costanzo E, Parravano M. Author Response: Relationship of Choroidal Vasculature and Choriocapillaris Flow With Alterations of Salivary α-Amylase Patterns in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:10. [PMID: 35679034 PMCID: PMC9187941 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Hilberdink CE, de Rooij SR, Olff M, Bosch JA, van Zuiden M. Acute stress reactivity and intrusive memory development: a randomized trial using an adjusted trauma film paradigm. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 139:105686. [PMID: 35193044 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological and cognitive processes underlying the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its specific symptoms may facilitate preventive intervention development. Severe traumatic stress and resulting biological stress system activations can alter contextual memory processes. This may provide a neurobiological explanation for the occurrence of intrusive memories following trauma. Investigating the associations between temporal aspects and individual variation in peri- and post-traumatic hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stress reactivity and memory processing may increase our understanding of intrusive symptom development. The experimental trauma film paradigm is commonly used for this purpose but lacks robust SNS and HPA axis activation. Here, we performed an RCT to investigate the effect of an adjusted trauma film paradigm containing an added brief psychosocial stressor on HPA and SNS stress reactivity throughout the experiment and intrusive memory frequency in the following week in healthy males (N = 63, mean age = 22.3). Secondary, we investigated effects on film-related declarative memory accuracy and intrusion-related characteristics, and associations between acute HPA and SNS stress reactivity, film-related memory, glucocorticoid receptor functioning and intrusion frequency and characteristics. Participants were randomized to the socially-evaluated cold pressor test (seCPT n = 29) or control condition (warm water n = 34) immediately prior to a trauma film. Linear Mixed Models revealed increased acute SNS and cortisol reactivity, lower recognition memory accuracy and more intrusions that were more vivid and distressing during the following week in the seCPT compared to control condition. Linear regression models revealed initial associations between cortisol and alpha amylase reactivity during the experimental assessment and subsequent intrusions, but these effects did not survive multiple comparison corrections. Thus, with this adjustment, we increased the translational value of the trauma film paradigm as it appears to elicit a stronger stress response that is likely more comparable to real-life trauma. The adapted paradigm may be useful to investigate individual variation in biological and cognitive processes underlying early post-trauma PTSD symptoms and could advance potential preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hilberdink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - S R de Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; ARQ, National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, The Netherlands.
| | - J A Bosch
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M van Zuiden
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sun M, Ma B, Yuan S, Xin L, Zhao C, Liu H. Mercury thermometer-inspired test strip for concentration cell-based potentiometric detection of salivary α-amylase. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1206:339770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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38
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Becker L, Kaltenegger HC, Nowak D, Rohleder N, Weigl M. Differences in stress system (re-)activity between single and dual- or multitasking in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev 2022; 17:78-103. [PMID: 35477383 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2022.2071323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the age of digitization, multitasking requirements are ubiquitous, especially in the workplace. Multitasking (MT) describes the activity of performing multiple (at least two) tasks at the same time. Dual tasking (DT) refers to the sequential switching between two tasks. The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was first to investigate whether physiological stress systems become activated in response to or during MT/DT and, secondly, whether this (re-)activity is higher compared to single tasking. We focused on the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS), the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, and the immune system. The systematic review has been pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020181415). A total of twenty-five articles were identified as eligible, in which n = 26 studies were reported, with N = 1,142 participants. Our main findings are that SNS activity is significantly higher and PNS activity is significantly lower during MT/DT than during single tasking. Only two studies were found, in which HPA axis (re-)activity was surveyed. No eligible study was identified in which immune system (re-)activity was investigated. This is the first systematic synthesis of the literature base showing that stress system activity is increased during MT/DT in comparison to single-tasking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Becker
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helena C Kaltenegger
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weigl
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, LMU University Hospital Munich, Germany.,Institute for Patient Safety, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Makris G, Agorastos A, Chrousos GP, Pervanidou P. Stress System Activation in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:756628. [PMID: 35095389 PMCID: PMC8793840 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.756628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mission of the human stress system is the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived, acute or chronic stressors. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are the stress system-related neuroendocrine pathways. There is abundant evidence that children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may exhibit atypical function within the HPA axis and the ANS both at the resting state and during the presence of social and/or non-social stressors. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date summary of the findings regarding stress system alterations in children and adolescents with ASD. We focus on the variations of stress hormones circadian rhythms, specifically cortisol and alpha-amylase (i.e., a surrogate index of epinephrine/norepinephrine secretion), and on the alterations of stress system responsivity to different stressors. Also, we present imaging and immunological findings that have been associated with stress system dysregulation in children and adolescents with ASD. Finally, we review the pivotal role of HPA axis-ANS coordination, the developmental trajectory of the stress system in ASD, and the possible role of early life stress in the dysregulation of the stress system demonstrated in children and adolescents with ASD. This synthesis will hopefully provide researchers with a foundation for an integrated approach to future research into stress system variations in children and adolescents with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Makris
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Gerasimos Makris,
| | - Agorastos Agorastos
- Department of Psychiatry II, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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40
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Ventura TMO, Santos KO, Braga AS, Thomassian LTG, Buzalaf MAR, Barbieri FA, Kalva-Filho CA, Faria MH, Magalhães AC. Salivary proteomic profile of young adults before and after the practice of interval exercise: preliminary results. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00883-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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D'Agostini M, Burger AM, Villca Ponce G, Claes S, von Leupoldt A, Van Diest I. No evidence for a modulating effect of continuous transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on markers of noradrenergic activity. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e13984. [PMID: 34990045 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is thought to increase central noradrenergic activity, findings supporting such mechanism are scarce and inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate whether taVNS modulates indirect markers of phasic and tonic noradrenergic activity. Sixty-six healthy participants performed a novelty auditory oddball task twice on separate days: once while receiving taVNS (left cymba concha), once during sham (left earlobe) stimulation. To maximize potential effects, the stimulation was delivered continuously (frequency: 25 Hz; width: 250 μs) at an intensity individually calibrated to the maximal level below pain threshold. The stimulation was administered 10 min before the oddball task and maintained throughout the session. Event-related pupil dilation (ERPD) to target stimuli and pre-stimulus baseline pupil size were assessed during the oddball task as markers of phasic and tonic noradrenergic activity, respectively. Prior to and at the end of stimulation, tonic pupil size at rest, cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase were assessed as markers of tonic noradrenergic activity. Finally, we explored the effect of taVNS on cardiac vagal activity, respiratory rate, and salivary flow rate. Results showed a greater ERPD to both target and novelty compared to standard stimuli in the oddball task. In contrast to our hypotheses, taVNS did not impact any of the tested markers. Our findings strongly suggest that continuous stimulation of the cymba concha with the tested stimulation parameters is ineffective to increase noradrenergic activity via a vagal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephan Claes
- The Mind Body Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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42
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Rosenkranz MA, Esnault S, Gresham L, Davidson RJ, Christian BT, Jarjour NN, Busse WW. Role of amygdala in stress-induced upregulation of airway IL-1 signaling in asthma. Biol Psychol 2022; 167:108226. [PMID: 34800561 PMCID: PMC9426565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress, an important contributor to asthma morbidity, potentiates the immune response to allergen, but the brain mechanisms mediating this response are not fully understood. The amygdala is likely to play an important role, given its sensitivity to threat and connectivity with descending immune modulatory pathways. In this study, we recruited thirty asthmatic participants and examined glucose metabolism in the amygdala, using [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, during a laboratory stressor. Stress hormone and airway inflammatory measurements were also acquired. Results showed that activity in the amygdala was significantly increased during the stressor, compared to a matched control task (p < .05 corrected). Moreover, the increase in amygdala activity was associated with a greater increase in sputum IL-1R1 mRNA and alpha amylase response (p < .05 corrected), which were also positively correlated (p = .01). These findings suggest that heightened amygdala reactivity may contribute to asthma morbidity via descending proinflammatory sympathetic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Rosenkranz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA; Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 625 W. Washington Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA.
| | - Stephane Esnault
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Lauren Gresham
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 625 W. Washington Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Richard J Davidson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA; Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 625 W. Washington Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W. Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bradley T Christian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd, Madison, WI 53719, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - William W Busse
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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43
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Scarinci F, Patacchioli FR, Costanzo E, Parravano M. Relationship of Choroidal Vasculature and Choriocapillaris Flow With Alterations of Salivary α-Amylase Patterns in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:19. [PMID: 34932061 PMCID: PMC8709932 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.15.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose An abnormality in choroidal vasculature is a known factor in the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), a chorioretinal disease affecting mostly middle-aged males. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the pathophysiology of CSC. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study in which characteristic choroidal vasculature metrics were assessed by measuring the subfoveal choroidal thickness (FCT) and the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) using the imaging technique of enhanced-depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-SD-OCT). Furthermore, flow signal void area features were also evaluated in the study population using OCT angiography (OCTA). Diurnal patterns of salivary α-amylase (a-AMY) production, proposed as a marker of autonomic activity, were assessed in an adult male study population affected by acute naïve CSC in comparison with matched healthy controls. Results Results include an overall higher diurnal output of salivary a-AMY production, which is in line with the phenomenon of a sympathetic “drive” playing a role in the pathophysiology of CSC, and a flattened diurnal percentage variation in α-AMY in CSC-affected subjects. Furthermore, Pearson's coefficient test revealed statistically significant correlations between salivary α-AMY diurnal percentage variation and selected choroidal imaging biomarkers (FCT, CVI, and flow signal void area). Finally, multiple linear regression analysis identified salivary α-AMY diurnal percentage production as the sole predictor of the CVI and flow signal void area in the study population. Conclusions Autonomic nervous system dysregulation was highlighted in CSC patients.
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Scholz P, Altay L, Sitnilska V, van Dijk EHC, Pereira AM, van Haalen FM, Akhtar I, Boon CJF, Fauser S. SALIVARY ALPHA-AMYLASE LEVELS MAY CORRELATE WITH CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY ACTIVITY. Retina 2021; 41:2479-2484. [PMID: 34292222 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate and compare the salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity as an indicator of the sympathetic activity and stress response in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and healthy control subjects. METHODS Prospective multicenter case series, including 80 CSC patients and 88 healthy control subjects. Central serous chorioretinopathy status was classified as either active or inactive, depending on the presence of subretinal fluid on optical coherence tomography. Salivary samples were collected in the morning from patients and control subjects of the main cohort and at midnight for the additional cohort. Salivary alpha-amylase activity was determined in all patients and control subjects. RESULTS Morning sAA activity was significantly higher in patients with active CSC compared with inactive CSC (P = 0.049) and to healthy control subjects (P = 0.012). There was no significant difference in sAA activity between patients with inactive CSC and control subjects (P = 1.0). Nocturnal sAA activity did not show any significant difference between patients with active CSC and either inactive CSC or control subjects (P = 0.139). CONCLUSION Morning sAA activity is increased in patients with active CSC, although diurnal rhythmicity is preserved. Measurement of sAA is easy to perform and might be an eligible tool to further investigate the relation between stress and CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Scholz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lebriz Altay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vasilena Sitnilska
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elon H C van Dijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alberto M Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Center for Endocrine Tumors, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Femke M van Haalen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Center for Endocrine Tumors, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Isha Akhtar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Cologne, Germany
| | - Camiel J F Boon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
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45
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Boyanov N, Georgiou K, Thanasas D, Deneva T, Oussi N, Marinov B, Enochsson L. Use of saliva stress biomarkers to estimate novice male endoscopist's stress during training in a high-end simulator. Scand J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:1380-1385. [PMID: 34424793 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1965208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simulated endoscopic training can be challenging and stressful for the novice trainee. The absence of a reliable stress detection method during simulated endoscopic training makes estimating trainees' mental stress difficult to quantify. This study concomitantly measures the responses of four saliva stress biomarkers and compares them to the video score (VS) achieved by novice endoscopists in a reproducibly stressful simulation environment. METHODS Thirty-six male endoscopy naïve surgery residents were enrolled. After an orientation phase, a saliva specimen was collected for cortisol (sC), alpha-amylase (sAA), Chromogranin A (sCgA), and immunoglobulin A (sIgA) measurements (baseline phase, BL). Thereafter, the simulation exercise phase (E) started, practicing in the Fundamentals of Endoscopic Surgery Skills module (GI-Bronch Mentor). Immediately after, a second saliva sample for measuring the above-cited biomarkers was collected. The whole experiment was videotaped, and the VS was calculated. The percentage (E-BL)diff of each of the four saliva biomarkers was calculated and examined for correlation to VS. RESULTS sCgAdiff showed the best correlation with VS, followed by sAAdiff. CONCLUSIONS sCgA and sAA, are saliva stress biomarkers that are easy to collect non-invasively and showed the best correlation with novice endoscopist's performance in our simulation setting, and therefore, they could be used for monitoring stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Boyanov
- Medical Simulation Training Center at Research Institute of Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Konstantinos Georgiou
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Thanasas
- Medical Physics Laboratory Simulation Center, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tanya Deneva
- Central Clinical Laboratory, University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ninos Oussi
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Blagoi Marinov
- Medical Simulation Training Center at Research Institute of Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Lars Enochsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Stoffel M, Neubauer AB, Ditzen B. How to assess and interpret everyday life salivary cortisol measures: A tutorial on practical and statistical considerations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 133:105391. [PMID: 34607270 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salivary cortisol has been the central marker in psychoneuroendocrinological stress research for three decades. Given the technological possibilities to assess data in ecologically valid circumstances, many studies have implemented longitudinal assessments of salivary cortisol in study participants' everyday life. Such studies bear the potential to understand real-life associations of cortisol with psychological traits, states, and health variables. Furthermore, changes in the neuroendocrine regulation and in cortisol reactivity can be used to evaluate the effects of behavioral interventions in real-life circumstances. While standardized paradigms have been developed to measure cortisol in laboratory settings, there is high heterogeneity in the assessment, statistical processing, and interpretation of everyday life cortisol measures. This methodological tutorial aims at summarizing important knowledge which had been accumulated during the past two decades and which could be used to set up an ambulatory assessment study focusing on salivary cortisol in everyday life. Practical advice for possible strategies at all stages of the research process is outlined in detail. Additionally, an example on how to statistically process cortisol data in a multilevel framework (including syntax) is provided. In these analyses, we investigate within- and between-person research questions regarding the association between stress and cortisol in daily life. Thus, the present work (a) can be used as tutorial for setting up everyday life studies focusing on the assessment of salivary cortisol, and (b) can be useful to avoid inconsistencies in study planning, data assessment and data processing in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stoffel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Straße 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andreas B Neubauer
- Department for Education and Human Development, DIPF
- Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Rostocker Straße 6, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Rostocker Straße 6, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Beate Ditzen
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Straße 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany.
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Rojo López AM, Cifuentes Férez P, Espín López L. The influence of time pressure on translation trainees' performance: Testing the relationship between self-esteem, salivary cortisol and subjective stress response. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257727. [PMID: 34591901 PMCID: PMC8483415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Translators face hectic daily schedules with deadlines they must duly meet. As trainees they receive tuition on how to work swiftly to meet them efficiently. But despite the prominent role of time pressure, its effects on the translation process are still scarcely researched. Studies point to the higher occurrence of errors under stringent time constraints. Most of these studies use key-logging or eye-tracking techniques to identify the problems encountered. But no attempt has yet been made to measure the physiological effects of time pressure in English-to-Spanish translation and their interplay with trainees' psychological state. The present study researches the influence of time pressure on translation by exploring trainees' physiological response (i.e., salivary cortisol) and psychological traits (i.e., self-esteem and anxiety). 33 Spanish translation trainees translated 3 English literary texts under different time pressure conditions: Text 1 (no time limit), Text 2 (10 minutes), Text 3 (5 minutes). Regression analysis results showed that higher cortisol levels during preparation predicted higher number of meaning errors in Text 1 and lower number of translated words in Text 2 and 3. Besides, higher trait anxiety emerged as predictor of lower number of translated words, but higher accuracy under extreme time constraints and in the absence of time pressure. Higher self-esteem correlated with lower levels of anxiety and lower levels of cortisol during preparation and recovery, suggesting that it may act as a protective factor against stress. And yet, the regression analysis showed that higher self-esteem predicted lower meaning and total accuracy under extreme time pressure. Besides, in our correlation analysis self-esteem was positively related to the number of translated words in Text 2 and 3. Results suggest that even if self-esteem could be a protective factor against stress, it may also have a negative effect on task performance mediated by overconfidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mª Rojo López
- Department of Translation and Interpreting, Faculty of Arts, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paula Cifuentes Férez
- Department of Translation and Interpreting, Faculty of Arts, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Espín López
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Danilenko KV, Kobelev E, Zhanaeva SY, Aftanas LI. Winter-summer difference in post-awakening salivary α-amylase and sleepiness depending on sleep and melatonin. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113549. [PMID: 34371023 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Winter and summer seasons are contrasted by light/dark conditions at temperate latitudes, and the negative influence of this contrast on circadian health is yet to be quantified. This field study (performed in Novosibirsk, 55°N, no daylight saving time transitions) aimed to compare post-awakening arousal state in summer and winter in subjects (N=45) on a fixed 5-workday schedule (waken up by alarm at either ∼6 am or ∼7 am). Their circadian status (by 24-h melatonin profiles) and sleep (by log data) have been previously reported. Salivary α-amylase levels (a biomarker of the sympathetic nervous system activity, or stress) and subjective sleepiness were measured immediately after awakening on Friday, at minute 0 (supine), 10, 20, and 30 (not supine). α-Amylase levels were found to be higher in winter, along with a blunted α-amylase awakening response (AAR; a decline from minute 0 to minute 10 value). Both effects were attributable mainly to the 7am group. Sleepiness levels also increased in winter, mainly due to the seasonally dependent subjects, and predictably associated with shorter, later sleep, and later melatonin circadian phase. The sleepiness and α-amylase changes did not correlate. The seasonal change in α-amylase was positively associated with the change in the amount of melatonin secreted, probably reflecting the parallelism in the noradrenergic neural control of both α-amylase and melatonin secretion. Together, higher post-awakening salivary α-amylase levels (indicating stress) and subjective sleepiness levels (indicating greater sleep need) in winter compared to summer point to a less healthy state in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgenii Kobelev
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Timakova 4, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Svetlana Y Zhanaeva
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Timakova 4, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Lyubomir I Aftanas
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Timakova 4, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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D'Agostini M, Burger AM, Franssen M, Claes N, Weymar M, von Leupoldt A, Van Diest I. Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on reversal learning, tonic pupil size, salivary alpha-amylase, and cortisol. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13885. [PMID: 34245461 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) enhances reversal learning and augments noradrenergic biomarkers (i.e., pupil size, cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase [sAA]). We also explored the effect of taVNS on respiratory rate and cardiac vagal activity (CVA). Seventy-one participants received stimulation of either the cymba concha (taVNS) or the earlobe (sham) of the left ear. After learning a series of cue-outcome associations, the stimulation was applied before and throughout a reversal phase in which cue-outcome associations were changed for some (reversal), but not for other (distractor) cues. Tonic pupil size, salivary cortisol, sAA, respiratory rate, and CVA were assessed at different time points. Contrary to our hypothesis, taVNS was not associated with an overall improvement in performance on the reversal task. Compared to sham, the taVNS group performed worse for distractor than reversal cues. taVNS did not increase tonic pupil size and sAA. Only post hoc analyses indicated that the cortisol decline was steeper in the sham compared to the taVNS group. Exploratory analyses showed that taVNS decreased respiratory rate but did not affect CVA. The weak and unexpected effects found in this study might relate to the lack of parameters optimization for taVNS and invite to further investigate the effect of taVNS on cortisol and respiratory rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas M Burger
- Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Nathalie Claes
- Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Weymar
- Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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