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Poulin R, Salloum PM, Bennett J. Evolution of parasites in the Anthropocene: new pressures, new adaptive directions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38984760 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The Anthropocene is seeing the human footprint rapidly spreading to all of Earth's ecosystems. The fast-changing biotic and abiotic conditions experienced by all organisms are exerting new and strong selective pressures, and there is a growing list of examples of human-induced evolution in response to anthropogenic impacts. No organism is exempt from these novel selective pressures. Here, we synthesise current knowledge on human-induced evolution in eukaryotic parasites of animals, and present a multidisciplinary framework for its study and monitoring. Parasites generally have short generation times and huge fecundity, features that predispose them for rapid evolution. We begin by reviewing evidence that parasites often have substantial standing genetic variation, and examples of their rapid evolution both under conditions of livestock production and in serial passage experiments. We then present a two-step conceptual overview of the causal chain linking anthropogenic impacts to parasite evolution. First, we review the major anthropogenic factors impacting parasites, and identify the selective pressures they exert on parasites through increased mortality of either infective stages or adult parasites, or through changes in host density, quality or immunity. Second, we discuss what new phenotypic traits are likely to be favoured by the new selective pressures resulting from altered parasite mortality or host changes; we focus mostly on parasite virulence and basic life-history traits, as these most directly influence the transmission success of parasites and the pathology they induce. To illustrate the kinds of evolutionary changes in parasites anticipated in the Anthropocene, we present a few scenarios, either already documented or hypothetical but plausible, involving parasite taxa in livestock, aquaculture and natural systems. Finally, we offer several approaches for investigations and real-time monitoring of rapid, human-induced evolution in parasites, ranging from controlled experiments to the use of state-of-the-art genomic tools. The implications of fast-evolving parasites in the Anthropocene for disease emergence and the dynamics of infections in domestic animals and wildlife are concerning. Broader recognition that it is not only the conditions for parasite transmission that are changing, but the parasites themselves, is needed to meet better the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Priscila M Salloum
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Flores AM, Christensen KA, Siah A, Koop BF. Insights from Hi-C data regarding the Pacific salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) sex chromosomes. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae087. [PMID: 38683737 PMCID: PMC11228835 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (family Caligidae), are ectoparasites that have negatively impacted the salmon aquaculture industry and vulnerable wild salmon populations. Researchers have studied salmon lice to better understand their biology to develop effective control strategies. In this study, we updated the chromosome-level reference genome assembly of the Pacific subspecies of L. salmonis using Hi-C data. The previous version placed contigs/scaffolds using an Atlantic salmon louse genetic map. By utilizing Hi-C data from Pacific salmon lice, we were able to properly assign locations to contigs/scaffolds previously unplaced or misplaced. This resulted in a more accurate genome assembly and a more comprehensive characterization of the sex chromosome unique to females (W). We found evidence that the same ZW-ZZ mechanism is common in both Atlantic and Pacific subspecies of salmon lice using PCR assays. The W chromosome was approximately 800 kb in size, which is ∼30 times smaller than the Z chromosome (24 Mb). The W chromosome contained 61 annotated genes, including 32 protein-coding genes, 27 long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes, and 2 pseudogenes. Among these 61 genes, 39 genes shared homology to genes found on other chromosomes, while 20 were unique to the W chromosome. Two genes of interest on the W chromosome, prohibitin-2 and kinase suppressor of ras-2, were previously identified as potential sex-linked markers in the salmon louse. However, we prioritized the 20 unique genes on the W chromosome as sex-determining candidates. This information furthers our understanding of the biology of this ectoparasite and may help in the development of more effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Flores
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Kris A Christensen
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ahmed Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC V9W 2C2, Canada
| | - Ben F Koop
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Chakraborty S, Gnanagobal H, Hossain A, Cao T, Vasquez I, Boyce D, Santander J. Inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida impairs adaptive immunity in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13944. [PMID: 38523320 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida, a widely distributed aquatic pathogen causing furunculosis in fish, exhibits varied virulence, posing challenges in infectious disease and immunity studies, notably in vaccine efficacy assessment. Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) has become a valuable model for marine pathogenesis studies. This study evaluated several antigen preparations against A. salmonicida J223, a hypervirulent strain of teleost fish, including lumpfish. The potential immune protective effect of A. salmonicida bacterins in the presence and absence of the A-layer and extracellular products was tested in lumpfish. Also, we evaluated the impact of A. salmonicida outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and iron-regulated outer membrane proteins (IROMPs) on lumpfish immunity. The immunized lumpfish were intraperitoneally (i.p.) challenged with 104 A. salmonicida cells/dose at 8 weeks-post immunization (wpi). Immunized and non-immunized fish died within 2 weeks post-challenge. Our analyses showed that immunization with A. salmonicida J223 bacterins and antigen preparations did not increase IgM titres. In addition, adaptive immunity biomarker genes (e.g., igm, mhc-ii and cd4) were down-regulated. These findings suggest that A. salmonicida J223 antigen preparations hinder lumpfish immunity. Notably, many fish vaccines are bacterin-based, often lacking efficacy evaluation. This study offers crucial insights for finfish vaccine approval and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Trung Cao
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Danny Boyce
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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4
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Onabanjo O, Meuwissen T, Aslam ML, Schmitt AO, Dagnachew B. Use of whole-genome sequence data for fine mapping and genomic prediction of sea louse resistance in Atlantic salmon. Front Genet 2024; 15:1381333. [PMID: 38706794 PMCID: PMC11066268 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1381333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sea louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a significant challenge in aquaculture. Over the years, this parasite has developed immunity to medicinal control compounds, and non-medicinal control methods have been proven to be stressful, hence the need to study the genomic architecture of salmon resistance to sea lice. Thus, this research used whole-genome sequence (WGS) data to study the genetic basis of the trait since most research using fewer SNPs did not identify significant quantitative trait loci. Mowi Genetics AS provided the genotype (50 k SNPs) and phenotype data for this research after conducting a sea lice challenge test on 3,185 salmon smolts belonging to 191 full-sib families. The 50 k SNP genotype was imputed to WGS using the information from 197 closely related individuals with sequence data. The WGS and 50 k SNPs of the challenged population were then used to estimate genetic parameters, perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS), predict genomic breeding values, and estimate its accuracy for host resistance to sea lice. The heritability of host resistance to sea lice was estimated to be 0.21 and 0.22, while the accuracy of genomic prediction was estimated to be 0.65 and 0.64 for array and WGS data, respectively. In addition, the association test using both array and WGS data did not identify any marker associated with sea lice resistance at the genome-wide level. We conclude that sea lice resistance is a polygenic trait that is moderately heritable. The genomic predictions using medium-density SNP genotyping array were equally good or better than those based on WGS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide Onabanjo
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Akershus, Norway
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Theo Meuwissen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Akershus, Norway
| | | | - Armin Otto Schmitt
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Göttingen, Germany
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Stige LC, Huseby RB, Helgesen KO, Aldrin M, Qviller L. Consequences of reduced effectiveness of salmon lice treatments for lice control. Prev Vet Med 2024; 224:106134. [PMID: 38325114 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The effective control of ectoparasitic salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, in fish farms is challenged by the salmon lice having developed resistance towards several antiparasitic drugs and by the effectiveness of non-medicinal treatments being limited by considerations of fish welfare. When new antiparasitics are introduced to the market, these should be used sparingly to slow resistance development. Using a population model for salmon lice parameterised for salmonid fish farms in Norway, we quantified how reduced treatment effectiveness influences treatment frequency and lice abundance. Furthermore, we investigated when in the production cycle a highly effective lice treatment leads to the largest reduction in the total number of treatments, mean lice abundance and lice larvae production. Results showed that reductions in treatment effectiveness to lower than 50% led to the steepest increases in treatment frequency and mean lice abundance, as well as to increased risk that lice abundance increased beyond control. The timing of the most effective treatment had only moderate effects on the total treatment need and the mean number of adult female lice through the production cycle, but large effect on the production of lice larvae in spring. These findings imply that farmers can optimise the timing of the most effective treatment to reduce the release of lice larvae in the period of year when wild salmonids are in coastal waters, without compromising total treatment need or mean lice levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ragnar B Huseby
- Norwegian Computing Center, PO Box 114 Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari O Helgesen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Magne Aldrin
- Norwegian Computing Center, PO Box 114 Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Qviller
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, N-1433 Ås, Norway
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Olsvik PA, Brokke KE, Samuelsen OB, Hannisdal R. Lufenuron treatment temporarily represses gene expression and affects the SUMO pathway in liver of Atlantic salmon. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13880. [PMID: 37933190 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Lufenuron is a benzoylurea insecticide currently in use to combat sea lice infestation in salmon aquaculture in Chile. With pending approval in Norway, the aim of this work was to study the uptake and toxicity of lufenuron in liver tissue of Atlantic salmon. Juvenile salmon weighing 40 g were given a standard 7-day oral dose, and bioaccumulation and transcriptional responses in the liver were examined 1 day after the end-of-treatment (day 8) and after 1 week of elimination (day 14). Bioaccumulation levels of lufenuron were 29 ± 3 mg/kg at day 8 and 14 ± 1 mg/kg at day 14, indicating relatively rapid clearance. However, residues of lufenuron were still present in the liver after 513 days of depuration. The exposure gave a transient inhibition of transcription in the liver at day 8 (2437 significant DEGs, p-adj < .05), followed by a weaker compensatory response at day 14 (169 significant DEGs). Pathways associated with RNA metabolism such as the sumoylation pathway were most strongly affected at day 8, while the apelin pathway was most profoundly affected at day 14. In conclusion, this study shows that lufenuron easily bioaccumulates and that a standard 7-day oral dose induces a transient inhibition of transcription in liver of salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål A Olsvik
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
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Midtbø HMD, Eichner C, Hamre LA, Dondrup M, Flesland L, Tysseland KH, Kongshaug H, Borchel A, Skoge RH, Nilsen F, Øvergård AC. Salmon louse labial gland enzymes: implications for host settlement and immune modulation. Front Genet 2024; 14:1303898. [PMID: 38299097 PMCID: PMC10828956 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1303898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a skin- and blood-feeding ectoparasite, infesting salmonids. While feeding, labial gland proteins from the salmon louse may be deposited on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) skin. Previously characterized labial gland proteins are involved in anti-coagulation and may contribute to inhibiting Atlantic salmon from mounting a sufficient immune response against the ectoparasite. As labial gland proteins seem to be important in the host-parasite interaction, we have, therefore, identified and characterized ten enzymes localized to the labial gland. They are a large group of astacins named L. salmonis labial gland astacin 1-8 (LsLGA 1-8), one serine protease named L. salmonis labial gland serine protease 1 (LsLGSP1), and one apyrase named L. salmonis labial gland apyrase 1 (LsLGAp1). Protein domain predictions showed that LsLGA proteins all have N-terminal ShK domains, which may bind to potassium channels targeting the astacins to its substrate. LsLGA1 and -4 are, in addition, expressed in another gland type, whose secrete also meets the host-parasite interface. This suggests that LsLGA proteins may have an anti-microbial function and may prevent secondary infections in the wounds. LsLGAp1 is predicted to hydrolyze ATP or AMP and is, thereby, suggested to have an immune dampening function. In a knockdown study targeting LsLGSP1, a significant increase in IL-8 and MMP13 at the skin infestation site was seen under LsLGSP1 knockdown salmon louse compared to the control, suggesting that LsLGSP1 may have an anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, most of the identified labial gland proteins are expressed in mature copepodids prior to host settlement, are not regulated by starvation, and are expressed at similar or higher levels in lice infesting the salmon louse-resistant pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). This study, thereby, emphasizes the importance of labial gland proteins for host settlement and their immune dampening function. This work can further contribute to anti-salmon louse treatment such as vaccine development, functional feed, or gene-edited salmon louse-resistant Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Eichner
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Are Hamre
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Dondrup
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linn Flesland
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Heidi Kongshaug
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Borchel
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Renate Hvidsten Skoge
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Coates A, Robinson NA, Dempster T, Johnsen I, Phillips BL. Evolutionary predictions for a parasite metapopulation: Modelling salmon louse resistance to pest controls in aquaculture. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1982-1998. [PMID: 38143899 PMCID: PMC10739098 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pests often evolve resistance to pest controls used in agriculture and aquaculture. The rate of pest adaptation is influenced by the type of control, the selective pressure it imposes, and the gene flow between farms. By understanding how these factors influence evolution at the metapopulation level, pest management strategies that prevent resistance from evolving can be developed. We developed a model for the metapopulation and evolutionary dynamics of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), which is a major parasite affecting salmon aquaculture. Different management scenarios were simulated across a network of salmon farms covering half of Norway, and their effects on louse epidemiology and evolution were investigated. We compared louse controls that differed in how they were deployed through time (discrete vs. continuous), how they impacted the louse life cycle, and in their overall efficacy. We adjusted the strength of selection imposed by treatments, the dominance effect of the resistant allele, and the geographic location at which resistance originated. Continuously acting strategies (e.g., louse-resistant salmon) were generally more effective than discrete strategies at controlling lice, especially when they increased louse mortality during early developmental stages. However, effective strategies also risked imposing frequent and/or strong selection on lice, thus driving rapid adaptation. Resistant alleles were more likely to be lost through genetic drift when they were recessive, had a low-fitness advantage, or originated in low-farm-density areas. The north-flowing current along the Norwegian coastline dispersed resistant genes from south to north, and limited gene flow in the opposite direction. We demonstrate how evolutionary models can produce quantitative predictions over large spatial and temporal scales and for a range of pest control scenarios. Quantitative outputs can be translated into practical management decisions applied at a regional level to minimise the risk of resistance developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Coates
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory – Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), Queenscliff Marine Science CentreDeakin UniversityBurwoodVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nicholas A. Robinson
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory – Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), Queenscliff Marine Science CentreDeakin UniversityBurwoodVictoriaAustralia
- Breeding and Genetics, NofimaÅsNorway
| | - Tim Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory – Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), Queenscliff Marine Science CentreDeakin UniversityBurwoodVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Ben L. Phillips
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Trombetta E, Jakubiak S, Kutkova S, Lipschutz D, O’Hare A, Enright JA. A modeling study of the impact of treatment policies on the evolution of resistance in sea lice on salmon farms. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294708. [PMID: 38019751 PMCID: PMC10686416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonid aquaculture is an important source of nutritious food with more than 2 million tonnes of fish produced each year (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, 2019). In most salmon producing countries, sea lice represent a major barrier to the sustainability of salmonid aquaculture. This issue is exacerbated by widespread resistance to chemical treatments on both sides of the Atlantic. Regulation for sea lice management mostly involves reporting lice counts and treatment thresholds, which depending on interpretation may encourage preemptive treatments. We have developed a stochastic simulation model of sea lice infestation including the lice life-cycle, genetic resistance to treatment, a wildlife reservoir, salmon growth and stocking practices in the context of infestation, and coordination of treatment between farms. Farms report infestation levels to a central organisation, and may then cooperate or not when coordinated treatment is triggered. Treatment practice then impacts the level of resistance in the surrounding sea lice population. Our simulation finds that treatment drives selection for resistance and coordination between managers is key. We also find that position in the hydrologically-derived network of farms can impact individual farm infestation levels and the topology of this network can impact overall infestation and resistance. We show how coordination and triggering of treatment alongside varying hydrological topology of farm connections affects the evolution of lice resistance, and thus optimise salmon quality within socio-economic and environmental constraints. Network topology drives infestation levels in cages, treatments, and hence treatment-driven resistance. Thus farmer behaviour may be highly dependent on hydrologically position and local level of infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Trombetta
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Jakubiak
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Kutkova
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Debby Lipschutz
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony O’Hare
- Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica A. Enright
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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da Santa Lopes T, Costas B, Ramos-Pinto L, Reynolds P, Imsland AKD, Fernandes JMO. Exploring the Effects of Acute Stress Exposure on Lumpfish Plasma and Liver Biomarkers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3623. [PMID: 38066974 PMCID: PMC10705318 DOI: 10.3390/ani13233623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to expand knowledge on lumpfish stress physiology by investigating the effects of acute stress on primary (i.e., cortisol) and secondary (e.g., metabolites) stress responses, as well as oxidative stress biomarkers, from stress exposure to a recovery phase. The results showed that the lumpfish physiological response to 1 min air exposure is mild, in line with recent studies, and comparable to that described for white sturgeons. Cortisol seems to be the most reliable acute stress biomarker in lumpfish, with a significant increase in plasma 30 min after stress exposure, returning to resting levels 2 h after exposure. In contrast, glucose and lactate were not significantly altered by short-term air exposure. Effects on hepatic energy mobilisation were also detected following the acute stress. This study showed that acute 1 min air exposure seems tolerable, allowing a swift recovery. However, more studies on the impacts of air exposure and repeated acute stressors on lumpfish stress and immune responses are required to develop industry standards for lumpfish health and welfare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago da Santa Lopes
- Gildeskål Forskningsstasjon AS, 8140 Inndyr, Norway; (T.d.S.L.); (P.R.)
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (L.R.-P.)
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (L.R.-P.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lourenço Ramos-Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (L.R.-P.)
| | - Patrick Reynolds
- Gildeskål Forskningsstasjon AS, 8140 Inndyr, Norway; (T.d.S.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Albert K. D. Imsland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
- Akvaplan-niva Iceland Office, 201 Kópavogur, Iceland
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Watanabe Y, Hansen J, Kotake M, Fujii R, Matsuoka H, Yoshinaga T. Effect of Biokos, a natural lipopeptide surfactant extracted from a bacterium of the Pseudomonas genus, on infection of Cryptocaryon irritans. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:1311-1319. [PMID: 37579018 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Cryptocaryoniasis (marine white spot disease), caused by Cryptocaryon irritans, is a major threat to marine fish cultures in tropical and subtropical waters, and a serious nuisance to hobbyists with saltwater fish tanks. With only classical treatment schedules such as copper salts or hyposaline baths being available, control of the disease remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated the effect of Biokos, a viscosin-like lipopeptide surfactant extracted from a bacterium of the Pseudomonas genus, on the external life stages of C. irritans, including theronts, protomonts and tomonts. The present study demonstrated that the compound has an antiparasitic effect on all tested external stages of the parasite. In particular, when Biokos was used at 48 mg/L, it was able to kill almost all theronts and protomonts within 1 h in in vitro experiments, and using the same concentration in an in vivo challenge experiment, the parasitic load was reduced by more than 95% compared to the control group with no Biokos. Additionally, cultured fish cells were able to proliferate, and fish showed no adverse signs at Biokos concentrations that were effective in killing the parasite. Thus, Biokos may be a promising way for preventing or reducing the burden of this parasitic disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuho Watanabe
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Maho Kotake
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Fujii
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Matsuoka
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Yoshinaga
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Gislefoss E, Abdelrahim Gamil AA, Øvergård AC, Evensen Ø. Identification and characterization of two salmon louse heme peroxidases and their potential as vaccine antigens. iScience 2023; 26:107991. [PMID: 37854698 PMCID: PMC10579435 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, represents major challenge for salmon farming. Current treatments impose welfare issues and are costly, whereas prophylactic measures are unavailable. Two salmon louse heme peroxidases (LsPxtl-1 and LsPxtl-2) were tested for their importance for parasite development and as potential vaccine candidates. LsPxtl-1 possesses two heme peroxidase domains and is expressed in ovaries and gut, whereas LsPxtl-2 encodes one domain and contains N-terminal signal peptide and an Eph receptor ligand-binding domain. LsPxtl-1, but not LsPxtl-2, knockdown in nauplius II stage caused poor swimming and death, indicating its importance for parasite development. Immunizations using single DNA plasmid injection encoding the peroxidases or heterologous prime (DNA) and boost (recombinant LsPxtl-2 protein) gave non-significant reduction in lice numbers. Single injection gave low specific antibody levels compared with the prime-boost. The findings suggest LsPxtl-1 is important for parasite development but formulations and vaccination modalities used did not significantly reduce lice infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Gislefoss
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Sea Lice Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amr Ahmed Abdelrahim Gamil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Sea Lice Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Sea Lice Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Sea Lice Research Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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13
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Woo WS, Shim SH, Kang G, Kim KH, Son HJ, Sohn MY, Lee S, Kim J, Seo JS, Kwon MG, Kim DH, Park CI. Assessment of Salinomycin's Potential to Treat Microcotyle sebastis in Korean Rockfish ( Sebastes schlegelii). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3233. [PMID: 37893959 PMCID: PMC10603687 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture, a crucial sector of the global food industry, faces a myriad of issues due to parasitic invasions. One such parasite, Microcotyle sebastis, which afflicts Korean rockfish in South Korea, has a significant economic impact. The impending danger of resistance to traditional anthelmintics necessitates the exploration of new antiparasitic candidates. Although the efficacy of salinomycin against aquatic parasites such as ciliates and sporozoans is known, its influence on monogeneans has yet to be studied. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy and safety of salinomycin for the treatment of M. sebastis infections, presenting the first exploration of salinomycin's therapeutic potential against monogeneans. In vitro examinations revealed a minimum effective concentration of salinomycin of 5 mg/kg, which led to necrosis of the haptor upon dislodging from the gill filaments. The one-time oral administration of the drug at concentrations of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg showed a significant dose-dependent reduction in parasite counts, with no apparent behavioral side effects in Korean rockfish. Biochemical analyses monitored the liver, heart, and kidney enzymes, specifically aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB). At both 20 °C and 13 °C, no significant differences were observed in the levels of AST and ALT. However, at 20 °C, alterations in BUN levels were evident on Day 14, a deviation not observed at 13 °C. The CK-MB analysis revealed elevated enzyme levels at both temperatures when compared to the control group, reflecting the similar changes observed in terrestrial animals administered salinomycin. The biochemical data suggest that the oral administration of salinomycin is potentially more favorable at 13 °C than at 20 °C. Although our findings warrant further comprehensive studies, including on the long-term and potential effects on nontarget species and water quality, they also suggest that salinomycin could be considered as an alternative or adjunctive treatment if resistance to the currently used praziquantel against M. sebastis is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Woo
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoungsik Kang
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Son
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Sohn
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyeong Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Seo
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2 Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
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14
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Zhou W, Lie KK, Chikwati E, Kousoulaki K, Lein I, Sæle Ø, Krogdahl Å, Kortner TM. Soya saponins and prebiotics alter intestinal functions in Ballan wrasse ( Labrus bergylta). Br J Nutr 2023; 130:765-782. [PMID: 36632013 PMCID: PMC10404481 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452200383x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A 5-week feeding trial was conducted in the cleaner fish Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) for a better understanding of the basic biology of the intestinal functions and health in this stomach less species. During the trial, Ballan wrasse was fed either a reference diet, the reference diet supplemented with (i) a commercial prebiotic (Aquate™ SG, 0·4 %) expected to have beneficial effects, (ii) soya saponins (0·7 %) expected to induce inflammation or (iii) a combination of the prebiotics and the soya saponins to find a remedy for gut inflammation. Blood, intestinal tissue and gut content from four consecutive intestinal segments (IN1 - IN4) were collected. No significant differences in fish growth were observed between the four dietary groups. Saponin supplementation, both alone and in combination with prebiotics, increased weight index of IN2 and IN3 and decreased blood plasma glucose, cholesterol and total protein. Dry matter of intestinal content and activity of digestive enzymes were not affected by diet. Histomorphological analyses revealed a progressing inflammation with increased infiltration by immune cells particularly into the distal parts of the intestine in fish fed diets with saponins, both alone and in combination with prebiotics. Gene expression profiles obtained by RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR mirrored the histological and biochemical changes induced by the saponin load. The study demonstrated that Ballan wrasse gut health and digestive function may be markedly affected by feed ingredients containing antinutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Zhou
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Kai K. Lie
- Feed and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elvis Chikwati
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Øystein Sæle
- Feed and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Trond M. Kortner
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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15
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Nugent CM, Kess T, Brachmann MK, Langille BL, Duffy SJ, Lehnert SJ, Wringe BF, Bentzen P, Bradbury IR. Whole-genome sequencing reveals fine-scale environment-associated divergence near the range limits of a temperate reef fish. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4742-4762. [PMID: 37430462 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental variation is increasingly recognized as an important driver of diversity in marine species despite the lack of physical barriers to dispersal and the presence of pelagic stages in many taxa. A robust understanding of the genomic and ecological processes involved in structuring populations is lacking for most marine species, often hindering management and conservation action. Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) is a temperate reef fish with both pelagic early life-history stages and strong site-associated homing as adults; the species is also of interest for use as a cleaner fish in salmonid aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. We aimed to characterize genomic and geographic differentiation of cunner in the Northwest Atlantic. To achieve this, a chromosome-level genome assembly for cunner was produced and used to characterize spatial population structure throughout Atlantic Canada using whole-genome sequencing. The genome assembly spanned 0.72 Gbp and 24 chromosomes; whole-genome sequencing of 803 individuals from 20 locations from Newfoundland to New Jersey identified approximately 11 million genetic variants. Principal component analysis revealed four regional Atlantic Canadian groups. Pairwise FST and selection scans revealed signals of differentiation and selection at discrete genomic regions, including adjacent peaks on chromosome 10 across multiple pairwise comparisons (i.e. FST 0.5-0.75). Redundancy analysis suggested association of environmental variables related to benthic temperature and oxygen range with genomic structure. Results suggest regional scale diversity in this temperate reef fish and can directly inform the collection and translocation of cunner for aquaculture applications and the conservation of wild populations throughout the Northwest Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M Nugent
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Tony Kess
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Matthew K Brachmann
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Barbara L Langille
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Steven J Duffy
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Sarah J Lehnert
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Brendan F Wringe
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian R Bradbury
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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16
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Langille BL, Kess T, Brachmann M, Nugent CM, Messmer A, Duffy SJ, Holborn MK, Van Wyngaarden M, Knutsen TM, Kent M, Boyce D, Gregory RS, Gauthier J, Fairchild EA, Pietrak M, Eddy S, de Leaniz CG, Consuegra S, Whittaker B, Bentzen P, Bradbury IR. Fine-scale environmentally associated spatial structure of lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus) across the Northwest Atlantic. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1619-1636. [PMID: 37752959 PMCID: PMC10519416 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus, have historically been harvested throughout Atlantic Canada and are increasingly in demand as a solution to controlling sea lice in Atlantic salmon farms-a process which involves both the domestication and the transfer of lumpfish between geographic regions. At present, little is known regarding population structure and diversity of wild lumpfish in Atlantic Canada, limiting attempts to assess the potential impacts of escaped lumpfish individuals from salmon pens on currently at-risk wild populations. Here, we characterize the spatial population structure and genomic-environmental associations of wild populations of lumpfish throughout the Northwest Atlantic using both 70K SNP array data and whole-genome re-sequencing data (WGS). At broad spatial scales, our results reveal a large environmentally associated genetic break between the southern populations (Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy) and northern populations (Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence), linked to variation in ocean temperature and ice cover. At finer spatial scales, evidence of population structure was also evident in a distinct coastal group in Newfoundland and significant isolation by distance across the northern region. Both evidence of consistent environmental associations and elevated genome-wide variation in F ST values among these three regional groups supports their biological relevance. This study represents the first extensive description of population structure of lumpfish in Atlantic Canada, revealing evidence of broad and fine geographic scale environmentally associated genomic diversity. Our results will facilitate the commercial use of lumpfish as a cleaner fish in Atlantic salmon aquaculture, the identification of lumpfish escapees, and the delineation of conservation units of this at-risk species throughout Atlantic Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L. Langille
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Tony Kess
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Matthew Brachmann
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Cameron M. Nugent
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Amber Messmer
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Steven J. Duffy
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Melissa K. Holborn
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Mallory Van Wyngaarden
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | | | - Matthew Kent
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Centre for Integrative GeneticsNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Danny Boyce
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Sciences CentreMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Robert S. Gregory
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Johanne Gauthier
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaQuebecCanada
| | | | - Michael Pietrak
- USDA, Agricultural Research ServiceNational Cold Water Marine Aquaculture CenterFranklinMaineUSA
| | - Stephen Eddy
- University of Maine Center for Cooperative Aquaculture ResearchFranklinMaineUSA
| | | | - Sofia Consuegra
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Ben Whittaker
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Marine Gene Probe Laboratory, Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Ian R. Bradbury
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John'sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
- Marine Gene Probe Laboratory, Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
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17
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Mlingi FT, Puvanendran V, Burgerhout E, Tveiten H, Tomkiewicz J, Kjørsvik E, Mommens M. Ultrasonic imaging as a means of monitoring gonadal development in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15811. [PMID: 37734934 PMCID: PMC10513926 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The commercial farming of juvenile lumpfish requires monitoring of gonadal development to achieve synchronized production. Conventional methods such as gonadosomatic index (GSI), sex hormone analyses, gonadal histology, endoscopy, and gene expression analyses are costly, invasive, and often involve sacrificing the fish. We assessed the efficiency of ultrasound as a non-invasive method for monitoring gonadal development in lumpfish. Based on ultrasound observations, we categorized the fish into six stages; F0 to F5 for females and M0 to M5 for males, that represented maturity levels from immature to spent. Importantly, the ultrasound gonadal stages aligned with histological gonadal stages. Additionally, ultrasound stages aligned with profiles of GSI, testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone, and 17β-estradiol throughout gonadal development including the spawning period. Moreover, these parameters exhibited significant positive correlations with each other reflecting their parallel trends during gonadal development. To minimize the frequency of ultrasound usage and fish handling, we established F3 and M3/M4 as arbitrary thresholds for identifying ripe females and males, respectively. By using these thresholds, the need for regular ultrasound monitoring could be reduced during most of the rearing period. Ultrasound proves to be useful and reliable for monitoring gonadal development in lumpfish, enabling synchronized production of juvenile fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Thomas Mlingi
- Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
- Present address:
Ode ASStadsbygdNorway
| | | | | | - Helge Tveiten
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Jonna Tomkiewicz
- Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Elin Kjørsvik
- Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | - Maren Mommens
- Department of Breeding and Research and DevelopmentAquaGen ASTrondheimNorway
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18
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Torrealba D, Morales-Lange B, Mulero V, Vasemägi A, Mercado L, Gallardo-Matus J. Heritability of Immunity Traits and Resistance of Atlantic Salmon against the Sea Louse Caligus rogercresseyi. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1078. [PMID: 37626964 PMCID: PMC10452322 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The immune response of Atlantic salmon to sea lice has been extensively studied, but we still do not know the mechanisms by which some fish become resistant and others do not. In this study, we estimated the heritabilities of three key proteins associated with the innate immunity and resistance of Salmo salar against the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. In particular, we quantified the abundance of 2 pro-inflammatory cytokines, Tnfα and Il-8, and an antioxidant enzyme, Nkef, in Atlantic salmon skin and gill tissue from 21 families and 268 individuals by indirect ELISA. This covers a wide parasite load range from low or resistant (mean sea lice ± SE = 8.7 ± 0.9) to high or susceptible (mean sea lice ± SE = 43.3 ± 2.0). Our results showed that susceptible fish had higher levels of Nkef and Tnfα than resistant fish in their gills and skin, although gill Il-8 was higher in resistant fish, while no significant differences were found in the skin. Furthermore, moderate to very high heritable genetic variation was estimated for Nkef (h2 skin: 0.96 ± 0.14 and gills: 0.97 ± 0.11) and Tnfα (h2 skin: 0.53 ± 0.17 and gills: 0.32 ± 0.14), but not for Il-8 (h2 skin: 0.22 ± 0.12 ns and gills: 0.09 ± 0.08 ns). This work provides evidence that Nkef and Tnfα protein expressions are highly heritable and related to resistance against sea lice in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Torrealba
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (L.M.)
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, C. Campus Universitario, 5, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Almas Allé 8, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 1a, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (L.M.)
| | - José Gallardo-Matus
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
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19
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Rutle KH, Skern‐Mauritzen R, Nilsen F, Mateos‐Rivera A, Eide AGS, Jansson E, Quintela M, Besnier F, Allyon F, Fjørtoft HB, Glover KA. Aquaculture-driven evolution of the salmon louse mtDNA genome. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1328-1344. [PMID: 37492153 PMCID: PMC10363823 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance toward the antiparasitic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, is reported in the Atlantic salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis salmonis), a persistent ectoparasite of farmed and wild salmonids. The resistance mechanism is linked to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), where genetic markers for resistance have been identified. Here, we investigated how widespread pyrethroid use in aquaculture may have influenced mtDNA variation in lice, and the dispersion of resistant haplotypes across the North Atlantic, using historical (2000-2002 "pre-resistance") and contemporary (2014-2017 "post-resistance") samples. To study this, we sequenced ATPase 6 and cytochrome b, genotyped two genetic markers for deltamethrin resistance, and genotyped microsatellites as "neutral" controls of potential population bottlenecks. Overall, we observed a modest reduction in mtDNA diversity in the period 2000-2017, but no reduction in microsatellite variation was observed. The reduction in mtDNA variation was especially distinct in two of the contemporary samples, fixed for one and two haplotypes, respectively. By contrast, all historical samples consisted of close to one mtDNA haplotype per individual. No population genetic structure was detected among the historical samples for mtDNA nor microsatellites. By contrast, significant population genetic differentiation was observed for mtDNA among some of the contemporary samples. However, the observed population genetic structure was tightly linked with the pattern of deltamethrin resistance, and we therefore conclude that it primarily reflects the transient mosaic of pyrethroid usage in time and space. Two historically undetected mtDNA haplotypes dominated in the contemporary samples, both of which were linked to deltamethrin resistance, demonstrating primarily two origins of deltamethrin resistance in the North Atlantic. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the widespread use of pyrethroids in commercial aquaculture has substantially altered the patterns of mtDNA diversity in lice across the North Atlantic, and that long-distance dispersion of resistance is rapid due to high level of genetic connectivity that is observed in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Nilsen
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Helene Børretzen Fjørtoft
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of Biological Sciences in AalesundNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyAalesundNorway
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20
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Braden LM, Michaud D, Groman D, Byrne P, Hori TS, Fast MD. Rejection of Lepeophtheirus salmonis driven in part by chitin sensing is not impacted by seawater acclimitization in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Sci Rep 2023; 13:9685. [PMID: 37322246 PMCID: PMC10272145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is tremendous variation in life-history strategies among anadromous salmonids. Species that enter the ocean environment at small sizes (< 20 g) are likely under more physiological pressure from pathogens; however, little data is available on responses at these early stages. With this in mind, we performed salmon louse challenges with Coho salmon either immediately after seawater entry (SW; ca. 10 g) or after 30 days in SW (ca. 20 g). Irrespective of size or time in SW, parasites were rapidly rejected by the host, with > 90% of all parasites lost by 16 days post-infection (dpi). Rejection was concomitant with host epithelial granulomatous infiltrations that initially targeted the embedded frontal filament (4 dpi) and the entire parasite by 10 dpi. Illumina sequencing, followed by functional enrichment analysis, revealed a concerted defense response in the fin within 1 dpi that included multiple innate and adaptive immunity components. Strikingly, early indications of an allergic-type inflammatory response were associated with chitin sensing pathways orchestrated by early overexpression of the IgE-receptor, fcer1g. Additionally, there was profound overexpression of several classes of c-type lectin receptors, including dectin-2, mincle, and dc-sign at 1 dpi onward. These profiles and upregulation of cellular effector markers were corroborated by histopathological evaluation, revealing the simultaneous presence of mast cell/eosinophilic granular cells, sacciform cells, macrophages/histiocytes, and granulocytes in fin. At 10 dpi and concurrent with parasite expulsion, there was evidence of immunoregulation in addition to tissue remodelling pathways. At 16 dpi, the response was effectively abrogated. Simultaneous profiling of the parasite transcriptome revealed early induction of chitin metabolism and immunomodulation, toxin production and ECM degradation; however, after 7 dpi, these were replaced with overexpression of stress and immune defense genes. These data present the first evidence for Coho salmon demonstrating chitin- and sugar moiety-sensing as key drivers of salmon louse rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Braden
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Department of Fish Health and Molecular Biology, AquaBounty Canada, Souris, PE, Canada
| | - Dylan Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - David Groman
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Phil Byrne
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | | | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
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Woo WS, Kang G, Kim KH, Son HJ, Sohn MY, Lee JH, Seo JS, Kwon MG, Park CI. Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Levamisole Hydrochloride against Microcotyle sebastis in Korean Rockfish ( Sebastes schlegelii): An In Vitro and In Vivo Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1791. [PMID: 37889686 PMCID: PMC10252069 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections pose significant challenges in aquaculture, and the increasing resistance to conventional anthelmintics necessitates the exploration of alternative treatments. Levamisole hydrochloride (HCl) has demonstrated efficacy against monogenean infections in various fish species; however, research focused on Microcotyle sebastis infections in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of levamisole HCl against M. sebastis infections in Korean rockfish with the goal of optimizing anthelmintic usage in aquaculture. In this study, we first assessed the susceptibility of M. sebastis to levamisole HCl in vitro. Subsequently, in vivo evaluations were conducted to assess the drug's efficacy, safety, and to identify optimal administration methods. In vitro experiments revealed concentration-dependent sensitivity of M. sebastis to levamisole HCl, with a minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 100 mg/L. In vivo experiments employed oral administration, intraperitoneal injection, and immersion treatments based on the MEC. Oral administration proved to be a safe method, yielding efficacy rates of 27.3% and 41.6% for 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses, respectively, in contrast to the immersion and injection methods, which induced symptoms of abnormal swimming, vomiting, and death. Biochemical analyses conducted to assess the safety of levamisole HCl revealed a transient, statistically significant elevation in the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) on day three post-administration at 20 °C. Following this, no substantial differences were observed. However, at 13 °C, the enzyme levels remained relatively consistent, emphasizing the role of water temperature conditions in influencing the action of levamisole HCl. Our research findings substantiate the efficacy of levamisole HCl against M. sebastis in Korean rockfish, underscoring its potential for safe oral administration. These results provide valuable insights for developing parasite control strategies involving levamisole HCl in Korean rockfish populations while minimizing adverse impacts on fish health and the environment. However, this study bears limitations due to its controlled setting and narrow focus. Future research should expand on these findings by testing levamisole HCl in diverse environments, exploring different administration protocols, and examining wider temperature ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sik Woo
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoungsik Kang
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Son
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Sohn
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Seo
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
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22
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Øvergård AC, Eichner C, Nuñez-Ortiz N, Kongshaug H, Borchel A, Dalvin S. Transcriptomic and targeted immune transcript analyses confirm localized skin immune responses in Atlantic salmon towards the salmon louse. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108835. [PMID: 37236552 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are highly susceptible to infestations with the ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis, the salmon louse. Infestations elicit an immune response in the fish, but the response does not lead to parasite clearance, nor does it protect against subsequent infestations. It is, however, not known why the immune response is not adequate, possibly because the local response directly underneath the louse has been poorly evaluated. The present study describes the transcriptomic response by RNA sequencing of skin at the site of copepodid attachment. Analysing differentially expressed genes, 2864 were higher and 1357 were lower expressed at the louse attachment site compared to uninfested sites in the louse infested fish, while gene expression at uninfested sites were similar to uninfested control fish. The transcriptional patterns of selected immune genes were further detailed in three skin compartments/types: Whole skin, scales only and fin tissue. The elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cell marker transcripts observed in whole skin and scale samples were not induced in fin, and a higher cytokine transcript level in scale samples suggest it can be used as a nonlethal sampling method to enhance selective breeding trials. Furthermore, the immune response was followed in both skin and anterior kidney as the infestation developed. Here, newly moulted preadult 1 stage lice induced a higher immune response than chalimi and adult lice. Overall, infestation with salmon louse induce a modest but early immune response with an elevation of mainly innate immune transcripts, with the response primarily localized to the site of attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Pb. 7803, Bergen, NO-5020, Norway.
| | - Christiane Eichner
- SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Pb. 7803, Bergen, NO-5020, Norway
| | - Noelia Nuñez-Ortiz
- SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, Disease and Pathogen Transmission, Institute of Marine Research, Pb. 1870 Nordnes, Bergen, NO-5817, Norway
| | - Heidi Kongshaug
- SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Pb. 7803, Bergen, NO-5020, Norway
| | - Andreas Borchel
- SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Pb. 7803, Bergen, NO-5020, Norway
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, Disease and Pathogen Transmission, Institute of Marine Research, Pb. 1870 Nordnes, Bergen, NO-5817, Norway
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23
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Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Gallardo-Escárate C, Valenzuela-Miranda D, Nuñez-Acuña G, Benavente BP, Alert A, Arevalo M. Transcriptome Signatures of Atlantic Salmon-Resistant Phenotypes against Sea Lice Infestation Are Associated with Tissue Repair. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050986. [PMID: 37239346 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmon aquaculture is constantly threatened by pathogens that impact fish health, welfare, and productivity, including the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. This marine ectoparasite is mainly controlled through delousing drug treatments that have lost efficacy. Therein, strategies such as salmon breeding selection represent a sustainable alternative to produce fish with resistance to sea lice. This study explored the whole-transcriptome changes in Atlantic salmon families with contrasting resistance phenotypes against lice infestation. In total, 121 Atlantic salmon families were challenged with 35 copepodites per fish and ranked after 14 infestation days. Skin and head kidney tissue from the top two lowest (R) and highest (S) infested families were sequenced by the Illumina platform. Genome-scale transcriptome analysis showed different expression profiles between the phenotypes. Significant differences in chromosome modulation between the R and S families were observed in skin tissue. Notably, the upregulation of genes associated with tissue repairs, such as collagen and myosin, was found in R families. Furthermore, skin tissue of resistant families showed the highest number of genes associated with molecular functions such as ion binding, transferase, and cytokine activity, compared with the susceptible. Interestingly, lncRNAs differentially modulated in the R/S families are located near genes associated with immune response, which are upregulated in the R family. Finally, SNPs variations were identified in both salmon families, where the resistant ones showed the highest number of SNPs variations. Remarkably, among the genes with SPNs, genes associated with the tissue repair process were identified. This study reported Atlantic salmon chromosome regions exclusively expressed in R or S Atlantic salmon families' phenotypes. Furthermore, due to the presence of SNPs and high expression of tissue repair genes in the resistant families, it is possible to suggest mucosal immune activation associated with the Atlantic salmon resistance to sea louse infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Diego Valenzuela-Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Gustavo Nuñez-Acuña
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Bárbara P Benavente
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Alejandro Alert
- Hendrix Genetics Aquaculture, Villarica P.O. Box 4930000, Chile
| | - Marta Arevalo
- Hendrix Genetics Aquaculture, Villarica P.O. Box 4930000, Chile
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24
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Leal Y, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Casuso A, Benavente BP, Gallardo-Escárate C. Comparative Transcriptomics in Atlantic Salmon Head Kidney and SHK-1 Cell Line Exposed to the Sea Louse Cr-Cathepsin. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040905. [PMID: 37107663 PMCID: PMC10138087 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines against sea lice in salmon farming is complex, expensive, and takes several years for commercial availability. Recently, transcriptome studies in sea louse have provided valuable information for identifying relevant molecules with potential use for fish vaccines. However, the bottleneck is the in vivo testing of recombinant protein candidates, the dosage, and the polyvalent formulation strategies. This study explored a cell-based approach to prospect antigens as candidate vaccines against sea lice by comparison with immunized fish. Herein, SHK-1 cells and Atlantic salmon head kidney tissue were exposed to the antigen cathepsin identified from the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. The cathepsin protein was cloned and recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, and then SHK-1 cell lines were stimulated with 100 ng/mL cathepsin recombinant for 24 h. In addition, Atlantic salmons were vaccinated with 30 ug/mL recombinant protein, and head kidney samples were then collected 30 days post-immunization. SHK-1 cells and salmon head kidney exposed to cathepsin were analyzed by Illumina RNA sequencing. The statistical comparisons showed differences in the transcriptomic profiles between SHK-1 cells and the salmon head kidney. However, 24.15% of the differentially expressed genes were shared. Moreover, putative gene regulation through lncRNAs revealed tissue-specific transcription patterns. The top 50 up and downregulated lncRNAs were highly correlated with genes involved in immune response, iron homeostasis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis. Also, highly enriched pathways related to the immune system and signal transduction were shared between both tissues. These findings highlight a novel approach to evaluating candidate antigens for sea lice vaccine development, improving the antigens screening in the SHK-1 cell line model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeny Leal
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Antonio Casuso
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Bárbara P Benavente
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
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25
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Robinson NA, Robledo D, Sveen L, Daniels RR, Krasnov A, Coates A, Jin YH, Barrett LT, Lillehammer M, Kettunen AH, Phillips BL, Dempster T, Doeschl‐Wilson A, Samsing F, Difford G, Salisbury S, Gjerde B, Haugen J, Burgerhout E, Dagnachew BS, Kurian D, Fast MD, Rye M, Salazar M, Bron JE, Monaghan SJ, Jacq C, Birkett M, Browman HI, Skiftesvik AB, Fields DM, Selander E, Bui S, Sonesson A, Skugor S, Østbye TK, Houston RD. Applying genetic technologies to combat infectious diseases in aquaculture. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2023; 15:491-535. [PMID: 38504717 PMCID: PMC10946606 DOI: 10.1111/raq.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Disease and parasitism cause major welfare, environmental and economic concerns for global aquaculture. In this review, we examine the status and potential of technologies that exploit genetic variation in host resistance to tackle this problem. We argue that there is an urgent need to improve understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved, leading to the development of tools that can be applied to boost host resistance and reduce the disease burden. We draw on two pressing global disease problems as case studies-sea lice infestations in salmonids and white spot syndrome in shrimp. We review how the latest genetic technologies can be capitalised upon to determine the mechanisms underlying inter- and intra-species variation in pathogen/parasite resistance, and how the derived knowledge could be applied to boost disease resistance using selective breeding, gene editing and/or with targeted feed treatments and vaccines. Gene editing brings novel opportunities, but also implementation and dissemination challenges, and necessitates new protocols to integrate the technology into aquaculture breeding programmes. There is also an ongoing need to minimise risks of disease agents evolving to overcome genetic improvements to host resistance, and insights from epidemiological and evolutionary models of pathogen infestation in wild and cultured host populations are explored. Ethical issues around the different approaches for achieving genetic resistance are discussed. Application of genetic technologies and approaches has potential to improve fundamental knowledge of mechanisms affecting genetic resistance and provide effective pathways for implementation that could lead to more resistant aquaculture stocks, transforming global aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Robinson
- Nofima ASTromsøNorway
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Diego Robledo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Rose Ruiz Daniels
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Andrew Coates
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ye Hwa Jin
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Luke T. Barrett
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research StationMatredalNorway
| | | | | | - Ben L. Phillips
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tim Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrea Doeschl‐Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Francisca Samsing
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneyCamdenAustralia
| | | | - Sarah Salisbury
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Dominic Kurian
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Atlantic Veterinary CollegeThe University of Prince Edward IslandCharlottetownPrince Edward IslandCanada
| | | | | | - James E. Bron
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
| | - Sean J. Monaghan
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
| | - Celeste Jacq
- Blue Analytics, Kong Christian Frederiks Plass 3BergenNorway
| | | | - Howard I. Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Ecosystem Acoustics GroupTromsøNorway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Ecosystem Acoustics GroupTromsøNorway
| | | | - Erik Selander
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Samantha Bui
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research StationMatredalNorway
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26
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Tribiños F, Cuevas P, Cornejo I, Sepúlveda FV, Cid LP. A new family of glutamate-gated chloride channels in parasitic sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi: A subunit refractory to activation by ivermectin is dominant in heteromeric assemblies. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011188. [PMID: 36917600 PMCID: PMC10038264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea louse ectoparasitosis is a major threat to fish aquaculture. Avermectins such as ivermectin and emamectin have been effectively used against sea louse infestation, but the emergence of resistance has limited their use. A better understanding of the molecular targets of avermectins is essential to the development of novel treatment strategies or new, more effective drugs. Avermectins are known to act by inhibiting neurotransmission through allosteric activation of glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls). We have investigated the GluCl subunit present in Caligus rogercresseyi, a sea louse affecting aquaculture in the Southern hemisphere. We identify four new subunits, CrGluCl-B to CrGluCl-E, and characterise them functionally. CrGluCl-A (previously reported as CrGluClα), CrGluCl-B and CrGluCl-C all function as glutamate channel receptors with different sensitivities to the agonist, but in contrast to subunit -A and -C, CrGluCl-B is not activated by ivermectin but is rather antagonised by the drug. CrGluCl-D channel appears active in the absence of any stimulation by glutamate or ivermectin and CrGluCl-E does not exhibit any activity. Notably, the expression of CrGluCl-B with either -A or -C subunits gives rise to receptors unresponsive to ivermectin and showing altered response to glutamate, suggesting that coexpression has led to the preferential formation of heteromers to which the presence of CrGluCl-B confers the property of ivermectin-activation refractoriness. Furthermore, there was evidence for heteromer formation with novel properties only when coexpressing pairs E/C and D/B CrGluCl subtypes. Site-directed mutagenesis shows that three transmembrane domain residues contribute to the lack of activation by ivermectin, most crucially Gln 15' in M2, with mutation Q15'T (the residue present in ivermectin-activated subunits A and C) conferring ivermectin activation to CrGluCl-B. The differential response to avermectin of these Caligus rogercresseyi GluClsubunits, which are highly conserved in the Northern hemisphere sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis, could have an influence on the response of these parasites to treatment with macrocyclic lactones. They could serve as molecular markers to assess susceptibility to existing treatments and might be useful molecular targets in the search for novel antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Cornejo
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco V Sepúlveda
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Pablo Cid
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
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27
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Vollset KW, Lennox RJ, Skoglund H, Karlsen Ø, Normann ES, Wiers T, Stöger E, Barlaup BT. Direct evidence of increased natural mortality of a wild fish caused by parasite spillback from domestic conspecifics. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20221752. [PMID: 36695034 PMCID: PMC9880801 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite spillback from domestic animals can distort the balance between host and parasites in surrounding wildlife, with potential detrimental effects on wild populations. In aquatic environments, parasite spillback from aquaculture to wild salmon is one of the most contentious sustainability debates. In a 19 year time series of release group studies of Atlantic salmon, we demonstrated that (i) the effect of subjecting out-migrating salmon smolts to parasite treatment on marine survival has been reduced over a time, (ii) the relation between salmon lice levels in the out-migration route of the salmon and effect of treatment against the parasite is weak, but also (iii) the return rates in both treated and untreated groups of salmon are negatively correlated with salmon lice levels, and (iv) returns of wild salmon to the region are similarly negatively correlated with salmon lice levels during the out-migration year. Our study suggests that salmon lice can have a large effect on wild salmon populations that is not revealed with randomized control trials using antiparasitic drugs. This should be better accounted for when considering the impacts of farms on wild salmon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Wiik Vollset
- Climate and Environment, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert J Lennox
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helge Skoglund
- Climate and Environment, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ørjan Karlsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirik Straume Normann
- Climate and Environment, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tore Wiers
- Climate and Environment, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Stöger
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn T Barlaup
- Climate and Environment, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
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28
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Montory JA, Cubillos VM, Lee MR, Chaparro OR, Gebauer P, Cumillaf JP, Cruces E. The interactive effect of anti-sea lice pesticide azamethiphos and temperature on the physiological performance of the filter-feeding bivalve Ostrea chilensis: A non-target species. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 183:105837. [PMID: 36481714 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The pesticide azamethiphos used by the salmon industry to treat sea lice, is applied as a bath and subsequently discharged into the sea. The effects of azamethiphos concentration (0, 15 and 100 μg L-1) on the physiology of the Chilean oyster (Ostrea chilensis) at two temperatures (12 and 15 °C) was examined. In all azamethiphos treatments, oysters kept at 15 °C had clearance rates (CR) higher than oysters kept at 12 °C. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increased at higher temperatures, except with 100 μg L-1 of azamethiphos, where no changes were observed. Sixty days after the exposure, survival rates of 91 and 79% (15 and 100 μg L-1, respectively), were observed compared to the controls, a situation independent of the experimental temperature. The interaction between temperature and pesticide has detrimental effects on the physiological performance and survival of O. chilensis, and these effects should also be assessed for other non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Montory
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad De Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Victor M Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Matthew R Lee
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad De Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Oscar R Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Paulina Gebauer
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad De Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Juan P Cumillaf
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Los Pinos s/n, Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Edgardo Cruces
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras-Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA), Universidad de Atacama, Avenida Copayapu 485, Copiapó, Chile
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Peritrophin-like Genes Are Associated with Delousing Drug Response and Sensitivity in the Sea Louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113341. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caligus rogercresseyi is the main ectoparasite that affects the salmon industry in Chile. The mechanisms used by the parasite to support its life strategy are of great interest for developing control strategies. Due to the critical role of insect peritrophins in host–parasite interactions and response to pest control drugs, this study aimed to identify and characterize the peritrophin-like genes present in C. rogercresseyi. Moreover, the expression of peritrophin-like genes was evaluated on parasites exposed to delousing drugs such as pyrethroids and azamethiphos. Peritrophin genes were identified by homology analysis among the sea louse transcriptome database and arthropods peritrophin-protein database obtained from GenBank and UniProt. Moreover, the gene loci in the parasite genome were located. Furthermore, peritrophin gene expression levels were evaluated by RNA-Seq analysis in sea louse developmental stages and sea lice exposed to delousing drugs deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and azamethiphos. Seven putative peritrophin-like genes were identified in C. rogercresseyi with high homology with other crustacean peritrophins. Differences in the presence of signal peptides, the number of chitin-binding domains, and the position of conserved cysteines were found. In addition, seven peritrophin-like gene sequences were identified in the C. rogercresseyi genome. Gene expression analysis revealed a stage-dependent expression profile. Notably, differential regulation of peritrophin genes in resistant and susceptible populations to delousing drugs was found. These data are the first report and characterization of peritrophin genes in the sea louse C. rogercresseyi, representing valuable knowledge to understand sea louse biology. Moreover, this study provides evidence for a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of C. rogercresseyi response to delousing drugs.
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Krolicka A, Mæland Nilsen M, Klitgaard Hansen B, Wulf Jacobsen M, Provan F, Baussant T. Sea lice (Lepeophtherius salmonis) detection and quantification around aquaculture installations using environmental DNA. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274736. [PMID: 36129924 PMCID: PMC9491551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring ectoparasite salmon lice (Lepeophtherirus salmonis) poses a great challenge for the salmon farming industry, as well as for wild salmonids in the Northern hemisphere. To better control the infestation pressure and protect the production, there is a need to provide fish farmers with sensitive and efficient tools for rapid early detection and monitoring of the parasitic load. This can be achieved by targeting L. salmonis DNA in environmental samples. Here, we developed and tested a new L. salmonis specific DNA-based assay (qPCR assay) for detection and quantification from seawater samples using an analytical pipeline compatible with the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) for autonomous water sample analysis of gene targets. Specificity of the L. salmonis qPCR assay was demonstrated through in-silico DNA analyses covering sequences of different L. salmonis isolates. Seawater was spiked with known numbers of nauplii and copepodite free-swimming (planktonic) stages of L. salmonis to investigate the relationship with the number of marker gene copies (MGC). Finally, field samples collected at different times of the year in the vicinity of a salmon production farm in Western Norway were analyzed for L. salmonis detection and quantification. The assay specificity was high and a high correlation between MGC and planktonic stages of L. salmonis was established in the laboratory conditions. In the field, L. salmonis DNA was consequently detected, but with MGC number below that expected for one copepodite or nauplii. We concluded that only L. salmonis tissue or eDNA residues were detected. This novel study opens for a fully automatized L. salmonis DNA quantification using ESP robotic to monitor the parasitic load, but challenges remain to exactly transfer information about eDNA quantities to decisions by the farmers and possible interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magnus Wulf Jacobsen
- Danish Technical University, Section for Marine Living Resources, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Fiona Provan
- Norwegian Research Centre AS (NORCE), Stavanger, Norway
| | - Thierry Baussant
- Norwegian Research Centre AS (NORCE), Stavanger, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Bui S, Madaro A, Nilsson J, Fjelldal PG, Iversen MH, Brinchman MF, Venås B, Schrøder MB, Stien LH. Warm water treatment increased mortality risk in salmon. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 17:100265. [PMID: 35898237 PMCID: PMC9309499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased temperature gave higher mortality. The fish group that was not handled had no mortality. Eye damages were more prevalent in warm water treated groups. The salmon had clear behavioural reactions to the 27 °C water despite low Δt. The behavioural reactions were less at the second treatment compared to the first.
Thermal treatment is a controversial method to control sea lice in the Atlantic salmon farming industry. This study aimed to complement the growing evidence base to document the impact of thermal treatments on salmon welfare, behaviour, physiology and health. Here, fish were treated two times (four weeks apart) for 30 s in either 27, 30, or 33 °C warm water, and parameters were compared to a procedural control (exposed to their holding temperature of 14 °C) or a negative control (where no treatments were applied). The fish had a clear behavioural response to the warm water, despite low difference between treatment and holding temperature (Δt = 13, 16 or 19 °C). Eye damages were more prevalent in the warm water treated groups than in the controls. Little difference was recorded between treatment groups in their growth and condition factor, blood plasma values, organ health, and long-term coping ability. There was, however, a significant increase in mortality as a function of temperature after the first treatment (14 °C: 6.5%, 27 °C: 5.3%, 30 °C: 12.4% and 33 °C: 18.9% mortality). The first treatment was performed only two weeks after the fish had been tagged and moved into the experimental holding tanks, while the fish had been allowed to recover for four weeks without any handling before the second treatment. The group of fish that were not subjected to any treatments (the negative control) had no mortality throughout the entire experimental period.
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Jacova R, Kennedy C. Avermectin Toxicity to Benthic Invertebrates is Modified by Sediment Organic Carbon and Chemical Residence Time. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1918-1936. [PMID: 35579385 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals used in sea lice management strategies in salmonid aquaculture include the avermectin class of compounds that can accumulate and persist in the sediments underneath salmon farms and directly impact nontarget benthic fauna. The effects of sediment organic carbon content and chemical residence time (CRT) on the lethal and sublethal toxicity of emamectin benzoate (EB; formulation: Slice®) and ivermectin (purified) and a combination of both were examined in two benthic invertebrates, the amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius and the polychaete Neanthes virens. In both species, increased sediment organic carbon content significantly reduced lethal toxicity, a modulation that was more pronounced for ivermectin and combination exposures. At a CRT of 4 months, lethal toxicity was reduced in E. estuarius but was unaffected in N. virens. Sublethal toxicity in N. virens (burrowing behavior) was modulated by sediment organic carbon and CRT in a similar manner to the trend in lethal toxicity. Inconsistencies in behavior (phototaxis) in E. estuarius made conclusions regarding toxicity modification by sediment organic carbon or CRT inconclusive. Our results indicate that environmental factors including sediment organic carbon content and the time compounds reside in sediments are important modifiers of chemotherapeutant toxicity in nontarget benthic species and should be considered when regulatory decisions regarding their use are made. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1918-1936. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Jacova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Kennedy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Hossain MK, Hossain MM, Mim ZT, Khatun H, Hossain MT, Shahjahan M. Multi-species probiotics improve growth, intestinal microbiota and morphology of Indian major carp mrigal Cirrhinus cirrhosus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103399. [PMID: 35983478 PMCID: PMC9379665 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of multi-species probiotic on growth, hematological status, intestinal microbes, and intestinal morphology of mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus). The mrigal fries (average weight 0.51 g) were reared for 60 days by supplementing multi-species probiotics containing Bacillus spp. (1 × 109 cfu/mL) and Lactobacillus spp. (1 × 1011 cfu/mL) in the raising water at doses of 0 (control), 0.5, and 1.0 mL/L. The results indicated that fish reared with multi-species probiotics showed significantly higher growth performance and feed efficiency where the survival rate was similar in all cases. Accordingly, significant higher red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) were counted from the fish reared with multi-species probiotic. There was a considerable difference in bacterial microbiota between the experimental and control group. Multi-species probiotics significantly enhanced the length, width, and villus area. Several immune response indicators like fattening of intestinal mucosal fold, width of lamina propria, the width of enterocytes, and abundance of goblet cells were also increased significantly in fish that received multi-species probiotics. This study revealed that multi-species probiotics can significantly contribute to the growth of mrigal through upgrading intestinal microbiota and morphology, which can be suggested as an eco-friendly growth stimulator in mrigal farming.
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Núñez-Acuña G, Fernandez C, Sanhueza-Guevara S, Gallardo-Escárate C. Transcriptome profiling of the early developmental stages in the giant mussel Choromytilus chorus exposed to delousing drugs. Mar Genomics 2022; 65:100970. [PMID: 35839704 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2022.100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The giant mussel Choromytilus chorus is a marine bivalve commonly collected in central - southern Chile from fishery zones shared with the salmon industry. These economically relevant areas are also affected by the use of pesticides for controlling sea lice infestations in salmon aquaculture. Their main target is the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. However, other than some physiological impacts, the molecular effects of delousing drugs in non-target species such as C. chorus remain largely understudied. This study aimed to explore the transcriptome modulation of Trochophore and D larvae stages of C. chorus after exposure to azamethiphos and deltamethrin drugs. Herein, RNA-seq analyses and mRNA-lncRNAs molecular interactions were obtained. The most significant changes were found between different larval development stages exposed to delousing drugs. Notably, significant transcriptional variations were correlated with the drug concentrations tested. The biological processes involved in the development, such as cell movement and transcriptional activity, were mainly affected. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were also identified in this species, and the transcription activity showed similar patterns with coding mRNAs. Most of the significantly expressed lncRNAs were associated with genes annotated to matrix metalloproteinases, collagenases, and transcription factors. This study suggests that exposure to azamethiphos or deltamethrin drugs can modulate the transcriptome signatures related to the early development of the giant mussel C. chorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Núñez-Acuña
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Camila Fernandez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-Mer, France; COPAS COASTAL Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sandra Sanhueza-Guevara
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-Mer, France; COPAS COASTAL Center, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Tschesche C, Bekaert M, Bassett DI, Boyd S, Bron JE, Sturm A. Key role of mitochondrial mutation Leu107Ser (COX1) in deltamethrin resistance in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Sci Rep 2022; 12:10356. [PMID: 35725748 PMCID: PMC9209418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrethroid deltamethrin (DTM) is used to treat Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) against salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations. However, DTM resistance has evolved in L. salmonis and is currently common in the North Atlantic. This study aimed to re-assess the association between DTM resistance and mitochondrial (mtDNA) mutations demonstrated in previous reports. Among 218 L. salmonis collected in Scotland in 2018–2019, 89.4% showed DTM resistance in bioassays, while 93.6% expressed at least one of four mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously shown to be resistance associated. Genotyping at further 14 SNP loci allowed to define three resistance-associated mtDNA haplotypes, named 2, 3 and 4, occurring in 72.0%, 14.2% and 7.3% of samples, respectively. L. salmonis strains IoA-02 (haplotype 2) and IoA-10 (haplotype 3) both showed high levels (~ 100-fold) of DTM resistance, which was inherited maternally in crossing experiments. MtDNA haplotypes 2 and 3 differed in genotype for 17 of 18 studied SNPs, but shared one mutation that causes an amino acid change (Leu107Ser) in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) and was present in all DTM resistant while lacking in all susceptible parasites. We conclude that Leu107Ser (COX1) is a main genetic determinant of DTM resistance in L. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tschesche
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Michaël Bekaert
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - David I Bassett
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Sally Boyd
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Armin Sturm
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
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36
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Small, charged proteins in salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) secretions modulate Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) immune responses and coagulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7995. [PMID: 35568726 PMCID: PMC9107468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11773-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about glandular proteins secreted from the skin- and blood-feeding ectoparasite salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). The labial gland has ducts extending into the oral cavity of the lice, and the present study aimed to identify novel genes expressed by this gland type and to investigate their role in modulation of host parameters at the lice feeding site. Five genes associated with labial gland function were identified and named Lepeophteirus salmonis labial gland protein (LsLGP) 1-4 and 1 like (LsLGP1L). All LsLGPs were predicted to be small charged secreted proteins not encoding any known protein domains. Functional studies revealed that LsLGP1 and/or LsLGP1L regulated the expression of other labial gland genes. Immune dampening functions were indicated for LsLGP2 and 3. Whereas LsLGP2 was expressed throughout the parasitic life cycle and found to dampen inflammatory cytokines, LsLGP3 displayed an increased expression in mobile stages and appeared to dampen adaptive immune responses. Expression of LsLGP4 coincided with moulting to the mobile pre-adult I stage where hematophagous feeding is initiated, and synthetic LsLGP4 decreased the clotting time of Atlantic salmon plasma. Results from the present study confirm that the salmon louse secretes immune modulating and anti-coagulative proteins with a potential application in new immune based anti-salmon louse treatments.
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Hunt R, Cable J, Ellison A. Daily patterns in parasite processes: diel variation in fish louse transcriptomes. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:509-518. [PMID: 35533730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parasites, similar to all other organisms, time themselves to environmental cues using a molecular clock to generate and maintain rhythms. Chronotherapeutic (timed treatment) techniques based on such rhythms offer great potential for improving control of chronic, problematic parasites. Fish lice are a key disease threat in aquaculture, with current control insufficient. Assessing the rhythmicity of fish lice transcriptomes offers not only insight into the viability of chronotherapy, but the opportunity to identify new drug targets. Here, for the first known time in any crustacean parasite, diel changes in gene transcription are examined, revealing that approximately half of the Argulus foliaceus annotated transcriptome displays significant daily rhythmicity. We identified rhythmically transcribed putative clock genes including core clock/cycle and period/timeless pairs, alongside rhythms in feeding-associated genes and processes involving immune response, as well as fish louse drug targets. A substantial number of gene pathways showed peak transcription in hours immediately preceding onset of light, potentially in anticipation of peak host anti-parasite responses or in preparation for increased feeding activity. Genes related to immune haemocyte activity and chitin development were more highly transcribed 4 h post light onset, although inflammatory gene transcription was highest during dark periods. Our study provides an important resource for application of chronotherapy in fish lice; timed application could increase efficacy and/or reduce dose requirement, improving the current landscape of drug resistance and fish health while reducing the economic cost of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hunt
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - J Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - A Ellison
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
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Wyngaard GA, Skern-Mauritzen R, Malde K, Prendergast R, Peruzzi S. The salmon louse genome may be much larger than sequencing suggests. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6616. [PMID: 35459797 PMCID: PMC9033869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome size of organisms impacts their evolution and biology and is often assumed to be characteristic of a species. Here we present the first published estimates of genome size of the ecologically and economically important ectoparasite, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda, Caligidae). Four independent L. salmonis genome assemblies of the North Atlantic subspecies Lepeophtheirus salmonis salmonis, including two chromosome level assemblies, yield assemblies ranging from 665 to 790 Mbps. These genome assemblies are congruent in their findings, and appear very complete with Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs analyses finding > 92% of expected genes and transcriptome datasets routinely mapping > 90% of reads. However, two cytometric techniques, flow cytometry and Feulgen image analysis densitometry, yield measurements of 1.3-1.6 Gb in the haploid genome. Interestingly, earlier cytometric measurements reported genome sizes of 939 and 567 Mbps in L. salmonis salmonis samples from Bay of Fundy and Norway, respectively. Available data thus suggest that the genome sizes of salmon lice are variable. Current understanding of eukaryotic genome dynamics suggests that the most likely explanation for such variability involves repetitive DNA, which for L. salmonis makes up ≈ 60% of the genome assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Wyngaard
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Ketil Malde
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Stefano Peruzzi
- Department of Arctic Marine Biology, UiT-the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Guragain P, Båtnes AS, Zobolas J, Olsen Y, Bones AM, Winge P. IIb-RAD-sequencing coupled with random forest classification indicates regional population structuring and sex-specific differentiation in salmon lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8809. [PMID: 35414904 PMCID: PMC8986551 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquaculture industry has been dealing with salmon lice problems forming serious threats to salmonid farming. Several treatment approaches have been used to control the parasite. Treatment effectiveness must be optimized, and the systematic genetic differences between subpopulations must be studied to monitor louse species and enhance targeted control measures. We have used IIb-RAD sequencing in tandem with a random forest classification algorithm to detect the regional genetic structure of the Norwegian salmon lice and identify important markers for sex differentiation of this species. We identified 19,428 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 95 individuals of salmon lice. These SNPs, however, were not able to distinguish the differential structure of lice populations. Using the random forest algorithm, we selected 91 SNPs important for geographical classification and 14 SNPs important for sex classification. The geographically important SNP data substantially improved the genetic understanding of the population structure and classified regional demographic clusters along the Norwegian coast. We also uncovered SNP markers that could help determine the sex of the salmon louse. A large portion of the SNPs identified to be under directional selection was also ranked highly important by random forest. According to our findings, there is a regional population structure of salmon lice associated with the geographical location along the Norwegian coastline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanna Guragain
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics GroupDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Taskforce Salmon LiceDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Anna Solvang Båtnes
- Taskforce Salmon LiceDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - John Zobolas
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics GroupDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Yngvar Olsen
- Taskforce Salmon LiceDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics GroupDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Taskforce Salmon LiceDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Per Winge
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genomics GroupDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Taskforce Salmon LiceDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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40
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Salmon lice in the Pacific Ocean show evidence of evolved resistance to parasiticide treatment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4775. [PMID: 35347162 PMCID: PMC8960799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) threaten the economic and ecological sustainability of salmon farming, and their evolved resistance to treatment with emamectin benzoate (EMB) has been a major problem for salmon farming in the Atlantic Ocean. In contrast, the Pacific Ocean, where wild salmon are far more abundant, has not seen widespread evolution of EMB-resistant lice. Here, we use EMB bioassays and counts of lice on farms from the Broughton Archipelago, Canada—a core region of salmon farming in the Pacific—to show that EMB sensitivity has dramatically decreased since 2010, concurrent with marked decrease in the field efficacy of EMB treatments. Notably, these bioassay data were not made available through public reporting by industry or by the federal regulator, but rather through Indigenous-led agreements that created a legal obligation for salmon-farming companies to provide data to First Nations. Our results suggest that salmon lice in the Pacific Ocean have recently evolved substantial resistance to EMB, and that salmon-louse outbreaks on Pacific farms will therefore be more difficult to control in the coming years.
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41
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Difford GF, Haugen JE, Aslam ML, Johansen LH, Breiland MW, Hillestad B, Baranski M, Boison S, Moghadam H, Jacq C. Variation in volatile organic compounds in Atlantic salmon mucus is associated with resistance to salmon lice infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4839. [PMID: 35318390 PMCID: PMC8940922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmon lice are ectoparasites that threaten wild and farmed salmonids. Artificial selection of salmon for resistance to the infectious copepodid lice stage currently relies on in vivo challenge trials on thousands of salmon a year. We challenged 5750 salmon with salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) from two distinct farmed strains of salmon in two separate trials. We found that volatile organic compounds (VOC), 1-penten-3-ol, 1-octen-3-ol and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one in the mucus of the salmon host after salmon lice infection, were significantly associated with lice infection numbers across a range of water temperatures (5 °C, 10 °C, 17 °C). Some VOCs (benzene, 1-octen-3-ol and 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-hexene) were significantly different between lines divergently selected for salmon lice resistance. In a combined population assessment, selected VOCs varied between families in the range of 47- 59% indicating a genetic component and were positively correlated to the salmon hosts estimated breeding values 0.59–0.74. Mucosal VOC phenotypes could supplement current breeding practices and have the potential to be a more direct and ethical proxy for salmon lice resistance provided they can be measured prior to lice infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Difford
- Breeding and Genetics Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway.
| | - J-E Haugen
- Food and Health Nofima, Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - M L Aslam
- Breeding and Genetics Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway
| | - L H Johansen
- Fish Health Nofima, Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - M W Breiland
- Fish Health Nofima, Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - B Hillestad
- Benchmark Genetics Norway AS, Sandviksboder 3A, Bergen, Norway.,Viking Aqua AS, Sandevegen 631, 5997, Ånneland, Norway
| | - M Baranski
- Mowi Genetics AS, Sandviksboder 77AB, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Boison
- Mowi Genetics AS, Sandviksboder 77AB, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Moghadam
- Benchmark Genetics Norway AS, Sandviksboder 3A, Bergen, Norway
| | - C Jacq
- Breeding and Genetics Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, 1430, Ås, Norway.,Blue Analytics AS, Kong Christian Frederiks plass 3, 5006, Bergen, Norway
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Hamoutene D, Oldford V, Donnet S. Drug and pesticide usage for sea lice treatment in salmon aquaculture sites in a Canadian province from 2016 to 2019. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4475. [PMID: 35296749 PMCID: PMC8927096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We used 4 years of publicly available data (2016–2019) on chemical usage at salmon sites with information on production, stocking, locations and environmental conditions to explore patterns of anti-sea lice treatments in a Canadian province. Results show that sequential chemical treatments are prevalent, emamectin benzoate (EMB) with azamethiphos being the most used combination with a decrease in ivermectin usage. Relatively high rates of usage of EMB per fish biomass may point to potential lice resistance patterns with information needed on mechanisms and local populations. Lower or no chemical usage at some sites indicate less sea lice infestations likely influenced by localized site conditions (coves), and a lessened need for medication due to the usage of cleaner fish and possibly other non-chemical methods (not documented in this report). The year/climate influenced chemical input only in sites with higher treatment levels likely due to effects on sea lice growth and reproduction. Observed differences between years are warmer surface temperature in the fall, a higher freshwater input in spring, and stronger wind conditions for 2017 and 2018 with more medication usage for these two years. The lack of significant effect of site distances calculated in zones of influence based on 24 h potential connectivity patterns highlight the need to refine the resolution of hydrodynamic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dounia Hamoutene
- Saint Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 125 Marine Science Drive, St. Andrews, NB, E5B 0E4, Canada.
| | - Vanessa Oldford
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Sebastien Donnet
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's, NL, A1C 5X1, Canada
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Cai W, Kumar S, Navaneethaiyer U, Caballero-Solares A, Carvalho LA, Whyte SK, Purcell SL, Gagne N, Hori TS, Allen M, Taylor RG, Balder R, Parrish CC, Rise ML, Fast MD. Transcriptome Analysis of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Skin in Response to Sea Lice and Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Co-Infection Under Different Experimental Functional Diets. Front Immunol 2022; 12:787033. [PMID: 35046944 PMCID: PMC8763012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are ectoparasitic copepods that cause significant economic loss in marine salmoniculture. In commercial salmon farms, infestation with sea lice can enhance susceptibility to other significant pathogens, such as the highly contagious infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAv). In this study, transcriptomic analysis was used to evaluate the impact of four experimental functional feeds (i.e. 0.3% EPA/DHA+high-ω6, 0.3% EPA/DHA+high-ω6+immunostimulant (IS), 1% EPA/DHA+high-ω6, and 1% EPA/DHA+high-ω3) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during a single infection with sea lice (L. salmonis) and a co-infection with sea lice and ISAv. The overall objectives were to compare the transcriptomic profiles of skin between lice infection alone with co-infection groups and assess differences in gene expression response among animals with different experimental diets. Atlantic salmon smolts were challenged with L. salmonis following a 28-day feeding trial. Fish were then challenged with ISAv at 18 days post-sea lice infection (dpi), and maintained on individual diets, to establish a co-infection model. Skin tissues sampled at 33 dpi were subjected to RNA-seq analysis. The co-infection’s overall survival rates were between 37%-50%, while no mortality was observed in the single infection with lice. With regard to the infection status, 756 and 1303 consensus differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the four diets were identified in “lice infection vs. pre-infection” and “co-infection vs. pre-infection” groups, respectively, that were shared between the four experimental diets. The co-infection groups (co-infection vs. pre-infection) included up-regulated genes associated with glycolysis, the interferon pathway, complement cascade activity, and heat shock protein family, while the down-regulated genes were related to antigen presentation and processing, T-cell activation, collagen formation, and extracellular matrix. Pathway enrichment analysis conducted between infected groups (lice infection vs. co-infection) resulted in several immune-related significant GO terms and pathways unique to this group, such as “autophagosome”, “cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway” and “response to type I interferons”. Understanding how experimental functional feeds can impact the host response and the trajectory of co-infections will be an essential step in identifying efficacious intervention strategies that account for the complexities of disease in open cage culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Cai
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | | | - Laura A Carvalho
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Sara L Purcell
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Nellie Gagne
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Tiago S Hori
- Centre for Aquaculture Technologies Canada, Souris, PE, Canada
| | - Melissa Allen
- Centre for Aquaculture Technologies Canada, Souris, PE, Canada
| | | | - Rachel Balder
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Elk River, MN, United States
| | - Christopher C Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Gaffney LP, Lavery JM. Research Before Policy: Identifying Gaps in Salmonid Welfare Research That Require Further Study to Inform Evidence-Based Aquaculture Guidelines in Canada. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:768558. [PMID: 35155641 PMCID: PMC8835349 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.768558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is a growing industry worldwide and Canadian finfish culture is dominated by marine salmonid farming. In part due to increasing public and stakeholder concerns around fish welfare protection, the first-ever Canadian Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farmed Salmonids was recently completed, following the National Farm Animal Care Council's (NFACC) rigorous Code development process. During this process, both the Scientific (responsible for reviewing existing literature and producing a peer-reviewed report that informs the Code) and Code Development (a diverse group of stakeholders including aquaculture producers, fish transporters, aquaculture veterinarians, animal welfare advocates, food retailers, government, and researchers) Committees identified research gaps in tandem, as they worked through the literature on salmonid physiology, health, husbandry, and welfare. When those lists are combined with the results of a public "top-of-mind" survey conducted by NFACC, they reveal several overlapping areas of scientific, stakeholder, and public concern where scientific evidence is currently lacking: (1) biodensity; (2) health monitoring and management, with a focus on sea lice infection prevention and management; (3) feed quality and management, particularly whether feed restriction or deprivation has consequences for welfare; (4) enclosure design, especially focused on environmental enrichment provision and lighting design; and (5) slaughter and euthanasia. For each of these five research areas, we provide a brief overview of current research on the topic and outline the specific research gaps present. The final section of this review identifies future research avenues that will help address these research gaps, including using existing paradigms developed by terrestrial animal welfare researchers, developing novel methods for assessing fish welfare, and the validation of new salmonid welfare indices. We conclude that there is no dearth of relevant research to be done in the realm of farmed salmonid welfare that can support crucial evidence-based fish welfare policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh P. Gaffney
- National Animal Welfare Representative, Code Development Committee (NFACC) for the Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farm Animal Care Council (NFACC), Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - J. Michelle Lavery
- Scientific Committee (NFACC) for the Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farmed Salmonids, National Farm Animal Care Council (NFACC), Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Chakraborty S, Woldemariam NT, Visnovska T, Rise ML, Boyce D, Santander J, Andreassen R. Characterization of miRNAs in Embryonic, Larval, and Adult Lumpfish Provides a Reference miRNAome for Cyclopterus lumpus. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010130. [PMID: 35053128 PMCID: PMC8773022 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is an emergent aquaculture species, and its miRNA repertoire is still unknown. miRNAs are critical post-transcriptional modulators of teleost gene expression. Therefore, a lumpfish reference miRNAome was characterized by small RNA sequencing and miRDeep analysis of samples from different organs and developmental stages. The resulting miRNAome, an essential reference for future expression analyses, consists of 443 unique mature miRNAs from 391 conserved and eight novel miRNA genes. Enrichment of specific miRNAs in particular organs and developmental stages indicates that some conserved lumpfish miRNAs regulate organ and developmental stage-specific functions reported in other teleosts. Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNA molecules involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of protein expression by binding to the mRNA of target genes. They are key regulators in teleost development, maintenance of tissue-specific functions, and immune responses. Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is becoming an emergent aquaculture species as it has been utilized as a cleaner fish to biocontrol sea lice (e.g., Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation in the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture. The lumpfish miRNAs repertoire is unknown. This study identified and characterized miRNA encoding genes in lumpfish from three developmental stages (adult, embryos, and larvae). A total of 16 samples from six different adult lumpfish organs (spleen, liver, head kidney, brain, muscle, and gill), embryos, and larvae were individually small RNA sequenced. Altogether, 391 conserved miRNA precursor sequences (discovered in the majority of teleost fish species reported in miRbase), eight novel miRNA precursor sequences (so far only discovered in lumpfish), and 443 unique mature miRNAs were identified. Transcriptomics analysis suggested organ-specific and age-specific expression of miRNAs (e.g., miR-122-1-5p specific of the liver). Most of the miRNAs found in lumpfish are conserved in teleost and higher vertebrates, suggesting an essential and common role across teleost and higher vertebrates. This study is the first miRNA characterization of lumpfish that provides the reference miRNAome for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 0 Marine Lab Rd, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Nardos T. Woldemariam
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet–Oslo Metropolitan University, Pilestredet 50, N-0130 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Tina Visnovska
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 0 Marine Lab Rd, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Danny Boyce
- Dr. Joe Brown Aquatic Research Building (JBARB), Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 0 Marine Lab Rd, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 0 Marine Lab Rd, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Rune Andreassen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet–Oslo Metropolitan University, Pilestredet 50, N-0130 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (R.A.)
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Núñez-Acuña G, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Carrera-Naipil C, Sáez-Vera C, Benavente BP, Valenzuela-Miranda D, Gallardo-Escárate C. Trypsin Genes Are Regulated through the miRNA Bantam and Associated with Drug Sensitivity in the Sea Louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:76. [PMID: 34940757 PMCID: PMC8703358 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of trypsin genes in pharmacological sensitivity has been described in numerous arthropod species, including the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. This ectoparasite species is mainly controlled by xenobiotic drugs in Atlantic salmon farming. However, the post-transcriptional regulation of trypsin genes and the molecular components involved in drug response remain unclear. In particular, the miRNA bantam family has previously been associated with drug response in arthropods and is also found in C. rogercresseyi, showing a high diversity of isomiRs. This study aimed to uncover molecular interactions among trypsin genes and bantam miRNAs in the sea louse C. rogercresseyi in response to delousing drugs. Herein, putative mRNA/miRNA sequences were identified and localized in the C. rogercresseyi genome through genome mapping and blast analyses. Expression analyses were obtained from the mRNA transcriptome and small-RNA libraries from groups with differential sensitivity to three drugs used as anti-sea lice agents: azamethiphos, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin. The validation was conducted by qPCR analyses and luciferase assay of selected bantam and trypsin genes identified from in silico transcript prediction. A total of 60 trypsin genes were identified in the C. rogercresseyi genome, and 39 bantam miRNAs were differentially expressed in response to drug exposure. Notably, expression analyses and correlation among values obtained from trypsin and bantam revealed an opposite trend and potential binding sites with significant ΔG values. The luciferase assay showed a reduction of around 50% in the expression levels of the trypsin 2-like gene, which could imply that this gene is a potential target for bantam. The role of trypsin genes and bantam miRNAs in the pharmacological sensitivity of sea lice and the use of miRNAs as potential markers in these parasites are discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Núñez-Acuña
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.C.-N.); (C.S.-V.); (B.P.B.); (D.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.C.-N.); (C.S.-V.); (B.P.B.); (D.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Crisleri Carrera-Naipil
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.C.-N.); (C.S.-V.); (B.P.B.); (D.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Constanza Sáez-Vera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.C.-N.); (C.S.-V.); (B.P.B.); (D.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Bárbara P. Benavente
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.C.-N.); (C.S.-V.); (B.P.B.); (D.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Diego Valenzuela-Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.C.-N.); (C.S.-V.); (B.P.B.); (D.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (V.V.-M.); (C.C.-N.); (C.S.-V.); (B.P.B.); (D.V.-M.); (C.G.-E.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile
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Zhou Z, Eichner C, Nilsen F, Jonassen I, Dondrup M. A novel approach to co-expression network analysis identifies modules and genes relevant for moulting and development in the Atlantic salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:832. [PMID: 34789144 PMCID: PMC8600823 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is an obligate ectoparasitic copepod living on Atlantic salmon and other salmonids in the marine environment. Salmon lice cause a number of environmental problems and lead to large economical losses in aquaculture every year. In order to develop novel parasite control strategies, a better understanding of the mechanisms of moulting and development of the salmon louse at the transcriptional level is required. METHODS Three weighted gene co-expression networks were constructed based on the pairwise correlations of salmon louse gene expression profiles at different life stages. Network-based approaches and gene annotation information were applied to identify genes that might be important for the moulting and development of the salmon louse. RNA interference was performed for validation. Regulatory impact factors were calculated for all the transcription factor genes by examining the changes in co-expression patterns between transcription factor genes and deferentially expressed genes in middle stages and moulting stages. RESULTS Eight gene modules were predicted as important, and 10 genes from six of the eight modules have been found to show observable phenotypes in RNA interference experiments. We knocked down five hub genes from three modules and observed phenotypic consequences in all experiments. In the infection trial, no copepodids with a RAB1A-like gene knocked down were found on fish, while control samples developed to chalimus-1 larvae. Also, a FOXO-like transcription factor obtained highest scores in the regulatory impact factor calculation. CONCLUSIONS We propose a gene co-expression network-based approach to identify genes playing an important role in the moulting and development of salmon louse. The RNA interference experiments confirm the effectiveness of our approach and demonstrated the indispensable role of a RAB1A-like gene in the development of the salmon louse. We propose that our approach could be generalized to identify important genes associated with a phenotype of interest in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoran Zhou
- Department of Informatics & Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, 5008 Norway
| | - Christiane Eichner
- Department of Biological Sciences & Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, 5008 Norway
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Department of Biological Sciences & Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, 5008 Norway
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Department of Informatics & Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, 5008 Norway
| | - Michael Dondrup
- Department of Informatics & Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, 5008 Norway
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Bamber S, Rundberget JT, Kringstad A, Bechmann RK. Effects of simulated environmental discharges of the salmon lice pesticides deltamethrin and azamethiphos on the swimming behaviour and survival of adult Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105966. [PMID: 34555744 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Swimming behaviour was investigated in adult egg-carrying northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) exposed to dilute concentrations of the pesticides Alpha Max® (active ingredient deltamethrin) and Salmosan® (active ingredient azamethiphos) used to control parasitic copepods in salmon aquaculture. These treatments are applied topically within fish nets or well boats. Following a short treatment period, the pesticides are directly discharged to sea, exposing non-target organisms such as P. borealis to diluted concentrations of these chemicals. Locomotor activity was measured continuously in individual shrimp over several days within which they were exposed to treatments of diluted AlphaMax® or Salmosan®. Dilutions were based on modelling and dispersion studies from the literature and were considered environmentally realistic for greater than 1 km from point of discharge. 24 h continuous flow treatments were delivered within a 3.5-day monitoring period to observe the timeline of events following the release of treatment water, addressing questions of temporal responses in locomotor activity, recognising key time points of significant events and assessing the survival capacity of the shrimp. Exposure of shrimp to 1 ng l-1 deltamethrin triggered an immediate increase in swimming activity which reduced in intensity over the following 22 h leaving all shrimp either moribund or dead. A further exposure trial exposing shrimp to 0.2 ng l-1 deltamethrin (nominal) showed an increase in activity at the start of exposure that continued throughout the 24 h delivery, returning to previous levels by the end of the 3.5-day monitoring period. All these shrimps survived for at least four weeks after exposure, putting the threshold concentration of deltamethrin leading to immobility or death in adult P. borealis within this study at greater than 0.2 ng l-1 (nominal) and less than 1 ng l - 1 (measured). Exposure of P. borealis to azamethiphos at 30 ng l-1 induced several periods of significantly increased activity within the first 10 h of exposure and an extended period of reduced activity during post exposure, though no morbidity was observed with this treatment. No significant increase in activity or morbidity was observed in shrimp during a water vehicle control assessment. Shrimps exposed to a combination of 30 ng l-1 azamethiphos and 1 ng l-1 deltamethrin broadly followed the response pattern shown by shrimp exposed to 1 ng l-1 deltamethrin alone. Pesticide residues were not detected in post exposure tissue analyses for either chemical. The potential ecological significance of increased swimming activity at the start of pesticide exposures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw Bamber
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Mekjarvik 12, 4072, Randaberg, Norway.
| | - Jan Thomas Rundberget
- The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alfhild Kringstad
- The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
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Dean KR, Aldrin M, Qviller L, Helgesen KO, Jansen PA, Bang Jensen B. Simulated effects of increasing salmonid production on sea lice populations in Norway. Epidemics 2021; 37:100508. [PMID: 34656838 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Norway produces more than one million tonnes of salmonids every year, almost exclusively in open-water net pens. In 2014, the Norwegian government announced plans to increase salmonid production. However, increasing the number of farmed salmonids can have negative effects on the marine environment that threaten the industry's sustainability. In particular, production growth can lead to an increase in density-dependent diseases, including parasitic sea lice. The aim of this study was to simulate the effects of increased salmonid production on sea lice abundance using different scenarios for increasing the number of fish and for the management of sea lice. We used a previously developed, partly stage-structured model based on Norwegian production and environmental data to simulate the different scenarios. Our results show that increasing the marine farmed salmonid population at a national level by two or five times the current production leads to an increase in the sea lice abundance by 3.5% and 7.1%, respectively. We also found that by lowering the maximum allowable level of sea lice to an average of 0.049 adult females per fish, weekly treatments can be used to control sea lice population growth with a five times increase in production. However, this increases the number of farms treating per week by as much as 281.3%, which can lead to high costs and increased mortality among farmed salmonids. Overall, the results from our study shed light on the effects of increasing salmonid production in Norway with respect to the ongoing threat of sea lice infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magne Aldrin
- Norwegian Computing Center, P.O. box 114 Blindern, N-0314 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Qviller
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Peder A Jansen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
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50
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Núñez-Acuña G, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Valenzuela-Miranda D, Gallardo-Escárate C. Comprehensive Transcriptome Analyses in Sea Louse Reveal Novel Delousing Drug Responses Through MicroRNA regulation. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:710-723. [PMID: 34564738 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of miRNAs in pharmacological responses through gene regulation related to drug metabolism and the detoxification system has recently been determined for terrestrial species. However, studies on marine ectoparasites have scarcely been conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms of pesticide resistance. Herein, we explored the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi miRNome responses exposed to delousing drugs and the interplaying with coding/non-coding RNAs. Drug sensitivity in sea lice was tested by in vitro bioassays for the pesticides azamethiphos, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin. Ectoparasites strains with contrasting susceptibility to these compounds were used. Small-RNA sequencing was conducted, identifying 2776 novel annotated miRNAs, where 163 mature miRNAs were differentially expressed in response to the drug testing. Notably, putative binding sites for miRNAs were found in the ADME genes associated with the drugs' absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Interactions between the miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were also found, suggesting putative molecular gene regulation mechanisms. This study reports putative miRNAs correlated to the coding/non-coding RNAs modulation, revealing novel pharmacological mechanisms associated with drug resistance in sea lice species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Núñez-Acuña
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, O'Higgins 1695, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Center of Biotechnology, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
| | - Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, O'Higgins 1695, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Center of Biotechnology, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Valenzuela-Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, O'Higgins 1695, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Center of Biotechnology, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, University of Concepción, O'Higgins 1695, Concepción, Chile.
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Department of Oceanography, Center of Biotechnology, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile.
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