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Zhong H, Wang Z. Split household and smoking behaviour of rural migrants in China. Public Health 2024; 231:7-14. [PMID: 38588635 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to address the direct impact of split households on smoking behaviour. Three types of spilt households (sole migration, couple migration, and family migration) were incorporated to explore the concise effect of different split household forms. This study also examined factors that contributed to the narrowing gap in smoking prevalence between 2008 and 2018. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study. METHODS Data were obtained from the Rural Urban Migration (RUMiC-2009) and China Household Income Project (CHIP2018). Analyses were conducted using chi-squared tests/analysis of variance tests and multiple logit regression. The order probit model with sample selection was conducted to correct for selection bias. Fairlie decomposition was used to quantify the contribution of individual variables to the observed differences in smoking prevalence. RESULTS Smoking prevalence for all migrants decreased by 5.79% between 2008 and 2018. The results in 2008 reveal the positive and significant contribution of couple migration (coefficient = -0.4608; 95% CI = [-0.6453, -0.2762]) and family migration (coefficient = -0.3705; 95% CI = [-0.5959, -0.1452]) on the reduction of smoking; the finding for family migration remained robust in 2018. Measurable factors partially explain the decline in smoking disparity. The migration of families, working in the construction and manufacturing industries, and educational attainment were the largest contributing factors to the declining gap in smoking prevalence. CONCLUSIONS The increase in family migration and education, and decrease in the number of workers in the construction and manufacturing industries, contributed to a decrease in smoking prevalence. Public policies should target sole migrants, couple migrants, individuals with lower education levels, and those working in the construction and manufacturing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Zhong
- School of Public Administration, Jinan University, China.
| | - Zicheng Wang
- School of Public Administration, Jinan University, China.
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Kong F, Chen H, Cheng Y. Social Interaction, Survival Stress and Smoking Behavior of Migrant Workers in China-An Empirical Analysis Using CHARLS Data from 2013-2018. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:680. [PMID: 37622820 PMCID: PMC10451940 DOI: 10.3390/bs13080680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a major public health problem in most countries and usually occurs in marginalized groups. Analyzing the smoking behavior of migrant workers, a marginalized group in China, is of practical significance. Using panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) database from 2013 to 2018, this study examined influence factors of smoking behavior (whether to smoke and smoking frequency) among migrant workers in China through the Heckman two-stage model. The results showed that the smoking rates of migrant workers were positively associated with social activity and a sense of loneliness, while smoking frequency was negatively associated with work stress and life satisfaction. Meanwhile, smoking behavior was associated with the demographic variables such as gender, age, and education level. Gender differences in smoking behavior were particularly notable among Chinese migrant workers. Furthermore, there was regional heterogeneity in smoking behavior among migrant workers. Smoking behavior in the eastern region was mainly influenced by psychological factors of wellbeing, such as social activity and life satisfaction, while it was affected by material conditions such as income in the central-western region. Effective strategies to control tobacco use among migrant workers are proposed in order to promote social integration between urban and rural residents, increase vocational education and training, and strengthen anti-smoking propaganda among migrant workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huiguang Chen
- College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.K.); (Y.C.)
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Mumu SJ, Stanaway FF, Merom D. Rural-to-urban migration, socio-economic status and cardiovascular diseases risk factors among Bangladeshi adults: A nationwide population based survey. Front Public Health 2023; 11:860927. [PMID: 37089482 PMCID: PMC10116049 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.860927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rural-to-urban migration is one of the key drivers of urbanization in Bangladesh and may impact on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk due to lifestyle changes. This study examined whether CVD risk factors were associated with migration to and duration of urban life, considering socio-economic indicators. Methods A total of 27,792 participants (18-59 years) from the 2006 Bangladesh cross-sectional Urban Health Survey were included in the analyses of whom 14,167 (M: 7,278; W: 6,889) were non-migrant urban residents and 13,625 (M: 6,413; W: 7,212) were rural-to-urban migrants. Gender-specific prevalence of CVD risk factors were estimated for urban and migrant groups. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to test the association between each CVD risk by education and wealth within each study group and their possible effect modification. An analysis on the rural-to-urban migrant subgroup only was conducted to examine the association between each CVD risk factor and length of urban stay adjusted for demographic and socio-economic indicators. Results Compared to urban residents, migrants had significantly lower prevalence of overweight/obesity for both genders. Hypertension was higher among urban women while alcohol/illicit drug use was higher among urban men. Mental health disorders were higher among migrants than urban residents for both genders and no difference were noted for diabetes or cigarette smoking prevalence. In both study groups and genders, the risk of overweight/obesity, hypertension and diabetes increased with increasing education and wealth whereas for mental health disorders, alcohol/illicit drug use, cigarette and bidi smoking the reverse was found. Differences in BMI between migrant and urban women were attenuated with increased education levels (p = 0.014 for interaction). Consistent increasing pattern of risk was observed with longer duration of urban stay; in migrant men for obesity (OR = 1.67), smoking (OR = 1.67) and alcohol/illicit drug use (OR = 2.86), and for obesity and mental health disorder among migrant women. Conclusions Migrants had high proportion of CVD risk factors which were influenced by education, wealth and duration of urban stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Jahan Mumu
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Torrens University Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Shirin Jahan Mumu
| | - Fiona F. Stanaway
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dafna Merom
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Cao H, Zhang K, Ye D, Cai Y, Cao B, Chen Y, Hu T, Chen D, Li L, Wu S, Zou H, Wang Z, Yang X. Relationships Between Job Stress, Psychological Adaptation and Internet Gaming Disorder Among Migrant Factory Workers in China: The Mediation Role of Negative Affective States. Front Psychol 2022; 13:837996. [PMID: 35391955 PMCID: PMC8982757 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.837996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Factory workers make up a large proportion of China's internal migrants and may be highly susceptible to job and adaptation stress, negative affective states (e.g., depression and anxiety), and Internet gaming disorder (IGD). This cross-sectional study investigated the relationships between job stress, psychological adaptation, negative affective states and IGD among 1,805 factory workers recruited by stratified multi-stage sampling between October and December 2019. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to test the proposed mediation model. Among the participants, 67.3% were male and 71.7% were aged 35 years old or below. The prevalence of probable depression, probable anxiety, and IGD was 39.3, 28.7, and 7.5%. Being male, younger age, and shorter duration of living in Shenzhen were associated with higher IGD scores. Job stress was significantly associated with IGD (β = 0.11, p = 0.01) but not with negative affective states (β = 0.01, p = 0.77). Psychological adaptation was significantly associated with negative affective states (β = -0.37, p < 0.001) but not with IGD (β = 0.09, p > 0.05). Negative affective states were positively associated with IGD (β = 0.27, p < 0.001). The indirect effect of psychological adaptation (β = -0.10, p = 0.004) but not job stress (β = 0.003, p = 0.77) on IGD through negative affective states was statistically significant. The observed psychological correlates and mechanisms are modifiable, and can inform the design of evidence-based prevention programs for depression, anxiety, and IGD in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Cao
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kechun Zhang
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danhua Ye
- Faculty of Medicine, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bolin Cao
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqi Chen
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tian Hu
- Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dahui Chen
- Shenzhen Health Development Research and Date Management Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linghua Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaomin Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zixin Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abasse Kassim S, Tang W, Abbas M, Wu S, Meng Q, Zhang C, Li X, Chen R. Clinicopathologic and epidemiological characteristics of prognostic factors in post-surgical survival of colorectal cancer patients in Jiangsu Province, China. Cancer Epidemiol 2019; 62:101565. [PMID: 31323459 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Poor survival among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients has been widely associated with clinico-epidemiological features and treatment regimen. In Jiangsu (China), however, it is not known which one of the prognostic factors explains the survival disparities among patients with CRC. This prospective study using 1078 patients (stages I-IV) that underwent surgery at Jiangsu Hospital, explored the relevant factors affecting the prognoses of right-side colon cancer (RCC), left-side colon cancer (LCC) and rectal cancer (ReC) patients. Of these cases, 234 (21.7%), 241 (22.4%) and 603 (55.9%) were found to have RCC, LCC and ReC respectively. Compared to LCC, RCC exhibited a greater proportion of older patients, poorly differentiated carcinomas, higher T-stage and higher TNM-stage. The overall survival (OS) for RCC was 60 vs.78 or 77 months for LCC or ReC respectively (P = 0.030). There were no significant differences in OS between LCC and ReC across the subgroups (P = 0.633). In multivariate analysis, RCC patients had age (>60 vs. ≤60 years, HR = 1.529, P = 0.019), N-stage (N1 vs. N0, HR = 4.056, P = 0.012) and M-stage (M1 vs. M0, HR = 3.442, P < 0.0001) as independent prognostic factors, whereas smoking status was found to be a predictor of mortality (smoker vs. nonsmoker, HR = 2.343, P = 0.017) for LCC. In addition, age (>60 vs. ≤60 years, HR = 2.199, P < 0.0001), alcohol consumption (drinker vs. nondrinker, HR = 0.510, P = 0.034), tumor grade (Poor vs. well/moderate, HR = 2.759, P = 0.031) and T-stage (T3-4 vs. T1-2, HR = 1.742, P < 0.0001) were found to be predictors of mortality for ReC. There were significant pairwise interactions across subgroups. Furthermore, significant differences were observed for LCC vs. RCC (OS, HR = 0.783, P = 0.039), but no statistically significant differences for ReC vs. RCC (P = 0.149) and LCC vs. ReC (P = 0.355). Nevertheless, significant differences remained between ReC vs. RCC for male (HR = 0.591, P = 0.009), drinker (HR = 0.396, P = 0.005), rural resident (HR = 0.437,P = 0.022), tumor grade (well/moderate, HR = 0.475, P = 0.022), T-stage (T1-2, HR = 0.362, P = 0.001), N-stage (N0, HR = 0.604, P = 0.011), M-stage(M0, HR = 0.401, P = 0.006) and TNM-stage (I-II, HR = 0.567, P = 0.005). Statistically significant differences were observed for LCC vs. RCC for gender (female, HR = 0.495, P = 0.003) and T-stage (T1-2, HR = 0.417, P = 0.010) as well as for LCC vs. ReC in patients with smoking habits (HR = 1.951, P = 0.002) and M-stage (M0, HR = 2.291, P = 0.003). These findings suggest that the variations in CRC post-surgical survival in China may be primarily explained with the clinicopathologic features and epidemiological characteristic of the patients. Patients with RCC had significantly worse OS compared to both LCC and ReC in several subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Abasse Kassim
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyan Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing China
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shenzhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingdao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Hou B, Nazroo J, Banks J, Marshall A. Migration Status and Smoking Behaviors in Later-Life in China-Evidence From the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Front Public Health 2018; 6:346. [PMID: 30533409 PMCID: PMC6266545 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: China is the biggest consumer of tobacco in the world, with a high prevalence of smoking especially among men. Along with the rapid demographic change in China, the burden of diseases attributable to health behaviors, particularly smoking is steadily increasing. So, smoking has become a major risk factor for mortality in China. Smoking behaviors may be related to migration processes, as a result of both who migrates and post-migration experiences related to socioeconomic position, stress and acculturation. Existing studies that have examined smoking and migration in China have, however, only focused on temporary rural-to-urban migrants and focused on relatively younger migrants. This paper examines the association between smoking behaviors and a comprehensive assessment of migration status in later-life in China. Methods: Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a nationally representative dataset, this paper studies smoking behaviors of rural-to-urban migrants, urban-to-urban migrants, rural return migrants, and urban return migrants. We compare them with corresponding non-migrant groups in both rural and urban locations in China. Using a model that controls for demographic factors, early-life circumstances, socioeconomic factors, and factors related to migration, we examine both the decision to start smoking and the decision to quit smoking. In addition, we also address pre-migration selection in our analyses. Results: The results show rural-to-urban migrants are no more likely to start smoking compared with rural non-migrants, but they are more likely to quit smoking. While urban-to-urban migrants are more likely to start smoking compared with urban non-migrants, this effect is explained by the factors we include in the full model. Urban-to-urban migrants are, however, less likely to quit smoking. Moreover, both rural return migrants and urban return migrants seem to be more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit smoking compared with non-migrant groups. Conclusion: There are strong associations between migration status and later-life smoking behaviors in China; these associations vary greatly according to different migration status and point to populations and factors that public health activities should focus on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hou
- National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - James Nazroo
- Sociology, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James Banks
- Economics, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,The Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Marshall
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Chen Y, Chen H, Li Z. Effect of characteristics and life in cities in China on residents' smoking behaviour. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:4226-4234. [PMID: 30111202 PMCID: PMC6166327 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518791702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify the relationship between city-level economic
development and smoking behaviour. Methods Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic methods, we examined the relationship
between smoking/passive smoking and respondents’ lifestyles in the city. Results We found that respondents living in cities with higher per capita gross
domestic product (GDP) were less likely to smoke than those living in cities
with lower per capita GDP (odds ratio [OR] = 0.977, 95% confidence interval
[CI]: 0.958–0.997). Further, respondents with higher levels of life
satisfaction and subjective social status were less likely to smoke than
those with lower levels of these variables (OR = 0.942, 95% CI: 0.893–0.994;
OR = 0.955, 95% CI: 0.928–0.983, respectively). In terms of passive smoking,
respondents with higher levels of subjective social status in their cities
were less likely to smoke than those with lower levels (OR = 0.972, 95% CI:
0.948–0.996). Smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke were more common
among those with lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions Smoking is one of the most serious public health hazards in China. People’s
smoking behaviour is significantly related to characteristics of their
cities and their socioeconomic status. Improved smoking-prevention measures
are urgently required in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- 1 School of Architecture, Southeast University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- 1 School of Architecture, Southeast University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- 2 School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Zheng Y, Ji Y, Dong H, Chang C. The prevalence of smoking, second-hand smoke exposure, and knowledge of the health hazards of smoking among internal migrants in 12 provinces in China: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:655. [PMID: 29793454 PMCID: PMC5968586 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have provided inconsistent findings on smoking among migrants, and very limited data exist on their second-hand smoke exposure. This study aims to investigate internal migrants' smoking prevalence, second-hand smoke exposure among non-smokers, and knowledge of the health hazards of smoking in 12 major migrant provinces in China in 2013. METHODS Data from the 2013 Migrant Dynamics Monitoring Survey in China published by the National Commission of Health and Family Planning was used in this study. Descriptive analysis, Chi-square analysis, and sex-stratified multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to explore the determinants of current smoking and second-hand smoke exposure. RESULTS Among 7200 migrants, 34.1% (55% male, 4% female) were current smokers. For males, factors associated with current smoking were education year (aOR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93-0.98), duration of stay (aOR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.03) and occupation (aOR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03-1.53). For females, household registration status (aOR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.04-2.80) was the most important factor associated with current smoking. Sixty five percent of non-smokers were exposed to second-hand smoke. Factors associated with exposure to second-hand smoke were duration of stay (aOR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.02), divorced/widowed marital status (aOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25-0.91), occupation (aOR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05-1.58) and the nature of employer (aOR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60-0.97). About 95% of participants were aware that lung cancer is one of the hazards of smoking. Non-current smokers had a better knowledge of fertility reduction and accelerated aging as hazards of smoking than current smokers (p < 0.01). Knowledge of the impact of smoking on cardiovascular diseases was relatively low compared with knowledge of other smoking-related hazards (26.1-44.3%). CONCLUSIONS Current smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke among internal migrants in China is high. Socio-demographic characteristics and migration status were strongly associated with current smoking and second-hand smoke exposure. We recommend specifically targeted tobacco control interventions to help to address these risk factors, such as focusing on divorced/widowed women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zheng
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Personnel, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Ji
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Dong
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Chang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 People’s Republic of China
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Yang XY. How community-level social and economic developments have changed the patterns of substance use in a transition economy? Health Place 2017; 46:91-100. [PMID: 28521177 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most social changes take place at the community level before indirectly affecting individuals. Although the contextual effect is far-reaching, few studies have investigated the important questions of: how do community-level developments affect drinking and smoking, and how do they change the existing gender and income patterns of drinking and smoking, particularly in transition economies? In this study, I used a Chinese panel dataset between 1991 and 2011 to reveal the moderating effects of community developments. Through multilevel growth curve modeling that controls for age, period, and cohort effects, as well as individual- and community-level covariates, I found that community-level economic development and social development are negatively associated with drinking and smoking. Moreover, economic and social developments also moderate the important influences of income and gender: women start to drink more in communities with higher economic development; the traditionally positive association between income and smoking/drinking is also reversed, i.e. the rich start to smoke and drink less in communities with higher social development. This study concludes that the rapid changes in communal social and economic structures have created new health disparities based on the gender and socioeconomic hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhao Y Yang
- Department of Political Science and Sociology, Murray State University Murray, KY 42071, USA.
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10
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Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking and Determinants of Success in Quitting Smoking among Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Western China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020167. [PMID: 28208782 PMCID: PMC5334721 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is one of the behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate smoking prevalence in chronically ill residents and their smoking behavior in western rural China, to identify factors associated with success in quitting smoking, and to provide appropriate intervention strategies for tobacco control. Cross-sectional survey data from patients with chronic diseases from rural western China were analyzed. Among the 906 chronically ill patients, the current smoking prevalence was 26.2%. About 64.3% of smokers with chronic diseases attempted to quit smoking, 21.0% of which successfully quitted. The odds ratio (OR) of smokers with only one chronic disease to quit smoking successfully was higher than that of those who have other diseases (OR = 2.037, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.060-3.912; p < 0.05). The smokers who were always restricted to smoking in public places were more likely to quit smoking successfully than those who were free to smoke (OR = 2.188, 95% CI = 1.116-4.291; p < 0.05). This study suggests that health literacy, comorbidity of diseases, and psychological counseling should be considered when developing targeted tobacco prevention strategies. Strengthening tobacco control measures in public places such as rural medical institutions will be effective.
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Taype-Rondan A, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Alvarado GF, Gilman RH, Smeeth L, Miranda JJ. Smoking and heavy drinking patterns in rural, urban and rural-to-urban migrants: the PERU MIGRANT Study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:165. [PMID: 28158997 PMCID: PMC5291966 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have found mixed results about cigarette and alcohol consumption patterns among rural-to-urban migrants. Moreover, there are limited longitudinal data about consumption patterns in this population. As such, this study aimed to compare the smoking and heavy drinking prevalence among rural, urban, and rural-to-urban migrants in Peru, as well as the smoking and heavy drinking incidence in a 5-year follow-up. Methods We analyzed the PERU MIGRANT Study data from rural, urban, and rural-to-urban migrant populations in Peru. The baseline study was carried out in 2006–2007 and follow-up was performed five years later. For the baseline data analysis, the prevalence of lifetime smoking, current smokers, and heavy drinking was compared by population group using prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). For the longitudinal analysis, the incidence of smoking and heavy drinking was compared by population group with risk ratios (RR) and 95% CI. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to calculate both PRs and RRs. Results We analyzed data from 988 participants: 200 rural dwellers, 589 migrants, and 199 urban dwellers. Compared with migrants, lifetime smoking prevalence was higher in the urban group (PR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.64–3.20), but lower in the rural group (PR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.31–0.99). Compared with migrants, the urban group had a higher current smoking prevalence (PR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.26–4.16), and a higher smoking incidence (RR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.03–7.34). Current smoking prevalence and smoking incidence showed no significant difference between rural and migrant groups. The prevalence and incidence of heavy drinking was similar across the three population groups. Conclusions Our results show a trend in lifetime smoking prevalence (urban > migrant > rural), while smoking incidence was similar between migrant and rural groups, but higher in the urban group. In addition, our results suggest that different definitions of smoking status could lead to different smoking rates and potentially different measures of association. The prevalence and incidence of heavy drinking were similar between the three population groups. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4080-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Taype-Rondan
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Armendáriz 497, Miraflores, Lima, 18, Peru.
| | - Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Armendáriz 497, Miraflores, Lima, 18, Peru.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Germán F Alvarado
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liam Smeeth
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Armendáriz 497, Miraflores, Lima, 18, Peru.,School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Yang L, Liu Y, Wang J, Jia C. Prevalence and risk factors associated with hardcore smoking among rural daily male smokers. Am J Addict 2016; 25:628-633. [PMID: 27706867 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The existence of smokers who are resistant to smoking cessation interventions has attracted considerable interest in recent years. Given the paucity of data on that topic in rural China, we aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of hardcore smoking in rural China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 14 villages in Shandong, China. A total of 1,287 male daily smokers were face-to-face interviewed. A multiple logistic regression model was used to explore the associations of demographics, environment, knowledge and attitudes about smoking, and smoking behavior characteristics with hardcore smoking among daily male smokers. A general dominance analysis model was used to access the relative contribution of the determinants that were identified in the multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Hardcore smokers constituted 32.9% (n = 423) of daily male smokers. Five determinants for hardcore smoking were identified in the multiple logistic regression. Dominance analysis showed higher level of smoking intensity was the most important determinant of hardcore smoking, followed by being a farmer, starting to smoke daily under the age of 20, younger age, having fewer smokers around. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that hardcore smokers account for a substantial proportion of daily male smokers and are distinct from other groups of daily smokers. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Specifically tailored tobacco-control efforts should be made to address the issues incurred by hardcore smokers. (Am J Addict 2016;25:628-633).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanxun Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Health Management and Policy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chongqi Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Petersen AB, Thompson LM, Dadi GB, Tolcha A, Cataldo JK. Factors associated with secondhand tobacco smoke in the home: an exploratory cross-sectional study among women in Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:910. [PMID: 27582041 PMCID: PMC5007692 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ethiopia, female smoking rates are currently low (1 %). However, because of male smoking rates (overall 7.7 % and up to 27 % depending on region), women and children's risk of second hand smoke (SHS) exposure is a pressing concern. In order to develop effective public health interventions that prevent the uptake and exposure to smoking, thereby averting the projected increase in tobacco-induced disease, an understanding of Ethiopian women's practices regarding tobacco is needed. The purpose of this study was to explore Ethiopian women's tobacco use and prevalence of SHS exposure, and to identify covariates associated with SHS exposure. METHODS We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study in Southern Ethiopia between August and October 2014, and systematically sampled households in Aleta Wondo town and surrounding districts. Trained interviewers verbally administered surveys to women 18-55 years of age. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS None of the 353 participants reported current tobacco use and less than 1 % reported ever use, however, 11 % reported ever use of the stimulant leaf khat. Twenty-seven women (7.6 %) reported living with a tobacco user, however, twice that number (14.4 %) overall, and 22 % of urban participants reported that smoking occurred daily in their home. When controlling for other factors, living with a tobacco user (OR = 9.91, 95 % CI [3.32, 29.59]), allowing smoking in the home (OR = 5.67, 95 % CI [2.51, 12.79]), place of residence (OR = 2.74, 95 % CI [1.11, 6.74)]), and exposure to point-of-sale advertising within the last 30 days (OR = 2.87, 95 % CI [1.26, 6.54]) contributed significantly to a model predicting the likelihood of reporting daily occurrence of smoking/SHS in the home. CONCLUSIONS While few women reported having ever used tobacco, one in seven women in this study reported that smoking/SHS occurred daily in their homes. Therefore SHS exposure is a potential health concern for women and children in this rural community. Findings from this study provide baseline data for monitoring tobacco control policies in Ethiopia, particularly in relation to the promotion of smoke-free homes, and could be used to inform prevention program development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berit Petersen
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue, Suite 366, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
- Loma Linda University School of Nursing, West Hall, 11262 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA
| | - Lisa M. Thompson
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing & Global Health Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, Nursing, Rm 405J, UCSF Box 0606, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Gezahegn Bekele Dadi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, PO Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Tolcha
- School of Public & Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, PO Box 1560, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Janine K. Cataldo
- Department of Physiological Nursing & Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, 2 Koret Way, N611Q, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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Yang XY, Kelly BC, Yang T. Together we have fun: native-place networks and sexual risk behaviours among Chinese male rural-urban migrants. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2016; 38:559-575. [PMID: 26582759 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Some scholars argue that the maintenance of social networks contributes to the lower prevalence of deviant behaviours and fewer adverse health effects among migrants. But others suggest that if migrants are embedded in homogeneous networks, such networks may enable the formation of a deviant subculture that promotes risk taking. Facing this dilemma, the present study investigates how native-place networks influence sexual risk behaviours (SRBs), specifically the pursuit of commercial sex and condomless sex with sex workers, for male rural-urban migrants. Using a multi-stage sample of 1,591 male rural-urban migrants from two major migrant-influx cities within China, we assessed migrants' general friend network ties and native place networks (townsmen in migrants' local networks) and tested their associations with SRBs. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicate that native-place network ties are associated with paying for sex (OR = 1.33, p < 0.001) and condomless sex with sex workers (OR = 1.33, p < 0.001), while general friendship network ties reduce such risks (OR = 0.74, p < 0.001; OR = 0.84, p < 0.01) even after controlling for demographic background, housing conditions, length of stay, health beliefs and behaviours, and spousal companionship. Our findings suggest that native-place networks among Chinese male rural-urban migrants are associated with SRBs because homogenous networks may serve as a platform for the emergence of a deviant subculture that promotes risk behaviours. A Virtual Abstract of this paper is available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Wg20I6j8XQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tingzhong Yang
- Department of Social Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
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15
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Ji Y, Liu S, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Zeng Q, Chang C. Smoking and Its Determinants in Chinese Internal Migrants: Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Data Analyses. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1719-26. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Internal Chinese Migrant Women of Reproductive Age: Evidence from China's Labor-Force Dynamic Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:371. [PMID: 27043604 PMCID: PMC4847033 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a major risk factor for poor health outcomes among women in China, where proportionately few women smoke. This is especially the case as it pertains to women’s reproductive health, specifically migrant women who are exposed to SHS more than the population at large. There are several factors which may increase migrant women’s risk of SHS exposure. This paper aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of SHS exposure among internal Chinese migrant women of reproductive age. The data used were derived from the 2014 Chinese Labor Dynamic Survey, a national representative panel survey. The age-adjusted rate of SHS exposure of women of reproductive age with migration experience was of 43.46% (95% CI: 40.73%–46.40%), higher than those without migration experience (35.28% (95% CI: 33.66%–36.97%)). Multivariate analysis showed that participants with a marital status of “Widowed” had statistically lower exposure rates, while those with a status of “Cohabitation” had statistically higher exposure. Those with an undergraduate degree or above had statistically lower SHS exposure. Those with increasing levels of social support, and those who currently smoke or drink alcohol, had statistically higher SHS exposure. Participants’ different work-places had an effect on their SHS exposure, with outdoor workers statistically more exposed. Our findings suggest that urgent tobacco control measures should be taken to reduce smoking prevalence and SHS exposure. Specific attention should be paid to protecting migrant women of reproductive age from SHS.
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Abstract
With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national incidence and mortality estimates have been limited to small samples of the population using data from the 1990s or based on a specific year. With high-quality data from an additional number of population-based registries now available through the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the authors analyzed data from 72 local, population-based cancer registries (2009-2011), representing 6.5% of the population, to estimate the number of new cases and cancer deaths for 2015. Data from 22 registries were used for trend analyses (2000-2011). The results indicated that an estimated 4292,000 new cancer cases and 2814,000 cancer deaths would occur in China in 2015, with lung cancer being the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Stomach, esophageal, and liver cancers were also commonly diagnosed and were identified as leading causes of cancer death. Residents of rural areas had significantly higher age-standardized (Segi population) incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined than urban residents (213.6 per 100,000 vs 191.5 per 100,000 for incidence; 149.0 per 100,000 vs 109.5 per 100,000 for mortality, respectively). For all cancers combined, the incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males (+0.2% per year; P = .1), whereas they increased significantly (+2.2% per year; P < .05) among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have decreased significantly for both males (-1.4% per year; P < .05) and females (-1.1% per year; P < .05). Many of the estimated cancer cases and deaths can be prevented through reducing the prevalence of risk factors, while increasing the effectiveness of clinical care delivery, particularly for those living in rural areas and in disadvantaged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Chen
- Deputy Director, National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rongshou Zheng
- Associate Researcher, National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Peter D Baade
- Senior Research Fellow, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Associate Professor, National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- Associate Professor, National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
| | - Freddie Bray
- Head, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Vice President, Surveillance and Health Services Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Xue Qin Yu
- Research Fellow, Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Adjunct Lecturer, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jie He
- Director, National Cancer Center, Beijing, China
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Wang JM, Xiong WN, Xie JG, Liu XS, Zhao JP, Zhang ZX, Xu YJ. Impact of village-based health education of tobacco control on the current smoking rate in Chinese rural areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:150-152. [PMID: 26838757 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The number of smokers in Chinese rural areas is more than 200 million, which is twice that in cities. It is very significant to carry out tobacco control interventions in rural areas. We performed this community intervention study to evaluate the efficacy of village-based health education of tobacco control on the male current smoking rate in rural areas. The population of this study was the males above 15 years old from 6 villages in rural areas. The villages were randomly assigned to intervention group or control group (3 villages in each group). Self-designed smoking questionnaire was applied. The intervention group received the village-based health education of tobacco control for one year. The primary outcome measurement was the male current smoking rate. In the baseline investigation, completed surveys were returned by 814 male residents from the control group and 831 male residents from the intervention group. The male current smoking rate in the control group and the intervention group was 61.2% and 58.5%, respectively, before intervention. There was no significant difference between these two groups (P>0.05). After one-year intervention, the current smoking rate in the intervention group (51.2%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (62.8%) (P<0.001). Our study suggested that the village-based health education of tobacco control was effective in lowering the male current smoking rate in rural areas, which could be a suitable and feasible way for tobacco control in the Chinese rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Miao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei-Ning Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun-Gang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xian-Sheng Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhen-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yong-Jian Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Yang W, Li H, Fu X, Lu J, Xue Z, Wu C. Inequalities in Cardiovascular Health Between Local and Migrant Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study of 6934 Participants in Longhua District, Shenzhen. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2103. [PMID: 26656335 PMCID: PMC5008480 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Household registration status is one social determinant that influences health disparities. This study aimed to investigate the disparities in cardiovascular health between local and migrant residents, which may provide important implications for public health services and may help improve cardiovascular health for residents in Shenzhen.A cross-sectional study was conducted in Shenzhen City Longhua district. Participants were selected for face-to-face interview surveys by using a multistage cluster random sampling design. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression models were constructed to compare cardiovascular health between the migrant and local residents.A total of 6934 eligible respondents, of whom 1400 were local and 5534 were migrants, completed the face-to-face interview surveys. The local residents were more likely to have hypertension (3.1% vs. 2.0%, P < 0.05) and diabetes mellitus (1.4% vs. 0.5%, P < 0.05), whilst to be overweight or obese (20.3% vs. 16.4%, P < 0.05) when compared with their migrant counterparts. A higher proportion of local residents than migrant ones had ≥2 cardiovascular risk factors, 2.4% and 1.2%, respectively (P < 0.01). Compared with migrants, the locals were more likely to know their BP values (65.4% vs. 54.5%, P < 0.05) and know the symptoms of diabetes (63.1% vs. 49.7%, P < 0.01).Our study suggests that household registration status is an important driver of social disparities in cardiovascular health except for the factors regarding socioeconomic status. Programs to improve the awareness of hypertension and diabetes are suggested to be initiated among the migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Yang
- From the Health Education Institute of Longhua New District, Shenzhen, P.R. China (WY, ZX, CAW); and School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China (HL, XF, JL)
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Zhi XY, Zou XN, Hu M, Jiang Y, Jia MM, Yang GH. Increased lung cancer mortality rates in the Chinese population from 1973-1975 to 2004-2005: An adverse health effect from exposure to smoking. Cancer 2015; 121 Suppl 17:3107-12. [PMID: 26331817 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yi Zhi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zou
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center; Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Mu Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Office of Tobacco Control; Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Beijing China
| | - Man-Man Jia
- National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Center; Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Gong-Huan Yang
- Institute of Basic Medicine; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Beijing China
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Chen X, Yu B, Zhou D, Zhou W, Gong J, Li S, Stanton B. A Comparison of the Number of Men Who Have Sex with Men among Rural-To-Urban Migrants with Non-Migrant Rural and Urban Residents in Wuhan, China: A GIS/GPS-Assisted Random Sample Survey Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134712. [PMID: 26241900 PMCID: PMC4524597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile populations and men who have sex with men (MSM) play an increasing role in the current HIV epidemic in China and across the globe. While considerable research has addressed both of these at-risk populations, more effective HIV control requires accurate data on the number of MSM at the population level, particularly MSM among migrant populations. Methods Survey data from a random sample of male rural-to-urban migrants (aged 18-45, n=572) in Wuhan, China were analyzed and compared with those of randomly selected non-migrant urban (n=566) and rural counterparts (580). The GIS/GPS technologies were used for sampling and the survey estimation method was used for data analysis. Results HIV-related risk behaviors among rural-to-urban migrants were similar to those among the two comparison groups. The estimated proportion of MSM among migrants [95% CI] was 5.8% [4.7, 6.8], higher than 2.8% [1.2, 4.5] for rural residents and 1.0% [0.0, 2.4] for urban residents, respectively. Among these migrants, the MSM were more likely than non-MSM to be older in age, married, and migrated to more cities. They were also more likely to co-habit with others in rental properties located in new town and neighborhoods with fewer old acquaintances and more entertainment establishments. In addition, they were more likely to engage in commercial sex and less likely to consistently use condoms. Conclusion Findings of this study indicate that compared to rural and urban populations, the migrant population in Wuhan consists of a higher proportion of MSM who also exhibit higher levels of HIV-related risk behaviors. More effective interventions should target this population with a focus on neighborhood factors, social capital and collective efficacy for risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Pediatric Prevention Research Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dunjin Zhou
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Zhou
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Gong
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyue Li
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bonita Stanton
- Pediatric Prevention Research Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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Oyebode O, Pape UJ, Laverty AA, Lee JT, Bhan N, Millett C. Rural, urban and migrant differences in non-communicable disease risk-factors in middle income countries: a cross-sectional study of WHO-SAGE data. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122747. [PMID: 25849356 PMCID: PMC4388413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how urbanisation and rural-urban migration influence risk-factors for non-communicable disease (NCD) is crucial for developing effective preventative strategies globally. This study compares NCD risk-factor prevalence in urban, rural and migrant populations in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa. METHODS Study participants were 39,436 adults within the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), surveyed 2007-2010. Risk ratios (RR) for each risk-factor were calculated using logistic regression in country-specific and all country pooled analyses, adjusted for age, sex and survey design. Fully adjusted models included income quintile, marital status and education. RESULTS Regular alcohol consumption was lower in migrant and urban groups than in rural groups (pooled RR and 95%CI: 0.47 (0.31-0.68); 0.58, (0.46-0.72), respectively). Occupational physical activity was lower (0.86 (0.72-0.98); 0.76 (0.65-0.85)) while active travel and recreational physical activity were higher (pooled RRs for urban groups; 1.05 (1.00-1.09), 2.36 (1.95-2.83), respectively; for migrant groups: 1.07 (1.0 -1.12), 1.71 (1.11-2.53), respectively). Overweight, raised waist circumference and diagnosed diabetes were higher in urban groups (1.19 (1.04-1.35), 1.24 (1.07-1.42), 1.69 (1.15-2.47), respectively). Exceptions to these trends exist: obesity indicators were higher in rural Russia; active travel was lower in urban groups in Ghana and India; and in South Africa, urban groups had the highest alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION Migrants and urban dwellers had similar NCD risk-factor profiles. These were not consistently worse than those seen in rural dwellers. The variable impact of urbanisation on NCD risk must be considered in the design and evaluation of strategies to reduce the growing burden of NCDs globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyinlola Oyebode
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, Reynolds Building, St Dunstand’s Road, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Utz J. Pape
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, Reynolds Building, St Dunstand’s Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A. Laverty
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, Reynolds Building, St Dunstand’s Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - John T. Lee
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, Reynolds Building, St Dunstand’s Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nandita Bhan
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Christopher Millett
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, Reynolds Building, St Dunstand’s Road, London, United Kingdom
- Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
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Health-related lifestyle behaviors among male and female rural-to-urban migrant workers in Shanghai, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117946. [PMID: 25710464 PMCID: PMC4339381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle behaviors significantly impact health, yet remain poorly defined in Chinese rural-to-urban migrants. Methods In a cross-sectional study of health-related behaviors of 5484 rural-to-urban migrants who had worked in Shanghai for at least six months, we assessed the contribution of demographics and physical and mental health to lifestyle behaviors in male and female participants by multiple stepwise cumulative odds logistic regression. Results Respondents were 51.3% male. 9.9% exhibited abnormal blood pressure; 27.0% were overweight or obese; 11.2% reported abnormal mental health; 36.9% reported healthy lifestyle. Multiple stepwise cumulative odds logistic regression indicated that men working in manufacturing reported less unhealthy lifestyle than those in hospitality (cumulative odds ratio (COR) = 1.806, 95%CI 1.275–2.559) or recreation/leisure (COR = 3.248, 95%CI 2.379–4.435); and women working in manufacturing and construction reported less unhealthy lifestyle than those in all other sectors. Unhealthy lifestyle was associated with small workplaces for men (COR = 1.422, 95%CI 1.154–1.752), working more than 8 or 11 hours per day for women and men, respectively, and earning over 3500 RMB in women (COR = 1.618, 95%CI 1.137–2.303). Single women and women who had previously resided in three or more cities were more likely to report unhealthy lifestyle (COR = 2.023, 95%CI 1.664–2.461, and COR = 1.311, 95%CI 1.072–1.602, respectively). Abnormal mental status was also correlated with unhealthy lifestyle in men (COR = 3.105, 95%CI 2.454–3.930) and women (COR = 2.566, 95%CI 2.024–3.252). Conclusions There were different risk factors of unhealthy lifestyle score in male and female rural-to-urban migrants, especially in number of cities experienced, salary, marital status, work place scale. Several demographic groups: employment sectors (e.g. hospitality and recreation/leisure), working conditions (e.g. long hours) and abnormal mental status were associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in Chinese rural-to-urban migrants, and health interventions should be targeted to these groups.
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Liu Y, Song H, Wang T, Wang T, Yang H, Gong J, Shen Y, Dai W, Zhou J, Zhu S, Pan Z. Determinants of tobacco smoking among rural-to-urban migrant workers: a cross-sectional survey in Shanghai. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:131. [PMID: 25886500 PMCID: PMC4334770 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although there are several studies to investigate the smoking behaviors among rural-to-urban Chinese migrants, no study has focused individually on this population in Shanghai. This study was performed to estimate the prevalence and identify the determinants of tobacco smoking among rural-to-urban migrants in Shanghai. Methods In this cross-sectional study, multi-stage quota sampling was used to select 5,856 rural-to-urban migrants aged 18 years or older from seven districts in Shanghai between July and October 2012. A structured questionnaire was administered to assess smoking knowledge, attitude, behavior and demographic characteristics. Mental health was assessed by the self-reported SCL-90. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of smoking behavior. Results A total of 5,380 of the 5,856 migrants enrolled completed the questionnaire, among whom 45.0% of male and 2.0% of female participants reported current smoking. Multivariate analysis revealed current smoking in female migrants to be significantly associated with working at construction (OR, 8.08; 95% CI, 1.80-36.28), hotels/restaurants (OR, 5.06; 95% CI, 1.68-15.27), entertainment sector (OR, 6.79; 95% CI, 2.51-18.42), with monthly income > 3500 yuan (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.21-5.98), number of migratory cities of 2 (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.23-4.65), and SCL-90 total score > 160 (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.03-3.98), while the male migrants working at construction (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.04-1.62), entertainment sector (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.36-2.56), being divorced/widowed (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.02-4.74), with duration of migration of 4 or more than 4 years (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06-1.91), number of migratory cities of 3 or more than 3 (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.13-1.80), and SCL-90 total score > 160 (OR,1.39; 95% CI, 1.07-1.79) showed an excess smoking prevalence. Conclusion Migration lifestyle and mental status were associated with current smoking behaviors. The identifications of risk factors for current smoking may help to target health promotion interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Huijiang Song
- Department of General Practice, Sanlin Community Health Service Center, 375 Sanlin Road, Shanghai, 200124, China.
| | - Tianying Wang
- Department of General Practice, Sanlin Community Health Service Center, 375 Sanlin Road, Shanghai, 200124, China.
| | - Tianhao Wang
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Shanzhu Zhu
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 20032, China.
| | - Zhigang Pan
- Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 20032, China.
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Tobacco smoking and its association with illicit drug use among young men aged 15-24 years living in urban slums of Bangladesh. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68728. [PMID: 23935885 PMCID: PMC3728353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco smoking (TS) and illicit drug use (IDU) are of public health concerns especially in developing countries, including Bangladesh. This paper aims to (i) identify the determinants of TS and IDU, and (ii) examine the association of TS with IDU among young slum dwellers in Bangladesh. Methodology/Principal Findings Data on a total of 1,576 young slum dwellers aged 15–24 years were extracted for analysis from the 2006 Urban Health Survey (UHS), which covered a nationally representative sample of 13,819 adult men aged 15–59 years from slums, non-slums and district municipalities of six administrative regions in Bangladesh. Methods used include frequency run, Chi-square test of association and multivariable logistic regression. The overall prevalence of TS in the target group was 42.3%, of which 41.4% smoked cigarettes and 3.1% smoked bidis. The regression model for TS showed that age, marital status, education, duration of living in slums, and those with sexually transmitted infections were significantly (p<0.001 to p<0.05) associated with TS. The overall prevalence of IDU was 9.1%, dominated by those who had drug injections (3.2%), and smoked ganja (2.8%) and tari (1.6%). In the regression model for IDU, the significant (p<0.01 to p<0.10) predictors were education, duration of living in slums, and whether infected by sexually transmitted diseases. The multivariable logistic regression (controlling for other variables) revealed significantly (p<0.001) higher likelihood of IDU (OR = 9.59, 95% CI = 5.81–15.82) among users of any form of TS. The likelihood of IDU increased significantly (p<0.001) with increased use of cigarettes. Conclusions/Significance Certain groups of youth are more vulnerable to TS and IDU. Therefore, tobacco and drug control efforts should target these groups to reduce the consequences of risky lifestyles through information, education and communication (IEC) programs.
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Mou J, Griffiths SM, Fong H, Dawes MG. Health of China's rural-urban migrants and their families: a review of literature from 2000 to 2012. Br Med Bull 2013; 106:19-43. [PMID: 23690451 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldt016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic transformation in China at the beginning of the twenty-first century has led to rapid urbanization and accelerated rural-urban migration. As a result, the concerns about public health problems triggered by increasing internal population mobility have been more widely studied in recent years. SOURCES OF DATA Published data in Chinese and English on health of migrants and their families in mainland China from 2000 to 2012. AREAS OF AGREEMENT The shifting patterns of disease distribution due to rural-urban migration, health equity and health reform strategies that cater for this specific yet substantial subpopulation are outstanding concerns. Infectious diseases, mental health, occupational health and women's health are emerging public health priorities related to migration. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The high mobility and large numbers of Chinese rural-urban migrants pose challenges to research methods and the reliability of evidence gained. GROWING POINTS While the theme of working migrants is common in the literature, there have also been some studies of health of those left behind but who often remain unregistered. Migration within China is not a single entity and understanding the dynamics of new and emerging societies will need further study. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Social, economic, emotional, environmental and behavioural risk factors that impact on health of migrants and their families call for more attention from health policy-makers and researchers in contemporary China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Mou
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Cui X, Rockett IRH, Yang T, Cao R. Work stress, life stress, and smoking among rural-urban migrant workers in China. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:979. [PMID: 23151299 PMCID: PMC3584974 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stimulated by rapid modernization and industrialization, there is massive rural–urban migration in China. The migrants are highly susceptible to smoking and mental health problems. This study examined the association between both perceived work stress and perceived life stress with smoking behavior among this group during the period of migration. Methods Participants (n = 1,595) were identified through stratified, multi-stage, systematic sampling. Smoking status separated non-smokers from daily and occasional smokers, and migration history, work stress, and life stress were also measured. Analyses were conducted using the Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. Two models were utilized. The first was the full model that comprised sociodemographic and migration-related characteristics, as well as the two stress variables. In addressing potential overlap between life and work stress, the second model eliminated one of the two stress variables as appropriate. Results Overall smoking prevalence was 64.9% (95% CI: 62.4-67.2%). In the regression analysis, under the full model, migrants with high perceived life stress showed a 45% excess likelihood to be current smokers relative to low-stress counterparts (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.05 – 2.06). Applying the second model, which excluded the life stress variable, migrants with high perceived work stress had a 75% excess likelihood to be current smokers relative to opposites (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.26–2.45). Conclusions Rural–urban migrant workers manifested a high prevalence of both life stress and work stress. While both forms of stress showed associations with current smoking, life stress appeared to outweigh the impact of work stress. Our findings could inform the design of tobacco control programs that would target Chinese rural–urban migrant workers as a special population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Cui
- Department of Health Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yang T, Rockett IRH, Li M, Xu X, Gu Y. Tobacco advertising, environmental smoking bans, and smoking in Chinese urban areas. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 124:121-7. [PMID: 22261180 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether cigarette smoking in Chinese urban areas was respectively associated with exposure to tobacco advertising and smoking bans in households, workplaces, and public places. METHODS Participants were 4735 urban residents aged 15 years and older, who were identified through multi-stage quota-sampling conducted in six Chinese cities. Data were collected on individual sociodemographics and smoking status, and regional tobacco control measures. The sample was characterized in terms of smoking prevalence, and multilevel logistic models were employed to analyze the association between smoking and tobacco advertising and environmental smoking restrictions, respectively. RESULTS Smoking prevalence was 30%. Multilevel logistic regression analysis showed that smoking was positively associated with exposure to tobacco advertising, and negatively associated with workplace and household smoking bans. CONCLUSIONS The association of smoking with both tobacco advertising and environmental smoking bans further justifies implementation of comprehensive smoking interventions and tobacco control programs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhong Yang
- Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Mou J, Fellmeth G, Griffiths S, Dawes M, Cheng J. Tobacco smoking among migrant factory workers in Shenzhen, China. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:69-76. [PMID: 22492086 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While several studies of smoking behaviors in rural-to-urban Chinese migrants exist, none to our knowledge have focused on factory workers, estimated to represent between 10% and 20% of China's total rural-to-urban migratory population. This paper assesses factors associated with smoking behavior among rural-to-urban migrant factory workers in Shenzhen, China. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of migrant workers from 44 randomly selected factories in Shenzhen, China. Participants were migrant factory workers aged 16-59 years and holding nonlocal household registration. The main outcome measures were demographic, migration-related, and behavioral factors associated with smoking status. RESULTS Four thousand and eighty-eight completed questionnaires were obtained (response rate 95.5%). Overall smoking prevalence (including occasional, daily, and heavy daily smoking) was 19.1%. The prevalence of daily smoking (including heavy daily smoking) was higher in men (27.3%) than women (0.7%). These rates are significantly lower than national smoking rates (59.5% in men, 3.7% in women) and rates found in a similar study. A high-risk group of men who smoke heavily and consume alcohol frequently was identified. Longer working hours and less rest were associated with higher rates of smoking. Frequent Internet use and lack of insurance were associated with lifetime smoking. Gender-adjusted models showed that poorer mental health and an accumulated working time in Shenzhen of 2-3 years increased female workers' likelihood of smoking. CONCLUSIONS Migrant factory workers in Shenzhen had lower rates of smoking than other population groups in China. The identification of risk factors for heavy smoking may help to effectively target health promotion interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Mou
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Reijneveld SA, van Nieuwenhuijzen M, Klein Velderman M, Paulussen TWGM, Junger M. Clustering of health and risk behaviour in immigrant and indigenous Dutch residents aged 19-40 years. Int J Public Health 2012; 57:351-61. [PMID: 22371004 PMCID: PMC3313033 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-012-0350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Studies on the co-occurrence, ‘clustering’ of health and other risk behaviours among immigrants from non-industrialised countries lack until now. The aim of this study was to compare this clustering in immigrant and indigenous adults. Methods A representative sample (N = 2,982; response 71%) of the Dutch population aged 19–40, with 247 respondents from non-industrialized countries (Turkey, Morocco, Surinam, Netherlands Antilles), was asked about health behaviours (alcohol, smoking, drugs, unsafe sex, exercise, nutrition, sleep behaviour, traffic behaviour), and about rule-breaking behaviour and aggression. Data were collected using internet questionnaires, which excluded respondents unable to read Dutch. Results Among indigenous adults, health and risk behaviours co-occur in three clusters (alcohol, health-enhancing behaviour, and rule-breaking behaviour), whereas among immigrant groups two clusters were found (alcohol and rule-breaking behaviour/smoking). Differences mostly concerned health-enhancing behaviours such as nutrition, which was not part of any cluster, and physical activity. Conclusions This supports an integrated promotion of healthier lifestyles to immigrants who are able to read Dutch. Regarding potentially risky behaviours like alcohol use and rule-breaking behaviours, this could be similar to that for indigenous people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijmen A Reijneveld
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang J, Ou JX, Bai CX. Tobacco smoking in China: prevalence, disease burden, challenges and future strategies. Respirology 2012; 16:1165-72. [PMID: 21910781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
About one-third of the world's tobacco is produced and consumed in China. Despite existing tobacco control policies and activities, the prevalence of smoking in China remains high with 350 million smokers and 740 million passive smokers. Furthermore, smoking rates in the young population and in females are increasing. The number of deaths attributed to tobacco use has reached 1.2 million per year, whereas the death toll is expected to rise to 2 million annually by 2025. Sociocultural factors favouring smoking initiation, lack of awareness among the public about the hazards of smoking, weak support from the government and strong resistance from the tobacco industry are major reasons for the lack of effectiveness of current tobacco control measures. Effective intervention efforts are urgently required. Commitments from the government are crucial in tobacco control. Firm action should be taken on tobacco control issues at multiple levels including a reduction in tobacco supply, increased tobacco taxation, increased education, tobacco advertising limitations, decreased second-hand smoke exposure and smoking cessation support. The health-care community should also play a leading role in anti-tobacco campaigns and take a more active role in smoking cessation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wan X, Shin SS, Wang Q, Raymond HF, Liu H, Ding D, Yang G, Novotny TE. Smoking among young rural to urban migrant women in China: a cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23028. [PMID: 21829683 PMCID: PMC3150421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rural-to-urban migrant women may be vulnerable to smoking initiation as they are newly exposed to risk factors in the urban environment. We sought to identify correlates of smoking among rural-to-urban migrant women in China. Methods/Principal Findings A cross-sectional survey of rural-to-urban migrant women working in restaurants and hotels (RHW) and those working as commercial sex workers (CSW) was conducted in ten provincial capital cities in China. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to identify correlates of smoking. We enrolled 2229 rural-to-urban migrant women (1697 RHWs aged 18–24 years and 532 CSWs aged 18–30 years). Of these, 18.4% RHWs and 58.3% CSWs reported ever tried smoking and 3.2% RHWs and 41.9% CSWs reported current smoking. Participants who first tried smoking after moving to the city were more likely to be current smokers compared to participants who first tried smoking before moving to the city (25.3% vs. 13.8% among RHWs, p = 0.02; 83.6% vs. 58.6% among CSWs, p = <0.01). Adjusting for other factors, “tried female cigarette brands” had the strongest association with current smoking (OR 5.69, 95%CI 3.44 to 9.41) among participants who had ever tried smoking. Conclusions/Significance Exposure to female cigarette brands may increase the susceptibility to smoking among rural-to-urban migrant women. Smoke-free policies and increased taxes may be effective in preventing rural-to-urban migrant women from smoking initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sanghyuk S. Shin
- Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - H. Fisher Raymond
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Huilin Liu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Gonghuan Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas E. Novotny
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhao HX, Wu JQ, Li YY, Zhang YF, Ye JF, Zhan SK, Zheng XY, Yang TZ. Selection and use of contraceptive methods among internal migrant workers in three large Chinese cities: a workplace-based survey. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2011; 16:277-88. [PMID: 21592009 DOI: 10.3109/13625187.2011.580400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the current status of the decision-making process with regard to the use of contraceptive methods among internal migrant workers in three large Chinese cities. METHODS A total of 4313 sexually active internal migrant workers were recruited in Beijing, Shanghai, and Chengdu. Information on contraceptive use was collected by means of questionnaires. RESULTS Contraceptive prevalence was 86% among unmarried sexually active migrant workers and 91% among married workers. The main contraceptive methods used by married migrants were the intrauterine device (51%), condoms (25%) and female/male sterilisation (17%); the main methods resorted to by unmarried, sexually active migrants were condoms (74%) and oral contraceptives (11%). The contraceptive method applied by 20% of married respondents had been selected by other people, without they themselves having their share in an informed choice. Adopting the contraceptive decisions made by others was associated with being a married migrant, a construction or service worker, a rural-urban migrant, a migrant living in collective or rented rooms, or a migrant with more children. CONCLUSIONS Many internal migrants in these large cities did not choose their contraceptive method on their own. Efforts enabling and encouraging migrants to make informed choices are needed.
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Lunet N, Araújo C, Silva-Matos C, Damasceno A, Gouveia L, Azevedo A. Changing patterns of tobacco consumption in Mozambique: evidence from a migrant study. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:322. [PMID: 21575253 PMCID: PMC3111382 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maputo, the Mozambique capital, contrasts with the rest of the country with regard to its sociodemographic characteristics and patterns of tobacco exposure. We conducted a migrant study to compare the prevalence of manufactured-cigarette smoking and traditional forms of tobacco use among dwellers in the capital who were also born in Maputo City (MC/MC) with those born in southern (SP/MC) and northern (NP/MC) provinces, and additionally with inhabitants in the latter regions. Methods In 2003, a representative sample of 12,902 Mozambicans aged 25-64 years was evaluated. We computed age- and education-adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with 95%-confidence intervals (95%CI) using Poisson regression. Results The prevalence of any type of tobacco consumption among Maputo City inhabitants born in other provinces contrasted with the pattern observed in locally born inhabitants (SP/MC vs. MC/MC: men, PR, 0.61; 95%CI, 0.44-0.85; women, PR, 0.38, 95%CI, 0.18-0.79; NP/MC vs. MC/MC: men, PR, 0.66; 95%CI, 0.34-1.29; women, PR, 4.56, 95%CI, 1.78-11.69); the prevalence among city inhabitants born in other provinces resembled the pattern seen in inhabitants of their provinces of origin. Traditional forms of tobacco consumption among men were rare in Maputo City, which is in stark contrast to the situation in other provinces. Conclusions Cultural background, affordability, and availability of different types of tobacco in urban Mozambique need to be considered when developing strategies to control the tobacco epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Lunet
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
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Wu J, Yang T, Rockett IRH, Xing R, Karalic S, Li Y, Zhang Y. Nicotine dependence among rural-urban migrants in China. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:296. [PMID: 21569258 PMCID: PMC3120682 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The complex mechanism of nicotine dependency makes it challenging to evaluate dependence or progress towards dependence. The aim of this study was to estimate nicotine dependence levels and identify determinants of dependence among Chinese rural-urban migrants. Methods Multi-stage systematic sampling was used to select 4,198 rural-urban migrants aged 18 years or older from three metropolises in China. A structured questionnaire was administered during face-to-face interviews. Nicotine dependence among participants was assessed by means of the six-item Mandarin Chinese Version of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (CFTND). Determinants of dependence were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results Among 4,198 participants, estimated current, daily, and occasional smoking rates were 28.3%, 21.2%, and 7.1%, respectively. The CTFND score for the 894 daily smokers was 3.39(SD: 2.32). MANOVA showed that work type, age at first migration, length of migration, and number of cities ever lived were associated with nicotine dependence. Conclusion A migratory lifestyle is associated with nicotine dependence. Results could inform the design of tobacco control programs that target Chinese rural-urban migrant workers as a special at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, WHO Collaborating Center on Human Research on Reproductive Health, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Yang T, Abdullah AS, Rockett IRH, Li M, Zhou Y, Ma J, Ji H, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Wang L. Assessment of tobacco control advocacy behavioural capacity among students at schools of public health in China. Tob Control 2010; 20:20-5. [PMID: 20861004 PMCID: PMC3003866 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.036590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate student tobacco control advocacy behavioural capacity using longitudinal trace data. Methods A tobacco control advocacy curriculum was developed and implemented at schools of public health (SPH) or departments of public health in seven universities in China. Participants comprised undergraduate students studying the public health curriculum in these 13 Universities. A standardised assessment tool was used to evaluate their tobacco control advocacy behavioural capacity. Repeated measures analysis of variance, paired t tests and paired χ2 tests were used to determine differences between dependent variables across time. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess treatment effects between intervention and control sites. Results Respective totals of 426 students in the intervention group and 338 in the control group were available for the evaluation. Approximately 90% of respondents were aged 21 years or older and 56% were women. Findings show that the capacity building program significantly improved public health student advocacy behavioural capacity, including advocacy attitude, interest, motivation and anti-secondhand smoke behaviours. The curriculum did not impact student smoking behaviour. Conclusions This study provides sufficient evidence to support the implementation of tobacco control advocacy training at Chinese schools of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhong Yang
- School of Medicine Zijinggang Campus of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Yang T, Rockett I, Wu Y, Chen W, Lu Z. Agreement among multiple measures of self-reported smoking status in Chinese urban residents. Public Health 2010; 124:437-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mackie P, Sim F. "Normal service will be resumed as soon as possible". Public Health 2009; 123:701-2. [PMID: 19958912 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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