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Hussen J, Al-Sukruwah MA. The Impact of the Animal Housing System on Immune Cell Composition and Function in the Blood of Dromedary Camels. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030317. [PMID: 35158641 PMCID: PMC8833619 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study investigated the impacts of a change in animal housing system on selected parameters of the camel immune system. Samples collected from camels during a free-ranging time were compared with samples collected from the same camels during movement-restricted housing. Movement-restricted camels showed elevated myeloperoxidase activity in their serum, a significant shape-change of their neutrophils, and higher reactive oxygen species content in their monocytes and neutrophils. The leukogram pattern of the camels under restricted housing was characterized by increased numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Within the lymphocyte population, only the helper T cells and B cells were expanded in animals under restricted housing. In addition, restricted housing modulated the expression of several cell surface antigens, including monocyte-polarization markers and cell adhesion molecules. Functional analysis of bacterial phagocytosis indicated impaired antibacterial function of phagocytes in camels under restricted housing. In summary, the present study identified significant changes in blood immune cell composition, phenotype, and function in dromedary camels under restricted-housing conditions, and suggests the development of an excitement leukogram in those animals. Abstract Background: The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is an important livestock animal of desert and semi-desert ecosystems. In recent years, several elements of the camel immune system have been characterized. Stress and excitement induced by animal housing represent the most important environmental factors with potential modulatory effects on the immune system. The present study evaluated the impacts of a restricted-housing system on some phenotypic and functional properties of blood leukocytes in dromedary camels. Methods: Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to comparatively analyze samples collected from camels during a free-ranging time and samples collected from the same camels during movement-restricted housing. Results: In comparison to blood samples collected from the camels during the free-ranging time, samples from movement-restricted camels showed elevated serum myeloperoxidase activity, a significant shape-change in their neutrophils, and higher reactive oxygen species content in their monocytes and neutrophils, indicating increased cellular oxidative stress under movement-restricted housing. The leukogram pattern of the camels under restricted housing was characterized by leukocytosis with increased numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, resembling an excitement leukogram pattern. Within the lymphocyte population, only the helper T cells and B cells were expanded in animals under restricted housing. The upregulation of CD163 together with the downregulation of MHC-II on monocytes from excited camels indicate a modulatory potential of animal excitement to polarize monocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Functional analysis of bacterial phagocytosis indicates an impaired antibacterial function of phagocytes in excited camels. The downregulation of several cell adhesion molecules on leukocytes from excited camels suggests a role for impaired cell adhesion and tissue migration and leukocyte retention in blood in the observed leukocytosis in animals under excitement. Conclusions: The present study identified significant changes in blood immune cell composition, phenotype, and function in dromedary camels under restricted-housing conditions. The observed changes in leukocyte composition suggest the development of an excitement leukogram pattern in camels under movement-restricted housing. To evaluate the clinical relevance of the observed changes in immune cell phenotype and function for the immune competence of camels under restricted housing, further studies are required.
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Hug S, Bernhard S, Stratmann AEP, Erber M, Wohlgemuth L, Knapp CL, Bauer JM, Vidoni L, Fauler M, Föhr KJ, Radermacher P, Hoffmann A, Huber-Lang M, Messerer DAC. Activation of Neutrophil Granulocytes by Platelet-Activating Factor Is Impaired During Experimental Sepsis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642867. [PMID: 33796110 PMCID: PMC8007865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an important mediator of the systemic inflammatory response. In the case of sepsis, proper activation and function of neutrophils as the first line of cellular defense are based on a well-balanced physiological response. However, little is known about the role of PAF in cellular changes of neutrophils during sepsis. Therefore, this study investigates the reaction patterns of neutrophils induced by PAF with a focus on membrane potential (MP), intracellular pH, and cellular swelling under physiological and pathophysiological conditions and hypothesizes that the PAF-mediated response of granulocytes is altered during sepsis. The cellular response of granulocytes including MP, intracellular pH, cellular swelling, and other activation markers were analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry. In addition, the chemotactic activity and the formation of platelet-neutrophil complexes after exposure to PAF were investigated. The changes of the (electro-)physiological response features were translationally verified in a human ex vivo whole blood model of endotoxemia as well as during polymicrobial porcine sepsis. In neutrophils from healthy human donors, PAF elicited a rapid depolarization, an intracellular alkalization, and an increase in cell size in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the alkalization was dependent on sodium-proton exchanger 1 (NHE1) activity, while the change in cellular shape was sodium flux- but only partially NHE1-dependent. In a pathophysiological altered environment, the PAF-induced response of neutrophils was modulated. Acidifying the extracellular pH in vitro enhanced PAF-mediated depolarization, whereas the increases in cell size and intracellular pH were largely unaffected. Ex vivo exposure of human whole blood to lipopolysaccharide diminished the PAF-induced intracellular alkalization and the change in neutrophil size. During experimental porcine sepsis, depolarization of the MP was significantly impaired. Additionally, there was a trend for increased cellular swelling, whereas intracellular alkalization remained stable. Overall, an impaired (electro-)physiological response of neutrophils to PAF stimulation represents a cellular hallmark of those cells challenged during systemic inflammation. Furthermore, this altered response may be indicative of and causative for the development of neutrophil dysfunction during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hug
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Maike Erber
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christiane Leonie Knapp
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonas Martin Bauer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Vidoni
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl Josef Föhr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Development, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Development, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Alexander Christian Messerer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Development, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Messerer DAC, Schmidt H, Frick M, Huber-Lang M. Ion and Water Transport in Neutrophil Granulocytes and Its Impairment during Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1699. [PMID: 33567720 PMCID: PMC7914618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are the vanguard of innate immunity in response to numerous pathogens. Their activity drives the clearance of microbe- and damage-associated molecular patterns, thereby contributing substantially to the resolution of inflammation. However, excessive stimulation during sepsis leads to cellular unresponsiveness, immunological dysfunction, bacterial expansion, and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction. During the short lifespan of neutrophils, they can become significantly activated by complement factors, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators. Following stimulation, the cells respond with a defined (electro-)physiological pattern, including depolarization, calcium influx, and alkalization as well as with increased metabolic activity and polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. Activity of ion transport proteins and aquaporins is critical for multiple cellular functions of innate immune cells, including chemotaxis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and phagocytosis of both pathogens and tissue debris. In this review, we first describe the ion transport proteins and aquaporins involved in the neutrophil ion-water fluxes in response to chemoattractants. We then relate ion and water flux to cellular functions with a focus on danger sensing, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst and approach the role of altered ion transport protein expression and activity in impaired cellular functions and cell death during systemic inflammation as in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alexander Christian Messerer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hanna Schmidt
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (H.S.); (M.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (H.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
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Abstract
Camels are domesticated animals that are highly adapted to the extreme desert ecosystem with relatively higher resistance to a wide range of pathogens compared to many other species from the same geographical region. Recently, there has been increased interest in the field of camel immunology. As the progress in the analysis of camel immunoglobulins has previously been covered in many recent reviews, this review intends to summarize published findings related to camel cellular immunology with a focus on the phenotype and functionality of camel leukocyte subpopulations. The review also describes the impact of different physiological (age and pregnancy) and pathological (e.g. infection) conditions on camel immune cells. Despite the progress achieved in the field of camel immunology, there are gaps in our complete understanding of the camel immune system. Questions remain regarding innate recognition mechanisms, the functional characterization of antigen-presenting cells, and the characterization of camel NK and cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Inhibition of BRD4 Reduces Neutrophil Activation and Adhesion to the Vascular Endothelium Following Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249620. [PMID: 33348732 PMCID: PMC7767067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is associated with inflammation, including neutrophil infiltration that exacerbates the initial ischemic insult. The molecular pathways involved are poorly characterized and there is currently no treatment. We performed an in silico analysis demonstrating changes in NFκB-mediated gene expression in early renal IRI. We then evaluated NFκB-blockade with a BRD4 inhibitor on neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro, and tested BRD4 inhibition in an in vivo IRI model. BRD4 inhibition attenuated neutrophil adhesion to activated endothelial cells. In vivo, IRI led to increased expression of cytokines and adhesion molecules at 6 h post-IRI with sustained up-regulated expression to 48 h post-IRI. These effects were attenuated, in part, with BRD4 inhibition. Absolute neutrophil counts increased significantly in the bone marrow, blood, and kidney 24 h post-IRI. Activated neutrophils increased in the blood and kidney at 6 h post-IRI and remained elevated in the kidney until 48 h post-IRI. BRD4 inhibition reduced both total and activated neutrophil counts in the kidney. IRI-induced tubular injury correlated with neutrophil accumulation and was reduced by BRD4 inhibition. In summary, BRD4 inhibition has important systemic and renal effects on neutrophils, and these effects are associated with reduced renal injury.
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Jin Y, Jones L, Gorbet M. Investigation of the response of tear-film neutrophils to interleukin 8 and their sensitivity to centrifugation, fixation, and incubation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19690. [PMID: 33184318 PMCID: PMC7665065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During eye closure, a large number of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils, PMNs) invade the ocular surface and are often referred to as tear-film PMNs. While immunophenotyping experiments have been performed on tear-film PMNs, the impact of commonly used experimental procedures on their phenotype as well as their response to interleukin-8 (IL-8), a physiological inflammatory mediator, have not yet been investigated. A gentle eye wash method was used to collect cells at home. In the morning upon awaking, participants washed their eyes with sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and collected the runoff into a sterile polypropylene tube. The cell collection was then delivered to the lab within two hours. The effects of centrifugation, incubation and fixation with paraformaldehyde (PFA) before (pre-fixed staining) or after (post-fixed staining) incubation with antibodies were characterized. Tear-film PMNs as well as blood PMNs (used for comparison) were also stimulated with IL-8. To assess the reproducibility of cell collection and variability in receptor expression over time, participants were also asked to collect cells three times over a period of a month. The change in expression of surface receptors, CD11b, CD16, CD55, CD66b, important inflammatory and activation markers, and CD45 (PAN leukocyte marker) was assessed by flow cytometry. Fixing tear-film PMNs prior to the staining with antibodies resulted in a significant (fivefold or more) reduction in the expression of CD11b, CD16 and CD45 when compared to unfixed samples, while CD16 was the only receptor to undergo significant downregulation upon post-staining fixation. Furthermore, additional centrifugation step prior to antibody incubation as well as long (4 h) incubation at 37 °C resulted in significant reductions in expression of CD11b, CD16 and CD55 when compared to control samples. As opposed to blood PMNs, stimulating tear-film PMNs with IL-8 did not induce any significant changes in expression of CD11b, CD16, CD55 and CD66b. When working with collected tear-film PMNs, our results suggest that any additional centrifugation and incubation step should be avoided, or at least limited, and post fixation staining is recommended in order to preserve cell phenotype and cell integrity of tear film PMNs. Our study also adds further information on the reproducibility of the gentle eye wash as well as the inability of tear-film PMNs to modulate their surface receptors upon stimulation with IL-8. The latter may be due to prior exposure to IL-8, activation in the closed-eye environment, or a reduced ability to respond to inflammatory stimulus. Further mechanistic studies will be needed to gain a better understanding of the tear-film neutrophil phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Jin
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Maud Gorbet
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Centre for Ocular Research and Education, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
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Gaashan MM, Al-Mubarak AIA, Hussen J. Leukocyte populations and their cell adhesion molecules expression in newborn dromedary camel calves. Vet World 2020; 13:1863-1869. [PMID: 33132598 PMCID: PMC7566236 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1863-1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Different properties of the newborn immune system have been characterized in many species. For the newborn camel calf, however, the phenotype and composition of blood leukocytes have so far not been evaluated. The current study aimed to analyze the distribution of leukocyte subpopulations and their expression pattern of cell adhesion molecules in newborn and adult dromedary camels. Materials and Methods Blood samples were collected from 17 newborn camel calves and 32 adult camels. For each sample, total leukocytes were separated and analyzed for their composition and cell adhesion molecules expression by flow cytometry. Results In comparison to adult camels, newborn camel calves had higher leukocyte numbers and higher numbers of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes but lower numbers of eosinophils in their blood. Among the lymphocyte populations in calves, the fractions of B cells and γδ T cells were elevated when compared to adults, whereas CD4-positive T cells were reduced. The comparison between camel calves and adult camels revealed significantly lower expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD11a, CD11b, and CD18 on granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes in calves. Conclusion Newborn camel calves show a distinct composition and phenotype pattern of blood leukocytes when compared to adult camels. The observed rise in many leukocyte populations in calf blood may be due to reduced migratory activity in calf leukocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muaadh M Gaashan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I A Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Primed PMNs in healthy mouse and human circulation are first responders during acute inflammation. Blood Adv 2020; 3:1622-1637. [PMID: 31138591 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the most abundant circulating leukocytes, and the first cells recruited to sites of tissue inflammation. Using a fixation method to preserve native CD marker expression prior to immunophenotyping, we identified a distinct population of "primed for recruitment" PMNs in healthy mouse and human blood that has high expression of adhesion and activation markers compared with the bulk resting-state PMNs. In response to acute tissue inflammation, primed PMNs (pPMNs) were rapidly depleted from the circulation and recruited to the tissue. One hour after acute peritoneal insult, pPMNs became the dominant PMN population in bone marrow (BM) and blood, returning to baseline levels with resolution of inflammation. PMN priming was induced by the granulopoietic factors granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). High levels of pPMNs were observed in neutropenic mice and in pediatric neutropenic patients who were resistant to infection, highlighting an important role of this population in innate immune function.
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A window-of-opportunity trial of the CXCR1/2 inhibitor reparixin in operable HER-2-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:4. [PMID: 31924241 PMCID: PMC6954543 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are purported to be responsible for tumor initiation, treatment resistance, disease recurrence, and metastasis. CXCR1, one of the receptors for CXCL8, was identified on breast cancer (BC) CSCs. Reparixin, an investigational allosteric inhibitor of CXCR1, reduced the CSC content of human BC xenograft in mice. Methods In this multicenter, single-arm trial, women with HER-2-negative operable BC received reparixin oral tablets 1000 mg three times daily for 21 days before surgery. Primary objectives evaluated the safety of reparixin and the effects of reparixin on CSC and tumor microenvironment in core biopsies taken at baseline and at treatment completion. Signal of activity was defined as a reduction of ≥ 20% in ALDH+ or CD24−/CD44+ CSC by flow cytometry, with consistent reduction by immunohistochemistry. Results Twenty patients were enrolled and completed the study. There were no serious adverse reactions. CSC markers ALDH+ and CD24−/CD44+ measured by flow cytometry decreased by ≥ 20% in 4/17 and 9/17 evaluable patients, respectively. However, these results could not be confirmed by immunofluorescence due to the very low number of CSC. Conclusions Reparixin appeared safe and well-tolerated. CSCs were reduced in several patients as measured by flow cytometry, suggesting targeting of CXCR1 on CSC. Clinical trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01861054. Registered on April 18, 2013.
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Schmautz C, Müller N, Auer M, Ballweg I, Pfaffl MW, Kliem H. Immune cell counts and signaling in body fluids of cows vaccinated against Clostridium difficile. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2018; 25:20. [PMID: 30555805 PMCID: PMC6288880 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-018-0092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New treatment options are needed to prevent relapses following failed antibiotic therapies of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) in humans. The concomitant therapy with an anti-C. difficile IgA containing whey protein concentrate can support the sustainable recovery of CDI patients. For 31 weeks, nine dairy cows were continuously vaccinated with several anti-C. difficile vaccines by certain routes of administration to produce anti-C. difficile IgA enriched milk. The study aimed at finding decisive differences between low responder (LR) and high responder (HR) cows (> 8.0 µg ml-1 total milk C. difficile specific IgA) concerning their immune response to vaccination on cellular and molecular biological levels. RESULTS The results of total and differential cell counting (DCC) in blood and milk and the outcomes of the gene expression analysis of selected immune factors were assessed relating to the usage of two vaccine batches for injection (MucoCD-I batch A and B), marking two immunization (IM) periods, and compared to a control group (Ctr). The MucoCD-I batch A caused short-term leukopenia followed by leukocytosis in the blood of LR and HR. The total somatic cell counts in milk were not altered by the treatment. The DCC revealed that the leukocytes of the treated groups were partly impaired by the treatment. The gene expression analysis exposed cumulative and sustainable differences (p < 0.05) between LR and HR for the genes encoding for lactoferrin, CXCL8, IL1β, IL2, IL6, IL12β, IFNγ, CD4 and CD163. The regulation of the epithelial IgA cell receptor PIGR was not impaired by the IM. In contrast to the vaccination with MucoCD-I batch A, the second IM period with MucoCD-I batch B resulted in mitigation and synchronization of the treated groups' immune responses. CONCLUSIONS The inversely regulated cytokines in the blood and milk cells of the treated groups led to a variously directed, local T cell response resulting in their different production intensities of C. difficile specific IgA in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schmautz
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nadine Müller
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marlene Auer
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ines Ballweg
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Heike Kliem
- Chair of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Dysregulated Functions of Lung Macrophage Populations in COPD. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:2349045. [PMID: 29670919 PMCID: PMC5835245 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2349045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a diverse respiratory disease characterised by bronchiolitis, small airway obstruction, and emphysema. Innate immune cells play a pivotal role in the disease's progression, and in particular, lung macrophages exploit their prevalence and strategic localisation to orchestrate immune responses. To date, alveolar and interstitial resident macrophages as well as blood monocytes have been described in the lungs of patients with COPD contributing to disease pathology by changes in their functional repertoire. In this review, we summarise recent evidence from human studies and work with animal models of COPD with regard to altered functions of each of these myeloid cell populations. We primarily focus on the dysregulated capacity of alveolar macrophages to secrete proinflammatory mediators and proteases, induce oxidative stress, engulf microbes and apoptotic cells, and express surface and intracellular markers in patients with COPD. In addition, we discuss the differences in the responses between alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages/monocytes in the disease and propose how the field should advance to better understand the implications of lung macrophage functions in COPD.
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Denk S, Taylor RP, Wiegner R, Cook EM, Lindorfer MA, Pfeiffer K, Paschke S, Eiseler T, Weiss M, Barth E, Lambris JD, Kalbitz M, Martin T, Barth H, Messerer DAC, Gebhard F, Huber-Lang MS. Complement C5a-Induced Changes in Neutrophil Morphology During Inflammation. Scand J Immunol 2017; 86:143-155. [PMID: 28671713 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The complement and neutrophil defence systems, as major components of innate immunity, are activated during inflammation and infection. For neutrophil migration to the inflamed region, we hypothesized that the complement activation product C5a induces significant changes in cellular morphology before chemotaxis. Exposure of human neutrophils to C5a dose- and time-dependently resulted in a rapid C5a receptor-1 (C5aR1)-dependent shape change, indicated by enhanced flow cytometric forward-scatter area values. Similar changes were observed after incubation with zymosan-activated serum and in blood neutrophils during murine sepsis, but not in mice lacking the C5aR1. In human neutrophils, Amnis high-resolution digital imaging revealed a C5a-induced decrease in circularity and increase in the cellular length/width ratio. Biomechanically, microfluidic optical stretching experiments indicated significantly increased neutrophil deformability early after C5a stimulation. The C5a-induced shape changes were inhibited by pharmacological blockade of either the Cl-/HCO3--exchanger or the Cl- -channel. Furthermore, actin polymerization assays revealed that C5a exposure resulted in a significant polarization of the neutrophils. The functional polarization process triggered by ATP-P2X/Y-purinoceptor interaction was also involved in the C5a-induced shape changes, because pretreatment with suramin blocked not only the shape changes but also the subsequent C5a-dependent chemotactic activity. In conclusion, the data suggest that the anaphylatoxin C5a regulates basic neutrophil cell processes by increasing the membrane elasticity and cell size as a consequence of actin-cytoskeleton polymerization and reorganization, transforming the neutrophil into a migratory cell able to invade the inflammatory site and subsequently clear pathogens and molecular debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Denk
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - R P Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Wiegner
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - E M Cook
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M A Lindorfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - K Pfeiffer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Paschke
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - T Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Weiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - E Barth
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J D Lambris
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Kalbitz
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - T Martin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - D A C Messerer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - F Gebhard
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M S Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Busch-Petersen J, Carpenter DC, Burman M, Foley J, Hunsberger GE, Kilian DJ, Salmon M, Mayer RJ, Yonchuk JG, Tal-Singer R. Danirixin: A Reversible and Selective Antagonist of the CXC Chemokine Receptor 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:338-346. [PMID: 28611093 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a key receptor in the chemotaxis of neutrophils to sites of inflammation. The studies reported here describe the pharmacological characterization of danirixin, a CXCR2 antagonist in the diaryl urea chemical class. Danirixin has high affinity for CXCR2, with a negative log of the 50% inhibitory concentration (pIC50) of 7.9 for binding to Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO)-expressed human CXCR2, and 78-fold selectivity over binding to CHO-expressed CXCR1. Danirixin is a competitive antagonist against CXCL8 in Ca2+-mobilization assays, with a KB (the concentration of antagonist that binds 50% of the receptor population) of 6.5 nM and antagonist potency (pA2) of 8.44, and is fully reversible in washout experiments over 180 minutes. In rat and human whole-blood studies assessing neutrophil activation by surface CD11b expression following CXCL2 (rat) or CXCL1 (human) challenge, danirixin blocks the CD11b upregulation with pIC50s of 6.05 and 6.3, respectively. Danirixin dosed orally also blocked the influx of neutrophils into the lung in vivo in rats following aerosol lipopolysaccharide or ozone challenge, with median effective doses (ED50s) of 1.4 and 16 mg/kg respectively. Thus, danirixin would be expected to block chemotaxis in disease states in which neutrophils are increased in response to inflammation, such as pulmonary diseases. In comparison with navarixin, a CXCR2 antagonist from a different chemical class, the binding characterization of danirixin is distinct. These observations may offer insight into the previously observed clinical differences in induction of neutropenia between these compounds.
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14
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Hussen J, Shawaf T, Al-Herz AI, Alturaifi HR, Alluwaimi AM. Reactivity of commercially available monoclonal antibodies to human CD antigens with peripheral blood leucocytes of dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedarius). Open Vet J 2017; 7:150-153. [PMID: 28652982 PMCID: PMC5471749 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to cell surface molecules have been proven as a key tool for phenotypic and functional characterization of the cellular immune response. One of the major difficulties in studying camel cellular immunity consists in the lack of mAbs that dtect their leukocyte differentiation antigens. In the present study two-parameter flow cytometry was used to screen existing commercially available mAbs to human leukocyte antigens and major histocompatibility molecules (MHC) for their reactivity with camel leukocytes. The comparison of patterns of reactivity obtained after labelling human and camel leukocytes have shown that mAbs specific to human cluster of differentiation (CD) 18, CD11a, CD11b and CD14 are predicted to be cross-reactive with homologous camel antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkareem Imran Al-Herz
- Immunology Unit, Diagnostic Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahad Hospital Hufof, Al Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain R Alturaifi
- Immunology Unit, Diagnostic Laboratory and Blood Bank, King Fahad Hospital Hufof, Al Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Alluwaimi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsaa, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Mello FV, Alves LR, Land MGP, Teodósio C, Sanchez ML, Bárcena P, Peres RT, Pedreira CE, Costa ES, Orfao A. Maturation-associated gene expression profiles along normal human bone marrow monopoiesis. Br J Haematol 2017; 176:464-474. [PMID: 28079251 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human monopoiesis is a tightly coordinated process which starts in the bone marrow (BM) haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment and leads to the production of circulating blood mature monocytes. Although mature monocytes/macrophages have been extensively studied in both normal or inflammatory conditions, monopoiesis has only been assessed in vitro and in vivo animal models, due to low frequency of the monocytic precursors in the normal human BM. Here we investigated the transcriptional profile along normal human BM monopoiesis. Five distinct maturation-associated stages of monocytic precursors were identified and isolated from (fresh) normal human BM through fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and the gene expression profile (GEP) of each monocytic precursor subset was analysed by DNA-oligonucleotide microarrays. Overall, >6000 genes (18% of the genes investigated) were expressed in ≥1 stage of BM monopoiesis at stable or variable amounts, showing early decrease in cell proliferation with increased levels of expression of genes linked with cell differentiation. The here-defined GEP of normal human BM monopoiesis might contribute to better understand monocytic differentiation and the identification of novel monocytic candidate markers, while also providing a frame of reference for the study of monocytic maturation in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease conditions involving monocytic precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana V Mello
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Programme, College of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Cytometry Service, Institute of Paediatrics and Puericulture Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Liliane R Alves
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Programme, College of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Cytometry Service, Institute of Paediatrics and Puericulture Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Pharmacy Service INCa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G P Land
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Programme, College of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristina Teodósio
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - María-Luz Sanchez
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (Nucleus), Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paloma Bárcena
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (Nucleus), Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Carlos E Pedreira
- COPPE-PESC Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine S Costa
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Programme, College of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Cytometry Service, Institute of Paediatrics and Puericulture Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (Nucleus), Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
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16
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Todd CM, Salter BM, Murphy DM, Watson RM, Howie KJ, Milot J, Sadeh J, Boulet LP, O'Byrne PM, Gauvreau GM. The effects of a CXCR1/CXCR2 antagonist on neutrophil migration in mild atopic asthmatic subjects. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2016; 41:34-39. [PMID: 27640067 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils are effector cells recruited to airways in patients with asthma. Migration of neutrophils occurs predominantly through activation of the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors by CXC chemokines, including IL-8 and Gro-α. The dual CXCR1/CXCR2 antagonist SCH 527123 has been developed to target neutrophil migration to alleviate airway neutrophilia. This study investigated the effects of SCH 527123 on neutrophil levels within the bone marrow, peripheral blood and airways, and on isolated bone marrow and peripheral blood neutrophil migration from mild allergic asthmatics. METHODS Thirteen subjects with mild allergic asthma completed a double blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center crossover study and were randomized to daily dosing of 30 mg SCH 527123 and placebo for 8 days. Subjects provided bone marrow, peripheral blood and sputum samples pre-dosing and on the last day of dosing. Neutrophil numbers were quantified in all samples and chemotaxis assays were performed on neutrophils purified from bone marrow and peripheral blood. RESULTS Neutrophil numbers fell significantly in the peripheral blood and sputum following treatment with SCH 527123 compared to placebo treatment. No change in neutrophil numbers was observed in bone marrow. SCH 527123 reduced IL-8-induced migration of purified peripheral blood neutrophils (p < 0.05), but had limited effects on migration of neutrophils purified from bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study demonstrate that oral administration of the dual CXCR1/CXCR2 antagonist SCH 527123 reduces neutrophil levels in the circulation and airways through inhibition of migration. There were no toxic effects of SCH 527123 on granulocytic progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Desmond M Murphy
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Joanne Milot
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QC, Canada
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17
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Meyer F, Buerger T, Halloul Z, Lippert H, König B, Tautenhahn J. Effects Of Gelatine-Coated Vascular Grafts On Human Neutrophils. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2016; 87:443-52. [PMID: 26812839 DOI: 10.1515/pjs-2015-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of the study was to investigate the immune-modulatory potential of commercially available PTFE and polyester vascular grafts with and without gelatine-coating. The biomaterial-cell-interaction was characterized by changes of established parameters such as PMN-related receptors/mediators, phagocytosis potential and capacity as well as the effect of an additional plasma-dependent modulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS By means of a standardized experimental in vitro model, various vascular graft material (PTFE/polyester/uncoated/gelatine-coated) was used for incubation with or without plasma and co-culturing with human neutrophile granulocytes (PMN) followed by analysis of representative receptors and mediators (CD62L, CD11b, CXCR2, fMLP-R, IL-8, Elastase, LTB4). Oxidative burst assessed phagocytosis capacity. RESULTS Comparing the vascular grafts, un-coated PTFE induced the lowest magnitude of cell stimulation whereas in case of gelatine-coating, cell response exceeded those of the other vascular grafts. This was also found comparing the polyester-based prosthetic material. Gelatine-coated polyester led to a more pronounced release of elastase than gelatine-coated PTFE and the uncoated materials. The results of oxidative burst indicated a reduced phagocytosis capacity in case of gelatine-coated polyester. Plasma incubation did also provide an impact on the cellular response. While in case of gelatine-coating, PMN-related receptor stimulation became lower, it increased by native polyester. The latter one did also induce more mediators such as IL-8 and LTB4 than gelatine-coated material. CONCLUSIONS There have been no extensive data on cell-cell interactions, cytokines and general histo-/hemocompatibility of human cells by the new generation of vascular grafts. It remains still open whether healing process and infectious resistance can be compromised by material-dependent over-stimulation or reduced phagocytosis potential of the immune cells of the primary unspecific immune response induced by gelatine-coated materials.
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18
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Hussen J, Koy M, Petzl W, Schuberth HJ. Neutrophil degranulation differentially modulates phenotype and function of bovine monocyte subsets. Innate Immun 2015; 22:124-37. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425915620911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and neutrophils are important players in the innate immune response and cooperate during infection and inflammation. In our study we analyzed the effects of neutrophil degranulation products (polymorphonuclear granulocytes degranulation products, PMN-DGP) on the activation, the adhesion and the migration of three bovine monocyte subsets, as well as their effects on monocyte-macrophage differentiation. Cross-linking of surface CD18 molecules on bovine PMN resulted in the release of primary, secondary and tertiary granules as well as of secretory vesicles. PMN-DGP induced a significant Ca2+-influx in classical (classical monocytes, cM) and intermediate monocytes (intermediate monocytes, intM) but not in non-classical monocytes (non-classical monocytes, ncM). A selective and up-regulated expression induced by PMN-DGP was only seen for CD11a and CD31 on intM. PMN-DGP induced a selective migration of intM in vitro. The presence of PMN-DGP during the differentiation of cM or intM into macrophages resulted in increased expression of membrane CD163 and reduced expression of MHC-II molecules. PMN-DGP-derived macrophages produced more IL-12 and IL-10 and showed enhanced phagocytosis and ROS production capacities. In conclusion, PMN-DGP selectively attract bovine intM and skew the functional maturation of cM and intM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mirja Koy
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfram Petzl
- Clinic for Ruminants, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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19
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Jurcevic S, Humfrey C, Uddin M, Warrington S, Larsson B, Keen C. The effect of a selective CXCR2 antagonist (AZD5069) on human blood neutrophil count and innate immune functions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:1324-36. [PMID: 26182832 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to investigate whether selective antagonism of the cysteine-X-cysteine chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2) receptor has any adverse effects on the key innate effector functions of human neutrophils for defence against microbial pathogens. METHODS In a double-blind, crossover study, 30 healthy volunteers were randomized to treatment with the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 (100 mg) or placebo, twice daily orally for 6 days. The peripheral blood neutrophil count was assessed at baseline, daily during treatment and in response to exercise challenge and subcutaneous injection of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Neutrophil function was evaluated by phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and by the oxidative burst response to E. coli. RESULTS AZD5069 treatment reversibly reduced circulating neutrophil count from baseline by a mean [standard deviation (SD)] of -1.67 (0.67) ×10(9) l(-1) vs. 0.19 (0.78) ×10(9) l(-1) for placebo on day 2, returning to baseline by day 7 after the last dose. Despite low counts on day 4, a 10-min exercise challenge increased absolute blood neutrophil count, but the effect with AZD5069 was smaller and not sustained, compared with placebo treatment. Subcutaneous G-CSF on day 5 caused a substantial increase in blood neutrophil count in both placebo- and AZD5069-treated subjects. Superoxide anion production in E. coli-stimulated neutrophils and phagocytosis of E. coli were unaffected by AZD5069 (P = 0.375, P = 0.721, respectively vs. baseline, Day 4). AZD5069 was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS CXCR2 antagonism did not appear adversely to affect the mobilization of neutrophils from bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, phagocytosis or the oxidative burst response to bacterial pathogens. This supports the potential of CXCR2 antagonists as a treatment option for diseases in which neutrophils play a pathological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipo Jurcevic
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London, UK
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20
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Miller BE, Mistry S, Smart K, Connolly P, Carpenter DC, Cooray H, Bloomer JC, Tal-Singer R, Lazaar AL. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of danirixin (GSK1325756)--a selective CXCR2 antagonist --in healthy adult subjects. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 16:18. [PMID: 26092545 PMCID: PMC4475328 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-015-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive neutrophil presence and activation is important in a number of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. The CXCR2 chemokine receptor is important in controlling the extravasation and activation of neutrophils. Selective antagonism of the CXCR2 receptor is a potential approach to reducing neutrophil migration and activation. Danirixin, is a small molecule, CXCR2 antagonist being evaluated as a potential anti-inflammatory medicine. Methods (1) First time in human (FTIH) double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single ascending and repeat oral doses of danirixin in healthy male subjects; (2) single-dose study of age, gender, food, and proton-pump inhibitor effects on the pharmacokinetics of danirixin in healthy adult subjects; and placebo-controlled study of the pharmacokinetics of danirixin in healthy elderly subjects. Results There were no serious adverse events and no adverse events considered to be of clinical relevance. There were no withdrawals due to adverse events. Systemic exposure following single doses of danirixin 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg increased with increasing dose. Engagement of pharmacology was demonstrated as inhibition of ex-vivo CXCL1-induced CD11b expression on peripheral blood neutrophils when compared to placebo (approximately 50 % for 50 mg and 100 mg danirixin, and 72 % at 200 mg). There was a 37 % decrease in Cmax and a 16 % decrease in AUC (0-∞) following administration of danirixin in the presence of food. Cmax also decreased by 65 % when danirixin 100 mg was administered following omeprazole 40 mg once daily for 5 days. The AUC (0-∞) and Cmax were 50 % lower in elderly subjects compared with younger subjects. Conclusion The dose-dependent inhibition of agonist-induced neutrophil activation following single and repeated once daily oral administration of danirixin suggests that this CXCR2 antagonist may have benefit in neutrophil-predominant inflammatory diseases. Co-administration with food, gastric acid reducing agents, and variable exposure in the elderly have important clinical implications that need to be taken into consideration in subsequent clinical evaluations. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01209052 and NCT01209104
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Miller
- Clinical Discovery, Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA.
| | - Sunil Mistry
- Clinical Statistics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stockley Park West, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB11 1BT, UK.
| | - Kevin Smart
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK. .,Roche Pharmaceuticals, Welwyn Garden City, UK.
| | - Paul Connolly
- Product Development, Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG 12 0DP, UK.
| | - Donald C Carpenter
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA.
| | - Hiran Cooray
- Clinical Pharmacology Sciences and Study Operations, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK. .,Global Development, Amgen Inc., Horsham, West Sussex, UK.
| | - Jackie C Bloomer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG 12 0DP, UK.
| | - Ruth Tal-Singer
- Clinical Discovery, Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA.
| | - Aili L Lazaar
- Discovery Medicine, Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA.
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21
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Birle A, Nebe CT, Hill S, Hartmann K, Poeschl J, Koch L. Neutrophil chemotaxis in cord blood of term and preterm neonates is reduced in preterm neonates and influenced by the mode of delivery and anaesthesia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120341. [PMID: 25867529 PMCID: PMC4395085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections, even without any perinatal risk factors, are common in newborns, especially in preterm neonates. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible impairment of neutrophil chemotaxis in term and preterm neonates compared with adults as well as neonates with different modes of delivery and anaesthesia. We analysed the expression of the adhesion molecule L-Selectin as well as shape change, spontaneous and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced transmigration of neutrophils in a flow cytometric assay of chemotaxis after spontaneous delivery with Cesarian Section (CS) under spinal anaesthesia (mepivacaine, sufentanil), epidural anaesthesia (ropivacaine or bupivacaine, sufentanil) or general anaesthesia (ketamine, thiopental, succinylcholine). Chemokinesis was higher (p=0.008) in cord blood neutrophils than in the adult ones, whereas those could be more stimulated by fMLP (p=0.02). After vaginal delivery neutrophils showed a higher spontaneous and fMLP-stimulated chemotactic response compared to neonates after CS without labor. Comparing different types of anaesthesia for CS, spinal anaesthesia resulted in less impairment on chemotaxis than general anaesthesia or epidural anaesthesia. The new flow cytometric assay of neutrophil chemotaxis is an appropriate and objective method to analyse functional differences even in very small volumes of blood, essential in neonatology. Term neonates do not show reduced chemotaxis compared to adults. Preterm neonates present with reduced chemotaxis and chemokinesis, confirming the well known deficits in their neutrophil function. The side effects of maternal drugs on the neonatal immune system have to be considered especially when the immune response is already impaired, as in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Birle
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sandra Hill
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Poeschl
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Koch
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Kredel S, Wolff M, Gierschik P, Heilker R. Phenotypic analysis of chemokine-driven actin reorganization in primary human neutrophils. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2014; 12:120-8. [PMID: 24579814 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2013.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine-driven activation of CXC-type chemokine receptors 1/2 (CXCR1/2) and the subsequent reorganization of the neutrophilic actin are early key events in the induction of neutrophil migration toward centers of inflammation. In this study, an image analysis algorithm was developed to detect subtle chemokine-induced changes in the actin cytoskeleton of primary human neutrophils. By this means, a discrete early step of neutrophil activation was dissected that could be initiated by concentrations of growth-related oncogen α (Gro-α) or interleukin-8 (IL-8) just above their resting-state plasma levels. The associated half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values for Gro-α and IL-8 of 8 and 22 pM, respectively, are between two and three orders of magnitude below the so-far reported EC50 values of these chemokines for the induction of neutrophilic calcium release, integrin expression, degranulation, and receptor internalization. Sch527123, a known inhibitor of CXCR2 (KD=49 pM) and with a lower potency/affinity also of CXCR1 (KD=3.9 nM), antagonized actin remodeling with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 400 pM for the CXCR2-specific agonist Gro-α and of 36 nM for the CXCR1/2-promiscuous agonist IL-8. This observation indicates that the here-described early step of chemokine-driven actin reorganization is modulated by both CXCR1 and CXCR2. Thus, the imaging-based assay format, as developed in this work, may be employed in a phenotypic screening campaign to identify inhibitors of an early step in CXCR1/2-induced neutrophilic chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kredel
- 1 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center , Ulm, Germany
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23
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Moss RB, Mistry SJ, Konstan MW, Pilewski JM, Kerem E, Tal-Singer R, Lazaar AL. Safety and early treatment effects of the CXCR2 antagonist SB-656933 in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2013; 12:241-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dutta A, Bhattacharya P, Lahiri T, Ray MR. Immune cells and cardiovascular health in premenopausal women of rural India chronically exposed to biomass smoke during daily household cooking. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 438:293-298. [PMID: 23010103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cells of the immune system are important indicators of systemic response of the body to air pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunological changes in rural women who have been cooking exclusively with biomass for the past 5 years or more and compare the findings with women cooking exclusively with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the associations between indices of indoor air pollution (IAP) and a set of immune assays. Biomass users illustrated marked suppression in the total number of T-helper (CD4+) cells and B (CD19+) cells while appreciable rise was documented in the number of CD8+ T-cytotoxic cells and CD16+CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells. A consistent finding among biomass users was rise in regulatory T (Treg) cells. Among biomass users, peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations, Treg cells, and the number of typical monocytes (CD16-CD64+ cells), antigen presenting types (CD16+CD64- cells) and plasmacytoid cells (CD16-CD64- cells) were found to be significantly altered in those who daily cooked with dung in comparison to wood and crop residue users (p<0.05). Biomass users who cooked in kitchens adjacent to their living areas had significant changes in peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations, typical monocytes (CD16-CD64+) with high phagocytic activity and antigen presenting monocytes (CD16+CD64-) against women who cooked in separate kitchens (p<0.01). This study has shown that women who cooked exclusively with biomass fuel had alterations in immune defense compared with their neighbors who cooked with LPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Dutta
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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25
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Lazaar AL, Sweeney LE, MacDonald AJ, Alexis NE, Chen C, Tal-Singer R. SB-656933, a novel CXCR2 selective antagonist, inhibits ex vivo neutrophil activation and ozone-induced airway inflammation in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 72:282-93. [PMID: 21426372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Receptor antagonists that block the binding of chemokines such as CXCL8 (IL-8) are effective in animals models of neutrophil-mediated inflammation. It has been hypothesized that selective inhibition of neutrophil trafficking and activation may be a useful adjunct for the treatment of inflammatory airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis. A CXCR1/2 receptor antagonist has shown activity in an ozone challenge model in humans. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS SB-656933, a selective CXCR2 antagonist, is safe and well-tolerated at single doses and is shown to inhibit agonist (CXCL1)-mediated expression of the CD11b on peripheral blood neutrophils as well as ozone-induced airway neutrophilia in healthy subjects. AIMS To determine the safety and tolerability of a novel selective CXCR2 antagonist and assess its pharmacodynamic effects using measures of neutrophil activation and function, including CD11b expression in whole blood and ozone-induced airway inflammation in healthy subjects. METHODS Flow cytometric determination of ex vivo CXCL1-induced CD11b expression on peripheral blood neutrophils was performed following single dose oral administration of SB-656933 (dose range 2-1100 mg). A subsequent randomized study (placebo, 50 mg and 150 mg) was performed to explore the dose-response for ozone-induced airway inflammation, as measured by sputum biomarkers. RESULTS Oral administration of SB-656933 resulted in significant inhibition of CXCL1-induced CD11b expression on peripheral blood neutrophils at single doses greater than or equal to 50 mg. Maximum inhibition (70%) relative to placebo was observed following administration of SB-656933 400 mg (95% CI 60%, 77%). This was sustained up to a dose of 1100 mg. Single doses of SB-656933 reduced ozone-induced airway inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Relative to placebo, there were 55% (95% CI 20%, 75%) and 74% (95% CI 55%, 85%) fewer neutrophils in the sputum of subjects after a single dose of 50 mg or 150 mg, respectively. There was a corresponding reduction in myeloperoxidase concentrations in the sputum supernatant of 32.8% (95% CI 9.2, 50.3) and 50.5% (95% CI 33.3, 63.3). SB-656933 was safe and well-tolerated at all doses. CONCLUSIONS SB-656933 is a CXCR2 antagonist that demonstrates dose-dependent effects on neutrophil activation and recruitment within a well-tolerated dose range. These data suggest that SB-656933 may be an effective agent in neutrophil-predominant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili L Lazaar
- COPD Clinical Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA.
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Mui TS, Man SP, Sin DD. Developments in drugs for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 4:365-77. [PMID: 20476926 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects more than 600 million adults worldwide and accounts for 3 million deaths annually. Approximately 50% of the cases are directly attributable to cigarette smoking; the rest are accounted for by different risk factors, including childhood infections, genetic defects, environmental pollution and biomass exposure. The mainstay of current drug treatment is bronchodilation. Anti-inflammatory drugs are reserved for patients with moderate-to-severe disease. In this article, we will review the current paradigm of COPD pathogenesis and discuss some promising molecular targets that may be modified in the future to improve health outcomes of patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Sy Mui
- The Providence Heart and Lung Center, The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St Paul's Hospital & the Department of Medicine (Respiratory Division), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Sinha S, Miller L, Subramanian S, McCarty OJT, Proctor T, Meza-Romero R, Huan J, Burrows GG, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Binding of recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTL) to antigen presenting cells prevents upregulation of CD11b and inhibits T cell activation and transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 225:52-61. [PMID: 20546940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant T cell ligands (RTLs) ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in an antigen-specific manner. We evaluated effects of RTL401 (I-A(s) alpha1beta1+PLP-139-151) on splenocytes from SJL/J mice with EAE to study RTL-T cell tolerance-inducing mechanisms. RTLs bound to B, macrophages and DCs, through RTL-MHC-alpha1beta1 moiety. RTL binding reduced CD11b expression on splenic macrophages/DC, and RTL401-conditioned macrophages/DC, not B cells, inhibited T cell activation. Reduced ability of RTL- incubated splenocytes to transfer EAE was likely mediated through macrophages/DC, since B cells were unnecessary for RTL treatment of EAE. These results demonstrate a novel pathway of T cell regulation by RTL-bound APCs.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/drug effects
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Ligands
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sinha
- Neuroimmunology Research R&D-31, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Effect of formoterol and budesonide on chemokine release, chemokine receptor expression and chemotaxis in human neutrophils. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23:316-23. [PMID: 20307681 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Severe persistent asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with neutrophil influx into the airways. It is not clear whether neutrophil chemotaxis is influenced by beta(2)-agonists and glucocorticoids, drugs commonly used in treatment of asthma and COPD. The effect of a long-acting beta(2)-agonist (formoterol), and a glucocorticosteroid (budesonide) on chemokine/cytokine release (CXCL8, CXCL1, IL-6), regulation of chemokine receptors (CXCR1, CXCR2), and migration were assessed in neutrophils from 10 non-allergic, healthy donors. Formoterol enhanced and budesonide inhibited IL-6, CXCL8 and CXCL1 release from LPS-stimulated neutrophils. Formoterol up-regulated both CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression, whereas budesonide up-regulated the expression of CXCR2 only. Despite the effects on chemokine release and drug-induced up-regulation of CXCR1 and CXCR2, no influence on neutrophil chemotaxis could be demonstrated. We conclude that a beta(2)-agonist and a glucocorticoid, commonly used in the treatment of obstructive lung diseases, influence chemokine release and receptor sensitivity but the functional consequences of these findings remain unclear.
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LIU SF, CHIN CH, WANG CC, LIN MC. Correlation between serum biomarkers and BODE index in patients with stable COPD. Respirology 2009; 14:999-1004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chemokines as Possible Targets in Modulation of the Secondary Damage After Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 29:1025-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Major TC, Olszewski B, Rosebury-Smith WS. A CCR2/CCR5 Antagonist Attenuates an Increase in Angiotensin II-Induced CD11b+ Monocytes from Atherogenic ApoE−/− Mice. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2008; 23:113-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-008-6157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yao H, de Boer WI, Rahman I. Targeting lung inflammation: novel therapies for the treatment of COPD. CURRENT RESPIRATORY MEDICINE REVIEWS 2008; 4:57-68. [PMID: 19672474 PMCID: PMC2723817 DOI: 10.2174/157339808783497873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem. As understanding of pathology of COPD has increased it has been established that COPD is associated with the progressive pulmonary inflammation and destruction of lung parenchyma (emphysema) that relate to disease severity. Therefore, it is anticipated that drugs that reduce pulmonary inflammation will provide effective, disease modifying therapy for COPD. Several specific therapies are directed against the influx of inflammatory cells into the airways and lung parenchyma that occurs in COPD; these include agents directed against cytokines and chemokines. Broad-range anti-inflammatory drugs are now in phase III development for COPD; they include inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). Other drugs that inhibit cell signaling include inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K). There is also a search for inhibitors of proteinases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to prevent lung destruction and the development of emphysema. This review highlights studies on novel or potential anti-inflammatory agents that might be considered in the development of new future therapies for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Yamagata T, Sugiura H, Yokoyama T, Yanagisawa S, Ichikawa T, Ueshima K, Akamatsu K, Hirano T, Nakanishi M, Yamagata Y, Matsunaga K, Minakata Y, Ichinose M. Overexpression of CD-11b and CXCR1 on circulating neutrophils: its possible role in COPD. Chest 2007; 132:890-9. [PMID: 17573488 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that the beta2-integrin molecule is up-regulated in circulating neutrophils in COPD subjects. However, little has been reported about the expression of the cell surface molecules in such patients and their relationship with pulmonary function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the surface expression of molecules in circulating neutrophils and to clarify their possible role in the airflow limitation of COPD. METHODS The surface expression of Mac-1 cells (ie, CD-11b and CD-18 cells) and CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 1 and CXCR2 of circulating neutrophils obtained from COPD patients and healthy subjects (HSs) was measured by flow cytometry analysis. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-8 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Both CD-11b and CXCR1 expression were significantly higher in COPD patients than in HSs (mean [+/- SE] CD-11b concentration: HSs, 9.7 +/- 1.0; COPD patients, 14.2 +/- 1.8 [p < 0.05]; mean CXCR1 concentration: HSs, 9.6 +/- 0.5; COPD patients, 11.9 +/- 0.4 [p < 0.01]). Although aging was positively correlated with the expression of CXCR1 (r = 0.440; p < 0.01), none of the other background factors, including smoking and body mass index, showed a correlation with the expression of the molecules. Although serum IL-8 levels were higher in patients with COPD than in HSs, no significant correlation between serum IL-8 levels and the expression of any molecule was seen. The expression of CD-11b (r = -0.317) and CXCR1 (r = -0.383) showed a significant negative correlation with the severity of airflow limitation (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The overexpression of CD-11b and CXCR1 in circulating neutrophils may be associated with the development of airflow limitation in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamagata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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Lowes MA, Chamian F, Abello MV, Leonardi C, Dummer W, Papp K, Krueger JG. Eruptive papules during efalizumab (anti-CD11a) therapy of psoriasis vulgaris: a case series. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2007; 7:2. [PMID: 17324275 PMCID: PMC1817648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-7-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Newer biological therapies for moderate-to-severe psoriasis are being used more frequently, but unexpected effects may occur. Case presentations We present a group of 15 patients who developed inflammatory papules while on efalizumab therapy (Raptiva, Genentech Inc, anti-CD11a). Immunohistochemistry showed that there were increased CD11b+, CD11c+ and iNOS+ cells (myeloid leukocytes) in the papules, with relatively few CD3+ T cells. While efalizumab caused a decreased expression of CD11a on T cells, other circulating leukocytes from patients receiving this therapy often showed increased CD11b and CD11c. In the setting of an additional stimulus such as skin trauma, this may predispose to increased trafficking into the skin using these alternative β2 integrins. In addition, there may be impaired immune synapse formation, limiting the development of these lesions to small papules. There is little evidence for these papular lesions being "allergic" in nature as there are few eosinophils on biopsy, and they respond to minimal or no therapy even if efalizumab is continued. Conclusion We hypothesize that these papules may represent a unique type of "mechanistic" inflammatory reaction, seen only in the context of drug-induced CD11a blockade, and not during the natural disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lowes
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Francesca Chamian
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria V Abello
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Kim Papp
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, Canada
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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Medina-Tato DA, Watson ML, Ward SG. Leukocyte navigation mechanisms as targets in airway diseases. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:866-79. [PMID: 16997136 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are among the most significant diseases in terms of their disabling effects and healthcare burden. A characteristic feature of almost all respiratory diseases is the accumulation and activation of inflammatory leukocytes in the lung or airway. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecules and intracellular signalling events controlling these processes are now translating to new therapeutic entities. In this article, the process of leukocyte accumulation is summarized, together with the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the utility of the individual components of this process as targets for disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Medina-Tato
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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