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Kamakura R, Raza GS, Sodum N, Lehto V, Kovalainen M, Herzig K. Colonic Delivery of Nutrients for Sustained and Prolonged Release of Gut Peptides: A Novel Strategy for Appetite Management. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200192. [PMID: 35938221 PMCID: PMC9787473 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major global threats to human health and risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases and certain cancers. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a major role in appetite and glucose homeostasis and recently the USFDA approved GLP-1 agonists for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 is secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells in the distal part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in response to nutrient ingestion. Endogenously released GLP-1 has a very short half-life of <2 min and most of the nutrients are absorbed before reaching the distal GI tract and colon, which hinders the use of nutritional compounds for appetite regulation. The review article focuses on nutrients that endogenously stimulate GLP-1 and peptide YY (PYY) secretion via their receptors in order to decrease appetite as preventive action. In addition, various delivery technologies such as pH-sensitive, mucoadhesive, time-dependent, and enzyme-sensitive systems for colonic targeting of nutrients delivery are described. Sustained colonic delivery of nutritional compounds could be one of the most promising approaches to prevent obesity and associated metabolic diseases by, e.g., sustained GLP-1 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Kamakura
- Research Unit of BiomedicineFaculty of Medicine, and Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOulu90220Finland
| | - Ghulam Shere Raza
- Research Unit of BiomedicineFaculty of Medicine, and Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOulu90220Finland
| | - Nalini Sodum
- Research Unit of BiomedicineFaculty of Medicine, and Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOulu90220Finland
| | - Vesa‐Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied PhysicsFaculty of Science and ForestryUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFI‐70211Finland
| | - Miia Kovalainen
- Research Unit of BiomedicineFaculty of Medicine, and Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOulu90220Finland
| | - Karl‐Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of BiomedicineFaculty of Medicine, and Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOulu90220Finland
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic DiseasesPediatric InstitutePoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznań60–572Poland
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Iversen KN, Jonsson K, Landberg R. The Effect of Rye-Based Foods on Postprandial Plasma Insulin Concentration: The Rye Factor. Front Nutr 2022; 9:868938. [PMID: 35757252 PMCID: PMC9218669 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of whole grain has been associated with lower incidence of type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and their risk factors including improved glycemic control. In comparison with other whole grain products, rye bread has been shown to induce lower insulin response in the postprandial phase, without affecting the glucose response. This phenomenon has been referred to as the “rye factor” and is being explored in this review where we summarize the findings from meal and extended meal studies including rye-based foods. Overall, results from intervention studies showed that rye-based foods vs. (wheat) control foods had positive effect on both insulin and glucose responses in the postprandial phase, rather than on insulin alone. Mechanistic studies have shown that the rye factor phenomenon might be due to slowing of the glucose uptake in the intestine. However, this has also been shown for wheat-based bread and is likely an effect of structural properties of the investigated foods rather than the rye per se. More carefully controlled studies where standardized structural properties of different cereals are linked to the postprandial response are needed to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms and determinants for the effect of specific cereals and product traits on postprandial glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Nøhr Iversen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Jonsson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Autio J, Stenbäck V, Gagnon DD, Leppäluoto J, Herzig KH. (Neuro) Peptides, Physical Activity, and Cognition. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082592. [PMID: 32785144 PMCID: PMC7464334 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) improves cognitive functions, prevents brain atrophy, and delays the onset of cognitive decline, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Presently, there are no specific recommendations for PA producing positive effects on brain health and little is known on its mediators. PA affects production and release of several peptides secreted from peripheral and central tissues, targeting receptors located in the central nervous system (CNS). This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge on the association between PA and cognition with a focus on the role of (neuro)peptides. For the review we define peptides as molecules with less than 100 amino acids and exclude myokines. Tachykinins, somatostatin, and opioid peptides were excluded from this review since they were not affected by PA. There is evidence suggesting that PA increases peripheral insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and elevated serum IGF-1 levels are associated with improved cognitive performance. It is therefore likely that IGF-1 plays a role in PA induced improvement of cognition. Other neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), ghrelin, galanin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) could mediate the beneficial effects of PA on cognition, but the current literature regarding these (neuro)peptides is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Autio
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Ville Stenbäck
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
- Biocenter Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Dominique D. Gagnon
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Center of Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Juhani Leppäluoto
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Hansson P, Holven KB, Øyri LK, Brekke HK, Gjevestad GO, Rehfeld JF, Raza GS, Herzig KH, Ulven SM. Dairy products influence gut hormone secretion and appetite differently: A randomized controlled crossover trial. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:1100-1109. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Adamska-Patruno E, Ostrowska L, Goscik J, Fiedorczuk J, Moroz M, Kretowski A, Gorska M. The Differences in Postprandial Serum Concentrations of Peptides That Regulate Satiety/Hunger and Metabolism after Various Meal Intake, in Men with Normal vs. Excessive BMI. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030493. [PMID: 30813625 PMCID: PMC6471764 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy balance regulation may differ in lean and obese people. The purposes of our study were to evaluate the hormonal response to meals with varying macronutrient content, and the differences depending on body weight. METHODS The crossover study included 46 men, 21⁻58 years old, normal-weight and overweight/obese. Every subject participated in two meal-challenge-tests with high-carbohydrate (HC), and normo-carbohydrate (NC) or high-fat (HF) meals. Fasting and postprandial blood was collected for a further 240 min, to determine adiponectin, leptin and total ghrelin concentrations. RESULTS In normal-weight individuals after HC-meal we observed at 60min higher adiponectin concentrations (12,554 ± 1531 vs. 8691 ± 1070 ng/mL, p = 0.01) and significantly (p < 0.05) lower total ghrelin concentrations during the first 120 min, than after HF-meal intake. Fasting and postprandial leptin levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in overweigh/obese men. Leptin concentrations in normal-weight men were higher (2.72 ± 0.8 vs. 1.56 ± 0.4 ng/mL, p = 0.01) 180 min after HC-meal than after NC-meal intake. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that in normal-body weight men we can expect more beneficial leptin, adiponectin, and total ghrelin response after HC-meal intake, whereas, in overweight/obese men, the HC-meal intake may exacerbate the feeling of hunger, and satiety may be induced more by meals with lower carbohydrate content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Adamska-Patruno
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, MC Sklodowskiej 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Lucyna Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, Mieszka I-go 4B, 15-054 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Goscik
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, MC Sklodowskiej 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Fiedorczuk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, MC Sklodowskiej 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Monika Moroz
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, MC Sklodowskiej 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, MC Sklodowskiej 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, MC Sklodowskiej 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Maria Gorska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, MC Sklodowskiej 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland.
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Aygen B, Kucuksu M, Aydin S, Ozercan IH. Effect of enalapril maleate on ghrelin levels in metabolic syndrome in rats. Peptides 2015; 67:39-44. [PMID: 25784288 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have explored how enalapril affects ghrelin levels in serum and renal tissues of rats with fructose-induced MetS, using 5-week-old Wistar albino male rats weighing 220 ± 20 g. They divided into 5 groups: (i) control (CT), no fructose supplement fed on standard rat pellet and tap water for 60 days, (ii) metabolic syndrome (MetS) fed with 10% fructose for 60 days, (iii) rats after metabolic syndrome developed treated with enalapril over 30 days (MetS+E30), (iv) rats in which only enalapril was administered for 60 days (E60), and (v) MetS-treated with enalapril for 60 days (MetS+E60). Enalapril maleate was given at 20mg/kg per day by gavage. Fasting serum insulin, uric acid, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher, and the amount of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and acylated and desacyl ghrelin levels was significantly lower in the MetS groups. Ghrelins were significantly lower in all 3 groups, which were administered enalapril than that of MetS and the control group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the density of ghrelin was parallel to the serum levels of the peptide. Ghrelin immunoreactivity in the kidneys was of moderate density in the distal and collecting tubules, mild density in the proximal tubule and glomeruli, whereas the density decreased in the MetS group and other enalapril-treated groups. In conclusion, ghrelin levels in MetS groups were significantly lower than control group, and thus Enalapril treatment improves components of MetS and has direct effects on serum ghrelin levels that are independent of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Aygen
- Department of Nephrology, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, 23119, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Kucuksu
- Department of Nephrology, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, 23119, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan
- Department of Medical Pathology, Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that higher whole grain intake is associated with improvements in body weight measures. Evidence from randomized controlled intervention studies is controversial. OBJECTIVE To assess the scientific evidence, using a descriptive systematic approach, related to the relationship/effects of whole grain on weight management. METHODS Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were used to search in Medline and Scopus, dating from 1980 to July 2013. Subsequently, 2 researchers assessed independently the resulting abstracts, using hierarchically targeted selection criteria. RESULTS A moderate body of evidence from epidemiological studies consistently demonstrates that a higher intake of whole grains is associated with lower body weight, BMI, waist circumference, abdominal adiposity, and weight gain. The evidence from intervention studies is, in comparison, limited and less consistent. Current evidence fails to clearly demonstrate that whole grain intake can contribute to weight loss independent of hypocaloric diets. The lack of consistency in intervention studies may partly be explained by heterogeneity in study duration, types and amounts of whole grain foods included, population, and sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS Future epidemiological and intervention studies are needed to address the limitations observed in the current body of evidence, importantly using a consistent definition of whole grain foods, and the amount of whole grains consumed. Furthermore, studies need to be conducted on diets that potentially include single grains.
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Magnusdottir OK, Landberg R, Gunnarsdottir I, Cloetens L, Akesson B, Landin-Olsson M, Rosqvist F, Iggman D, Schwab U, Herzig KH, Savolainen MJ, Brader L, Hermansen K, Kolehmainen M, Poutanen K, Uusitupa M, Thorsdottir I, Risérus U. Plasma alkylresorcinols C17:0/C21:0 ratio, a biomarker of relative whole-grain rye intake, is associated to insulin sensitivity: a randomized study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:453-8. [PMID: 24549027 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Few studies have used biomarkers of whole-grain intake to study its relation to glucose metabolism. We aimed to investigate the association between plasma alkylresorcinols (AR), a biomarker of whole-grain rye and wheat intake, and glucose metabolism in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). SUBJECTS/METHODS Participants were 30-65 years of age, with body mass index 27-40 kg/m(2) and had MetS without diabetes. Individuals were recruited through six centers in the Nordic countries and randomized to a healthy Nordic diet (ND, n=96), rich in whole-grain rye and wheat, or a control diet (n=70), for 18-24 weeks. In addition, associations between total plasma AR concentration and C17:0/C21:0 homolog ratio as an indication of the relative whole-grain rye intake, and glucose metabolism measures from oral glucose tolerance tests were investigated in pooled (ND+control) regression analyses at 18/24 weeks. RESULTS ND did not improve glucose metabolism compared with control diet, but the AR C17:0/C21:0 ratio was inversely associated with fasting insulin concentrations (P=0.002) and positively associated with the insulin sensitivity indices Matsuda ISI (P=0.026) and disposition index (P=0.022) in pooled analyses at 18/24 weeks, even after adjustment for confounders. The AR C17:0/C21:0 ratio was not significantly associated with insulin secretion indices. Total plasma AR concentration was not related to fasting plasma glucose or fasting insulin at 18/24 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The AR C17:0/C21:0 ratio, an indicator of relative whole-grain rye intake, is associated with increased insulin sensitivity in a population with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- O K Magnusdottir
- 1] Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland [2] Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition and School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - R Landberg
- 1] Department of Food Science, BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden [2] Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Gunnarsdottir
- 1] Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland [2] Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition and School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - L Cloetens
- Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Akesson
- 1] Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden [2] Department of Clinical Nutrition, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Landin-Olsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - F Rosqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D Iggman
- 1] Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden [2] Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Falun, Sweden
| | - U Schwab
- 1] Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland [2] Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - K-H Herzig
- 1] Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu, Institute of Biomedicine, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M J Savolainen
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland [2] Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - L Brader
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Kolehmainen
- 1] Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland [2] VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo and Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - K Poutanen
- 1] Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland [2] VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo and Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Uusitupa
- 1] Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland [2] Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - I Thorsdottir
- 1] Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland [2] Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition and School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - U Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Juvonen KR, Salmenkallio-Marttila M, Lyly M, Liukkonen KH, Lähteenmäki L, Laaksonen DE, Uusitupa MI, Herzig KH, Poutanen KS, Karhunen LJ. Semisolid meal enriched in oat bran decreases plasma glucose and insulin levels, but does not change gastrointestinal peptide responses or short-term appetite in healthy subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21:748-756. [PMID: 20605427 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dietary fibre (DF) may play an important role in weight control. The amount, type and way of processing of DF modify food structure and subsequent postprandial appetitive, metabolic and hormonal effects, but current understanding about the magnitude of effects that specific types and amounts of DF exert are still poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effects of wheat and oat brans alone and as combination in semisolid food matrix on postprandial appetite profile and gastrointestinal (GI) hormonal responses. Twenty healthy, normal-weight subjects (5 male/15 female, aged 23.3 ± 0.85y) participated in the study. Isoenergetic and isovolumic (1250 kJ, 300 g) puddings with different insoluble and soluble DF content were tested in a randomised order: pudding with 1) no added fibre, 2) 10 g wheat bran DF, 3) 10 g oat bran DF and 4) combination including 5 g wheat bran DF + 5 g oat bran DF. Blood samples were drawn before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min after the test meals to determine plasma glucose, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and serum insulin concentrations. Subjective profiles of appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS). Plasma glucose (P = 0.001) and serum insulin (P < 0.001) responses were the lowest after the pudding with the greatest amount of β-glucan. In contrast, postprandial ghrelin or PYY responses or appetite sensations did not differ among the meals. CONCLUSION Oat β-glucan decreased postprandial plasma glucose and serum insulin responses, yet had no significant effects on GI peptide responses or appetite ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Juvonen
- Food and Health Research Centre, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Isaksson H, Rakha A, Andersson R, Fredriksson H, Olsson J, Aman P. Rye kernel breakfast increases satiety in the afternoon - an effect of food structure. Nutr J 2011; 10:31. [PMID: 21481225 PMCID: PMC3079620 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The structure of whole grain cereals is maintained to varying degrees during processing and preparation of foods. Food structure can influence metabolism, including perceived hunger and satiety. A diet that enhances satiety per calorie may help to prevent excessive calorie intake. The objective of this work was to compare subjective appetite ratings after consumption of intact and milled rye kernels. Methods Two studies were performed using a randomized, cross-over design. Ratings for appetite (hunger, satiety and desire to eat) were registered during an 8-h period after consumption of whole and milled rye kernels prepared as breads (study 1, n = 24) and porridges (study 2, n = 20). Sifted wheat bread was used as reference in both study parts and the products were eaten in iso-caloric portions with standardized additional breakfast foods. Breads and porridges were analyzed to determine whether structure (whole vs. milled kernels) effected dietary fibre content and composition after preparation of the products. Statistical evaluation of the appetite ratings after intake of the different breakfasts was done by paired t-tests for morning and afternoon ratings separately, with subjects as random effect and type of breakfast and time points as fixed effects. Results All rye breakfasts resulted in higher satiety ratings in the morning and afternoon compared with the iso-caloric reference breakfast with sifted wheat bread. Rye bread with milled or whole kernels affected appetite equally, so no effect of structure was observed. In contrast, after consumption of the rye kernel breakfast, satiety was increased and hunger suppressed in the afternoon compared with the milled rye kernel porridge breakfast. This effect could be related to structural differences alone, because the products were equal in nutritional content including dietary fibre content and composition. Conclusions The study demonstrates that small changes in diet composition such as cereal grain structure have the potential to effect feelings of hunger and satiety. Trial registration This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01042418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Karhunen LJ, Juvonen KR, Flander SM, Liukkonen KH, Lähteenmäki L, Siloaho M, Laaksonen DE, Herzig KH, Uusitupa MI, Poutanen KS. A psyllium fiber-enriched meal strongly attenuates postprandial gastrointestinal peptide release in healthy young adults. J Nutr 2010; 140:737-44. [PMID: 20147463 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.115436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) and protein are essential constituents of a healthy diet and are well known for their high satiety impact. However, little is known about their influence on postprandial gastrointestinal (GI) peptide release. Our aim in this single-blind, randomized, cross-over study was to investigate the effects of DF and/or protein enrichments on satiety-related metabolic and hormonal responses. Sixteen healthy, nonobese volunteers participated in the study and ingested 1 of 5 isoenergetic test meals in a randomized order on separate days. The test meals were as follows: 1) low in protein (2.8 g) and fiber (7.6 g); 2) low in protein (2.6 g) and high in soluble fiber (psyllium, 23.0 g); 3) high in protein (soy, 19.7 g) and low in fiber (6.2 g); 4) high in protein (18.4 g) and fiber (23.0 g); and 5) white wheat bread. Serum insulin and plasma glucose, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations were determined for 2 h following the meals. In addition, hunger and satiety ratings were collected. Postprandial glucose, insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY responses all differed among the meals (P <or= 0.05). Fiber-enriched meals decreased glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and PYY responses; in addition, PYY secretion was prolonged compared with the other meals. The postprandial GLP-1 concentration was significantly suppressed after a fiber- and protein-rich meal, in contrast to the initial increases following the other meals. However, postprandial ratings of appetite were mostly similar after the test meals. In conclusion, solid meals enriched with psyllium fiber strongly modified postprandial signals arising from the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila J Karhunen
- Food and Health Research Centre, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Flemström G, Bengtsson MW, Mäkelä K, Herzig KH. Effects of short-term food deprivation on orexin-A-induced intestinal bicarbonate secretion in comparison with related secretagogues. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 198:373-80. [PMID: 20003099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2009.02067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies of gastrointestinal physiology in humans and intact animals are usually conducted after overnight fast. We compared the effects of orexin-A, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), melatonin, serotonin, uroguanylin, ghrelin and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) on duodenal bicarbonate secretion in fed and overnight fasted animals. This review is a summary of our findings. Secretagogues were administered by intra-arterial infusion or luminally (PGE(2)). Enterocyte intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) signalling was studied by fluorescence imaging. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcripted to cDNA and expression of orexin receptors measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Orexin-A stimulates the duodenal secretion in continuously fed animals but not in food-deprived animals. Similarly, short-term fasting causes a 100-fold decrease in the amount of the muscarinic agonist bethanechol required for stimulation of secretion. In contrast, fasting does not affect secretory responses to intra-arterial VIP, melatonin, serotonin, uroguanylin and ghrelin, or that to luminal PGE(2). Orexin-A induces [Ca(2+)](i) signalling in enterocytes from fed rats but no significant [Ca(2+)](i) responses occur in enterocytes from fasted animals. In addition, overnight fasting decreases the expression of mucosal orexin receptors. Short-term food deprivation thus decreases duodenal expression of orexin receptors and abolishes the secretory response to orexin-A as well as orexin-A-induced [Ca(2+)](i) signalling. Fasting, furthermore, decreases mucosal sensitivity to bethanechol. The absence of declines in secretory responses to other secretagogues tested strongly suggests that short-term fasting does not affect the secretory capacity of the duodenal mucosa in general. Studies of intestinal secretion require particular evaluation with respect to feeding status.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Flemström
- Division of Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sobki SH, Zaid AA, Khan HA, Alhomida AS, Hilal KA, Khan SA. Significant impact of pace of eating on serum ghrelin and glucose levels. Clin Biochem 2010; 43:522-4. [PMID: 20004655 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effect of normal versus slow eating on serum ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels in healthy subjects from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. DESIGN AND METHODS The specified breakfast meal was served on two randomized occasions to 24 healthy volunteers to eat with a normal pace or at a slow rate. Venous blood samples were collected at 7 time points for biochemical analysis. RESULTS The slow ingestion of meals resulted in a significant increase in blood glucose and ghrelin levels as compared to normal pace of eating. CONCLUSIONS Normal eating speed appears to be beneficial for maintaining the optimal blood glucose and ghrelin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia H Sobki
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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The effect of ingested macronutrients on postprandial ghrelin response: a critical review of existing literature data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20798765 PMCID: PMC2925100 DOI: 10.1155/2010/710852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a powerful orexigenic gut hormone with growth hormone releasing activity. It plays a pivotal role for long-term energy balance and short-term food intake. It is also recognized as a potent signal for meal initiation. Ghrelin levels rise sharply before feeding onset, and are strongly suppressed by food ingestion. Postprandial ghrelin response is totally macronutrient specific in normal weight subjects, but is rather independent of macronutrient composition in obese. In rodents and lean individuals, isoenergetic meals of different macronutrient content suppress ghrelin to a variable extent. Carbohydrate appears to be the most effective macronutrient for ghrelin suppression, because of its rapid absorption and insulin-secreting effect. Protein induces prolonged ghrelin suppression and is considered to be the most satiating macronutrient. Fat, on the other hand, exhibits rather weak and insufficient ghrelin-suppressing capacity. The principal mediators involved in meal-induced ghrelin regulation are glucose, insulin, gastrointestinal hormones released in the postabsorptive phase, vagal activity, gastric emptying rate, and postprandial alterations in intestinal osmolarity.
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Heinonen MV, Laaksonen DE, Karhu T, Karhunen L, Laitinen T, Kainulainen S, Rissanen A, Niskanen L, Herzig KH. Effect of diet-induced weight loss on plasma apelin and cytokine levels in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:626-633. [PMID: 19278844 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ that secretes signaling molecules involved in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, food intake and inflammation. Apelin is a peptide secreted by adipose tissue that has been shown to modulate cardiovascular tone in animals. The aim of this study was to measure abdominal fat, blood pressure and circulating apelin, adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels in patients with the metabolic syndrome after a diet-induced weight loss. METHODS AND RESULTS 35 obese individuals with the metabolic syndrome underwent an 8-week very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) and a 6-month weight maintenance period (WM) with 120mg orlistat or placebo administered 3 times daily. VLCD and WM (-15.1+/-1.0kg) decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP), insulin, leptin, triglycerides and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Moreover, adiponectin increased in response to the weight loss. However, the overall changes in plasma apelin, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were non-significant. A correlation between plasma apelin and TNF-alpha was observed at baseline (0.41, p<0.05), and the minor changes in plasma apelin levels were associated with changes in BMI during VLCD and MAP and TNF-alpha during VLCD and WM periods. CONCLUSION Despite reductions in BMI, body adiposity, MAP and enhancement of glucose metabolism and adiponectin in response to weight loss, no significant changes in plasma apelin, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were observed. However, apelin significantly correlated with TNF-alpha and MAP. These results suggest that apelin may not be that strongly correlated with the fat mass as an adipokine like the more abundant adipokines adiponectin or leptin and it might be involved in the regulation of inflammation and cardiovascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Heinonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Finland
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