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Effect of neonatal isolation on responses to subsequent exposure to isolation stress in young chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 274:111320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Sweazea KL. Revisiting glucose regulation in birds - A negative model of diabetes complications. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110778. [PMID: 35817273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Birds naturally have blood glucose concentrations that are nearly double levels measured for mammals of similar body size and studies have shown that birds are resistant to insulin-mediated glucose uptake into tissues. While a combination of high blood glucose and insulin resistance is associated with diabetes-related pathologies in mammals, birds do not develop such complications. Moreover, studies have shown that birds are resistant to oxidative stress and protein glycation and in fact, live longer than similar-sized mammals. This review seeks to explore how birds regulate blood glucose as well as various theories that might explain their apparent resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake and adaptations that enable them to thrive in a state of relative hyperglycemia.
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Azeez IA, Igado OO, Olopade JO. An overview of the orexinergic system in different animal species. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1419-1444. [PMID: 34224065 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Orexin (hypocretin), is a neuropeptide produced by a subset of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. From the lateral hypothalamus, the orexin-containing neurons project their fibres extensively to other brain structures, and the spinal cord constituting the central orexinergic system. Generally, the term ''orexinergic system'' usually refers to the orexin peptides and their receptors, as well as to the orexin neurons and their projections to different parts of the central nervous system. The extensive networks of orexin axonal fibres and their terminals allow these neuropeptidergic neurons to exert great influence on their target regions. The hypothalamic neurons containing the orexin neuropeptides have been implicated in diverse functions, especially related to the control of a variety of homeostatic functions including feeding behaviour, arousal, wakefulness stability and energy expenditure. The broad range of functions regulated by the orexinergic system has led to its description as ''physiological integrator''. In the last two decades, the orexinergic system has been a topic of great interest to the scientific community with many reports in the public domain. From the documentations, variations exist in the neuroanatomical profile of the orexinergic neuron soma, fibres and their receptors from animal to animal. Hence, this review highlights the distinct variabilities in the morphophysiological aspects of the orexinergic system in the vertebrate animals, mammals and non-mammals, its presence in other brain-related structures, including its involvement in ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. The presence of the neuropeptide in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral tissues, as well as its alteration in different animal models and conditions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris A Azeez
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Olumayowa O Igado
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - James O Olopade
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Soya S, Sakurai T. Evolution of Orexin Neuropeptide System: Structure and Function. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:691. [PMID: 32754010 PMCID: PMC7365868 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides that were initially identified in the rat brain as endogenous ligands for an (previously) orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). They are multitasking peptides involved in many physiological functions, including regulation of feeding behavior, wakefulness and autonomic/neuroendocrine functions, and sleep/wakefulness states in mammals. There are two isopeptides of orexin, orexin A and orexin B, which are produced from a common precursor peptide, prepro-orexin. Structures of orexins, as well as orexin genes, are highly conserved throughout mammalian species, suggesting strong evolutionary pressure that maintains the structures. Their lengths and structure suggested that orexin B is the ancestral form of the orexin neuropeptide. In mammals, orexins bind to two subtypes of GPCRs, i.e., orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) and orexin 2 receptor (OX2R). Phylogenetically, the orexin system is present exclusively in vertebrates. In genomes of species outside mammals, there is only one orexin receptor, which is similar to OX2R, suggesting that OX2R is the prototype receptor for orexins. OX1R is likely to have evolved during early mammalian evolution. Orexin-producing neurons (orexin neurons) are mainly located in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in mammals and are also found in hypothalamic regions in many other vertebrates. Orexins are likely to be closely related to the regulation of active, motivated behavior in many species. The orexin system seems to have evolved as a system that supports active and purposeful behavior which is closely related with wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Soya
- Faculty of Medicine/International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Faculty of Medicine/International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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5
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Alzugaray ME, Bruno MC, Villalobos Sambucaro MJ, Ronderos JR. The Evolutionary History of The Orexin/Allatotropin GPCR Family: from Placozoa and Cnidaria to Vertebrata. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10217. [PMID: 31308431 PMCID: PMC6629687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidic messengers constitute a highly diversified group of intercellular messengers widely distributed in nature that regulate a great number of physiological processes in Metazoa. Being crucial for life, it seem that they have appeared in the ancestral group from which Metazoa evolved, and were highly conserved along the evolutionary process. Peptides act mainly through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), a family of transmembrane molecules. GPCRs are also widely distributed in nature being present in metazoan, but also in Choanoflagellata and Fungi. Among GPCRs, the Allatotropin/Orexin (AT/Ox) family is particularly characterized by the presence of the DRW motif in the second intracellular loop (IC Loop 2), and seems to be present in Cnidaria, Placozoa and in Bilateria, suggesting that it was present in the common ancestor of Metazoa. Looking for the evolutionary history of this GPCRs we searched for corresponding sequences in public databases. Our results suggest that AT/Ox receptors were highly conserved along evolutionary process, and that they are characterized by the presence of the E/DRWYAI motif at the IC Loop 2. Phylogenetic analyses show that AT/Ox family of receptors reflects evolutionary relationships that agree with current phylogenetic understanding in Actinopterygii and Sauropsida, including also the largely discussed position of Testudines.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Alzugaray
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Bruno
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Villalobos Sambucaro
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Rafael Ronderos
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.
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Fokidis HB, Ma C, Radin B, Prior NH, Adomat HH, Guns ES, Soma KK. Neuropeptide Y and orexin immunoreactivity in the sparrow brain coincide with seasonal changes in energy balance and steroids. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:347-361. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunqi Ma
- Department of Psychology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Benjamin Radin
- Department of Biology; Rollins College; Winter Park Florida
| | - Nora H. Prior
- Department of Psychology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Neuroscience; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland
| | - Hans H. Adomat
- The Prostate Centre; Vancouver General Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Emma S. Guns
- The Prostate Centre; Vancouver General Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Urological Sciences; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Kiran K. Soma
- Department of Psychology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Davies S, Deviche P. Regulation of feeding behavior and plasma testosterone in response to central neuropeptide Y administration in a songbird. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 323:478-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Davies
- School of Life Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
| | - Pierre Deviche
- School of Life Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
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8
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Dos Santos TS, Krüger J, Melleu FF, Herold C, Zilles K, Poli A, Güntürkün O, Marino-Neto J. Distribution of serotonin 5-HT1A-binding sites in the brainstem and the hypothalamus, and their roles in 5-HT-induced sleep and ingestive behaviors in rock pigeons (Columba livia). Behav Brain Res 2015; 295:45-63. [PMID: 25843559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1ARs), which are widely distributed in the mammalian brain, participate in cognitive and emotional functions. In birds, 5-HT1ARs are expressed in prosencephalic areas involved in visual and cognitive functions. Diverse evidence supports 5-HT1AR-mediated 5-HT-induced ingestive and sleep behaviors in birds. Here, we describe the distribution of 5-HT1ARs in the hypothalamus and brainstem of birds, analyze their potential roles in sleep and ingestive behaviors, and attempt to determine the involvement of auto-/hetero-5-HT1ARs in these behaviors. In 6 pigeons, the anatomical distribution of [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT binding in the rostral brainstem and hypothalamus was examined. Ingestive/sleep behaviors were recorded (1h) in 16 pigeons pretreated with MM77 (a heterosynaptic 5-HT1AR antagonist; 23 or 69 nmol) for 20 min, followed by intracerebroventricular ICV injection of 5-HT (N:8; 150 nmol), 8-OH-DPAT (DPAT, a 5-HT1A,7R agonist, 30 nmol N:8) or vehicle. 5-HT- and DPAT-induced sleep and ingestive behaviors, brainstem 5-HT neuronal density and brain 5-HT content were examined in 12 pigeons, pretreated by ICV with the 5-HT neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or vehicle (N:6/group). The distribution of brainstem and diencephalic c-Fos immunoreactivity after ICV injection of 5-HT, DPAT or vehicle (N:5/group) into birds provided with or denied access to water is also described. 5-HT1ARs are concentrated in the brainstem 5-HTergic areas and throughout the periventricular hypothalamus, preoptic nuclei and circumventricular organs. 5-HT and DPAT produced a complex c-Fos expression pattern in the 5-HT1AR-enriched preoptic hypothalamus and the circumventricular organs, which are related to drinking and sleep regulation, but modestly affected c-Fos expression in 5-HTergic neurons. The 5-HT-induced ingestivebehaviors and the 5-HT- and DPAT-induced sleep behaviors were reduced by MM77 pretreatment. 5,7-DHT increased sleep per se, decreased tryptophan hydroxylase expression in the raphe nuclei and decreased prosencephalic 5-HT release but failed to affect 5-HT- or DPAT-induced drinking or sleep behavior. 5-HT- and DPAT-induced ingestive and sleep behaviors in pigeons appear to be mediated by heterosynaptic and/or non-somatodendritic presynaptic 5-HT1ARs localized to periventricular diencephalic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Souza Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Krüger
- Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Falkenburger Melleu
- Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Christina Herold
- C & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anicleto Poli
- Department of Pharmacology, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - José Marino-Neto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, EEL-CTC, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Landry JP, Hawkins C, Wiebe S, Balaban E, Pompeiano M. Opposing effects of hypoxia on catecholaminergic locus coeruleus and hypocretin/orexin neurons in chick embryos. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:1030-7. [PMID: 24753448 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial vertebrate embryos face a risk of low oxygen availability (hypoxia) that is especially great during their transition to air-breathing. To better understand how fetal brains respond to hypoxia, we examined the effects of low oxygen availability on brain activity in late-stage chick embryos (day 18 out of a 21-day incubation period). Using cFos protein expression as a marker for neuronal activity, we focused on two specific, immunohistochemically identified cell groups known to play an important role in regulating adult brain states (sleep and waking): the noradrenergic neurons of the Locus Coeruleus (NA-LC), and the Hypocretin/Orexin (H/O) neurons of the hypothalamus. cFos expression was also examined in the Pallium (the avian analog of the cerebral cortex). In adult mammalian brains, cFos expression changes in a coordinated way in these areas. In chick embryos, oxygen deprivation simultaneously activated NA-LC while deactivating H/O-producing neurons; it also increased cFos expression in the Pallium. Activity in one pallial primary sensory area was significantly related to NA-LC activity. These data reveal that at least some of the same neural systems involved in brain-state control in adults may play a central role in orchestrating prenatal hypoxic responses, and that these circuits may show different patterns of coordination than seen in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Landry
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
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10
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Spudeit WA, Sulzbach NS, Bittencourt MDA, Duarte AMC, Liang H, Lino-de-Oliveira C, Marino-Neto J. The behavioral satiety sequence in pigeons (Columba livia). Description and development of a method for quantitative analysis. Physiol Behav 2013; 122:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Schneider JE, Wise JD, Benton NA, Brozek JM, Keen-Rhinehart E. When do we eat? Ingestive behavior, survival, and reproductive success. Horm Behav 2013; 64:702-28. [PMID: 23911282 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrinology of ingestive behavior is a topic central to human health, particularly in light of the prevalence of obesity, eating disorders, and diabetes. The study of food intake in laboratory rats and mice has yielded some useful hypotheses, but there are still many gaps in our knowledge. Ingestive behavior is more complex than the consummatory act of eating, and decisions about when and how much to eat usually take place in the context of potential mating partners, competitors, predators, and environmental fluctuations that are not present in the laboratory. We emphasize appetitive behaviors, actions that bring animals in contact with a goal object, precede consummatory behaviors, and provide a window into motivation. Appetitive ingestive behaviors are under the control of neural circuits and neuropeptide systems that control appetitive sex behaviors and differ from those that control consummatory ingestive behaviors. Decreases in the availability of oxidizable metabolic fuels enhance the stimulatory effects of peripheral hormones on appetitive ingestive behavior and the inhibitory effects on appetitive sex behavior, putting a new twist on the notion of leptin, insulin, and ghrelin "resistance." The ratio of hormone concentrations to the availability of oxidizable metabolic fuels may generate a critical signal that schedules conflicting behaviors, e.g., mate searching vs. foraging, food hoarding vs. courtship, and fat accumulation vs. parental care. In species representing every vertebrate taxa and even in some invertebrates, many putative "satiety" or "hunger" hormones function to schedule ingestive behavior in order to optimize reproductive success in environments where energy availability fluctuates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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12
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Miranda B, Esposito V, de Girolamo P, Sharp PJ, Wilson PW, Dunn IC. Orexin in the chicken hypothalamus: immunocytochemical localisation and comparison of mRNA concentrations during the day and night, and after chronic food restriction. Brain Res 2013; 1513:34-40. [PMID: 23548597 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mammals Orexin-A and -B are neuropeptides involved in the hypothalamic regulation of diverse physiological functions including food intake and the sleep-wake cycle. This generalisation was investigated in meat-(broiler) and layer-type juvenile domestic chickens by immunocytochemical localisation of orexin A/B in the hypothalamus, and by measurements of hypothalamic hypocretin mRNA which encodes for orexin A/B after chronic food restriction, and during the sleep-wake cycle. Orexin immunoreactive fibres were observed throughout the hypothalamus with cell bodies in and around the paraventricular nucleus. No differences were observed in the pattern of immunoreactivity using anti- human orexin-A, or -B antisera. The amount of hypothalamic hypocretin mRNA in food -restricted broilers was higher than in broilers fed ad libitum, but the same as in layer- type hens fed ad libitum. Hypothalamic hypocretin mRNA was increased (P<0.01) in 12-week-old broilers fed 25% of their ad libitum intake between 6-12 weeks of age. No difference in hypothalamic hypocretin mRNA was seen in 12-week-old layer- type hens when they were awake (1-2h after lights on) or sleeping (1-2h after lights off). It is concluded that in the chicken, we could not find evidence that hypothalamic orexin plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle and it may be involved in aspects of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Miranda
- Department of Structures, Functions and Biological Technologies, University of Naples FedericoII, via Delpino1, I-80137 Naples, Italy
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Hoeller AA, dos Santos TS, Bruxel RR, Dallazen AR, do Amaral Silva HT, André ES, Marino-Neto J. Serotonergic control of ingestive and post-ingestive behaviors in pigeons (Columba livia): The role of 5-HT1A receptor-mediated central mechanisms. Behav Brain Res 2013; 236:118-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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dos Santos TS, Meneghelli C, Hoeller AA, Paschoalini MA, Arckens L, Lino-de-Oliveira C, Marino-Neto J. Behavioral profile and Fos activation of serotonergic and non-serotonergic raphe neurons after central injections of serotonin in the pigeon (Columba livia). Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:173-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wong KKY, Ng SYL, Lee LTO, Ng HKH, Chow BKC. Orexins and their receptors from fish to mammals: a comparative approach. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 171:124-30. [PMID: 21216246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although recently discovered, orexins have been rapidly established as important neuropeptides in regulating physiological processes including food intake, sleep/wake cycles and reproduction through binding to two class B G protein-coupled receptors (OX1R and OX2R). To date, a handful of sequences for orexins and their receptors ranging from fish to mammalian species have been identified, allowing a glimpse into their evolution. Structurally, the genetic and molecular organization of the peptides and receptors amongst vertebrates are highly similar, underlining the strong evolutionary pressure that has been exerted to preserve structure and ultimately function. Furthermore, the absence of invertebrate orexin-like sequences suggests early vertebrates as the origin from which orexins evolved. With respect to the receptors, OX2R is probably evolutionary more ancient whilst OX1R is specific to mammalian species and evolved only during this later lineage. In common to all vertebrates studied, the hypothalamus remains to be the key brain region in which orexinergic neurons and fibers are localized in, establishing orexin to be an important player in regulating physiological processes especially those related to food intake and energy metabolism. To allow better understanding of the evolution of orexins and their receptors, this review will provide a comparative approach to their structures and functions in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari K Y Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Fenzl T, Romanowski CPN, Flachskamm C, Deussing JM, Kimura M. Wake-promoting effects of orexin: Its independent actions against the background of an impaired corticotropine-releasing hormone receptor system. Behav Brain Res 2011; 222:43-50. [PMID: 21420442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that orexin (hypocretin) bears wake-promoting effects. While under normal conditions the circadian rhythm of orexin release has a clear circadian distribution, the amplitude of orexin fluctuation is dampened in depression. Interestingly, clinical symptoms of depression include several sleep disturbances. In this disease, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) seems to be another factor influencing sleep. As neurophysiological interactions and anatomical connections between the orexinergic and the CRH system point to mutual influences of these two neuropeptides, we examined whether a dysfunctional CRH-receptor system in two different CRH receptor knock out models alters general wake-promoting effects of orexin applied exogenously. Orexin was injected intracerebroventricularlly into CNS-restricted CRH-receptor type 1 knockout mice (CRH-R1 KO) and CRH-receptor type 2 knockout mice (CRH-R2 KO) and baseline sleep was recorded from the freely behaving mice. A third experiment included antisauvagine-30 injections (CRH-R2 antagonist) into CRH-R1 KO animals. Orexin had similar wake-promoting effects in CRH-R1KO mice, in CRH-R2 KO animals and in CRH-R1KO mice treated with antisauvagine-30. Consistent results were obtained from all corresponding control littermate experiments. According to our results we conclude that the wake-promoting effects of orexin are not influenced by a possible contribution of CRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fenzl
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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Garcia VA, Crispim Junior CF, Marino-Neto J. Assessment of observers' stability and reliability - a tool for evaluation of intra- and inter-concordance in animal behavioral recordings. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2011; 2010:6603-6. [PMID: 21096517 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5627131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Behavior studies on the neurobiological effects of environmental, pharmacological and physiological manipulations in lab animals try to correlate these procedures with specific changes in animal behavior. Parameters such as duration, latency and frequency are assessed from the visually recorded sequences of behaviors, to distinguish changes due to manipulation. Since behavioral recording procedure is intrinsically interpretative, high variability in experimental results is expected and usual, due to observer-related influences such as experience, knowledge, stress, fatigue and personal biases. Here, we present a computer program that supports the assessment of inter- and intra-observer concordance, using statistical indices (e.g., Kappa and Kendal coefficients and concordance index). The software was tested in a case study with 4 different observers, naïve to behavioral recording procedures. On paired analysis, the higher agreement index achieved was 0.76 (concordance index) and 0.47 (Kappa Coefficient, where 0 is no agreement and 1 is total agreement). Observers showed poor concordance indices (lower than 0.7), emphasizing the concern on observer recording stability and on precise morphological definition of the recorded behaviors. These indices can also be used to train observers and to refine the behavioral catalogue definitions, as they are related to different behavioral recording aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Augusto Garcia
- Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianopolis, Brazil.
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Intracerebroventricular injection of orexin-A, but not orexin-B, induces arousal of layer-type neonatal chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 157:132-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Margoliash D, Schmidt MF. Sleep, off-line processing, and vocal learning. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2010; 115:45-58. [PMID: 19906416 PMCID: PMC2891378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The study of song learning and the neural song system has provided an important comparative model system for the study of speech and language acquisition. We describe some recent advances in the bird song system, focusing on the role of off-line processing including sleep in processing sensory information and in guiding developmental song learning. These observations motivate a new model of the organization and role of the sensory memories in vocal learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Margoliash
- University of Chicago, Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, IL 60637, United States.
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Intracerebroventricular injection of orexin-A stimulates monoamine metabolism but not HPA axis in neonatal chicks. Neurosci Lett 2010; 484:157-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Campanella LCA, Silva AAD, Gellert DS, Parreira C, Ramos MC, Paschoalini MA, Marino-Neto J. Tonic serotonergic control of ingestive behaviours in the pigeon (Columba livia): The role of the arcopallium. Behav Brain Res 2009; 205:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Behavioural and electroencephalographic effects of systemic injections of 8-OH-DPAT in the pigeon (Columba livia). Behav Brain Res 2009; 201:244-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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