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Wilson M, Al-Hamid A, Abbas I, Birkett J, Khan I, Harper M, Al-Jumeily Obe D, Assi S. Identification of diagnostic biomarkers used in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024. [PMID: 38637978 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To perform a systematic review of studies that sought to identify diagnostic biomarkers for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes mellitus (DM), which could be used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where there is a lack of diagnostic equipment, treatments and training. MATERIALS AND METHODS Papers were sourced from six databases: the British Nursing Index, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sage, Science Direct and Scopus. Articles published between January 2002 and January 2023 were systematically reviewed by three reviewers and appropriate search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied. RESULTS A total of 18 studies were yielded, as well as 234 diagnostic biomarkers (74 for CVD and 160 for DM). Primary biomarkers for the diagnosis of CVDs included growth differentiation factor 15 and neurogenic locus notch homologue protein 1 (Notch1). For the diagnosis of DM, alpha-2-macroglobulin, C-peptides, isoleucine, glucose, tyrosine, linoleic acid and valine were frequently reported across the included studies. Advanced analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and vibrational spectroscopy, were also repeatedly reported in the included studies and were utilized in combination with traditional and alternative matrices such as fingernails, hair and saliva. CONCLUSIONS While advanced analytical techniques are expensive, laboratories in LMICs should carry out a cost-benefit analysis of their use. Alternatively, laboratories may want to explore emerging techniques such as infrared, Fourier transform-infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy, which allow sensitive noninvasive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Wilson
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Abdullah Al-Hamid
- Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jason Birkett
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Iftikhar Khan
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthew Harper
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dhiya Al-Jumeily Obe
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sulaf Assi
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Basatinya AM, Sajedianfard J, Nazifi S, Hosseinzadeh S. The analgesic effects of insulin and its disorders in streptozotocin-induced short-term diabetes. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16009. [PMID: 38639646 PMCID: PMC11027902 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that insulin resistance plays an important role in developing diabetes complications. The association between insulin resistance and pain perception is less well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of peripheral insulin deficiency on pain pathways in the brain. Diabetes was induced in 60 male rats with streptozotocin (STZ). Insulin was injected into the left ventricle of the brain by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, then pain was induced by subcutaneous injection of 2.5% formalin. Samples were collected at 4 weeks after STZ injection. Dopamine (DA), serotonin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) were measured by ELISA, and gene factors were assessed by RT-qPCR. In diabetic rats, the levels of DA, serotonin, and mGSH decreased in the nuclei of the thalamus, raphe magnus, and periaqueductal gray, and the levels of ROS increased. In addition, the levels of expression of the neuron-specific enolase and receptor for advanced glycation end genes increased, but the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was reduced. These results support the findings that insulin has an analgesic effect in non-diabetic rats, as demonstrated by the formalin test. ICV injection of insulin reduces pain sensation, but this was not observed in diabetic rats, which may be due to cell damage ameliorated by insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javad Sajedianfard
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Saied Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
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3
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Pan X, Ye L, Guo X, Wang W, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Huang J, Xu J, Cai Y, Shou X, Wang Y, Feng Y, Xie C, Shan P, Meng ZX. Glutamine Production by Glul Promotes Thermogenic Adipocyte Differentiation Through Prdm9-Mediated H3K4me3 and Transcriptional Reprogramming. Diabetes 2023; 72:1574-1596. [PMID: 37579296 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermogenic adipocytes have been extensively investigated because of their energy-dissipating property and therapeutic potential for obesity and diabetes. Besides serving as fuel sources, accumulating evidence suggests that intermediate metabolites play critical roles in multiple biological processes. However, their role in adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis remains unexplored. Here, we report that human and mouse obesity is associated with marked downregulation of glutamine synthetase (Glul) expression and activity in thermogenic adipose tissues. Glul is robustly upregulated during brown adipocyte (BAC) differentiation and in brown adipose tissue (BAT) upon cold exposure and Cl316,243 stimulation. Further genetic, pharmacologic, or metabolic manipulations of Glul and glutamine levels reveal that glutamine cells autonomously stimulate BAC differentiation and function and BAT remodeling and improve systemic energy homeostasis in mice. Mechanistically, glutamine promotes transcriptional induction of adipogenic and thermogenic gene programs through histone modification-mediated chromatin remodeling. Among all the glutamine-regulated writer and eraser genes responsible for histone methylation and acetylation, only Prdm9, a histone lysine methyltransferase, is robustly induced during BAC differentiation. Importantly, Prdm9 inactivation by shRNA knockdown or a selective inhibitor attenuates glutamine-triggered adipogenic and thermogenic induction. Furthermore, Prdm9 gene transcription is regulated by glutamine through the recruitment of C/EBPb to its enhancer region. This work reveals glutamine as a novel activator of thermogenic adipocyte differentiation and uncovers an unexpected role of C/EBPb-Prdm9-mediated H3K4me3 and transcriptional reprogramming in adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Pan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingxia Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaozhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qintao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingya Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhan Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinxin Shou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuo-Xian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Chronic Disease Research Institute, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Wierzchowska-McNew RA, Engelen MPKJ, Thaden JJ, Ten Have GAM, Deutz NEP. Obesity- and sex-related metabolism of arginine and nitric oxide in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1610-1620. [PMID: 36166849 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in the supplementation of arginine (Arg) and citrulline (Cit) in obesity due to their potential anti-obesogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, there is no consensus on the metabolic changes in Arg kinetics in obesity. OBJECTIVES This exploratory cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between obesity, sex, and sex-by-obesity interaction on whole-body Arg kinetics in a large group of human subjects. METHODS We studied 83 nonobese [BMI (kg/m2) <30] and 80 morbidly obese (BMI >30) middle-aged individuals (40% males) enrolled in the MEDIT (Metabolism of Disease with Isotope Tracers) trial. After body-composition measurement by DXA, we collected arterial(ized) blood samples for amino acid (AA) concentrations, markers of inflammation [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)], liver function, and glucose in a postabsorptive state. We administered a pulse of AA stable tracers and measured whole-body production (WBP) of Arg, Cit, ornithine (Orn), phenylalanine, and tyrosine, and calculated their clearance (disposal capacity) and metabolite interconversions [markers for NO and de novo Arg production, systemic Arg hydrolysis, and whole-body protein breakdown (wbPB)]. We measured plasma enrichments by LC-MS/MS and statistics by Fisher's exact test or analysis of (co)variance. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS Obese individuals were normoglycemic and characterized by low-grade inflammation (P < 0.0001) and greater wbPB (P = 0.0298). We found lower plasma Cit concentration (P < 0.0001) in the obese group but no differences in the WBP of Arg, Cit, and Orn. Furthermore, we observed overproduction of NO (P < 0.0001) in obesity but lower de novo Arg production (P = 0.0007). The WBP of Arg was lower in females for almost all Arg-related AAs, except for plasma Cit and NO production. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in Arg metabolism are present in morbid obesity. Further studies are needed to investigate if these changes could be related to factors such as increased Arg requirement in obesity or metabolic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven A Wierzchowska-McNew
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mariëlle P K J Engelen
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - John J Thaden
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gabriella A M Ten Have
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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5
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Ezeonwumelu IJ, Mode AM, Magaji UF, Nzoniwu NA, Tangaza MH, Tanimu FI, Dandare SU. Coadministration of L-alanine and L-glutamine ameliorate blood glucose levels, biochemical indices and histological features in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14420. [PMID: 36125865 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of supplementation of L-alanine and L-glutamine on blood glucose levels and biochemical parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rat. Forty-nine animals were distributed into seven equal groups. Except for the non-diabetic control, diabetes was induced in all groups by intravenous alloxan injection followed by daily supplementation with amino acids for 14 days. Weight and blood glucose were monitored during supplementation, while biochemical parameters such as liver and renal functions, lipid profile, and antioxidant markers were evaluated post-intervention. A significant increase (p < .05) in weight and decrease in blood glucose were observed in the amino acid(s) treated groups. The supplementation with both amino acids restored important tissue antioxidants, liver and kidney functions and rescued islets cells degeneration. Histopathological examinations of important tissues showed the restoration of alloxan-induced physiopathological changes by the amino acids. Thus, these amino acids might serve as nutraceuticals for the management and treatment of diabetes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The discovery and production of antidiabetic bioactive compounds are often challenging, and the existing antidiabetic drugs are expensive. Amino acids are key regulators of glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity; thus, they can play a crucial role in alleviating diabetes. Here, we present findings that strongly suggest the potential of pure amino acids (L-alanine and L-glutamine) for the management and treatment of diabetes. We show that these amino acids, when supplemented singly or coadministered can lower blood glucose levels and restore several other biochemical parameters implicated in diabetes. Hence, these cheap amino acids may be consumed as nutraceuticals or food supplements by diabetics for the treatment/management of diabetes. Foods rich in these amino acids may also be consumed as part of the diet of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi J Ezeonwumelu
- IrsiCaixa - AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Abduljalil M Mode
- Central Advanced Science Laboratory Complex, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Umar F Magaji
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Unit, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nnamdi A Nzoniwu
- Abu Dhabi Vocational Education and Training Institute (ADVETI), Mohammed Bin Zayed City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Muhamad H Tangaza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Fatima I Tanimu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Shamsudeen U Dandare
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.,School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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6
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Doty M, Yun S, Wang Y, Hu M, Cassidy M, Hall B, Kulkarni AB. Integrative multiomic analyses of dorsal root ganglia in diabetic neuropathic pain using proteomics, phospho-proteomics, and metabolomics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17012. [PMID: 36220867 PMCID: PMC9553906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is characterized by spontaneous pain in the extremities. Incidence of DPN continues to rise with the global diabetes epidemic. However, there remains a lack of safe, effective analgesics to control this chronic painful condition. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain soma of sensory neurons and modulate sensory signal transduction into the central nervous system. In this study, we aimed to gain a deeper understanding of changes in molecular pathways in the DRG of DPN patients with chronic pain. We recently reported transcriptomic changes in the DRG with DPN. Here, we expand upon those results with integrated metabolomic, proteomic, and phospho-proteomic analyses to compare the molecular profiles of DRG from DPN donors and DRG from control donors without diabetes or chronic pain. Our analyses identified decreases of select amino acids and phospholipid metabolites in the DRG from DPN donors, which are important for cellular maintenance. Additionally, our analyses revealed changes suggestive of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and altered mRNA processing. These results reveal new insights into changes in the molecular profiles associated with DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Doty
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sijung Yun
- Predictiv Care, Inc, Mountain View, CA, 94040, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Minghan Hu
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Margaret Cassidy
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bradford Hall
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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7
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He Y, Song Z, Ji Y, Tso P, Wu Z. Preventive Effects of l-Glutamine on High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders Linking with Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Integrity, Hepatic Lipid Metabolism, and Gut Microbiota in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11923-11934. [PMID: 36122193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of l-glutamine (Gln) on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced lipid metabolic abnormality and explore its possible mechanisms. The results demonstrated that Gln administration reduced body weight, improved serum lipids, and decreased glucose tolerance in HFD-fed rats. Meanwhile, Gln administration alleviated liver injury, reduced the hepatic inflammatory response by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and decreased hepatic lipid accumulation by promoting VLDL secretion and fatty acid β-oxidation, as well as reduced bile acid synthesis by activating hepatic and ileal FXR in HFD-fed rats. Moreover, Gln administration restored HFD-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction, promoted intestinal fat absorption, suppressed intestinal inflammation, and also reshaped the gut microbiota composition in HFD-fed rats by downregulating the abundance of potential pathogens Escherichia-Shigella and upregulating the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia. To conclude, the present results showed that Gln may be a potential option for preventing HFD-induced metabolic disorders via the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, 2120 E. Galbraith Road, Building A, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, United States
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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8
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Banimfreg BH, Shamayleh A, Alshraideh H, Semreen MH, Soares NC. Untargeted approach to investigating the metabolomics profile of type 2 diabetes emiratis. J Proteomics 2022; 269:104718. [PMID: 36100153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is expected to be the seventh most significant cause of death worldwide by 2030. Although research into its mechanism has received the attention it deserves, our understanding of T2D is still limited. This case-control study employs untargeted metabolomics to explore novel T2D plasma biomarkers in the Emirati population. Ninety-two UAE nationals were included in the cohort, with fifty T2D and forty-two non-T2D profiles. Participants were then stratified into three groups based on metabolic profiles, clinically verified diabetic status, and current HbA1c values: namely controlled diabetics, uncontrolled diabetics and prediabetics, and non-diabetics. The study identified fifteen significant differentially abundant metabolites between the uncontrolled diabetics group and the prediabetics or controlled diabetics group. Interestingly, some metabolites essential for the corticosteroid and thyroid signaling pathways were found to be significantly elevated in poorly controlled T2D, including cortisol, glycocholic acid, bile acids, thyroxine, and the tryptophan metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. These findings align with those from prior western cohorts and suggest an intriguing linkage between T2D glycemic control and thyroid and adrenal signaling that may provide new diagnostic and prognostic indicators. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE: This study investigates the underlooked metabolomic role and correlation with T2D in the UAE population. The report indicates fifteen significant differentially abundant metabolites between on diabetics, uncontrolled diabetics and or controlled diabetics or prediabetics. This panel of metabolites such as thyroxine and corticosteroids should be considered further as potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for T2D in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Hassan Banimfreg
- College of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulrahim Shamayleh
- College of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hussam Alshraideh
- College of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Harb Semreen
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson C Soares
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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9
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Rani-AGARWAL N, Sarovar BHAVESH N, KACHHAWA G, Fatai OYEYEMI B. Metabolic profiling of Serum and urine in preeclampsia and gestational diabetes in early pregnancy. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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10
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Sørgjerd EP, Mjelle R, Beisvåg V, Flatberg A, Grill V, Åsvold BO. Small RNAs are differentially expressed in autoimmune and non-autoimmune diabetes and controls. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:231-240. [PMID: 35616612 PMCID: PMC9254298 DOI: 10.1530/eje-22-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes is a heterogeneous disease and a precise diagnosis of diabetes subgroups is necessary to initiate proper early treatment and clinical management of the disease. Circulating small RNAs (sRNAs) are potentially diagnostic biomarkers in diseases, including diabetes. Here we aimed to examine whether profiles of circulating sRNAs differed between patients with autoimmune and non-autoimmune diabetes and non-diabetic controls. DESIGN This cross-sectional case-control study included participants from the third survey of the HUNT study. METHODS We performed sRNA sequencing in serum from adult-onset type 1 diabetes (n = 51), type 2 diabetes (n = 50) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adult (LADA, n = 51), as well as non-diabetic HUNT3 participants as control group (n = 51). Differential expression analysis of the sRNAs was performed in R using limma-voom. RESULTS We identified differences in sRNA expression between autoimmune (type 1 diabetes and LADA) and non-autoimmune diabetes (type 2 diabetes) and between patients with diabetes and non-diabetic controls. Focusing on miRNA, we identified 10 differentially expressed mature miRNAs and 30 differentially expressed miRNA variants (isomiRs). We also identified significant changes within other sRNA classes, including a pronounced downregulation of a tRNA fragment in patients with diabetes compared to non-diabetic controls. We created cross-validated sRNA signatures based on the significant sRNAs that distinguished patients with diabetes from non-diabetic controls, and autoimmune from non-autoimmune diabetes, with high specificity and sensitivity. sRNA profiles did not distinguish between type 1 diabetes and LADA. CONCLUSIONS Circulating sRNAs are differentially expressed between patients with diabetes and non-diabetic controls and between autoimmune and non-autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Pettersen Sørgjerd
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence should be addressed to E P Sørgjerd;
| | - Robin Mjelle
- Bioinformatics Core Facility – BioCore, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vidar Beisvåg
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Central Administration, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Central Administration, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Valdemar Grill
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn O Åsvold
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacometabolomic Approach in Early-Phase Clinical Trials: A Way Forward for Targeted Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061268. [PMID: 35745841 PMCID: PMC9231303 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacometabolomics in early phase clinical trials demonstrate the metabolic profiles of a subject responding to a drug treatment in a controlled environment, whereas pharmacokinetics measure the drug plasma concentration in human circulation. Application of the personalized peak plasma concentration from pharmacokinetics in pharmacometabolomic studies provides insights into drugs’ pharmacological effects through dysregulation of metabolic pathways or pharmacodynamic biomarkers. This proof-of-concept study integrates personalized pharmacokinetic and pharmacometabolomic approaches to determine the predictive pharmacodynamic response of human metabolic pathways for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we use metformin as a model drug. Metformin is a first-line glucose-lowering agent; however, the variation of metabolites that potentially affect the efficacy and safety profile remains inconclusive. Seventeen healthy subjects were given a single dose of 1000 mg of metformin under fasting conditions. Fifteen sampling time-points were collected and analyzed using the validated bioanalytical LCMS method for metformin quantification in plasma. The individualized peak-concentration plasma samples determined from the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated using Matlab Simbiology were further analyzed with pre-dose plasma samples using an untargeted metabolomic approach. Pharmacometabolomic data processing and statistical analysis were performed using MetaboAnalyst with a functional meta-analysis peaks-to-pathway approach to identify dysregulated human metabolic pathways. The validated metformin calibration ranged from 80.4 to 2010 ng/mL for accuracy, precision, stability and others. The median and IQR for Cmax was 1248 (849–1391) ng/mL; AUC0-infinity was 9510 (7314–10,411) ng·h/mL, and Tmax was 2.5 (2.5–3.0) h. The individualized Cmax pharmacokinetics guided the untargeted pharmacometabolomics of metformin, suggesting a series of provisional predictive human metabolic pathways, which include arginine and proline metabolism, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism, glutathione metabolism and others that are associated with metformin’s pharmacological effects of increasing insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. Integration of pharmacokinetic and pharmacometabolomic approaches in early-phase clinical trials may pave a pathway for developing targeted therapy. This could further reduce variability in a controlled trial environment and aid in identifying surrogates for drug response pathways, increasing the prediction of responders for dose selection in phase II clinical trials.
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12
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Gayatri MB, Gajula NN, Chava S, Reddy ABM. High glutamine suppresses osteogenesis through mTORC1-mediated inhibition of the mTORC2/AKT-473/RUNX2 axis. Cell Death Discov 2022; 8:277. [PMID: 35672290 PMCID: PMC9174279 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the key nutrient cellular sensors mTORC1 and mTORC2 directs the fate of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Here, we report that glutamine regulates crosstalk between mTOR complexes and lineage commitment of MSCs independent of glucose concentration. High glutamine-induced mTORC1 hyperactivation resulted in the suppression of mTORC2, which otherwise stabilizes RUNX2 via GSK3β inhibition through pAKT-473. Activation of GSK3β resulted in the ubiquitination of RUNX2, a key transcription factor for the osteogenic commitment of MSCs. However, low glutamine conditions inhibit mTORC1 hyperactivation followed by increased mTORC2 activation and RUNX2 stabilization. Under diabetic/high-glucose conditions, glutamine-triggered hyperactivation of mTORC1 resulted in mTORC2 suppression, and active GSK3β led to suppression of RUNX2. Activation of p-AMPK by metformin inhibits high glutamine-induced mTORC1 hyperactivation and rescues RUNX2 through the mTORC2/AKT-473 axis. Collectively, our study indicates the role of glutamine in modulating MSC fate through cross-talk between mTOR complexes by identifying a critical switch in signaling. It also shows the importance of glutamine in modulating molecular cues (mTORC1/p-70S6K/mTORC2/RUNX2) that are involved in driving diabetes-induced bone adipogenesis and other secondary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Bolisetti Gayatri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Navya Naidu Gajula
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Suresh Chava
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Aramati B M Reddy
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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13
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Paul A, Azhar S, Das PN, Bairagi N, Chatterjee S. Elucidating the metabolic characteristics of pancreatic β-cells from patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using a genome-scale metabolic modeling. Comput Biol Med 2022; 144:105365. [PMID: 35276551 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global health problem caused primarily by the inability of pancreatic β-cells to secrete adequate insulin. Despite extensive research, the identity of factors contributing to the dysregulated metabolism-secretion coupling in the β-cells remains elusive. The present study attempts to capture some of these factors responsible for the impaired β-cell metabolism-secretion coupling that contributes to diabetes pathogenesis. The metabolic-flux profiles of pancreatic β-cells were predicted using genome-scale metabolic modeling for ten diabetic patients and ten control subjects. Analysis of these flux states shows reduction in the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathways, that leads to decreased insulin secretion in diabetes. We also observed elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. In addition, cellular antioxidant defense systems were found to be attenuated in diabetes. Our analysis also uncovered the possible changes in the plasma metabolites in diabetes due to the β-cells failure. These efforts subsequently led to the identification of seven metabolites associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathogenesis, thus establishing its link as a secondary complication of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Paul
- Complex Analysis Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Phonindra Nath Das
- Department of Mathematics, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata, 700118, India
| | - Nandadulal Bairagi
- Centre for Mathematical Biology and Ecology, Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Samrat Chatterjee
- Complex Analysis Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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14
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Tserga A, Pouloudi D, Saulnier-Blache JS, Stroggilos R, Theochari I, Gakiopoulou H, Mischak H, Zoidakis J, Schanstra JP, Vlahou A, Makridakis M. Proteomic Analysis of Mouse Kidney Tissue Associates Peroxisomal Dysfunction with Early Diabetic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020216. [PMID: 35203426 PMCID: PMC8869654 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The absence of efficient inhibitors for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression reflects the gaps in our understanding of DKD molecular pathogenesis. Methods: A comprehensive proteomic analysis was performed on the glomeruli and kidney cortex of diabetic mice with the subsequent validation of findings in human biopsies and omics datasets, aiming to better understand the underlying molecular biology of early DKD development and progression. Results: LC–MS/MS was employed to analyze the kidney proteome of 2 DKD models: Ins2Akita (early and late DKD) and db/db mice (late DKD). The abundance of detected proteins was defined. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the early and late DKD versus the respective controls predicted dysregulation in DKD hallmarks (peroxisomal lipid metabolism and β-oxidation), supporting the functional relevance of the findings. Comparing the observed protein changes in early and late DKD, the consistent upregulation of 21 and downregulation of 18 proteins was detected. Among these were downregulated peroxisomal and upregulated mitochondrial proteins. Tissue sections from 16 DKD patients were analyzed by IHC confirming our results. Conclusion: Our study shows an extensive differential expression of peroxisomal proteins in the early stages of DKD that persists regardless of the disease severity, providing new perspectives and potential markers of diabetic kidney dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Tserga
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (R.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Despoina Pouloudi
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); (I.T.); (H.G.)
| | - Jean Sébastien Saulnier-Blache
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1297, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, 31432 Toulouse, France;
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Rafael Stroggilos
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (R.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Irene Theochari
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); (I.T.); (H.G.)
| | - Harikleia Gakiopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.P.); (I.T.); (H.G.)
| | | | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (R.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Joost Peter Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1297, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, 31432 Toulouse, France;
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: (J.P.S.); (A.V.); (M.M.); Tel.: +33-5-31224078 (J.P.S.); +30-210-6597506 (A.V.); +30-210-6597485 (M.M.)
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (R.S.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.S.); (A.V.); (M.M.); Tel.: +33-5-31224078 (J.P.S.); +30-210-6597506 (A.V.); +30-210-6597485 (M.M.)
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.T.); (R.S.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.S.); (A.V.); (M.M.); Tel.: +33-5-31224078 (J.P.S.); +30-210-6597506 (A.V.); +30-210-6597485 (M.M.)
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15
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Hosseini Dastgerdi A, Sharifi M, Soltani N. GABA administration improves liver function and insulin resistance in offspring of type 2 diabetic rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23155. [PMID: 34848753 PMCID: PMC8633274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role of GABA in attenuating liver insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes parents and reducing its risk in their descendants' liver. Both sexes' rats were divided into four groups of non-diabetic control, diabetic control (DC), GABA-treated (GABA), and insulin-treated (Ins). The study duration lasted for six months and the young animals followed for four months. Consequently, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed for all animals. Apart from insulin tolerance test (ITT), serum and liver lipid profile were measured in all groups. Glycogen levels, expression of Foxo1, Irs2, Akt2, and Pepck genes in the liver were assessed for all groups. Overall, GABA improved ITT, increased liver glycogen levels and decreased lipid profile, blood glucose level, and HbA1c in parents and their offspring in compared to the DC group. GIR also increased in both parents and their offspring by GABA. Moreover, the expression of Foxo1, Irs2, Akt2, and Pepck genes improved in GABA-treated parents and their descendants in compared to DC group. Results indicated that GABA reduced liver IR in both parents and their offspring via affecting their liver insulin signaling and gluconeogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nepton Soltani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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16
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Leal Yepes FA, Mann S, Overton TR, Behling-Kelly E, Nydam DV, Wakshlag JJ. Hepatic effects of rumen-protected branched-chain amino acids with or without propylene glycol supplementation in dairy cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10324-10337. [PMID: 34176626 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Essential amino acids (EAA) are critical for multiple physiological processes. Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation provides energy substrates, promotes protein synthesis, and stimulates insulin secretion in rodents and humans. Most dairy cows face a protein and energy deficit during the first weeks postpartum and utilize body reserves to counteract this shortage. The objective was to evaluate the effect of rumen-protected BCAA (RP-BCAA; 375 g of 27% l-leucine, 85 g of 48% l-isoleucine, and 91 g of 67% l-valine) with or without oral propylene glycol (PG) administration on markers of liver health status, concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in plasma, and liver triglycerides (TG) during the early postpartum period in dairy cows. Multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled in blocks of 3 and randomly assigned to either the control group or 1 of the 2 treatments from calving until 35 d postpartum. The control group (n = 16) received 200 g of dry molasses per cow/d; the RP-BCAA group (n = 14) received RP-BCAA mixed with 200 g of dry molasses per cow/d; the RP-BCAA plus PG (RP-BCAAPG) group (n = 16) received RP-BCAA mixed with 200 g of dry molasses per cow/d, plus 300 mL of PG, once daily from calving until 7 d in milk (DIM). The RP-BCAA and RP-BCAAGP groups, on average (± standard deviation), were predicted to receive a greater supply of metabolizable protein in the form of l-Leu 27.4 ± 3.5 g/d, l-Ile 15.2 ± 1.8 g/d, and l-Val 24.2 ± 2.4 g/d compared with the control cows. Liver biopsies were collected at d 9 ± 4 prepartum and at 5 ± 1 and 21 ± 1 DIM. Blood was sampled 3 times per week from calving until 21 DIM. Milk yield, dry matter intake, NEFA, BHB, EAA blood concentration, serum chemistry, insulin, glucagon, and liver TG and protein abundance of total and phosphorylated branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase E1α (p-BCKDH-E1α) were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Cows in the RP-BCAA and RP-BCAAPG groups had lower liver TG and lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase during the first 21 DIM, compared with control. All cows, regardless of treatment, showed an upregulation of p-BCKDH-E1α at d 5 postpartum, compared with levels at 21 d postpartum. Insulin, Met, and Glu blood concentration were greater in RP-BCAA and RP-BCAAPG compared with control during the first 35 DIM. Therefore, the use of RP-BCAA in combination with PG might be a feasible option to reduce hepatic lipidosis in dairy cows during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Leal Yepes
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - E Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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17
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Han G, Takahashi H, Murao N, Gheni G, Yokoi N, Hamamoto Y, Asahara S, Seino Y, Kido Y, Seino S. Glutamate is an essential mediator in glutamine-amplified insulin secretion. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:920-930. [PMID: 33417747 PMCID: PMC8169365 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the circulation. In this study, we investigated cell signaling in the amplification of insulin secretion by glutamine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clonal pancreatic β-cells MIN6-K8, wild-type B6 mouse islets, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) knockout clonal β-cells (Glud1KOβCL), and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1) knockout clonal β-cells (Got1KOβCL) were studied. Insulin secretion from these cells and islets was examined under various conditions, and intracellular glutamine metabolism was assessed by metabolic flux analysis. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ) was also measured. RESULTS Glutamine dose-dependently amplified insulin secretion in the presence of high glucose in both MIN6-K8 cells and Glud1KOβCL. Inhibition of glutaminases, the enzymes that convert glutamine to glutamate, dramatically reduced the glutamine-amplifying effect on insulin secretion. A substantial amount of glutamate was produced from glutamine through direct conversion by glutaminases. Glutamine also increased [Ca2+ ]i at high glucose, which was abolished by inhibition of glutaminases. Glutamic acid dimethylester (dm-Glu), a membrane permeable glutamate precursor that is converted to glutamate in cells, increased [Ca2+ ]i as well as induced insulin secretion at high glucose. These effects of glutamine and dm-Glu were dependent on calcium influx. Glutamine also induced insulin secretion in clonal β-cells MIN6-m14, which otherwise exhibit no insulin secretory response to glucose. CONCLUSIONS Glutamate converted from glutamine is an essential mediator that enhances calcium signaling in the glutamine-amplifying effect on insulin secretion. Our data also suggest that glutamine exerts a permissive effect on glucose-induced insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Han
- Division of Metabolism and DiseaseDepartment of BiophysicsKobe University Graduate School of Health SciencesKobeJapan
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic MedicineDepartment of Physiology and Cell BiologyKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research InstituteKobeJapan
| | - Harumi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic MedicineDepartment of Physiology and Cell BiologyKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Naoya Murao
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic MedicineDepartment of Physiology and Cell BiologyKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Ghupurjan Gheni
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic MedicineDepartment of Physiology and Cell BiologyKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Norihide Yokoi
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic MedicineDepartment of Physiology and Cell BiologyKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and GeneticsGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | | | - Shun‐ichiro Asahara
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal MedicineKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Yutaka Seino
- Kansai Electric Power Medical Research InstituteKobeJapan
| | - Yoshiaki Kido
- Division of Metabolism and DiseaseDepartment of BiophysicsKobe University Graduate School of Health SciencesKobeJapan
- Division of Diabetes and EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal MedicineKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Susumu Seino
- Division of Molecular and Metabolic MedicineDepartment of Physiology and Cell BiologyKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
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18
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Aleidi SM, Dahabiyeh LA, Gu X, Al Dubayee M, Alshahrani A, Benabdelkamel H, Mujammami M, Li L, Aljada A, Abdel Rahman AM. Obesity Connected Metabolic Changes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Treated With Metformin. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:616157. [PMID: 33664666 PMCID: PMC7921791 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.616157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is widely used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). However, it is known to have beneficial effects in many other conditions, including obesity and cancer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the metabolic effect of metformin in T2DM and its impact on obesity. A mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomics approach was used to analyze samples from two cohorts, including healthy lean and obese control, and lean as well as obese T2DM patients on metformin regimen in the last 6 months. The results show a clear group separation and sample clustering between the study groups due to both T2DM and metformin administration. Seventy-one metabolites were dysregulated in diabetic obese patients (30 up-regulated and 41 down-regulated), and their levels were unchanged with metformin administration. However, 30 metabolites were dysregulated (21 were up-regulated and 9 were down-regulated) and then restored to obese control levels by metformin administration in obese diabetic patients. Furthermore, in obese diabetic patients, the level of 10 metabolites was dysregulated only after metformin administration. Most of these dysregulated metabolites were dipeptides, aliphatic amino acids, nucleic acid derivatives, and urea cycle components. The metabolic pattern of 62 metabolites was persistent, and their levels were affected by neither T2DM nor metformin in obesity. Interestingly, 9 metabolites were significantly dysregulated between lean and obese cohorts due to T2DM and metformin regardless of the obesity status. These include arginine, citrulline, guanidoacetic acid, proline, alanine, taurine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 5-hydroxymethyluracil. Understanding the metabolic alterations taking place upon metformin treatment would shed light on possible molecular targets of metformin, especially in conditions like T2DM and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen M Aleidi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lina A Dahabiyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Xinyun Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mohammed Al Dubayee
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad Alshahrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hicham Benabdelkamel
- Proteomics Resource Unit, Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Mujammami
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,University Diabetes Center, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M Abdel Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Metabolomics Section, Department of Clinical Genomics, Center for Genomics Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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19
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Karimi E, Hatami E, Ghavami A, Hadi A, Darand M, Askari G. Effects of L-arginine supplementation on biomarkers of glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 129:700-710. [PMID: 33426939 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1863991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of L-arginine supplementation in improving biomarkers of glycemic control in adults. Electronic databases including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Collaboration Library were searched up to January 2020. The meta-analysis of twelve randomised clinical trials indicated that L-arginine had no significant effect on serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -3.38 mg/dl, 95% CI: -6.79 to 0.04, p = .53), serum insulin (WMD: -0.12 Hedges' g 95% CI: -0.33 to 0.09, p = .27), glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; WMD: -0.04%, 95% CI: -0.25 to 0.17, p = .71), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (WMD: -0.48, 95% CI: -1.15 to 0.19, p = .15). Although several animal studies have proposed that L-arginine supplementation might improve blood glucose control, the present study could not confirm this benefit in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Research Development Center, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Hatami
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Medicine Research Center, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abed Ghavami
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Hadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Darand
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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20
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Walejko JM, Chelliah A, Keller-Wood M, Wasserfall C, Atkinson M, Gregg A, Edison AS. Diabetes Leads to Alterations in Normal Metabolic Transitions of Pregnancy as Revealed by Time-Course Metabolomics. Metabolites 2020; 10:E350. [PMID: 32867274 PMCID: PMC7570364 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with diabetes during pregnancy are at increased risk of poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. Despite this, the effects of pre-gestational (PGDM) or gestational diabetes (GDM) on metabolism during pregnancy are not well understood. In this study, we utilized metabolomics to identify serum metabolic changes in women with and without diabetes during pregnancy and the cord blood at birth. We observed elevations in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, carbohydrates, ketones, and lipids, and a decrease in amino acids across gestation in all individuals. In early gestation, PGDM had elevations in branched-chain amino acids and sugars compared to controls, whereas GDM had increased lipids and decreased amino acids during pregnancy. In both GDM and PGDM, carbohydrate and amino acid pathways were altered, but in PGDM, hemoglobin A1c and isoleucine were significantly increased compared to GDM. Cord blood from GDM and PGDM newborns had similar increases in carbohydrates and choline metabolism compared to controls, and these alterations were not maternal in origin. Our results revealed that PGDM and GDM have distinct metabolic changes during pregnancy. A better understanding of diabetic metabolism during pregnancy can assist in improved management and development of therapeutics and help mitigate poor outcomes in both the mother and newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn M. Walejko
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Anushka Chelliah
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, UT Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Maureen Keller-Wood
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Mark Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Anthony Gregg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor University, Dallas, TX 75246, USA;
| | - Arthur S. Edison
- Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Mansour A, Mohajeri-Tehrani MR, Qorbani M, Ghamari M, Larijani B, Hosseini S. Postprandial glycemia and insulin secretion following glutamine administration: A randomized controlled trial. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 90:425-429. [PMID: 32729784 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of glutamine administration on postprandial glycemia, insulin, and C-peptide concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on patients with type 2 diabetes so that 33 subjects were recruited in each group. The patients were randomly allocated to receive either 30 g/d glutamine or placebo (with instructions to take in half glass of ice-cold water 5 to 10 min before each main meal) for 6 weeks. Postprandial C-peptide, insulin, and glucose were measured at the baseline and at the end of the study at 30 and 90 min after consuming a meal comprising wheat-cake and reduced fat milk. Results: The repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant difference between the groups for glucose and insulin after 6 weeks of intervention (p > 0.05). However, C-peptide was reduced in both intervention groups at all measurement points. Between-group differences remained significant by the end of the study (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Glutamine supplementation before each main meal does not represent an effective nutritional strategy to improve postprandial glycemic control or postprandial insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Mansour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohajeri-Tehrani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ghamari
- Student Research Committee Faculty of Medical Urima, University of Medical Sciences, Uremia, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Hosseini
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Olaniyi KS, Sabinari IW, Olatunji LA. Oral L-glutamine restores adenosine and glutathione content in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of insulin-resistant pregnant rats. Nutrition 2020; 77:110789. [PMID: 32428839 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mishandling of lipid and glycogen has been documented as a feature of metabolic tissues in insulin resistance-related disorders. However, reports exist detailing that L-glutamine (GLN) protects non-adipose tissue against the deleterious effects of metabolic disorders. Therefore, we hypothesized that GLN would protect skeletal muscle and adipose tissue against the deleterious effects of lipid and glycogen mishandlings by increasing adenosine and glutathione levels in pregnant rats exposed to fructose (FRU)-enriched drinks. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats weighing 150 to 180 g were randomly assigned to control, GLN, FRU, and FRU + GLN groups (six rats/group). The groups received vehicle (P.o.), glutamine (1 g/kg), FRU (10%; w/v), and FRU + GLN, respectively, for 19 d. RESULTS Data show that FRU caused insulin resistance with corresponding increased blood glucose, circulating and pancreatic insulin levels, and lipid accumulation and glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle, but glycogen accumulation and a decreased lipid profile in adipose tissue. Adenosine and glutathione content decreased, whereas adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, uric acid, and malondialdehyde concentrations increased in both tissues. In addition, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity decreased in skeletal muscle but remained unaltered in adipose tissue. However, supplementation with GLN improved perturbed lipid and glycogen with a corresponding increase in adenosine and glutathione. CONCLUSIONS The present results collectively indicate that lipid and glycogen mishandlings caused by high gestational FRU intake result in the depletion of adenosine and glutathione in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. These findings also suggest that L-glutamine protects against skeletal muscle and adipose tissue dysmetabolism by enhancing adenosine and glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah Woru Sabinari
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
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23
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de Nicola D, Vinale F, Salzano A, d’Errico G, Vassetti A, D’Onofrio N, Balestrieri ML, Neglia G. Milk Metabolomics Reveals Potential Biomarkers for Early Prediction of Pregnancy in Buffaloes Having Undergone Artificial Insemination. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050758. [PMID: 32349376 PMCID: PMC7277816 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for early pregnancy diagnosis in buffaloes subjected to artificial insemination (AI). The study was carried out on 10 pregnant and 10 non-pregnant buffaloes that were synchronized by Ovsynch-Timed Artificial Insemination Program and have undergone the first AI. Furthermore, milk samples were individually collected ten days before AI (the start of the synchronization treatment), on the day of AI, day 7 and 18 after AI, and were analyzed by LC-MS. Statistical analysis was carried out by using Mass Profile Professional (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Metabolomic analysis revealed the presence of several metabolites differentially expressed between pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes. Among these, a total of five metabolites were identified by comparison with an online database and a standard compound as acetylcarnitine (3-Acetoxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate), arginine-succinic acid hydrate, 5'-O-{[3-({4-[(3aminopropyl)amino]butyl}amino)propyl]carbamoyl}-2'-deoxyadenosine, N-(1-Hydroxy-2-hexadecanyl)pentadecanamide, and N-[2,3-Bis(dodecyloxy)propyl]-L-lysinamide). Interestingly, acetylcarnitine was dominant in milk samples collected from non-pregnant buffaloes. The results obtained from milk metabolic profile and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed significant differences between pregnant and non-pregnant buffaloes, as well as in the metabolite expression. Overall, the findings indicate the potential of milk metabolomics as a powerful tool to identify biomarkers of early pregnancy in buffalo undergoing AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato de Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Angela Salzano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0812536215
| | - Giada d’Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (G.d.); (A.V.)
| | - Anastasia Vassetti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy; (G.d.); (A.V.)
| | - Nunzia D’Onofrio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (N.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (N.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy; (D.d.N.); (F.V.); (G.N.)
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Olaniyi KS, Woru Sabinari I, Olatunji LA. l-glutamine supplementation exerts cardio-renal protection in estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive-treated female rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 74:103305. [PMID: 31790957 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen and lipid disruptions represent a spectrum of metabolic disorders that are crucial risk factors for cardiovascular disease in estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive (COC) users. l-glutamine (GLN) has been shown to exert a modulatory effect in metabolic disorders-related syndromes. We therefore hypothesized that GLN supplementation would protect against myocardial and renal glycogen-lipid mishandling in COC-treated animals by modulation of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities. Adult female Wistar rats were randomly allotted into control, GLN, COC and COC + GLN groups (six rats per group). The groups received vehicle (distilled water, p.o.), GLN (1 g/kg), COC containing 1.0 μg ethinylestradiol plus 5.0 μg levonorgestrel and COC plus GLN respectively, daily for 8 weeks. Data showed that treatment with COC led to metabolically-induced obesity with correspondent increased visceral and epicardial fat mass. It also led to increased plasma, myocardial and renal triglyceride, free fatty acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), XO activity, uric acid content and decreased glutathione content and G6PD activity. In addition, COC increased myocardial but not renal glycogen content, and increased myocardial and renal glycogen synthase activity, increased plasma and renal lactate production and plasma aspartate transaminase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio. However, these alterations were attenuated when supplemented with GLN except plasma AST/ALT ratio. Collectively, the present results indicate that estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive causes metabolically-induced obesity that is accompanied by differential myocardial and renal metabolic disturbances. The findings also suggest that irrespective of varying metabolic phenotypes, GLN exerts protection against cardio-renal dysmetabolism by modulation of XO and G6PD activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah Woru Sabinari
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team & Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
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25
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Glutamine confers renoprotection by normalizing lipid and glutathione content in insulin-resistant pregnant rats. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Carlessi R, Rowlands J, Ellison G, Helena de Oliveira Alves H, Newsholme P, Mamotte C. Glutamine deprivation induces metabolic adaptations associated with beta cell dysfunction and exacerbate lipotoxicity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 491:110433. [PMID: 31018148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies have reported that plasma glutamine is reduced in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Glutamine supplementation improves glycaemic control, however the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we evaluated in vitro the pancreatic beta cell bioenergetic and insulin secretory responses to various levels of glutamine availability, or treatment in the presence of an inhibitor of intracellular glutamine metabolism. The impact of glutamine deprivation to the pathological events induced by the saturated fatty acid palmitate was also investigated. Glutamine deprivation induced a reduction in mitochondrial respiration and increase in glucose uptake and utilization. This phenotype was accompanied by impairment in beta cell function, as demonstrated by diminished insulin production and secretion, and activation of the unfolded protein response pathway. Palmitate led to insulin secretory dysfunction, loss of viability and apoptosis. Importantly, glutamine deprivation significantly exacerbated these phenotypes, suggesting that low glutamine levels could participate in the process of beta cell dysfunction in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Jordan Rowlands
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | - Gaewyn Ellison
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia
| | | | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Cyril Mamotte
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
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Newsholme P, Keane KN, Carlessi R, Cruzat V. Oxidative stress pathways in pancreatic β-cells and insulin-sensitive cells and tissues: importance to cell metabolism, function, and dysfunction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C420-C433. [PMID: 31216193 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00141.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is now accepted that nutrient abundance in the blood, especially glucose, leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to increased oxidative stress in a variety of tissues. In the absence of an appropriate compensatory response from antioxidant mechanisms, the cell, or indeed the tissue, becomes overwhelmed by oxidative stress, leading to the activation of intracellular stress-associated pathways. Activation of the same or similar pathways also appears to play a role in mediating insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and late diabetic complications. The ability of antioxidants to protect against the oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia and elevated free fatty acid (FFA) levels in vitro suggests a causative role of oxidative stress in mediating the latter clinical conditions. In this review, we describe common biochemical processes associated with oxidative stress driven by hyperglycemia and/or elevated FFA and the resulting clinical outcomes: β-cell dysfunction and peripheral tissue insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin N Keane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vinicius Cruzat
- Faculty of Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Effects of dietary glutamine supplementation on immune cell polarization and muscle regeneration in diabetic mice with limb ischemia. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:921-933. [PMID: 31062080 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes is a chronic inflammatory disorder resulting in endothelial dysfunction which contributes to peripheral arterial disease and limb ischemia. Leukocytes play critical roles in vascular and tissue remodelling after ischemia. This study investigated the effects of dietary glutamine (GLN) supplementation on immune cell polarization in diabetic mice subjected to limb ischemia. METHODS Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin for 5 consecutive days in C57BL/6J mice. Diabetic mice were fed the AIN-93 diet or an AIN-93 diet in which a part of the casein was replaced by GLN. After 3 weeks of the dietary intervention, mice were subjected to unilateral femoral artery ligation to induce limb ischemia. RESULTS GLN supplementation enhanced the proportion of anti-inflammatory monocytes and regulatory T cells in the blood. Expression of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 by activated CD4+ T cells was promoted and prolonged in the GLN-supplemented group. GLN downregulated the percentage of M1 macrophages in muscle tissues which was correlated with lower levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 in plasma. The muscle M1/M2 ratio was also reduced in the GLN group. Gene expression of interleukin-6 was suppressed by GLN supplementation, while expression levels of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and myogenic differentiation 1 genes were elevated in post-ischemic muscles. Histological findings also indicated that muscle regeneration was accelerated in the GLN group. CONCLUSIONS GLN supplementation in diabetic mice may exert more-balanced polarization of CD4+ T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, thus attenuating inflammatory responses and contributing to muscle regeneration after limb ischemia.
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Liang H, Mokrani A, Chisomo-Kasiya H, Ji K, Ge X, Ren M, Liu B, Xi B, Sun A. Dietary leucine affects glucose metabolism and lipogenesis involved in TOR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:719-732. [PMID: 30632024 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the mechanisms governing insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and lipogenesis in juvenile fish fed with different dietary leucine levels. Fish were fed six practical diets with graded leucine levels ranging from 0.90 to 2.94% of dry basis for 8 weeks. The trial results showed that, compared to the control group (0.90%), optimal dietary leucine level (1.72%) resulted in the up-regulation of mRNA expression related to insulin signaling pathway, including target of rapamycin (TOR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (Akt). However, an excessive leucine level (2.94%) led to protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) overexpression and inhibited TOR, IRS-1, PI3K, and Akt mRNA expressions. The protein level of TOR, S6K1, IRS-1, PI3K, and Akt showed a similar result with mRNA level of these genes. Optimal dietary leucine level (1.72%) significantly improved plasma insulin content, while high level of leucine showed an inhibiting phenomenon. Optimal dietary leucine level (1.72%) could reduce plasma glucose by enhancing the ability of glycometabolism including improving glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), glucokinase (GK) expressions and down-regulating phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression. While an excessive leucine level (2.94%) resulted in high plasma glucose by inhibiting the ability of glycometabolism including lowering GLUT2 and GK expressions, and improving glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and PEPCK expressions. The relative expressions of pyruvate kinase (PK) and glycogen synthase (GS) were not significantly affected by dietary leucine levels. Dietary leucine level of 1.33% could improve plasma triglyceride content (TG) by enhancing lipogenesis including improving sterol-response element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) expressions compared to the control group (0.90%). Total cholesterol (TC) was not significantly affected by dietary leucine levels. The present results indicate that optimal leucine level could improve glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis through improving insulin sensitivity in juvenile blunt snout bream. However, excessive dietary leucine level resulted in high plasma glucose, which led to insulin resistance by inhibiting the gene expressions of insulin signaling pathway and activating gluconeogenesis-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Liang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Ahmed Mokrani
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | | | - Ke Ji
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Xianping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Bingwen Xi
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Ajun Sun
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China
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Bahrami D, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Zavar-Reza J. The effect of oral L-arginine supplementation on lipid profile, glycemic status, and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-180233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davood Bahrami
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hassan Mozaffari-Khosravi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Yazd Diabetic Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Javad Zavar-Reza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 by l-glutamine protects pregnant rats against fructose-induced obesity and hepatic lipid accumulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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32
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Cao YF, Li J, Zhang Z, Liu J, Sun XY, Feng XF, Luo HH, Yang W, Li SN, Yang X, Fang ZZ. Plasma Levels of Amino Acids Related to Urea Cycle and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:50. [PMID: 30833930 PMCID: PMC6387924 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to test associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolites in urea cycle including arginine, citrulline and ornithine. Methods:This study used a hospital-based cross-sectional study design. We retrieved medical notes of 401 in-patients with onset of T2DM within 2 years and 1,522 healthy subjects who attended annual physical examination. All cases were admitted to a tertiary care center in Jinzhou, China from May 2015 to August 2016. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results:Patients with T2DM had higher arginine, and lower ornithine than control subjects. Levels of citrulline were similar in two groups. Arginine was positively associated with T2DM (ORs: 1.20, 1.17-1.23) while ornithine was negatively associated with T2DM (OR: 0.89, 0.88-0.91). After adjustment for other amino acids and traditional risk factors, these associations were still significant and persistent for arginine and ornithine. The association between citrulline and T2DM was not significant. Their ratios of pairs of two amino acids were associated with increased risk of T2DM. After adjustment for other ratios of amino acids, effect size for T2DM remained significant. Further adjustment for traditional risk factors did not lead to large changes (ORs: 1.78, 1.20-2.65 for the ratio of arginine to ornithine; ORs: 1.59, 1.37-1.86 for the ratio of citrulline to ornithine, respectively) except the ratio of arginine to citrulline. Conclusions: Plasma levels of amino acids related to urea cycle and their ratios of these amino-acids were associated with T2DM in Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices Research (NPFPC), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Reproductive Health Drug and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinnan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Feng
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-Huan Luo
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sai-Nan Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xilin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xilin Yang ;
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
- Zhong-Ze Fang
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Association of l-Arginine Supplementation with Markers of Endothelial Function in Patients with Cardiovascular or Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010015. [PMID: 30577559 PMCID: PMC6357192 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Arginine supplementation is a potential therapy for treating cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, the use of distinct l-arginine sources, intervened populations, and treatment regimens may have yielded confusion about their efficacy. This research constitutes a systematic review and meta-analysis summarizing the effects of l-arginine supplementation compared to placebo in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, or diabetes. Eligibility criteria included randomized clinical trials and interventions based on oral supplementation of l-arginine with a minimum duration of three days; comparison groups consisted of individuals with the same disease condition receiving an oral placebo substance. The primary outcome was flow-mediated dilation, and secondary outcomes were nitrite/nitrate (NOx) rate and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Statistical heterogeneity among studies included in the meta-analyses was assessed using the inconsistency index (I2). Fifty-four full-text articles from 3761 retrieved references were assessed for eligibility. After exclusions, 13 studies were included for data extraction. There was no difference in blood flow after post-ischemic hyperemia between the supplementation of l-arginine and placebo groups before and after the intervention period (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.30; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = −0.85 to 1.46; I2 = 96%). Sensitivity analysis showed decreased heterogeneity when the studies that most favor arginine and placebo were removed, and positive results in favor of arginine supplementation were found (SMD = 0.59; 95% CIs = 0.10 to 1.08; I2 = 75%). No difference was found in meta-analytical estimates of NOx and ADMA responses between arginine or placebo treatments. Overall, the results indicated that oral l-arginine supplementation was not associated with improvements on selected variables in these patients (PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017077289).
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Lindfors E, van Dam JCJ, Lam CMC, Zondervan NA, Martins dos Santos VAP, Suarez-Diez M. SyNDI: synchronous network data integration framework. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:403. [PMID: 30400817 PMCID: PMC6219086 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systems biology takes a holistic approach by handling biomolecules and their interactions as big systems. Network based approach has emerged as a natural way to model these systems with the idea of representing biomolecules as nodes and their interactions as edges. Very often the input data come from various sorts of omics analyses. Those resulting networks sometimes describe a wide range of aspects, for example different experiment conditions, species, tissue types, stimulating factors, mutants, or simply distinct interaction features of the same network produced by different algorithms. For these scenarios, synchronous visualization of more than one distinct network is an excellent mean to explore all the relevant networks efficiently. In addition, complementary analysis methods are needed and they should work in a workflow manner in order to gain maximal biological insights. RESULTS In order to address the aforementioned needs, we have developed a Synchronous Network Data Integration (SyNDI) framework. This framework contains SyncVis, a Cytoscape application for user-friendly synchronous and simultaneous visualization of multiple biological networks, and it is seamlessly integrated with other bioinformatics tools via the Galaxy platform. We demonstrated the functionality and usability of the framework with three biological examples - we analyzed the distinct connectivity of plasma metabolites in networks associated with high or low latent cardiovascular disease risk; deeper insights were obtained from a few similar inflammatory response pathways in Staphylococcus aureus infection common to human and mouse; and regulatory motifs which have not been reported associated with transcriptional adaptations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our SyNDI framework couples synchronous network visualization seamlessly with additional bioinformatics tools. The user can easily tailor the framework for his/her needs by adding new tools and datasets to the Galaxy platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erno Lindfors
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstrasse 38, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jesse C. J. van Dam
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Niels A. Zondervan
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor A. P. Martins dos Santos
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstrasse 38, 12163 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Du YT, Piscitelli D, Ahmad S, Trahair LG, Greenfield JR, Samocha-Bonet D, Rayner CK, Horowitz M, Jones KL. Effects of Glutamine on Gastric Emptying of Low- and High-Nutrient Drinks in Healthy Young Subjects-Impact on Glycaemia. Nutrients 2018; 10:E739. [PMID: 29880750 PMCID: PMC6024320 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is a potent stimulus for the release of glucagon-like peptide-1, which increases postprandial insulin and slows gastric emptying (GE). We determined the effects of glutamine on GE of, and glycaemic responses to, low- and high-nutrient drinks in eight healthy males (mean age 21.6 ± 0.7 years and BMI 22.9 ± 0.7 kg/m²). Participants were studied on four occasions on which they consumed either a low-nutrient (beef soup; 18 kcal) or high-nutrient (75 g dextrose; 255 kcal) drink, each with or without 30 g of glutamine (120 kcal), in a randomised, crossover design. GE (2D ultrasound), blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured concurrently. Glutamine slowed GE (half emptying time (T50)) of both low- (45 ± 3 min vs. 26 ± 2 min, p < 0.001), and high-nutrient, (100 ± 5 min vs. 77 ± 5 min, p = 0.03) drinks, however, there was no effect on GE of the high nutrient drinks when expressed as kcal/min (3.39 ± 0.21 kcal/min vs. 3.81 ± 0.20 kcal/min, p = 0.25). There was no change in blood glucose after the low-nutrient drinks with or without glutamine, despite a slight increase in plasma insulin with glutamine (p = 0.007). The rise in blood glucose following the high-nutrient drink (p = 0.0001) was attenuated during the first 60 min by glutamine (p = 0.007). We conclude that in healthy subjects, glutamine slows GE of both low- and high-nutrient drinks comparably and attenuates the rise in blood glucose after the high-nutrient glucose drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang T Du
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Diana Piscitelli
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Saima Ahmad
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Laurence G Trahair
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Jerry R Greenfield
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Dorit Samocha-Bonet
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Morris JK, Piccolo BD, Shankar K, Thyfault JP, Adams SH. The serum metabolomics signature of type 2 diabetes is obscured in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E584-E596. [PMID: 29351484 PMCID: PMC6032067 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00377.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence for systemic metabolic impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases AD risk. Although studies analyzing blood metabolomics signatures have shown differences between cognitively healthy (CH) and AD subjects, these signatures have not been compared with individuals with T2D. We utilized untargeted analysis platforms (primary metabolism and complex lipids) to characterize the serum metabolome of 126 overnight-fasted elderly subjects classified into four groups based upon AD status (CH or AD) and T2D status [nondiabetic (ND) or T2D]. Cognitive diagnosis groups were a priori weighted equally with T2D subjects. We hypothesized that AD subjects would display a metabolic profile similar to cognitively normal elderly individuals with T2D. However, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) modeling resulted in poor classification across the four groups (<50% classification accuracy of test subjects). Binary classification of AD vs. CH was poor, but binary classification of T2D vs. ND was good, providing >79.5% and >76.9% classification accuracy for held-out samples using primary metabolism and complex lipids, respectively. When modeling was limited to CH subjects, T2D discrimination improved for the primary metabolism platform (>89.5%) and remained accurate for complex lipids (>73% accuracy). Greater abundances of glucose, fatty acids (C20:2), and phosphatidylcholines and lower abundances of glycine, maleimide, octanol, and tryptophan, cholesterol esters, phosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelins were identified in CH subjects with T2D relative to those without T2D. In contrast, T2D was not accurately discriminated within AD subjects. Results herein suggest that AD may obscure the typical metabolic phenotype of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K Morris
- University of Kansas Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center , Kansas City, Kansas
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Fairway, Kansas
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - John P Thyfault
- University of Kansas Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center , Kansas City, Kansas
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Fairway, Kansas
- University of Kansas Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology , Kansas City, Kansas
- Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
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Torinsson Naluai Å, Saadat Vafa L, Gudjonsdottir AH, Arnell H, Browaldh L, Nilsson S, Agardh D. Altered peripheral amino acid profile indicate a systemic impact of active celiac disease and a possible role of amino acids in disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29538446 PMCID: PMC5851604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously performed a Genome Wide Association and linkage study that indicated a new disease triggering mechanism involving amino acid metabolism and nutrient sensing signaling pathways. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate if plasma amino acid levels differed among children with celiac disease compared with disease controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fasting plasma samples from 141 children with celiac disease and 129 non-celiac disease controls, were analyzed for amino acid levels by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS). A general linear model using age and experimental effects as covariates was used to compare amino acid levels between children with a diagnosis of celiac disease and controls. RESULTS Seven out of twenty-three analyzed amino acids were elevated in children with celiac disease compared with controls (tryptophan, taurine, glutamic acid, proline, ornithine, alanine and methionine). The significance of the individual amino acids do not survive multiple correction, however, multivariate analyses of the amino acid profile showed significantly altered amino acid levels in children with celiac disease overall and after correction for age, sex and experimental effects (p = 8.4 × 10-8). CONCLUSION These findings support the idea that amino acids could influence systemic inflammation and play a possible role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Ladan Saadat Vafa
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Audur H. Gudjonsdottir
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Arnell
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Browaldh
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institute, Sodersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Diabetes & Celiac Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Wang C, Deng Y, Yue Y, Chen W, Zhang Y, Shi G, Wu Z. Glutamine Enhances the Hypoglycemic Effect of Insulin in L6 Cells via Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K)/Protein Kinase B (AKT)/Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1241-1250. [PMID: 29491345 PMCID: PMC5842660 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by a decreased blood level of glutamine (Gln), which may contribute to the disturbance in the effect of insulin on skeletal muscle. Therefore, it is crucial to study how to improve the effect of insulin on skeletal muscle by increasing Gln. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Gln on the hypoglycemic action of insulin in skeletal muscle L6 cells at high glucose levels through the insulin signaling pathway and glycogen synthesis pathway. Material/Methods The L6 cells were cultured in and stimulated by Gln and insulin. The glutamine analogue, L-Gamma-Glutamyl-p-nitroanilide (GPNA), was used for verifying the effect of Gln. The expression of insulin signaling molecules, including phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), protein kinase B (AKT), protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, GLUT4 translocation was observed by immunofluorescence staining, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) was analyzed by Western blotting, and glucose uptake was measured by glucose oxidase method (GOD). Results The results demonstrated that Gln combined with insulin remarkably up-regulated PI3K and PDK1 and also increased AKT and PKCζ phosphorylation. The present study shows that Gln enhanced the impact of insulin on GLUT4 and its translocation. The results of glucose uptake and GSK phosphorylation further confirmed the hypoglycemic effect of Gln accompanied with insulin. The hypoglycemic effect of Gln was reversed by GPNA. Conclusions These findings suggest that Gln enhances the hypoglycemic role of insulin through the PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling pathway and glycogen synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yujiao Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yenan Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Wenting Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Guifang Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongming Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
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Okekunle AP, Li Y, Liu L, Du S, Wu X, Chen Y, Li Y, Qi J, Sun C, Feng R. Abnormal circulating amino acid profiles in multiple metabolic disorders. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 132:45-58. [PMID: 28783532 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate circulating amino acids (AA) profiles in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS Serum AA were profiled among 200; healthy, obese, T2D and MetS subjects matched by sex, age and BMI using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadruple mass spectrometry (UPLC-TQ-MS). A meta-analysis, including 47 case-control studies (including the current study) on serum AA in obesity, T2D and MetS searched through October 2016 was conducted to explore the AA differences in obesity, T2D and MetS. RESULTS In comparison with healthy controls, 14 AA (10 increased and 4 decreased) were significantly altered (P<0.05) in all non-healthy subjects. Also, mean differences of valine (obese: 34.13 [27.70, 40.56]µmol/L, P<0.001, T2D: 19.49 [3.31, 35.68]µmol/L, P<0.05, MetS: 29.18 [16.04, 42.33]µmol/L, P<0.001), glutamic acid (obese: 18.62 [11.64, 25.61]µmol/L, P<0.001, T2D: 19.94 [0.28, 39.61]µmol/L, P<0.05, MetS: 12.45 [3.98, 20.91]µmol/L, P<0.001), proline (obese: 16.72 [6.20, 27.24]µmol/L, P<0.001, T2D: 20.72 [15.82, 25.61]µmol/L, P<0.001, MetS: 29.95 [25.18, 34.71]µmol/L, P<0.001) and isoleucine (obese: 11.39 [8.54, 14.24]µmol/L, P<0.001, T2D: 7.37 [1.52, 13.22]µmol/L, P<0.05, MetS: 10.40 [4.90, 15.89]µmol/L, P<0.001) were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. Similarly, mean differences of glycine (obese: -30.99 [-39.69, -22.29]µmol/L, P<0.001, T2D: -30.37 [-41.80, -18.94]µmol/L, P<0.001 and MetS: -35.24 [-39.28, -31.21]µmol/L, P<0.001) were significantly lower compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION In both the case-control study and meta-analysis, obesity was related to the most circulating AA changes, followed by MetS and T2D. Valine, isoleucine, glutamic acid and proline increased, while Glycine decreased in all metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Du
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchuan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Qi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rennan Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, People's Republic of China.
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Mumme L, Breuer TGK, Rohrer S, Schenker N, Menge BA, Holst JJ, Nauck MA, Meier JJ. Defects in α-Cell Function in Patients With Diabetes Due to Chronic Pancreatitis Compared With Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Healthy Individuals. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:1314-1322. [PMID: 28751547 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes frequently develops in patients with chronic pancreatitis. We examined the alterations in the glucagon response to hypoglycemia and to oral glucose administration in patients with diabetes due to chronic pancreatitis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Ten patients with diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis were compared with 13 patients with type 2 diabetes and 10 healthy control subjects. A stepwise hypoglycemic clamp and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed. RESULTS Glucose levels during the OGTT were higher in patients with diabetes and chronic pancreatitis and lower in control subjects (P < 0.0001). Insulin and C-peptide levels were reduced, and the glucose-induced suppression of glucagon was impaired in both groups with diabetes (all P < 0.0001 vs. control subjects). During hypoglycemia, glucagon concentrations were reduced in patients with chronic pancreatitis and with type 2 diabetes (P < 0.05). The increase in glucagon during the clamp was inversely related to the glucose-induced glucagon suppression and positively related to β-cell function. Growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia were lower in patients with type 2 diabetes (P = 0.0002) but not in patients with chronic pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS α-Cell responses to oral glucose ingestion and to hypoglycemia are disturbed in patients with diabetes and chronic pancreatitis and in patients with type 2 diabetes. The similarities between these defects suggest a common etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Mumme
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas G K Breuer
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Rohrer
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Schenker
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn A Menge
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Juris J Meier
- Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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41
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Molecular mechanisms of ROS production and oxidative stress in diabetes. Biochem J 2017; 473:4527-4550. [PMID: 27941030 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160503c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are known to be associated with the development of metabolic diseases, including diabetes. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative systems of cells and tissues, is a result of over production of oxidative-free radicals and associated reactive oxygen species (ROS). One outcome of excessive levels of ROS is the modification of the structure and function of cellular proteins and lipids, leading to cellular dysfunction including impaired energy metabolism, altered cell signalling and cell cycle control, impaired cell transport mechanisms and overall dysfunctional biological activity, immune activation and inflammation. Nutritional stress, such as that caused by excess high-fat and/or carbohydrate diets, promotes oxidative stress as evident by increased lipid peroxidation products, protein carbonylation and decreased antioxidant status. In obesity, chronic oxidative stress and associated inflammation are the underlying factors that lead to the development of pathologies such as insulin resistance, dysregulated pathways of metabolism, diabetes and cardiovascular disease through impaired signalling and metabolism resulting in dysfunction to insulin secretion, insulin action and immune responses. However, exercise may counter excessive levels of oxidative stress and thus improve metabolic and inflammatory outcomes. In the present article, we review the cellular and molecular origins and significance of ROS production, the molecular targets and responses describing how oxidative stress affects cell function including mechanisms of insulin secretion and action, from the point of view of possible application of novel diabetic therapies based on redox regulation.
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Ganz T, Wainstein J, Gilad S, Limor R, Boaz M, Stern N. Serum asymmetric dimethylarginine and arginine levels predict microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 27393712 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased oxidative stress in diabetes increases nitric oxide (NO) oxidation and low l-arginine (Arg) could further reduce NO and impair vascular function, thereby accelerating, in the long run, vascular complications. We therefore measured Arg and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy controls. Additionally, we observed the diabetic individuals over time to see if Arg and asymmetric dimethylarginine predicted T2DM complications. METHODS We examined baseline serum Arg and ADMA levels in a cohort of 105 participants with type 2 diabetes and compared them with an age- and weight-matched nondiabetic group of 137 individuals who served as a reference population. Additionally, we assessed whether Arg and/or ADMA predicted macrovascular and microvascular complications over 6 years of follow-up. RESULTS Serum Arg was lower in individuals with T2DM than in controls (64 ± 28 vs 75 ± 31 μmol/L; P = .009) and inversely related to hemoglobin A1c (r = -0.2; P = .002). Over follow-up, we observed that participants with T2DM in the lowest quartile of Arg had increased risk for the subsequent evolution of nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and composite microvascular complications (odds ratio [OR] = 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.9 to 16; P = .002). The highest ADMA quartile was associated with increased risk for both microvascular (OR = 4.5; 95% CI -1.4 to 14.1; P = .009) and 6.5-year incident macrovascular complications (OR = 8.3; 95% CI 1.9-35.5; P = .004). CONCLUSION l-Arginine levels are lower in individuals with T2DM than in matched controls. Both low Arg and high ADMA, independent of each other and adjusted for classical risk factors, predict the incidence of microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Ganz
- Diabetes Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Julio Wainstein
- Diabetes Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Suzan Gilad
- The Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rona Limor
- The Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mona Boaz
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Epidemilogy and Research Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Naftali Stern
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
- The Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Tulipani S, Palau-Rodriguez M, Miñarro Alonso A, Cardona F, Marco-Ramell A, Zonja B, Lopez de Alda M, Muñoz-Garach A, Sanchez-Pla A, Tinahones FJ, Andres-Lacueva C. Biomarkers of Morbid Obesity and Prediabetes by Metabolomic Profiling of Human Discordant Phenotypes. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 463:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Leite JSM, Cruzat VF, Krause M, Homem de Bittencourt PI. Physiological regulation of the heat shock response by glutamine: implications for chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases in age-related conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-016-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dietary glutamine supplementation enhances endothelial progenitor cell mobilization in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice subjected to limb ischemia. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 40:86-94. [PMID: 27865159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder with increased risk of vascular diseases. Tissue ischemia may occur with diabetic vascular complications. Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) constitute a reparative response to ischemic injury. This study investigated the effects of oral glutamine (GLN) supplementation on circulating EPC mobilization and expression of tissue EPC-releasing markers in diabetic mice subjected to limb ischemia. Diabetes was induced by a daily intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin for 5 days. Diabetic mice were divided into 2 nonischemic groups and 6 ischemic groups. One of the nonischemic and 3 ischemic groups were fed the control diet, while the remaining 4 groups received diets with identical components except that part of the casein was replaced by GLN. The respective diets were fed to the mice for 3 weeks, and then the nonischemic mice were sacrificed. Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was created in the ischemic groups, and mice were sacrificed at 1, 7 or 21 days after ischemia. Their blood and ischemic muscle tissues were collected for further analyses. Results showed that plasma matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-9 and the circulating EPC percentage increased after limb ischemia in a diabetic condition. Compared to groups without GLN, GLN supplementation up-regulated plasma stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 and muscle MMP-9, SDF-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression. The CD31-immunoreactive intensities were also higher in the ischemic limb. These findings suggest that GLN supplementation enhanced circulating EPC mobilization that may promote endothelium repair at ischemic tissue in diabetic mice subjected to limb ischemia.
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da Rosa CVD, Azevedo SCSF, Bazotte RB, Peralta RM, Buttow NC, Pedrosa MMD, de Godoi VAF, Natali MRM. Supplementation with L-Glutamine and L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine Changes Biochemical Parameters and Jejunum Morphophysiology in Type 1 Diabetic Wistar Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143005. [PMID: 26659064 PMCID: PMC4681705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of the supplementation with L-glutamine and glutamine dipeptide (GDP) on biochemical and morphophysiological parameters in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. For this purpose, thirty animals were distributed into six groups treated orally (gavage) during thirty days: non diabetic rats (Control) + saline, diabetic + saline; Control + L-glutamine (248 mg/kg), Diabetic + L-glutamine (248 mg/kg), Control + GDP (400 mg/kg), Diabetic + GDP (400 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and confirmed by fasting glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL. Physiological parameters, i.e., body mass, food intake, blood glucose, water intake, urine and faeces were evaluated during supplementation. After the period of supplementation, the animals were euthanized. The blood was collected for biochemical assays (fructosamine, transaminases, lipid profile, total protein, urea, ammonia). Moreover, the jejunum was excised and stored for morphophysiological assays (intestinal enzyme activity, intestinal wall morphology, crypt proliferative index, number of serotoninergic cells from the mucosa, and vipergic neurons from the submucosal tunica). The physiological parameters, protein metabolism and intestinal enzyme activity did not change with the supplementation with L-glutamine or GDP. In diabetic animals, transaminases and fructosamine improved with L-glutamine and GDP supplementations, while the lipid profile improved with L-glutamine. Furthermore, both forms of supplementation promoted changes in jejunal tunicas and wall morphometry of control and diabetic groups, but only L-glutamine promoted maintenance of serotoninergic cells and vipergic neurons populations. On the other hand, control animals showed changes that may indicate negative effects of L-glutamine. Thus, the supplementation with L-glutamine was more efficient for maintaining intestinal morphophysiology and the supplementation with GDP was more efficient to the organism as a whole. Thus, we can conclude that local differences in absorption and metabolism could explain the differences between the supplementation with L-glutamine or GDP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto B. Bazotte
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosane M. Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nilza C. Buttow
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Vilma A. F. de Godoi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Raquel M. Natali
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MR)
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Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: The Molecular Connectivity between Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Alzheimer's Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:105828. [PMID: 26693205 PMCID: PMC4674598 DOI: 10.1155/2015/105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and insulin resistance are age-related conditions and increased prevalence is of public concern. Recent research has provided evidence that insulin resistance and impaired insulin signalling may be a contributory factor to the progression of diabetes, dementia, and other neurological disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common subtype of dementia. Reduced release (for T2DM) and decreased action of insulin are central to the development and progression of both T2DM and AD. A literature search was conducted to identify molecular commonalities between obesity, diabetes, and AD. Insulin resistance affects many tissues and organs, either through impaired insulin signalling or through aberrant changes in both glucose and lipid (cholesterol and triacylglycerol) metabolism and concentrations in the blood. Although epidemiological and biological evidence has highlighted an increased incidence of cognitive decline and AD in patients with T2DM, the common molecular basis of cell and tissue dysfunction is rapidly gaining recognition. As a cause or consequence, the chronic inflammatory response and oxidative stress associated with T2DM, amyloid-β (Aβ) protein accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction link T2DM and AD.
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Oral supplementations with L-glutamine or L-alanyl-L-glutamine do not change metabolic alterations induced by long-term high-fat diet in the B6.129F2/J mouse model of insulin resistance. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 411:351-62. [PMID: 26530165 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we aimed to investigate the effects of long-term supplementations with L-glutamine or L-alanyl-L-glutamine in the high-fat diet (HFD)-fed B6.129SF2/J mouse model over insulin sensitivity response and signaling, oxidative stress markers, metabolism and HSP70 expression. Mice were fed in a standard low-fat diet (STA) or a HFD for 20 weeks. In the 21th week, mice from the HFD group were allocated in five groups and supplemented for additional 8 weeks with different amino acids: HFD control group (HFD-Con), HFD + dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine group (HFD-Dip), HFD + L-alanine group (HFD-Ala), HFD + L-glutamine group (HFD-Gln), or the HFD + L-alanine + L-glutamine (in their free forms) group (HFD-Ala + Gln). HFD induced higher body weight, fat pad, fasted glucose, and total cholesterol in comparison with STA group. Amino acid supplementations did not induce any modifications in these parameters. Although insulin tolerance tests indicated insulin resistance in all HFD groups, amino acid supplementations did not improve insulin sensitivity in the present model. There were also no significant differences in the immunocontents of insulin receptor, Akt, and Toll-like receptor-4. Notably, total 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP72 + HSP73) contents in the liver was markedly increased in HFD-Con group as compared to STA group, which might suggest that insulin resistance is only in the beginning. Apparently, B6.129SF2/J mice are more resistant to the harmful effects of HFD through a mechanism that may include gut adaptation, reducing the absorption of nutrients, including amino acids, which may explain the lack of improvements in our intervention.
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Zhou X, Zhu Q, Han X, Chen R, Liu Y, Fan H, Yin X. Quantitative-profiling of neurotransmitter abnormalities in the disease progression of experimental diabetic encephalopathy rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:1007-13. [PMID: 26426748 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is one of the most prevalent chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), with neither effective prevention nor proven therapeutic regimen. This study aims to uncover the potential dysregulation pattern of the neurotransmitters in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental DE. For that purpose, male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Cognitive performance was detected with the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissues were collected to measure the levels of neurotransmitters. Compared with the control rats, the acetylcholine (ACh) levels in serum, CSF, hippocampus, and cortex were all significantly down-regulated as early as 6 weeks in the STZ treatment group. In contrast, the glutamate (Glu) levels were decreased in CSF and the hippocampus, but unaffected in the serum and cortex of STZ-treated rats. As for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), it was down-regulated in serum, but up-regulated in CSF, hippocampus, and the cortex in the STZ-treated group. The mRNA expressions of neurotransmitter-related rate limiting enzymes (including AChE, GAD1, and GAD2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β and TNF-α) were all increased in the DE rats. Our data suggest that DM induces isoform-dependent and tissue-specific neurotransmitter abnormalities, and that neuroinflammation may underlay the nervous system dysfunction observed in the progression of DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Renguo Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Yaowu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Fan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Huaihai West Road 99, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 209 Tongshan Road, 221004 Xuzhou, China
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Molecular Events Linking Oxidative Stress and Inflammation to Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:181643. [PMID: 26257839 PMCID: PMC4516838 DOI: 10.1155/2015/181643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing worldwide, a consequence of the alarming rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Oxidative stress and inflammation are key physiological and pathological events linking obesity, insulin resistance, and the progression of type 2 DM (T2DM). Unresolved inflammation alongside a “glucolipotoxic” environment of the pancreatic islets, in insulin resistant pathologies, enhances the infiltration of immune cells which through secretory activity cause dysfunction of insulin-secreting β-cells and ultimately cell death. Recent molecular investigations have revealed that mechanisms responsible for insulin resistance associated with T2DM are detected in conditions such as obesity and MetS, including impaired insulin receptor (IR) signalling in insulin responsive tissues, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The aim of the present review is to describe the evidence linking oxidative stress and inflammation with impairment of insulin secretion and action, which result in the progression of T2DM and other conditions associated with metabolic dysregulation.
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