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Ahani S, Ahani S, Taheri Mirghaed A, Hoseini SM, Pagheh E, Arghideh M, Yousefi M. Probiotic, fructooligosaccharide and yeast extract mixture improves gut health in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 39093558 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of a feed additive (FA) containing a probiotic consortium, fructooligosaccharide and yeast extract on growth performance, humoral immune responses, hepatic antioxidant parameters and intestine digestive enzymes, morphology and transcripts in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The fish were reared for 8 weeks, feeding on diets containing 0 (CNT), 0.3 (0.3FA), 1 (1FA) and 2 (2FA) g/kg FA. The results showed that fish growth parameters were significantly and quadratically related to FA levels and FA treatments had better growth performance than CNT treatment. Intestinal amylase activity significantly increased in 2FA, whereas, intestinal protease activity increased in all FA treatments. Intestinal villus length and muscular layer thickness significantly increased in 0.3FA treatment. Blood leucocyte and lymphocyte counts, plasma lysozyme activity and hepatic glutathione content significantly increased in 0.3FA and 1FA treatments; whereas hepatic malondialdehyde significantly decreased in these treatments. Blood neutrophil and monocyte counts significantly increased in 0.3FA treatment, while plasma alternative complement activity significantly increased in 1FA treatments. Plasma bactericidal activities against Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri and Streptococcus iniae, and intestinal expression of heat shock protein 70 and beta-defensin significantly increased in all FA treatments. The abundance of A. hydrophila, Y. ruckeri and S. iniae in fish gut significantly decreased in 0.3FA treatment; these bacteria were absent in the intestines of 1FA and 2FA treatments. The present results suggest that dietary 0.3-1 g/kg of FA can significantly improve growth performance, immune response, intestinal health and hepatic antioxidant capacity in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahani
- Department of Fisheries, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Ahani
- School of Veterinary Medicine Islamic Azad University Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Taheri Mirghaed
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Morteza Hoseini
- Inland Waters Aquatics Resources Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Esmail Pagheh
- Inland Waters Aquatics Resources Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arghideh
- University of South bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Morteza Yousefi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Vasilaki A, Mente E, Fountoulaki E, Henry M, Nikoloudaki C, Berillis P, Kousoulaki K, Nengas I. Fishmeal, plant protein, and fish oil substitution with single-cell ingredients in organic feeds for European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1199497. [PMID: 37256067 PMCID: PMC10225740 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1199497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell ingredients (SCI) are considered promising nutrient sources which are produced using environmentally friendly biotechnological processes. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the replacement of fishmeal, plant protein sources, and fish oil with SCI in organic feeds for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Bacterial protein, yeast protein, and microalgae were used to replace fishmeal trimmings, soya bean meal, and fish oil from trimmings. Triplicate groups (30 fish per replicate) of European sea bass (14.4 ± 2.4 g) were fed the experimental diets for 71 days. The results showed that the incorporation of SCI at all levels of inclusion significantly enhanced nutrient digestibility. Additionally, growth performance parameters were not affected by SCI inclusion, exhibiting similar or improved values. Moreover, a tendency for improved anterior and posterior gut structure was observed and a significant increase of lysozyme activity at the two highest inclusion levels of SCI was determined. Overall, the results showed that the inclusion of SCI at 15% (bacterial: yeast: algae-9.4: 4.7: 1) is possible without compromising any of the parameters evaluated. According to these findings, a higher substitution of fishmeal trimmings, plant protein sources, and fish oil from trimmings with SCI in organic diets for European sea bass (D. labrax) can be further evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Vasilaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Attica, Greece
| | - E. Mente
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E. Fountoulaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Attica, Greece
| | - M. Henry
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Attica, Greece
| | - C. Nikoloudaki
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Attica, Greece
| | - P. Berillis
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - K. Kousoulaki
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Fyllingsdalen, Norway
| | - I. Nengas
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Attica, Greece
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3
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Tao Z, Yuan H, Liu M, Liu Q, Zhang S, Liu H, Jiang Y, Huang D, Wang T. Yeast Extract: Characteristics, Production, Applications and Future Perspectives. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:151-166. [PMID: 36474327 PMCID: PMC9998214 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2207.07057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Yeast extract is a product prepared mainly from waste brewer's yeast, which is rich in nucleotides, proteins, amino acids, sugars and a variety of trace elements, and has the advantages of low production cost and abundant supply of raw material. Consequently, yeast extracts are widely used in various fields as animal feed additives, food flavoring agents and additives, cosmetic supplements, and microbial fermentation media; however, their full potential has not yet been realized. To improve understanding of current research knowledge, this review summarizes the ingredients, production technology, and applications of yeast extracts, and discusses the relationship between their properties and applications. Developmental trends and future prospects of yeast extract are also previewed, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the development and expansion of future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, P.R. China
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Kumar S, Choubey AK, Srivastava PK. The effects of dietary immunostimulants on the innate immune response of Indian major carp: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:36-49. [PMID: 35217196 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulants, as feed additives, play an important role in maintaining fish health and enhancing their overall growth by providing resistance against diseases in cultured fish. At the initial stages of life of fish, innate immunity is the essential mechanism in their survival. Later, innate immunity has an instructive role in adapting acquired immune response and homeostasis through different receptor proteins. Several studies have been conducted to analyze the effect of dietary immunostimulants like algae, plant extracts, vitamins, herbs, probiotics, and prebiotics-containing diets in Indian major carps. Many bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens are responsible for high death rates in both wild and cultured fish. It's a major limiting factor for world aquaculture industries. Recognition of invading pathogens by different pathogen recognition receptor plays an important role for the activation of different pathways to initiate protective immune responses. Hence, there is a growing need to control the devastating effects of diseases without recourse to toxic chemicals or antibiotics. Keeping with alternative approaches without using toxic chemicals to control fish diseases in mind, many immunostimulants are used, which enhance immune responses along with their gene expression level through different signaling pathway. The objective of this review is to summarize and evaluate the current knowledge of various immunostimulants and their immune responses in three Indian major carps namely Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala, which are preferred by the people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh- 225003, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Choubey
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh-229304, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh-229304, India.
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5
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Alagawany M, Taha AE, Noreldin A, El-Tarabily KA, Abd El-Hack ME. Nutritional applications of species of Spirulina and Chlorella in farmed fish: A review. AQUACULTURE 2021; 542:736841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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6
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Chuphal N, Singha KP, Sardar P, Sahu NP, Shamna N, Kumar V. Scope of Archaea in Fish Feed: a New Chapter in Aquafeed Probiotics? Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1668-1695. [PMID: 33821466 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of diseases leading to substantial loss is a major bottleneck in aquaculture. Over the last decades, the concept of using feed probiotics was more in focus to address the growth and health of cultivable aquatic organisms. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the distinct functionality of archaea from conventional probiotics in nutrient utilization, specific caloric contribution, evading immune response and processing thermal resistance. The prime limitation of conventional probiotics is the viability of desired microbes under harsh feed processing conditions. To overcome the constraints of commercial probiotics pertaining to incompatibility towards industrial processing procedure, a super microbe, archaea, appears to be a potential alternative approach in aquaculture. The peculiarity of the archaeal cell wall provides them with heat stability and rigidity under industrial processing conditions. Besides, archaea being one of the gut microbial communities participates in various health-oriented biological functions in animals. Thus, the current review devoted that administration of archaea in aquafeed could be a promising strategy in aquaculture. Archaea may be used as a potential probiotic with the possible modes of functions and advantages over conventional probiotics in aquafeed preparation. The present review also provides the challenges associated with the use of archaea for aquaculture and a brief outline of the patents on archaea to highlight the various use of archaea in different sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Chuphal
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Krishna Pada Singha
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India.,Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3020, USA
| | - Parimal Sardar
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India.
| | - Narottam Prasad Sahu
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Naseemashahul Shamna
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3020, USA.
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7
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Ziaei-nejad S, Abaei NK, Doost BN, Johari SA. Effects of Supplemental Feeding of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) with Iron Nanoparticles and Probiotic Lactobacillus on Blood Biochemical Factors. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Tejpal C, Vijayagopal P, Elavarasan K, Prabu D, Lekshmi R, Anandan R, Sanal E, Asha K, Chatterjee N, Mathew S, Ravishankar C. Evaluation of pepsin derived tilapia fish waste protein hydrolysate as a feed ingredient for silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii) fingerlings: Influence on growth, metabolism, immune and disease resistance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Radosavljević M, Lević S, Belović M, Pejin J, Djukić-Vuković A, Mojović L, Nedović V. Encapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in Polyvinyl Alcohol for the production of L-(+)-Lactic Acid. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Matulić D, Barišić J, Aničić I, Tomljanović T, Safner R, Treer T, Gao J, Glojnarić I, Čož-Rakovac R. Growth, health aspects and histopathology of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus L.): replacing fishmeal with soybean meal and brewer's yeast. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1104. [PMID: 31980692 PMCID: PMC6981201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A ten-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and brewer's yeast (BY) on growth performance, blood parameters, oxidative stress and micromorphology of liver and intestines in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus L.). Fish were fed nine feeds in which FM was replaced with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% SBM (K1, K2, K3 and K4) and 17% + 8%, 42% + 8%, 67% + 8% and 92% + 8% of SBM/BY combination (K5, K6, K7, K8). Growth indices showed greater outcomes for the K2 group in comparison to all other groups. A decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations was found after FM replacement. Activity of SOD was higher in groups K4, K7 and K8. The early inflammatory indications with abnormal vacuolization of lamina propria and basal epithelium were present in diets K4 and K8. Hepatocytes were irregular in shape with signs of inflammatory reaction in diet K8. A decreased perimeter of hepatocyte nuclei was detected in all experimental diets when compared with the control. This study demonstrates that the optimal replacement of FM with SBM/BY in brown bullhead diets contains up to 50% of FM replaced with SBM in order to obtain advantageous growth performance and adequate health condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Matulić
- Department of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife management and special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josip Barišić
- Laboratory for biotechnology in aquaculture, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Aničić
- Department of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife management and special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Tomljanović
- Department of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife management and special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roman Safner
- Department of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife management and special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Treer
- Department of Fisheries, Apiculture, Wildlife management and special Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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de Mattos BO, López-Olmeda JF, Guerra-Santos B, Ruiz CE, García-Beltrán JM, Ángeles-Esteban M, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Fortes-Silva R. Coping with exposure to hypoxia: modifications in stress parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1801-1812. [PMID: 31273480 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the stress response of Sparus aurata specimens fed with nutraceutical aquafeed brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and spirulina (Arthrospira platensis). For that purpose, 96 (169.0 ± 2.8 g) animals were distributed randomly in 12 tanks (8 fish per tank, 4 replicates) and divided in 3 groups (D1, casein/gelatin, control; D2, brewer's yeast; D3, spirulina) and fed for 30 days. At the end of this period, fish from two replicates of each experimental diet were submitted to air exposure for 60 s while the fish from the other two replicates were maintained undisturbed (control). Afterwards, samples of blood, skin mucus, and head kidney were collected. The results revealed that after air exposure, cortisol, and glucose levels increased in the groups fed D1 (18.5 ± 2.6 mg/mL; 7.3 ± 0.6 mmol/L, respectively) and D2 (20.0 ± 6.2 mg/mL; 7.7 ± 0.6 mmol/L), but glucose not increased in fish fed D3 (13.7 ± 2.6 mg/mL; 5.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L). Lactate levels increased in all stressed groups, but in D1, its levels were significantly higher. After stress procedure, immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in mucus increased only in fish fed D3 (0.1901 ± 0.0126 U/mL). Furthermore, there was a reduction in the expression of some genes involved in stress response (coxIV, prdx3, csfl-r, ucp1, and sod in fish fed D2 and D3). csf1 decreased only in stressed fish fed D2. However, cat increased in fish fed with D3. In summary, these findings points to the beneficial effects of spirulina and brewer's yeast to improve stress resistance in aquaculture practices of gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Olivetti de Mattos
- Laboratory of Aquatic Organisms Nutrition, Postgraduate Program in Aquaculture, University Nilton Lins, Manaus, AM, 69058-030, Brazil.
| | - José Fernando López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bartira Guerra-Santos
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Campus Salvador, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - José María García-Beltrán
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles-Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Fortes-Silva
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Feeding Behavior, Faculty of Fishing Engineering, Center of Agricultural Science, Environmental and Biological, University of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brazil.
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Zhang R, Jiang Y, Zhou L, Chen Y, Wen C, Liu W, Zhou Y. Effects of dietary yeast extract supplementation on growth, body composition, non-specific immunity, and antioxidant status of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1019-1025. [PMID: 30590164 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with yeast extract on growth, body composition, non-specific immunity, and antioxidant status of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). A total of 432 crabs (initial average weight, 4.62 ± 0.11 g) were randomly distributed into four treatment groups with six replicates of 18 crabs. The crabs were fed a basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 2.5, 5, and 10 g/kg yeast extract for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary yeast extract inclusion enhanced the edible viscera index (linear, P < 0.001), edible viscera crude protein (CP) content (linear, P = 0.025) and serum phenoloxidase (ProPO) activity (quadratic, P = 0.023) at 56 day, increased the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity at 28 day (quadratic, P = 0.037) and catelase (CAT) activity at 56 day (quadratic, P = 0.034) of edible viscera, and muscular T-SOD activity (quadratic, P = 0.020) at 56 day in Chinese mitten crab. Compared with the control group, the inclusion of 5 g/kg yeast extract in the diet increased the edible viscera index, enhanced the CAT activity of edible viscera at 56 day in Chinese mitten crab (P < 0.05). Dietary 10 g/kg yeast extract inclusion enhanced the edible viscera index at 56 day in Chinese mitten crab than that of the control group (P < 0.05). These results implied that dietary yeast extract inclusion improved the edible viscera index and crude protein content of edible viscera, enhanced serum immunity, and increased the antioxidant status of edible viscera and muscle in Chinese mitten crab, especially when it is supplemented at 5 g/kg yeast extract in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Jiangsu Jinkangda Group, Xuyi, Jiangsu, 211700, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yueping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Chao Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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13
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Raji AA, Alaba PA, Yusuf H, Abu Bakar NH, Mohd Taufek N, Muin H, Alias Z, Milow P, Abdul Razak S. Fishmeal replacement with Spirulina Platensis and Chlorella vulgaris in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) diet: Effect on antioxidant enzyme activities and haematological parameters. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:67-75. [PMID: 29864632 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study explored fishmeal replacement with two freshwater microalgae: Spirulina Platensis and Chlorella vulgaris in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) diet. The effect of inclusion of the two microalgae on biomarkers of oxidative stress, haematological parameters, enzyme activities and growth performance were investigated. The juvenile fish were given 3 distinct treatments with isonitrogenous (35.01-36.57%) and isoenergetic (417.24-422.27 Kcal 100 g-1) diets containing 50% S. platensis (50SP), 75% S. platensis (75SP), 50% C. vulgaris (50CL), 75% C. vulgaris (75CL) and 100% fishmeal (100% FM) was used as the control diet. The result shows that all the diets substituted with both S. platensis, and C. vulgaris boosted the growth performance based on specific growth rate (SGR) and body weight gain (BDWG) when compared with the control diet. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) was significantly influenced by all the supplementations. The haematological analysis of the fish shows a significant increase in the value of red and white blood cells upon supplementation with 50SP and 50CL but decrease slightly when increased to 75SP and 75CL. Furthermore, the value of haematocrit and haemoglobin also increased upon supplementation with 50SP and 50CL but decrease slightly when increased to 75SP and 75CL. The white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) increased, while total cholesterol (TCL), and Plasma glucose levels decreased significantly upon supplementation of algae. This is a clear indication that S. platensis and C. vulgaris are a promising replacement for fishmeal, which is a source protein in the C. gariepinus diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameenat Abiodun Raji
- Aqua-Nutri Biotech Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Science Laboratory Technology Department, School of Applied Sciences, Federal Polytechnic Ede, P.M.B 231, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Peter Adeniyi Alaba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Sango-ota, Ogun-State, Nigeria
| | - Hindatu Yusuf
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, P.M.B. 65, Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | - Noor Hidayati Abu Bakar
- Aqua-Nutri Biotech Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhidayah Mohd Taufek
- Aqua-Nutri Biotech Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hasniyati Muin
- Aqua-Nutri Biotech Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zazali Alias
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pozi Milow
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shaharudin Abdul Razak
- Aqua-Nutri Biotech Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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14
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Li Z, Kang H, You Q, Ossa F, Mead P, Quinton M, Karrow NA. In vitro bioassessment of the immunomodulatory activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae components using bovine macrophages and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6271-6286. [PMID: 29655556 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its components are used for the prevention and treatment of enteric disease in different species; therefore, they may also be useful for preventing Johne's disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The objective of this study was to identify potential immunomodulatory S. cerevisiae components using a bovine macrophage cell line (BOMAC). The BOMAC phagocytic activity, reactive oxygen species production, and immune-related gene (IL6, IL10, IL12p40, IL13, IL23), transforming growth factor β, ARG1, CASP1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression were investigated when BOMAC were cocultured with cell wall components from 4 different strains (A, B, C, and D) and 2 forms of dead yeast from strain A. The BOMAC phagocytosis of mCherry-labeled MAP was concentration-dependently attenuated when BOMAC were cocultured with yeast components for 6 h. Each yeast derivative also induced a concentration-dependent increase in BOMAC reactive oxygen species production after a 6-h exposure. In addition, BOMAC mRNA expression of the immune-related genes was investigated after 6 and 24 h of exposure to yeast components. All yeast components were found to regulate the immunomodulatory genes of BOMAC; however, the response varied among components and over time. The in vitro bioassessment studies reported here suggest that dead yeast and its cell wall components may be useful for modulating macrophage function before or during MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - H Kang
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Q You
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - F Ossa
- Lallemand Inc., Montréal, QC, Canada, H4P 2R2
| | - P Mead
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - M Quinton
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - N A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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15
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Zhao H, Cai C, Liu X, Jiao B, Chen B, Cai M, He P. Secondary Metabolites of Antarctic Fungi Antagonistic to Aquatic Pathogenic Bacteria. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:11-21. [PMID: 33817062 PMCID: PMC7874706 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar microbial derived antibiotics have potential as alternatives to traditional antibiotics in treating fish against pathogenic bacteria. In this paper, 23 strains of polar fungi were fermented to detect bacteriostatic products on three aquatic pathogenic bacteria, subsequently the active fungus was identified. It was indicated that secondary metabolites of 23 strains weredistinct; of these, the extract of strain B-7 (belonging to Bjerkandera according to molecular identification) demonstrated a strong antibacterial activity to Streptococcus agalactiae, Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC7966 by Kirby-Bauerpaper strip method. During one fermentation cycle, the pH curve of the fermentation liquor became lowest (4.0) on the 4th day and rose back to 7.6 finally after 5 days, The residual sugar curve was decreased before stablising on the 6th day. It is presumed that a large amount of alkaline secondary metabolites might have been produced during fermentation. This study focuses on antagonism between aquatic pathogenic bacteria and fermentation metabolites from Antarctic fungi for the first time, which may provide data on research of antibiotics against aquatic pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chuner Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China
- Marine Biomedicine Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- Marine Biomedicine Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Binghua Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- No.800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
- Marine Biomedicine Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Menghao Cai
- School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Peimin He
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China
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16
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Simon JP, Evan Prince S. Natural remedies for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:71-83. [PMID: 27652576 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an important organ of the body, which has a vital role in metabolic functions. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac causes hepato-renal toxicity and gastric ulcers. NSAIDs are noted to be an agent for the toxicity of body organs. This review has elaborated various scientific perspectives of the toxicity caused by diclofenac and its mechanistic action in affecting the vital organ. This review suggests natural products are better remedies than current clinical drugs against the toxicity caused by NSAIDs. Natural products are known for their minimal side effects, low cost and availability. On the other hand, synthetic drugs pose the danger of adverse effects if used frequently or over a long period. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerine Peter Simon
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, -632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, -632014, Tamilnadu, India
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17
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Adorian TJ, Goulart FR, Mombach PI, de Menezes Lovatto N, Dalcin M, Molinari M, Lazzari R, da Silva LP. Effect of different dietary fiber concentrates on the metabolism and indirect immune response in silver catfish. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Miest JJ, Arndt C, Adamek M, Steinhagen D, Reusch TBH. Dietary β-glucan (MacroGard®) enhances survival of first feeding turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae by altering immunity, metabolism and microbiota. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:94-104. [PMID: 26564474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reflecting the natural biology of mass spawning fish aquaculture production of fish larvae is often hampered by high and unpredictable mortality rates. The present study aimed to enhance larval performance and immunity via the oral administration of an immunomodulator, β-glucan (MacroGard(®)) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) were incubated with or without yeast β-1,3/1,6-glucan in form of MacroGard(®) at a concentration of 0.5 g/L. Rotifers were fed to first feeding turbot larvae once a day. From day 13 dph onwards all tanks were additionally fed untreated Artemia sp. nauplii (1 nauplius ml/L). Daily mortality was monitored and larvae were sampled at 11 and 24 dph for expression of 30 genes, microbiota analysis, trypsin activity and size measurements. Along with the feeding of β-glucan daily mortality was significantly reduced by ca. 15% and an alteration of the larval microbiota was observed. At 11 dph gene expression of trypsin and chymotrypsin was elevated in the MacroGard(®) fed fish, which resulted in heightened tryptic enzyme activity. No effect on genes encoding antioxidative proteins was observed, whilst the immune response was clearly modulated by β-glucan. At 11 dph complement component c3 was elevated whilst cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, toll like receptor 3 and heat shock protein 70 were not affected. At the later time point (24 dph) an anti-inflammatory effect in form of a down-regulation of hsp 70, tnf-α and il-1β was observed. We conclude that the administration of MacroGard(®) induced an immunomodulatory response and could be used as an effective measure to increase survival in rearing of turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Miest
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Carmen Arndt
- Experimental Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Thorsten B H Reusch
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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19
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Yeganeh S, Teimouri M, Amirkolaie AK. Dietary effects of Spirulina platensis on hematological and serum biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Res Vet Sci 2015; 101:84-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Tkachenko H, Kurhaluk N, Grudniewska J, Andriichuk A. Tissue-specific responses of oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant defenses in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during a vaccination against furunculosis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1289-300. [PMID: 24599827 PMCID: PMC4072067 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vaccination against furunculosis on responses of oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss muscle, gills, liver, and brain tissues. The oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and carbonyl derivatives of protein oxidative destruction levels), antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase), and total antioxidant capacity in different tissues of rainbow trout were measured. Our data showed that exposure of trout to vaccine against furunculosis produced changes (either increase or decrease) in oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes responses, and these responses showed marked organ differences, associated with tissue patterns. Our study demonstrated that vaccinated trout showed alteration in antioxidant defenses and oxidative stress responses, with higher severity in the liver, compared with other tissues. Our data also suggest that vaccination against furunculosis induced lipid peroxidation in gill and liver tissues. However, muscle and brain tissue are capable of restoring its pro- and antioxidant balance after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Tkachenko
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Environmental Protection, Pomeranian University, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Kurhaluk
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Environmental Protection, Pomeranian University, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Grudniewska
- Department of Salmonid Research, Inland Fisheries Institute, Rutki, 83-330 Żukowo, Poland
| | - Anastasiia Andriichuk
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Environmental Protection, Pomeranian University, Slupsk, Poland
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21
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Grayfer L, Hodgkinson JW, Belosevic M. Antimicrobial responses of teleost phagocytes and innate immune evasion strategies of intracellular bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:223-42. [PMID: 23954721 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal to immunological outcomes. Not surprisingly, many intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome macrophage defenses, using these immune cells as residences and dissemination strategies. With pathogenic infections causing increasing detriments to both aquacultural and wild fish populations, it is imperative to garner greater understanding of fish phagocyte antimicrobial responses and the mechanisms by which aquatic pathogens are able to overcome these teleost macrophage barriers. Insights into the regulation of macrophage immunity of bony fish species will lend to the development of more effective aquacultural prophylaxis as well as broadening our understanding of the evolution of these immune processes. Accordingly, this review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of teleost macrophage antimicrobial responses and the strategies by which intracellular fish pathogens are able to avoid being killed by phagocytes, with a focus on Mycobacterium marinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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22
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Kováčová M, Dodok L, Žofajová L, Mikuš Ľ. Preparation and characteristics of beta-glucan concentrate from brewer's yeast as the additive substance in foods. POTRAVINARSTVO 2013. [DOI: 10.5219/258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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