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Zhang Y, Li Z, Li Z, Wang H, Regmi D, Zhang J, Feng J, Yao S, Xu J. Employing Raman Spectroscopy and Machine Learning for the Identification of Breast Cancer. Biol Proced Online 2024; 26:28. [PMID: 39266953 PMCID: PMC11396685 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-024-00255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer poses a significant health risk to women worldwide, with approximately 30% being diagnosed annually in the United States. The identification of cancerous mammary tissues from non-cancerous ones during surgery is crucial for the complete removal of tumors. RESULTS Our study innovatively utilized machine learning techniques (Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)) alongside Raman spectroscopy to streamline and hasten the differentiation of normal and late-stage cancerous mammary tissues in mice. The classification accuracy rates achieved by these models were 94.47% for RF, 96.76% for SVM, and 97.58% for CNN, respectively. To our best knowledge, this study was the first effort in comparing the effectiveness of these three machine-learning techniques in classifying breast cancer tissues based on their Raman spectra. Moreover, we innovatively identified specific spectral peaks that contribute to the molecular characteristics of the murine cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, our integrated approach of machine learning and Raman spectroscopy presents a non-invasive, swift diagnostic tool for breast cancer, offering promising applications in intraoperative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Zhongqiang Li
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Huaizhi Wang
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Dinkar Regmi
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Division of Computer Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jiming Feng
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Shaomian Yao
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Seo D, Choi BH, La JA, Kim Y, Kang T, Kim HK, Choi Y. Multi-Biomarker Profiling for Precision Diagnosis of Lung Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402919. [PMID: 39221684 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Multi-biomarker analysis can enhance the accuracy of the single-biomarker analysis by reducing the errors caused by genetic and environmental differences. For this reason, multi-biomarker analysis shows higher accuracy in early and precision diagnosis. However, conventional analysis methods have limitations for multi-biomarker analysis because of their long pre-processing times, inconsistent results, and large sample requirements. To solve these, a fast and accurate precision diagnostic method is introduced for lung cancer by multi-biomarker profiling using a single drop of blood. For this, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic immunoassay (SERSIA) is employed for the accurate, quick, and reliable quantification of biomarkers. Then, it is checked the statistical relation of the multi-biomarkers to differentiate between healthy controls and lung cancer patients. This approach has proven effective; with 20 µL of blood serum, lung cancer is diagnosed with 92% accuracy. It also accurately identifies the type and stage of cancer with 87% and 85%, respectively. These results show the importance of multi-biomarker analysis in overcoming the challenges posed by single-biomarker diagnostics. Furthermore, it markedly improves multi-biomarker-based analysis methods, illustrating its important impact on clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkwon Seo
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Hyeon Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju A La
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewook Kang
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Koo Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho Choi
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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3
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Li S, Gao S, Su L, Zhang M. Evaluating the accuracy of Raman spectroscopy in differentiating leukemia patients from healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 48:104260. [PMID: 38950876 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the accuracy of Raman spectroscopy in distinguishing between patients with leukemia and healthy individuals. METHOD PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and CNKI databases were searched for relevant articles published from inception of the respective database to November 1, 2023. The pooled sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), were calculated along with their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI). A summary comprehensive receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) was constructed and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. The degree of heterogeneity was tested and analyzed. RESULTS Fifteen groups of original studies from 13 articles were included. The pooled SEN and SPE were 0.93 (95 % CI, [0.92 -0.93]) and 0.91(95 % CI, [0.90-0.92]), respectively. The DOR was 613.01 (95 %CI, [270.79-1387.75]), and the AUC was 0.99. The Deeks' funnel plot asymmetry test indicated no significant publication bias among the included studies (bias coefficient, 40.80; P = 0.13 < 0.10). The meta-regression analysis findings indicated that the observed heterogeneity could be attributed to variations in sample categories and Raman spectroscopy techniques. CONCLUSION We confirmed that Raman spectroscopy has good accuracy in differentiating patients with leukemia from healthy individuals, and may become a means of leukemia screening in clinical practice. In the case of analysis based on live cells using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) improved diagnostic efficacy was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaotong Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Sujun Gao
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| | - Long Su
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
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4
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Lin J, Li Y, Lin X, Che C. Decision-level data fusion based on laser-induced breakdown and Raman spectroscopy: A study of bimodal spectroscopy for diagnosis of lung cancer at different stages. Talanta 2024; 275:126194. [PMID: 38703481 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer staging is crucial for personalized treatment and improved prognosis. We propose a novel bimodal diagnostic approach that integrates LIBS and Raman technologies into a single platform, enabling comprehensive tissue elemental and molecular analysis. This strategy identifies critical staging elements and molecular marker signatures of lung tumors. LIBS detects concentration patterns of elemental lines including Mg (I), Mg (II), Ca (I), Ca (II), Fe (I), and Cu (II). Concurrently, Raman spectroscopy identifies changes in molecular content, such as phenylalanine (1033 cm-1), tyrosine (1174 cm-1), tryptophan (1207 cm-1), amide III (1267 cm-1), and proteins (1126 cm-1 and 1447 cm-1), among others. The bimodal information is fused using a decision-level Bayesian fusion model, significantly enhancing the performance of the convolutional neural network architecture in classification algorithms, with an accuracy of 99.17 %, sensitivity of 99.17 %, and specificity of 99.88 %. This study provides a powerful new tool for the accurate staging and diagnosis of lung tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Lin
- Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yao Li
- Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Xiaomei Lin
- Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China.
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5
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Reddy Baddam S, Ganta S, Nalla S, Banoth C, Vudari B, Akkiraju PC, Srinivas E, Tade RS. Polymeric nanomaterials-based theranostic platforms for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124346. [PMID: 38889853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer, the second leading global cause of death, affects 2.1 million women annually, with an alarming 15 percent mortality rate. Among its diverse forms, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) emerges as the deadliest, characterized by the absence of hormone receptors. This article underscores the urgent need for innovative treatment approaches in tackling TNBC, emphasizing the transformative potential of polymeric nanomaterials (PNMs). Evolved through nanotechnology, PNMs offer versatile biomedical applications, particularly in addressing the intricate challenges of TNBC. The synthesis methods of PNMs, explored within the tumor microenvironment using cellular models, showcase their dynamic nature in cancer treatment. The article anticipates the future of TNBC therapeutics through the optimization of PNMs-based strategies, integrating them into photothermal (PT), photodynamic (PT), and hyperthermia therapy (HTT), drug delivery, and active tumor targeting strategies. Advancements in synthetic methods, coupled with a nuanced understanding of the tumor microenvironment, hold promise for personalized interventions. Comparative investigations of therapeutic models and a thorough exploration of polymeric nanoplatforms toxicological perspectives become imperative for ensuring efficacy and safety. We have explored the interdisciplinary collaboration between nanotechnology, oncology, and molecular biology as pivotal in translating PNMs innovations into tangible benefits for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Reddy Baddam
- University of Massachusetts, Chan Medical School, RNA Therapeutic Institute, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | | | - Chandrasekhar Banoth
- Department of Microbiology, Army College of Dental Sciences, Chennapur, Secunderabad 500087, India
| | - Balaraju Vudari
- Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 501301, India
| | - Pavan C Akkiraju
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Healthcare Sciences, Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad 500014, India
| | - Enaganti Srinivas
- Averinbiotech Laboratories, Windsor Plaza, Nallakunta, Hyderabad 500044, India
| | - Rahul S Tade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, H.R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India.
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6
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Seo D, Sun H, Choi Y. Simultaneous Protein Colorful Imaging via Raman Signal Classification. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8595-8601. [PMID: 38869082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Protein imaging aids diagnosis and drug development by revealing protein-drug interactions or protein levels. However, the challenges of imaging multiple proteins, reduced sensitivity, and high reliance on specific protein properties such as Raman peaks or refractive index hinder the understanding. Here, we introduce multiprotein colorful imaging through Raman signal classification. Our method utilized machine learning-assisted classification of Raman signals, which are the distinctive features of label-free proteins. As a result, three types of proteins could be imaged simultaneously. In addition, we could quantify individual proteins from a mixture of multiple proteins over a wide detection range (10 fg/mL-1 μg/mL). These results showed a 1000-fold improvement in sensitivity and a 30-fold increase in the upper limit of detection compared to existing methods. These advances will enhance our understanding of biology and facilitate the development of disease diagnoses and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkwon Seo
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Sun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonho Choi
- Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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7
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Kazemzadeh M, Martinez-Calderon M, Otupiri R, Artuyants A, Lowe M, Ning X, Reategui E, Schultz ZD, Xu W, Blenkiron C, Chamley LW, Broderick NGR, Hisey CL. Deep autoencoder as an interpretable tool for Raman spectroscopy investigation of chemical and extracellular vesicle mixtures. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:4220-4236. [PMID: 39022543 PMCID: PMC11249694 DOI: 10.1364/boe.522376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful tool that provides valuable insight into the molecular contents of chemical and biological samples. However, interpreting Raman spectra from complex or dynamic datasets remains challenging, particularly for highly heterogeneous biological samples like extracellular vesicles (EVs). To overcome this, we developed a tunable and interpretable deep autoencoder for the analysis of several challenging Raman spectroscopy applications, including synthetic datasets, chemical mixtures, a chemical milling reaction, and mixtures of EVs. We compared the results with classical methods (PCA and UMAP) to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed technique. Our method can handle small datasets, provide a high degree of generalization such that it can fill unknown gaps within spectral datasets, and even quantify relative ratios of cell line-derived EVs to fetal bovine serum-derived EVs within mixtures. This simple yet robust approach will greatly improve the analysis capabilities for many other Raman spectroscopy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadrahim Kazemzadeh
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | | | - Robert Otupiri
- Photon Factory, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Anastasiia Artuyants
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - MoiMoi Lowe
- Photon Factory, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Xia Ning
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eduardo Reategui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Weiliang Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Neil G R Broderick
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Photon Factory, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Colin L Hisey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicle Investigations, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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8
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Spaziani S, Esposito A, Barisciano G, Quero G, Elumalai S, Leo M, Colantuoni V, Mangini M, Pisco M, Sabatino L, De Luca AC, Cusano A. Combined SERS-Raman screening of HER2-overexpressing or silenced breast cancer cell lines. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:350. [PMID: 38902746 PMCID: PMC11188264 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous neoplasm characterized by several subtypes. One of the most aggressive with high metastasis rates presents overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). A quantitative evaluation of HER2 levels is essential for a correct diagnosis, selection of the most appropriate therapeutic strategy and monitoring the response to therapy. RESULTS In this paper, we propose the synergistic use of SERS and Raman technologies for the identification of HER2 expressing cells and its accurate assessment. To this end, we selected SKBR3 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell lines, which have the highest and lowest HER2 expression, respectively, and MCF10A, a non-tumorigenic cell line from normal breast epithelium for comparison. The combined approach provides a quantitative estimate of HER2 expression and visualization of its distribution on the membrane at single cell level, clearly identifying cancer cells. Moreover, it provides a more comprehensive picture of the investigated cells disclosing a metabolic signature represented by an elevated content of proteins and aromatic amino acids. We further support these data by silencing the HER2 gene in SKBR3 cells, using the RNA interference technology, generating stable clones further analysed with the same combined methodology. Significant changes in HER2 expression are detected at single cell level before and after HER2 silencing and the HER2 status correlates with variations of fatty acids and downstream signalling molecule contents in the context of the general metabolic rewiring occurring in cancer cells. Specifically, HER2 silencing does reduce the growth ability but not the lipid metabolism that, instead, increases, suggesting that higher fatty acids biosynthesis and metabolism can occur independently of the proliferating potential tied to HER2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly demonstrate the efficacy of the combined SERS and Raman approach to definitely pose a correct diagnosis, further supported by the data obtained by the HER2 gene silencing. Furthermore, they pave the way to a new approach to monitor the efficacy of pharmacologic treatments with the aim to tailor personalized therapies and optimize patients' outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Spaziani
- Optoelectronic Division-Engineering Department, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Esposito
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore, IEOS, second unit, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Giovannina Barisciano
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quero
- Biosciences and Territory Department, University of Molise, Pesche, 86090, Italy
| | - Satheeshkumar Elumalai
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore, IEOS, second unit, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Manuela Leo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Vittorio Colantuoni
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Maria Mangini
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore, IEOS, second unit, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Marco Pisco
- Optoelectronic Division-Engineering Department, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy.
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), Benevento, 82100, Italy.
| | - Lina Sabatino
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy.
| | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore, IEOS, second unit, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronic Division-Engineering Department, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), Benevento, 82100, Italy
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9
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Grajales D, Le WT, Tran T, David S, Dallaire F, Ember K, Leblond F, Ménard C, Kadoury S. Robot-assisted biopsy sampling for online Raman spectroscopy cancer confirmation in the operating room. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2024; 19:1103-1111. [PMID: 38573566 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-024-03100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer confirmation in the operating room (OR) is crucial to improve local control in cancer therapies. Histopathological analysis remains the gold standard, but there is a lack of real-time in situ cancer confirmation to support margin confirmation or remnant tissue. Raman spectroscopy (RS), as a label-free optical technique, has proven its power in cancer detection and, when integrated into a robotic assistance system, can positively impact the efficiency of procedures and the quality of life of patients, avoiding potential recurrence. METHODS A workflow is proposed where a 6-DOF robotic system (optical camera + MECA500 robotic arm) assists the characterization of fresh tissue samples using RS. Three calibration methods are compared for the robot, and the temporal efficiency is compared with standard hand-held analysis. For healthy/cancerous tissue discrimination, a 1D-convolutional neural network is proposed and tested on three ex vivo datasets (brain, breast, and prostate) containing processed RS and histopathology ground truth. RESULTS The robot achieves a minimum error of 0.20 mm (0.12) on a set of 30 test landmarks and demonstrates significant time reduction in 4 of the 5 proposed tasks. The proposed classification model can identify brain, breast, and prostate cancer with an accuracy of 0.83 (0.02), 0.93 (0.01), and 0.71 (0.01), respectively. CONCLUSION Automated RS analysis with deep learning demonstrates promising classification performance compared to commonly used support vector machines. Robotic assistance in tissue characterization can contribute to highly accurate, rapid, and robust biopsy analysis in the OR. These two elements are an important step toward real-time cancer confirmation using RS and OR integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grajales
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - William T Le
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Trang Tran
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandryne David
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédérick Dallaire
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Ember
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Leblond
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Ménard
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Samuel Kadoury
- Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Yan T, Chen G, Zhang H, Wang G, Yan Z, Li Y, Xu S, Zhou Q, Shi R, Tian Z, Wang B. Convolutional neural network with parallel convolution scale attention module and ResCBAM for breast histology image classification. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30889. [PMID: 38770292 PMCID: PMC11103517 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of female morbidity and death worldwide. Compared with other cancers, early detection of breast cancer is more helpful to improve the prognosis of patients. In order to achieve early diagnosis and treatment, clinical treatment requires rapid and accurate diagnosis. Therefore, the development of an automatic detection system for breast cancer suitable for patient imaging is of great significance for assisting clinical treatment. Accurate classification of pathological images plays a key role in computer-aided medical diagnosis and prognosis. However, in the automatic recognition and classification methods of breast cancer pathological images, the scale information, the loss of image information caused by insufficient feature fusion, and the enormous structure of the model may lead to inaccurate or inefficient classification. To minimize the impact, we proposed a lightweight PCSAM-ResCBAM model based on two-stage convolutional neural network. The model included a Parallel Convolution Scale Attention Module network (PCSAM-Net) and a Residual Convolutional Block Attention Module network (ResCBAM-Net). The first-level convolutional network was built through a 4-layer PCSAM module to achieve prediction and classification of patches extracted from images. To optimize the network's ability to represent global features of images, we proposed a tiled feature fusion method to fuse patch features from the same image, and proposed a residual convolutional attention module. Based on the above, the second-level convolutional network was constructed to achieve predictive classification of images. We evaluated the performance of our proposed model on the ICIAR2018 dataset and the BreakHis dataset, respectively. Furthermore, through model ablation studies, we found that scale attention and dilated convolution play an important role in improving model performance. Our proposed model outperforms the existing state-of-the-art models on 200 × and 400 × magnification datasets with a maximum accuracy of 98.74 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guohui Chen
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guolan Wang
- Computer Information Engineering Institute, Shanxi Technology and Business College, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhenpeng Yan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Songrui Xu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qichao Zhou
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruyi Shi
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Zhi Tian
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
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11
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Georgiev D, Pedersen SV, Xie R, Fernández-Galiana Á, Stevens MM, Barahona M. RamanSPy: An Open-Source Python Package for Integrative Raman Spectroscopy Data Analysis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8492-8500. [PMID: 38747470 PMCID: PMC11140669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a nondestructive and label-free chemical analysis technique, which plays a key role in the analysis and discovery cycle of various branches of science. Nonetheless, progress in Raman spectroscopic analysis is still impeded by the lack of software, methodological and data standardization, and the ensuing fragmentation and lack of reproducibility of analysis workflows thereof. To address these issues, we introduce RamanSPy, an open-source Python package for Raman spectroscopic research and analysis. RamanSPy provides a comprehensive library of tools for spectroscopic analysis that supports day-to-day tasks, integrative analyses, the development of methods and protocols, and the integration of advanced data analytics. RamanSPy is modular and open source, not tied to a particular technology or data format, and can be readily interfaced with the burgeoning ecosystem for data science, statistical analysis, and machine learning in Python. RamanSPy is hosted at https://github.com/barahona-research-group/RamanSPy, supplemented with extended online documentation, available at https://ramanspy.readthedocs.io, that includes tutorials, example applications, and details about the real-world research applications presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Georgiev
- Department
of Computing & UKRI Centre
for Doctoral Training in AI for Healthcare, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering & Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Vilms Pedersen
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering & Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ruoxiao Xie
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering & Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Galiana
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering & Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering & Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio Barahona
- Department
of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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12
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Sezer G, Sahin F, Onses MS, Cumaoglu A. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptors in triple-negative breast cancer cells by morphine; analysis through Raman spectroscopy and machine learning. Talanta 2024; 272:125827. [PMID: 38432124 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a very aggressive form of breast cancer, and the analgesic drug morphine has been shown to promote the proliferation of TNBC cells. This article investigates whether morphine causes activation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), the roles of μ-opioid and EGFR receptors on TNBC cell proliferation and migration. While examining the changes with molecular techniques, we also aimed to investigate the analysis ability of Raman spectroscopy and machine learning-based approach. Effects of morphine on the proliferation and migration of MDA.MB.231 cells were evaluated by MTT and scratch wound-healing tests, respectively. Morphine-induced phosphorylation of the EGFR was analyzed by western blotting in the presence and absence of μ-receptor antagonist naltrexone and the EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib. Morphine-induced EGFR phosphorylation and cell migration were significantly inhibited by pretreatments with both naltrexone and gefitinib; however, morphine-increased cell proliferation was inhibited only by naltrexone. While morphine-induced changes were observed in the Raman scatterings of the cells, the inhibitory effect of naltrexone was analyzed with similarity to the control group. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the Raman confirmed the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like effect of morphine and was inhibited by naltrexone and partly by gefitinib pretreatments. Our in vitro results suggest that combining morphine with an EGFR inhibitor or a peripherally acting opioidergic receptor antagonist may be a good strategy for pain relief without triggering cancer proliferation and migration in TNBC patients. In addition, our results demonstrated the feasibility of the Raman spectroscopy and machine learning-based approach as an effective method to investigate the effects of agents in cancer cells without the need for complex and time-consuming sample preparation. The support vector machine (SVM) with linear kernel automatically classified the effects of drugs on cancer cells with ∼95% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulay Sezer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Genkok Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Furkan Sahin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Beykent University, 34398, Istanbul, Turkey; ERNAM - Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - M Serdar Onses
- ERNAM - Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cumaoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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13
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Cheng N, Gao Y, Ju S, Kong X, Lyu J, Hou L, Jin L, Shen B. Serum analysis based on SERS combined with 2D convolutional neural network and Gramian angular field for breast cancer screening. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 312:124054. [PMID: 38382221 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a significant cause of death among women worldwide. It is crucial to quickly and accurately diagnose breast cancer in order to reduce mortality rates. While traditional diagnostic techniques for medical imaging and pathology samples have been commonly used in breast cancer screening, they still have certain limitations. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a fast, highly sensitive and user-friendly method that is often combined with deep learning techniques like convolutional neural networks. This combination helps identify unique molecular spectral features, also known as "fingerprint", in biological samples such as serum. Ultimately, this approach is able to accurately screen for cancer. The Gramian angular field (GAF) algorithm can convert one-dimensional (1D) time series into two-dimensional (2D) images. These images can be used for data visualization, pattern recognition and machine learning tasks. In this study, 640 serum SERS from breast cancer patients and healthy volunteers were converted into 2D spectral images by Gramian angular field (GAF) technique. These images were then used to train and test a two-dimensional convolutional neural network-GAF (2D-CNN-GAF) model for breast cancer classification. We compared the performance of the 2D-CNN-GAF model with other methods, including one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA), using various evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, F1-score, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) value. The results showed that the 2D-CNN model outperformed the traditional models, achieving an AUC value of 0.9884, an accuracy of 98.13%, sensitivity of 98.65% and specificity of 97.67% for breast cancer classification. In this study, we used conventional nano-silver sol as the SERS-enhanced substrate and a portable laser Raman spectrometer to obtain the serum SERS data. The 2D-CNN-GAF model demonstrated accurate and automatic classification of breast cancer patients and healthy volunteers. The method does not require augmentation and preprocessing of spectral data, simplifying the processing steps of spectral data. This method has great potential for accurate breast cancer screening and also provides a useful reference in more types of cancer classification and automatic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China; Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Shaowei Ju
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Xiangwei Kong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Jiugong Lyu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China; School of Biological Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Lijie Hou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Lihong Jin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Bingjun Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, PR China
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14
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Frempong SB, Salbreiter M, Mostafapour S, Pistiki A, Bocklitz TW, Rösch P, Popp J. Illuminating the Tiny World: A Navigation Guide for Proper Raman Studies on Microorganisms. Molecules 2024; 29:1077. [PMID: 38474589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an emerging method for the identification of bacteria. Nevertheless, a lot of different parameters need to be considered to establish a reliable database capable of identifying real-world samples such as medical or environmental probes. In this review, the establishment of such reliable databases with the proper design in microbiological Raman studies is demonstrated, shining a light into all the parts that require attention. Aspects such as the strain selection, sample preparation and isolation requirements, the phenotypic influence, measurement strategies, as well as the statistical approaches for discrimination of bacteria, are presented. Furthermore, the influence of these aspects on spectra quality, result accuracy, and read-out are discussed. The aim of this review is to serve as a guide for the design of microbiological Raman studies that can support the establishment of this method in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baaba Frempong
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center of Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Salbreiter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center of Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Mostafapour
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Pistiki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center of Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Research Alliance-Leibniz Health Technologies, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas W Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Research Alliance-Leibniz Health Technologies, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Rösch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center of Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Center of Applied Research, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of the Leibniz Research Alliance-Leibniz Health Technologies, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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15
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Chang M, He C, Du Y, Qiu Y, Wang L, Chen H. RaT: Raman Transformer for highly accurate melanoma detection with critical features visualization. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123475. [PMID: 37806238 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an important cause of death from skin cancer. Early and accurate diagnosis can effectively reduce mortality. But the current diagnosis relies on the experience of pathologists, increasing the rate of misdiagnosis. In this paper, Raman Transformer (RaT) model is proposed by combining Raman spectroscopy and a Transformer encoder to distinguish the Raman spectra of melanoma and normal tissue. To make the spectral data more suitable for the Transformer encoder, we split the Raman spectrum into segments and map them into block vectors, which are then input into the Transformer encoder and classified using the multi-head self-attention mechanism and the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). The RaT model achieves 99.69% accuracy, 99.61% sensitivity, and 99.82% specificity, which is higher than the classical principal component analysis with the neural network (PCA + NNET) method. In addition, we visualize and explain the fingerprint peaks found by the RaT model and their corresponding biological information. Our proposed RaT model provides a novel and reliable method for processing Raman spectral data, which is expected to help distinguish melanoma from normal cells, diagnose other diseases, and save human lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Chen He
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yi Du
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yemin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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16
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Wang X, Chen C, Chen C, Zuo E, Han S, Yang J, Yan Z, Lv X, Hou J, Jia Z. Novel SERS biosensor for rapid detection of breast cancer based on Ag 2O-Ag-PSi nanochips. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123226. [PMID: 37567026 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Ag2O-Ag-PSi (porous silicon) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip was successfully synthesized by electrochemical corrosion, in situ reduction and heat treatment technology. The influence of different heat treatment temperature on SERS performance of the chip is studied. The results show that the chip treated at 300 °C has the best SERS performance. The chip was composed of Ag2O-Ag nano core shell with a diameter of 40-60 nm and porous silicon substrate. Then, the optimized chip was used to perform SERS test on serum samples from 30 healthy volunteers and 30 early breast cancer patients, and the baseline was corrected by LabSpec6 software. Finally, the data were analyzed by principal component analysis combined with t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (PCA-t-SNE). The results showed that the accuracy of the improved substrate combined with multivariate statistical method was 98%. The shelf life of the chips exceeded six months due to the presence of the Ag2O shell. This study provides a basis for developing a low-cost rapid and sensitive early screening technology for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Wang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Enguang Zuo
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Shibin Han
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Ziwei Yan
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lv
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Junwei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China.
| | - Zhenhong Jia
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
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17
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Esposito C, Janneh M, Spaziani S, Calcagno V, Bernardi ML, Iammarino M, Verdone C, Tagliamonte M, Buonaguro L, Pisco M, Aversano L, Cusano A. Assessment of Primary Human Liver Cancer Cells by Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy. Cells 2023; 12:2645. [PMID: 37998378 PMCID: PMC10670489 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy assisted by artificial intelligence methods to identify liver cancer cells and distinguish them from their Non-Tumor counterpart. To this aim, primary liver cells (40 Tumor and 40 Non-Tumor cells) obtained from resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor tissue and the adjacent non-tumor area (negative control) were analyzed by Raman micro-spectroscopy. Preliminarily, the cells were analyzed morphologically and spectrally. Then, three machine learning approaches, including multivariate models and neural networks, were simultaneously investigated and successfully used to analyze the cells' Raman data. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted Raman spectroscopy for Tumor cell classification and prediction with an accuracy of nearly 90% of correct predictions on a single spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Esposito
- Optoelectronic Division-Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Mohammed Janneh
- Optoelectronic Division-Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Sara Spaziani
- Optoelectronic Division-Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Calcagno
- Optoelectronic Division-Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Mario Luca Bernardi
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
- Informatics Group, Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Martina Iammarino
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
- Informatics Group, Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Chiara Verdone
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
- Informatics Group, Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
- National Cancer Institute-IRCCS “Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 52, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
- National Cancer Institute-IRCCS “Pascale”, Via Mariano Semmola, 52, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Pisco
- Optoelectronic Division-Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Lerina Aversano
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
- Informatics Group, Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronic Division-Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
- Centro Regionale Information Communication Technology (CeRICT Scrl), 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.L.B.); (L.B.)
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18
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Du Y, Hu L, Wu G, Tang Y, Cai X, Yin L. Diagnoses in multiple types of cancer based on serum Raman spectroscopy combined with a convolutional neural network: Gastric cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, lung cancer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 298:122743. [PMID: 37119637 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major diseases that seriously threaten human health. Timely screening is beneficial to the cure of cancer. There are some shortcomings in current diagnosis methods, so it is very important to find a low-cost, fast, and nondestructive cancer screening technology. In this study, we demonstrated that serum Raman spectroscopy combined with a convolutional neural network model can be used for the diagnosis of four types of cancer including gastric cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, and lung cancer. Raman spectra database containing four types of cancer and healthy controls was established and a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) was constructed. The classification accuracy of the Raman spectra combined with the 1D-CNN model was 94.5%. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is regarded as a black box, and the learning mechanism of the model is not clear. Therefore, we tried to visualize the CNN features of each convolutional layer in the diagnosis of rectal cancer. Overall, Raman spectroscopy combined with the CNN model is an effective tool that can be used to distinguish different cancer from healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Guohua Wu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China.
| | - Yishu Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiongwei Cai
- Department of Gynecology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Longfei Yin
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
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19
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Bellantuono L, Tommasi R, Pantaleo E, Verri M, Amoroso N, Crucitti P, Di Gioacchino M, Longo F, Monaco A, Naciu AM, Palermo A, Taffon C, Tangaro S, Crescenzi A, Sodo A, Bellotti R. An eXplainable Artificial Intelligence analysis of Raman spectra for thyroid cancer diagnosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16590. [PMID: 37789191 PMCID: PMC10547772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy shows great potential as a diagnostic tool for thyroid cancer due to its ability to detect biochemical changes during cancer development. This technique is particularly valuable because it is non-invasive and label/dye-free. Compared to molecular tests, Raman spectroscopy analyses can more effectively discriminate malignant features, thus reducing unnecessary surgeries. However, one major hurdle to using Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool is the identification of significant patterns and peaks. In this study, we propose a Machine Learning procedure to discriminate healthy/benign versus malignant nodules that produces interpretable results. We collect Raman spectra obtained from histological samples, select a set of peaks with a data-driven and label independent approach and train the algorithms with the relative prominence of the peaks in the selected set. The performance of the considered models, quantified by area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, exceeds 0.9. To enhance the interpretability of the results, we employ eXplainable Artificial Intelligence and compute the contribution of each feature to the prediction of each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Bellantuono
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Traslazionale e Neuroscienze (DiBraiN), Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Traslazionale e Neuroscienze (DiBraiN), Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Ester Pantaleo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Martina Verri
- Unit of Endocrine Organs and Neuromuscolar Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicola Amoroso
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Pierfilippo Crucitti
- Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Longo
- Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Monaco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Anda Mihaela Naciu
- Unit of Metabolic Bone and Thyroid Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- Unit of Metabolic Bone and Thyroid Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Taffon
- Unit of Endocrine Organs and Neuromuscolar Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Tangaro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Crescenzi
- Unit of Endocrine Organs and Neuromuscolar Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Armida Sodo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Bellotti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70125, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
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20
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Shi L, Li Y, Li Z. Early cancer detection by SERS spectroscopy and machine learning. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:234. [PMID: 37714845 PMCID: PMC10504315 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for early detection of multiple cancers is presented by integrating SERS spectroscopy of serum molecular fingerprints and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Shi
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Yajuan Li
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhi Li
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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21
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Vazquez-Osorio N, Castro-Ramos J, Sánchez-Escobar JJ. Matching Pursuit for Denoising Raman Spectra, Based on Genetic Algorithm and Hermite Atoms. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1009-1024. [PMID: 37448352 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231179744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to its various advantages, Raman spectroscopy has become a powerful tool in different fields of science and engineering; however, in specific applications, this technique's limiting factor is closely related to the inherent noise of the Raman spectra. To eliminate the noise of a Raman spectrum, preserving its position, intensity, and width characteristic, we propose using a genetic matching pursuit-Hermite atoms (GMP-HAs) algorithm in this work. This algorithm helps recover Raman spectra immersed in Gaussian noise with the least number of atoms. The noise-free Raman signal is reconstructed with the GMP-HAs algorithm, transforming the typical best-matching atom search into an optimization problem. Specifically, we maximize the fitness function, defined as the correlation between current residual and Hermite atoms, with the genetic algorithm MI-LXPM encoded in a real domain and avoiding local maxima, by adding a stopping criterion based on an exponential adjustment according to the algorithm's behavior in the presence of noise. Simulated and biological Raman spectra are used to evaluate the proposed algorithm and compare its performance with typically known methods for denoising, such as the Savitzky- Golay filter (SG) and basis pursuit denoising. Using the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)metric resulted in a 0.31 dB advantage in the S/N product for the proposed algorithm with respect to SG. Additionally, it is shown that the algorithm uses only 25.3% of the number of atoms needed by the matching pursuit algorithm. The results indicate that the GMP-HAs algorithm has better denoising capabilities, and at the same time, the Raman spectra are decomposed with fewer atoms compared to known sparse algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noe Vazquez-Osorio
- Coordinación de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
| | - J Castro-Ramos
- Coordinación de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Puebla, Mexico
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22
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Xu M, Chen Z, Zheng J, Zhao Q, Yuan Z. Artificial Intelligence-Aided Optical Imaging for Cancer Theranostics. Semin Cancer Biol 2023:S1044-579X(23)00094-9. [PMID: 37302519 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to assist biomedical imaging have demonstrated its high accuracy and high efficiency in medical decision-making for individualized cancer medicine. In particular, optical imaging methods are able to visualize both the structural and functional information of tumors tissues with high contrast, low cost, and noninvasive property. However, no systematic work has been performed to inspect the recent advances on AI-aided optical imaging for cancer theranostics. In this review, we demonstrated how AI can guide optical imaging methods to improve the accuracy on tumor detection, automated analysis and prediction of its histopathological section, its monitoring during treatment, and its prognosis by using computer vision, deep learning and natural language processing. By contrast, the optical imaging techniques involved mainly consisted of various tomography and microscopy imaging methods such as optical endoscopy imaging, optical coherence tomography, photoacoustic imaging, diffuse optical tomography, optical microscopy imaging, Raman imaging, and fluorescent imaging. Meanwhile, existing problems, possible challenges and future prospects for AI-aided optical imaging protocol for cancer theranostics were also discussed. It is expected that the present work can open a new avenue for precision oncology by using AI and optical imaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengze Xu
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China; Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Junxiao Zheng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China; Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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23
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Bikku T, Fritz RA, Colón YJ, Herrera F. Machine Learning Identification of Organic Compounds Using Visible Light. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2407-2414. [PMID: 36876889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Identifying chemical compounds is essential in several areas of science and engineering. Laser-based techniques are promising for autonomous compound detection because the optical response of materials encodes enough electronic and vibrational information for remote chemical identification. This has been exploited using the fingerprint region of infrared absorption spectra, which involves a dense set of absorption peaks that are unique to individual molecules, thus facilitating chemical identification. However, optical identification using visible light has not been realized. Using decades of experimental refractive index data in the scientific literature of pure organic compounds and polymers over a broad range of frequencies from the ultraviolet to the far-infrared, we develop a machine learning classifier that can accurately identify organic species based on a single-wavelength dispersive measurement in the visible spectral region, away from absorption resonances. The optical classifier proposed here could be applied to autonomous material identification protocols and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thulasi Bikku
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Victor Jara 3493, Santiago, Chile.,Computer Science and Engineering, Vignan's Nirula Institute of Technology and Science for Women, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522009, India
| | - Rubén A Fritz
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Victor Jara 3493, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yamil J Colón
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Victor Jara 3493, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Esteban Iturra s/n 4070386, Concepción , Chile
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24
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Thomas G, Fitzgerald ST, Gautam R, Chen F, Haugen E, Rasiah PK, Adams WR, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Enhanced characterization of breast cancer phenotypes using Raman micro-spectroscopy on stainless steel substrate. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1188-1205. [PMID: 36799369 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01764d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical insights into varying breast cancer (BC) phenotypes can provide a fundamental understanding of BC pathogenesis, while identifying novel therapeutic targets. Raman spectroscopy (RS) can gauge these biochemical differences with high specificity. For routine RS, cells are traditionally seeded onto calcium fluoride (CaF2) substrates that are costly and fragile, limiting its widespread adoption. Stainless steel has been interrogated previously as a less expensive alternative to CaF2 substrates, while reporting increased Raman signal intensity than the latter. We sought to further investigate and compare the Raman signal quality measured from stainless steel versus CaF2 substrates by characterizing different BC phenotypes with altered human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. Raman spectra were obtained on stainless steel and CaF2 substrates for HER2 negative cells - MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and HER2 overexpressing cells - AU565, SKBr3. Upon analyzing signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), stainless steel provided a stronger Raman signal, improving SNR by 119% at 1450 cm-1 and 122% at 2925 cm-1 on average compared to the CaF2 substrate. Utilizing only 22% of laser power on sample relative to the CaF2 substrate, stainless steel still yielded improved spectral characterization over CaF2, achieving 96.0% versus 89.8% accuracy in BC phenotype discrimination and equivalent 100.0% accuracy in HER2 status classification. Spectral analysis further highlighted increased lipogenesis and altered metabolism in HER2 overexpressing cells, which was subsequently visualized with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Our findings demonstrate that stainless steel substrates deliver improved Raman signal and enhanced spectral characterization, underscoring its potential as a cost-effective alternative to CaF2 for non-invasively monitoring cellular biochemical dynamics in translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giju Thomas
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Sean T Fitzgerald
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Rekha Gautam
- Tyndall National Institute, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Fuyao Chen
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven 06510, CT, USA
| | - Ezekiel Haugen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Pratheepa Kumari Rasiah
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
| | - Wilson R Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37232, TN, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville 37235, TN, USA
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25
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Zhang S, Chen S, Zhu R. Electroporation-Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Detection for Long-Term, Label-Free, and Noninvasive Molecular Profiling of Live Single Cells. ACS Sens 2023; 8:555-564. [PMID: 36399395 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecule characterization of live single cells is greatly important in disease diagnoses and personalized treatments. Conventional molecule detection methods, such as mass spectrography, gene sequencing, or immunofluorescence, are usually destructive or labeled and unable to monitor the dynamic change of live cellular molecules. Herein, we propose an electroporation-assisted surface-enhanced Raman scattering (EP-SERS) method using a microchip to implement label-free, noninvasive, and continuous detections of the molecules of live single cells. The microchip containing microelectrodes with nanostructured EP-SERS probes has a multifunction of cell positioning, electroporation, and SERS detection. The EP-SERS method capably detects both the intracellular and extracellular molecules of live single cells without losing cell viability so as to enable long-term monitoring of the molecular pathological process in situ. We detect the molecules of single cells for two breast cancer cell lines with different malignancies (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), one liver cancer cell line (Huh-7), and one normal cell line (293T) using the EP-SERS method and classify these cell types to achieve high accuracies of 91.4-98.3% using their SERS spectra. Furthermore, 24 h continuous monitoring of the heterogeneous molecular responses of different cancer cell lines under doxorubicin treatment is successfully implemented using the EP-SERS method. This work provides a long-term, label-free, and biocompatible approach to simultaneously detect intracellular and extracellular molecules of live single cells on a chip, which would facilitate research and applications of cancer diagnoses and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengsen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Shengjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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26
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Qiu X, Wu X, Fang X, Fu Q, Wang P, Wang X, Li S, Li Y. Raman spectroscopy combined with deep learning for rapid detection of melanoma at the single cell level. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:122029. [PMID: 36323090 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive and metastatic skin cancer caused by genetic mutations in melanocytes, and its incidence is increasing year by year. Understanding the gene mutation information of melanoma cases is very important for its precise treatment. The current diagnostic methods for melanoma include radiological, pharmacological, histological, cytological and molecular techniques, but the gold standard for diagnosis is still pathological biopsy, which is time consuming and destructive. Raman spectroscopy is a rapid, sensitive and nondestructive detection method. In this study, a total of 20,000 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of melanocytes and melanoma cells were collected using a positively charged gold nanoparticles planar solid SERS substrate, and a classification network system based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) was constructed to achieve the classification of melanocytes and melanoma cells, wild-type and mutant melanoma cells and their drug resistance. Among them, the classification accuracy of melanocytes and melanoma cells was over 98%. Raman spectral differences between melanocytes and melanoma cells were analyzed and compared, and the response of cells to antitumor drugs were also evaluated. The results showed that Raman spectroscopy provided a basis for the medication of melanoma, and SERS spectra combined with CNN classification model realized classification of melanoma, which is of great significance for rapid diagnosis and identification of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Qiu
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xingda Wu
- Biomedical Photonics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xianglin Fang
- Biomedical Photonics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Qiuyue Fu
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shaoxin Li
- Biomedical Photonics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Ying Li
- Biomedical Photonics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
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27
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Zeng Q, Chen C, Chen C, Song H, Li M, Yan J, Lv X. Serum Raman spectroscopy combined with convolutional neural network for rapid diagnosis of HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:122000. [PMID: 36279798 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is common in women, and its number of patients ranks first among female malignant tumors. Breast cancer is highly heterogeneous, and different types of breast cancer have different biological behaviors and prognoses. Therefore, identifying the different types of breast cancer is of great help in formulating individualized treatment plans. Based on serum Raman spectroscopy and deep learning algorithms, we propose a fast and low-cost diagnosis method for screening triple-negative breast cancer, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer, and healthy controls. We collected 75 serum samples in this study, including 23 triple-negative breast cancers, 22 HER2-positive breast cancers, and 30 healthy controls. Using the preprocessed Raman spectra as the input of deep learning, three deep learning models, neural network language model (NNLM), bidirectional long-short-term memory network (BiLSTM), and convolutional neural network (CNN), were established, and the accuracy rates of the three models were 87.78%, 90.37%, and 91.11%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of serum Raman spectroscopy combined with deep learning algorithms to diagnose breast cancer, which can be used as an effective auxiliary diagnosis method for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Zeng
- College of Information Science and Engineering Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; Xinjiang Cloud Computing Application Laboratory, Karamay 834099, China
| | - Haitao Song
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Junyi Yan
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lv
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; Key Laboratory of Signal Detection and Processing, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, China
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28
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Cheng Z, Li H, Chen C, Lv X, Zuo E, Han S, Li Z, Liu P, Li H, Chen C. Application of serum SERS technology based on thermally annealed silver nanoparticle composite substrate in breast cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 41:103284. [PMID: 36646366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is currently a non-destructive and convenient method of cancer screening, due to human blood containing a variety of cancer-related biomolecules. Therefore, the development of an accurate and rapid breast cancer screening technique combined with breast cancer serum is crucial for the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer patients. In this study, the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique is used to enhance the Raman spectroscopy (RS) signal of serum based on a high sensitivity thermally annealed silver nanoparticle/porous silicon bragg mirror (AgNPs/PSB) composite substrate. Compared with RS, SERS reflects more and stronger spectral peak information, which is beneficial to discover new biomarkers of breast cancer. At the same time, to further explore the diagnostic ability of SERS technology for breast cancer. In this study, the raw spectral data are processed by baseline correction, polynomial smoothing, and normalization. Then, the relevant feature information of SERS and RS is extracted by principal component analysis (PCA), and five classification models are established to compare the diagnostic performance of SERS and RS models respectively. The experimental results show that the breast cancer diagnosis model based on the improved SERS substrate combined with the machine learning algorithm can be used to distinguish breast cancer patients from controls. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and AUC values of the SVM model are 100%, 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively, as well as the training time of 4ms. The above experimental results show that the SERS technology based on AgNPs/PSB composite substrate, combined with machine learning methods, has great potential in the rapid and accurate identification of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Cheng
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Guangzhou Panyu Polytechnic, No. 1342 Shiliang Road, Guangzhou Panyu 511483, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Information Science, Engineering Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lv
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - EnGuang Zuo
- College of Information Science, Engineering Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Shibin Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Zhongyuan Li
- College of Information Science, Engineering Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Information Science, Engineering Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi 830054, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
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29
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Wang X, Xie F, Yang Y, Zhao J, Wu G, Wang S. Rapid Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Breast Cancer Based on Raman Spectroscopy of Serum Combined with Convolutional Neural Network. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:65. [PMID: 36671637 PMCID: PMC9854817 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and breast cancer are common female breast diseases and pose a serious health threat to women. Early diagnosis of breast cancer and DCIS can help to develop targeted treatment plans in time. In this paper, we investigated the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy combined with convolutional neural network (CNN) to discriminate between healthy volunteers, breast cancer and DCIS patients. Raman spectra were collected from the sera of 241 healthy volunteers, 463 breast cancer and 100 DCIS patients, and a total of 804 spectra were recorded. The pre-processed Raman spectra were used as the input of CNN to establish a model to classify the three different spectra. After using cross-validation to optimize its hyperparameters, the model's final classification performance was assessed using an unknown test set. For comparison with other machine learning algorithms, we additionally built models using support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) methods. The final accuracies for CNN, SVM, RF and KNN were 98.76%, 94.63%, 80.99% and 78.93%, respectively. The values for area under curve (AUC) were 0.999, 0.994, 0.931 and 0.900, respectively. Therefore, our study results demonstrate that CNN outperforms three traditional algorithms in terms of classification performance for Raman spectral data and can be a useful auxiliary diagnostic tool of breast cancer and DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglei Wang
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Breast Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Breast Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Breast Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Guohua Wu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Breast Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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30
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Building an ensemble learning model for gastric cancer cell line classification via rapid raman spectroscopy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:802-811. [PMID: 36698976 PMCID: PMC9842960 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell misuse and cross-contamination can affect the accuracy of cell research results and result in wasted time, manpower and material resources. Thus, cell line identification is important and necessary. At present, the commonly used cell line identification methods need cell staining and culturing. There is therefore a need to develop a new method for the rapid and automated identification of cell lines. Raman spectroscopy has become one of the emerging techniques in the field of microbial identification, with the advantages of being rapid and noninvasive and providing molecular information for biological samples, which is beneficial in the identification of cell lines. In this study, we built a library of Raman spectra for gastric mucosal epithelial cell lines GES-1 and gastric cancer cell lines, such as AGS, BGC-823, HGC-27, MKN-45, MKN-74 and SNU-16. Five spectral datasets were constructed using spectral data and included the full spectrum, fingerprint region, high-wavelength number region and Raman background of Raman spectra. A stacking ensemble learning model, SL-Raman, was built for different datasets, and gastric cancer cell identification was achieved. For the gastric cancer cells we studied, the differentiation accuracy of SL-Raman was 100% for one of the gastric cancer cells and 100% for six of the gastric cancer cells. Additionally, the separation accuracy for two gastric cancer cells with different degrees of differentiation was 100%. These results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy combined with SL-Raman may be a new method for the rapid and accurate identification of gastric cancer. In addition, the accuracy of 94.38% for classifying Raman spectral background data using machine learning demonstrates that the Raman spectral background contains some useful spectral features. These data have been overlooked in previous studies.
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31
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Yousuff M, Babu R. Enhancing the classification metrics of spectroscopy spectrums using neural network based low dimensional space. EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATICS 2022; 16:825-844. [PMID: 36575666 PMCID: PMC9782283 DOI: 10.1007/s12145-022-00917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopy is a methodology for gaining knowledge of particles, especially biomolecules, by quantifying the interactions between matter and light. By examining the level of light absorbed, reflected or released by a specimen, its constituents, properties, and volume can be determined. Spectra obtained through spectroscopy procedures are quick, harmless and contactless; hence nowadays preferred in chemometrics. Due to the high dimensional nature of the spectra, it is challenging to build a robust classifier with good performance metrics. Many linear and nonlinear dimensionality reduction-based classification models have been previously implemented to overcome this issue. However, they lack in capturing the subtle details of the spectra into the low dimension space or cannot efficiently handle the nonlinearity present in the spectral data. We propose a graph-based neural network embedding approach to extract appropriate features into latent space and circumvent the spectrums' nonlinearity problem. Our approach performs dimensionality reduction into two phases: constructing a nearest neighbor graph and producing almost linear embedding using a fully connected neural network. Further, the low dimensional embedding is subjected to classification using the Random Forest algorithm. In this paper, we have implemented and compared our technique with four nonlinear dimensionality techniques widely used for spectral data analysis. In this study, we have considered five different spectral datasets belonging to specific applications. The various classification performance metrics of all the techniques are evaluated. The proposed approach is able to perform competitively well on six different low-dimensional spaces for each dataset with an accuracy score above 95% and Matthew's correlation coefficient value close to 1. The trustworthiness score of almost 1 show that the presented dimensionality reduction approach preserves the closest neighbor structure of high dimensional spectral inputs into latent space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yousuff
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Vellore, 632014 Tamilnadu India
| | - Rajasekhara Babu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Vellore, 632014 Tamilnadu India
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Li H, Wang S, Zeng Q, Chen C, Lv X, Ma M, Su H, Ma B, Chen C, Fang J. Serum Raman spectroscopy combined with multiple classification models for rapid diagnosis of breast cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 40:103115. [PMID: 36096439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with the highest incidence rate in women. Current diagnostic methods are time-consuming, costly, and dependent on physician experience. In this study, we used serum Raman spectroscopy combined with multiple classification algorithms to implement an auxiliary diagnosis method for breast cancer, which will help in the early diagnosis of breast cancer patients. We analyzed the serum Raman spectra of 171 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and 100 healthy volunteers; The analysis showed differences in nucleic acids, carotenoids, amino acids, and lipid concentrations in their blood. These differences provide a theoretical basis for this experiment. First, we used adaptive iteratively reweighted penalized least squares (airPLS) and Savitzky-Golay (SG) for baseline correction and smoothing denoising to remove the effect of noise on the experiment. Then, the Principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm was used to extract features. Finally, we built four classification models: support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and Neural Network Language Model (NNLM). The LDA, SVM, and NNLM achieve 100% accuracy. As supplementary, we added the classification experiment of the raw data. By comparing the experimental results of the two groups, We concluded that the NNLM was the best model. The results show the reliability of the combination of serum Raman spectroscopy and classification models under large sample conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Li
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | | | - Qinggang Zeng
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; College of Information Science and Engineering Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; Xinjiang Cloud Computing Application Laboratory, Karamay 834099, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lv
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; College of Information Science and Engineering Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Mingrui Ma
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Haihua Su
- Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Urumqi 830092, China
| | - Binlin Ma
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Jingjing Fang
- Department of Breast, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
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Li C, Wang Y. Non-Targeted Analytical Technology in Herbal Medicines: Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:1951-1970. [PMID: 36409298 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2148204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines (HMs) have been utilized to prevent and treat human ailments for thousands of years. Especially, HMs have recently played a crucial role in the treatment of COVID-19 in China. However, HMs are susceptible to various factors during harvesting, processing, and marketing, affecting their clinical efficacy. Therefore, it is necessary to conclude a rapid and effective method to study HMs so that they can be used in the clinical setting with maximum medicinal value. Non-targeted analytical technology is a reliable analytical method for studying HMs because of its unique advantages in analyzing unknown components. Based on the extensive literature, the paper summarizes the benefits, limitations, and applicability of non-targeted analytical technology. Moreover, the article describes the application of non-targeted analytical technology in HMs from four aspects: structure analysis, authentication, real-time monitoring, and quality assessment. Finally, the review has prospected the development trend and challenges of non-targeted analytical technology. It can assist HMs industry researchers and engineers select non-targeted analytical technology to analyze HMs' quality and authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoping Li
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Lin M, Ou H, Zhang P, Meng Y, Wang S, Chang J, Shen A, Hu J. Laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121542. [PMID: 35792482 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common nervous system disease to affect mostly elderly people over the age of 65 years. However, the diagnosis of AD is mainly depend on the imaging examination, clinical assessments and neuropsychological tests, which may get error diagnosis results and are not able to detect early AD. Here, a rapid, non-invasive, and high accuracy diagnostic method for AD especially early AD is provided based on the laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) combined with machine learning algorithms. AD platelets from different 3xTg-AD transgenic rats at different stages of disease are captured to collect high signal-to-noise ratio Raman signals without contact by LTRS, which is then combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM) and principal component analysis (PCA)-canonical discriminate function (CDA) for classification. The results show that the normal and diseased platelets at 3-, 6- and 12-month AD are successfully distinguished and the accuracy is 91%, 68% and 97% respectively, which demonstrates the suggested method can provide a precise detection for AD diagnosis at early, middle and advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Lin
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haisheng Ou
- School of Physical Sciences and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Yanhong Meng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Shenghao Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Jing Chang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Aiguo Shen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jiming Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Sezer G, Onses MS, Sakir M, Sahin F, Çamdal A, Sezer Z, Inal A, Ciftci Z. Indomethacin prevents TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic cancer cells; evidence by Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121493. [PMID: 35728400 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a very low survival rate due to the late detection and poor response to chemotherapy. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered an important step in tumor progression with regard to invasion and metastasis, and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling has been shown to play an important role in EMT. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether indomethacin, an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug, has any effect on TGF-β-induced EMT in pancreatic cancer cell line and analyze the changes in their molecular structures by Raman spectroscopy and other molecular techniques. Indomethacin treated Panc-1 cells were analyzed with Raman spectroscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence techniques after the induction of EMT with TGF-β. The exposure of Panc-1 cells to TGF-β resulted in characteristic morphological alterations of EMT, and indomethacin inhibits TGF-β-induced EMT through up-regulation of E-cadherin and down-regulation of N-cadherin and Snail expressions. Raman spectroscopy supported by principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the effects of both TGF-β and indomethacin. Raman spectra were further analyzed using the PCA-assisted vector machine algorithm and it was seen that the data could be classified with 97.6% accuracy. Our results suggest that indomethacin may have a significant effect on PDAC metastasis, and Raman spectroscopy was able to probe EMT-related changes and the efficacy of indomethacin in a short time and without the need for specific reagents compared to other molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulay Sezer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkiye; Genkok Genome and Stem Cell Centre, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkiye.
| | - Mustafa Serdar Onses
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkiye; ERNAM - Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Menekse Sakir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkiye; ERNAM - Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Furkan Sahin
- ERNAM - Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Ali Çamdal
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin College Green Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zafer Sezer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Ahmet Inal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Zeynep Ciftci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkiye
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36
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Pandiyan S, Wang L. A comprehensive review on recent approaches for cancer drug discovery associated with artificial intelligence. Comput Biol Med 2022; 150:106140. [PMID: 36179510 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Through the revolutionization of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in clinical research, significant improvement is observed in diagnosis of cancer. Utilization of these AI technologies, such as machine and deep learning, is imperative for the discovery of novel anticancer drugs and improves existing/ongoing cancer therapeutics. However, building a model for complicated cancers and their types remains a challenge due to lack of effective therapeutics that hinder the establishment of effective computational tools. In this review, we exploit recent approaches and state-of-the-art in implementing AI methods for anticancer drug discovery, and discussed how advances in these applications need to be considered in the current cancer therapeutics. Considering the immense potential of AI, we explore molecular docking and their interactions to recognize metabolic activities that support drug design. Finally, we highlight corresponding strategies in applying machine and deep learning methods to various types of cancer with their pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevi Pandiyan
- Research Center for Intelligent Information Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, China; School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, China; Nantong Research Institute for Advanced Communication Technologies, Nantong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center for Intelligent Information Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, China; School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, China; Nantong Research Institute for Advanced Communication Technologies, Nantong, China.
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37
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Lv R, Wang Z, Ma Y, Li W, Tian J. Machine Learning Enhanced Optical Spectroscopy for Disease Detection. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9238-9249. [PMID: 36173116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopy plays an important role in disease detection. Improving the sensitivity and specificity of spectral detection has great importance in the development of accurate diagnosis. The development of artificial intelligence technology provides a great opportunity to improve the detection accuracy through machine learning methods. In this Perspective, we focus on the combination of machine learning methods with the optical spectroscopy methods widely used for disease detection, including absorbance, fluorescence, scattering, FTIR, terahertz, etc. By comparing the spectral analysis with different machine learning methods, we illustrate that the support vector machine and convolutional neural network are most effective, which have potential to further improve the classification accuracy to distinguish disease subtypes if these machine learning methods are used. This Perspective broadens the scope of optical spectroscopy enhanced by machine learning and will be useful for the development of disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichan Lv
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensor, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensor, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yaqun Ma
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensor, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Sensor, Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Manganelli Conforti P, D’Acunto M, Russo P. Deep Learning for Chondrogenic Tumor Classification through Wavelet Transform of Raman Spectra. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197492. [PMID: 36236597 PMCID: PMC9571786 DOI: 10.3390/s22197492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The grading of cancer tissues is still one of the main challenges for pathologists. The development of enhanced analysis strategies hence becomes crucial to accurately identify and further deal with each individual case. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a promising tool for the classification of tumor tissues as it allows us to obtain the biochemical maps of the tissues under analysis and to observe their evolution in terms of biomolecules, proteins, lipid structures, DNA, vitamins, and so on. However, its potential could be further improved by providing a classification system which would be able to recognize the sample tumor category by taking as input the raw Raman spectroscopy signal; this could provide more reliable responses in shorter time scales and could reduce or eliminate false-positive or -negative diagnoses. Deep Learning techniques have become ubiquitous in recent years, with models able to perform classification with high accuracy in most diverse fields of research, e.g., natural language processing, computer vision, medical imaging. However, deep models often rely on huge labeled datasets to produce reasonable accuracy, otherwise occurring in overfitting issues when the training data is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a chondrogenic tumor CLAssification through wavelet transform of RAman spectra (CLARA), which is able to classify with high accuracy Raman spectra obtained from bone tissues. CLARA recognizes and grades the tumors in the evaluated dataset with 97% accuracy by exploiting a classification pipeline consisting of the division of the original task in two binary classification steps, where the first is performed on the original RS signals while the latter is accomplished through the use of a hybrid temporal-frequency 2D transform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario D’Acunto
- CNR-IBF, Istituto di Biofisica, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Russo
- DIAG Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Ariosto 25, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Algorithm and hyperparameter optimizations for hetero-device classification by near-infrared spectra of falsified and substandard amoxicillin capsules. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1261-1268. [PMID: 35939234 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we optimized classification algorithms and the hyperparameters for screening falsified and substandard amoxicillin capsules. The distribution of low-quality medical products is a serious problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been proposed as the first choice for a screening device. However, preparation of the reference library for the classification training is a highly difficult process. We herein propose a hetero-device classification between training and test devices. In this proposal, Fourier-transform NIR spectrometer and portable wavelength dispersive NIR spectrometer were used as training and test devices, respectively. As the classifier candidates, we examined 13 algorithms and selected 8. We then optimized the hyperparameters for these classifiers by the grid search and cross validation methods. In the final analysis, few classifiers were found to give acceptable prediction results by the hetero-device classification. When using these methods, it is crucial to examine the results by the classification probability, due to the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. Finally, we suggest that k-nearest neighbors, extra trees, and gradient boosting classifiers are the optimal algorithms with high classification probability for the substandard and falsified amoxicillin capsules.
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40
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Huang W, Shang Q, Xiao X, Zhang H, Gu Y, Yang L, Shi G, Yang Y, Hu Y, Yuan Y, Ji A, Chen L. Raman spectroscopy and machine learning for the classification of esophageal squamous carcinoma. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121654. [PMID: 35878494 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), a common malignant tumor with a low overall survival rate due to metastasis and recurrence, is critical for effective treatment and improved prognosis. Raman spectroscopy, an advanced detection technology for esophageal cancer, was developed to improve diagnosis sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. This study proposed a novel, effective, and noninvasive Raman spectroscopy technique to differentiate and classify ESCC cell lines. Seven ESCC cell lines and tissues of an ESCC patient with staging of T3N1M0 and T3N2M0 at low and high differentiation levels were investigated through Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectral data analysis was performed with four machine learning algorithms, namely principal components analysis (PCA)- linear discriminant analysis (LDA), PCA-eXtreme gradient boosting (XGB), PCA- support vector machine (SVM), and PCA- (LDA, XGB, SVM)-stacked Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM). Four machine learning algorithms were able to classifiy ESCC cell subtypes from normal esophageal cells. The PCA-XGB model achieved an overall predictive accuracy of 85% for classifying ESCC and adjacent tissues. Moreover, an overall predictive accuracy of 90.3% was achieved in distinguishing low differentiation and high differentiation ESCC tissues with the same stage when PCA-LDA, XGM, and SVM models were combined. This study illustrated the Raman spectral traits of ESCC cell lines and esophageal tissues related to clinical pathological diagnosis. Future studies should investigate the role of Raman spectral features in ESCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qixin Shang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hanlu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yimin Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guidong Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yushang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aifang Ji
- Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical University, No. 161 Jiefang East Street, Changzhi 046000, China.
| | - Longqi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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41
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Lunter D, Klang V, Kocsis D, Varga-Medveczky Z, Berkó S, Erdő F. Novel aspects of Raman spectroscopy in skin research. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1311-1329. [PMID: 35837832 PMCID: PMC9545633 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The analytical technology of Raman spectroscopy has an almost 100‐year history. During this period, many modifications and developments happened in the method like discovery of laser, improvements in optical elements and sensitivity of spectrometer and also more advanced light detection systems. Many types of the innovative techniques appeared (e.g. Transmittance Raman spectroscopy, Coherent Raman Scattering microscopy, Surface‐Enhanced Raman scattering and Confocal Raman spectroscopy/microscopy). This review article gives a short description about these different Raman techniques and their possible applications. Then, a short statistical part is coming about the appearance of Raman spectroscopy in the scientific literature from the beginnings to these days. The third part of the paper shows the main application options of the technique (especially confocal Raman spectroscopy) in skin research, including skin composition analysis, drug penetration monitoring and analysis, diagnostic utilizations in dermatology and cosmeto‐scientific applications. At the end, the possible role of artificial intelligence in Raman data analysis and the regulatory aspect of these techniques in dermatology are briefly summarized. For the future of Raman Spectroscopy, increasing clinical relevance and in vivo applications can be predicted with spreading of non‐destructive methods and appearance with the most advanced instruments with rapid analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lunter
- University of Tübingen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Victoria Klang
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorottya Kocsis
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Varga-Medveczky
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary.,University of Tours EA 6295 Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Tours, France
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42
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Sheng H, Zhao Y, Long X, Chen L, Li B, Fei Y, Mi L, Ma J. Visible Particle Identification Using Raman Spectroscopy and Machine Learning. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:186. [PMID: 35790644 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible particle identification is a crucial prerequisite step for process improvement and control during the manufacturing of injectable biotherapeutic drug products. Raman spectroscopy is a technology with several advantages for particle identification including high chemical sensitivity, minimal sample manipulation, and applicability to aqueous solutions. However, considerable effort and experience are required to extract and interpret Raman spectral data. In this study, we applied machine learning algorithms to analyze Raman spectral data for visible particle identification in order to minimize expert support and improve data analysis accuracy. We manually prepared ten types of particle standard solutions to simulate the particle types typically observed during manufacturing and established a Raman spectral library with accurate peak assignments for the visible particles. Five classification algorithms were trained using visible particle Raman spectral data. All models had high prediction accuracy of >98% for all types of visible particles. Our results demonstrate that the combination of Raman spectroscopy and machine learning can provide a simple and accurate data analysis approach for visible particle identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Academy for Engineer and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yinping Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Academy for Engineer and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiangan Long
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Academy for Engineer and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liwen Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Green Photoelectron Platform, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Ruidge Biotech Co. Ltd., No. 888, Huanhu West 2nd Road, Lin-Gang Special Area, China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Dong Nanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Yiyan Fei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Green Photoelectron Platform, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lan Mi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Green Photoelectron Platform, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jiong Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Academy for Engineer and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Green Photoelectron Platform, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, The Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems (MRICS), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Melitto AS, Arias VEA, Shida JY, Gebrim LH, Silveira L. Diagnosing molecular subtypes of breast cancer by means of Raman spectroscopy. Lasers Surg Med Suppl 2022; 54:1143-1156. [PMID: 35789102 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Raman spectroscopy has been used to discriminate human breast cancer and its different tumor molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and triple-negative) from normal tissue in surgical specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Breast cancer and normal tissue samples from 31 patients were obtained by surgical resection and submitted for histopathology. Before anatomopathological processing, the samples had been submitted to Raman spectroscopy (830 nm, 25 mW excitation laser parameters). In total, 424 Raman spectra were obtained. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in an exploratory analysis to unveil the compositional differences between the tumors and normal tissues. Discriminant models were developed to distinguish the different cancer subtypes by means of partial least squares (PLS) regression. RESULTS PCA vectors showed spectral features referred to the biochemical constitution of breast tissues, such as lipids, proteins, amino acids, and carotenoids, where lipids were decreased and proteins were increased in breast tumors. Despite the small spectral differences between the different subtypes of tumor and normal tissues, the discriminant model based on PLS was able to discriminate the spectra of the breast tumors from normal tissues with an accuracy of 97.3%, between luminal and nonluminal subtypes with an accuracy of 89.9%, between nontriple-negative and triple-negative with an accuracy of 94.7%, and each molecular subtype with an accuracy of 73.0%. CONCLUSION PCA could reveal the compositional difference between tumors and normal tissues, and PLS could discriminate the Raman spectra of breast tissues regarding the molecular subtypes of cancer, being a useful tool for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor E A Arias
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi-UAM, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Y Shida
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi-UAM, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Gebrim
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi-UAM, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Landulfo Silveira
- Mastology Department, CRSM-Hospital Pérola Byington, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, Center for Innovation, Technology and Education-CITÉ, São José dos Camp, SP, Brazil
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Krishna R, Colak I. Advances in Biomedical Applications of Raman Microscopy and Data Processing: A Mini Review. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2094391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Krishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Ohm Janki Biotech Research Private Limited, India
| | - Ilhami Colak
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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45
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Blake N, Gaifulina R, Griffin LD, Bell IM, Thomas GMH. Machine Learning of Raman Spectroscopy Data for Classifying Cancers: A Review of the Recent Literature. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061491. [PMID: 35741300 PMCID: PMC9222091 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman Spectroscopy has long been anticipated to augment clinical decision making, such as classifying oncological samples. Unfortunately, the complexity of Raman data has thus far inhibited their routine use in clinical settings. Traditional machine learning models have been used to help exploit this information, but recent advances in deep learning have the potential to improve the field. However, there are a number of potential pitfalls with both traditional and deep learning models. We conduct a literature review to ascertain the recent machine learning methods used to classify cancers using Raman spectral data. We find that while deep learning models are popular, and ostensibly outperform traditional learning models, there are many methodological considerations which may be leading to an over-estimation of performance; primarily, small sample sizes which compound sub-optimal choices regarding sampling and validation strategies. Amongst several recommendations is a call to collate large benchmark Raman datasets, similar to those that have helped transform digital pathology, which researchers can use to develop and refine deep learning models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Blake
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (N.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Riana Gaifulina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (N.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Lewis D. Griffin
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Ian M. Bell
- Spectroscopy Products Division, Renishaw plc, Wotton-under-Edge GL12 8JR, UK;
| | - Geraint M. H. Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (N.B.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-20-3549-5456
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Fung AA, Hoang K, Zha H, Chen D, Zhang W, Shi L. Imaging Sub-Cellular Methionine and Insulin Interplay in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Lipid Droplet Metabolism. Front Oncol 2022; 12:858017. [PMID: 35359364 PMCID: PMC8960266 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.858017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particularly aggressive cancer subtype that is difficult to diagnose due to its discriminating epidemiology and obscure metabolome. For the first time, 3D spatial and chemometric analyses uncover the unique lipid metabolome of TNBC under the tandem modulation of two key metabolites - insulin and methionine - using non-invasive optical techniques. By conjugating heavy water (D2O) probed Raman scattering with label-free two-photon fluorescence (TPF) microscopy, we observed altered de novo lipogenesis, 3D lipid droplet morphology, and lipid peroxidation under various methionine and insulin concentrations. Quantitative interrogation of both spatial and chemometric lipid metabolism under tandem metabolite modulation confirms significant interaction of insulin and methionine, which may prove to be critical therapeutic targets, and proposes a powerful optical imaging platform with subcellular resolution for metabolic and cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Khang Hoang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Honghao Zha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Derek Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Wenxu Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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47
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Who's Who? Discrimination of Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines by Raman and FTIR Microspectroscopy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020452. [PMID: 35053613 PMCID: PMC8773714 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Breast cancer is presently the leading cause of death in women worldwide. This study aims at identifying molecular biomarkers of cancer in human breast cancer cells, in order to differentiate highly aggressive triple-negative from non-triple-negative cancers, as well as distinct triple-negative subtypes, which is currently an unmet clinical need paramount for an improved patient care. (2) Raman and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) microspectroscopy state-of-the-art techniques were applied, as highly sensitive, specific and non-invasive methods for probing heterogeneous biological samples such as human cells. (3) Particular biochemical features of malignancy were unveiled based on the cells' vibrational signature, upon principal component analysis of the data. This enabled discrimination between TNBC (triple-negative breast cancer) and non-TNBC, TNBC MSL (mesenchymal stem cell-like) and TNBC BL1 (basal-like 1) and TNBC BL1 highly metastatic and low-metastatic cell lines. This specific differentiation between distinct TNBC subtypes-mesenchymal from basal-like, and basal-like 1 with high-metastatic potential from basal-like 1 with low-metastatic potential-is a pioneer result, of potential high impact in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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48
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Akbar S, Majeed MI, Nawaz H, Rashid N, Tariq A, Hameed W, Shakeel S, Dastgir G, Bari RZA, Iqbal M, Nawaz A, Akram M. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic (SERS) Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Fraction of the Serum of Breast Cancer Patients with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.2017948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Akbar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Tariq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Samra Shakeel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Dastgir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Zaki Abdul Bari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maham Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Akram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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