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Schram J, Parrilla M, Sleegers N, Slosse A, Van Durme F, van Nuijs ALN, De Wael K. Electrochemical classification of benzodiazepines: A comprehensive approach combining insights from voltammetry and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 279:126623. [PMID: 39084042 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The growing non-medical use of benzodiazepines (BZs) has led to the emergence of counterfeit BZ pills and new psycho-active substances (NPS) in the BZ class on the illicit market. Comprehensive analytical methods for BZ identification are required to allow law enforcement, first aid responders and drug-checking services to analyze a variety of sample types and contents to make timely decisions on the spot. In this work, the electrochemical behavior of diazepam (DZ), clonazepam (CZ) and alprazolam (AP) is studied on graphite screen-printed electrodes, both with and without dissolved oxygen in the solution, to link their redox signals to their chemical structure. After elucidation of their reduction mechanisms using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, three structural classes (Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3) were defined, each with different redox centers and electrochemical behavior. Subsequently, 22 confiscated pills containing 14 different BZs were correctly assigned to these three structural classes, with the deoxygenated conditions displaying the highest class selectivity. Finally, the three classes were successfully detected after being spiked into five alcoholic beverages in the context of drug-facilitated sexual assault. For analysis in red wine, which complicated the analysis by interfering with Class 1, a dual test strategy in pH 2 and pH 7 was proposed for accurate detection. Its rapid measurements, broad scope and lack of interference from diluents or colors makes this method a promising approach for aiding various services in combating problematic BZ use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schram
- A-Sense Lab, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Parrilla
- A-Sense Lab, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nick Sleegers
- A-Sense Lab, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amorn Slosse
- Drugs and Toxicology Department, National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Durme
- Drugs and Toxicology Department, National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Vilvoordsesteenweg 100, 1120, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Karolien De Wael
- A-Sense Lab, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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2
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Zhang YX, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Liu YJ, Ren A, Zhou Y, Shi D, Feng XS. Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods. J Pharm Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
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3
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Anilanmert B, Yonar FC. Speedy Gonzales analysis method in one drop of beverage, for crimes committed with drugs from three different groups. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:843-849. [PMID: 36862317 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Sertraline, zolpidem and fentanyl, are drugs with potential to be used in cases of rape, property theft and organ theft. In this study, a 15 min dilute-and-shoot analysis method was developed for the simultaneous confirmation and quantification of these drugs, using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), in the residues of fruit juice types (mixed fruit juice, cherry juice and apricot juice), frequently consumed soft drinks. A C18 phenomenex column (3 µm × 100 mm × 3 mm) was used in LC-MS/MS analysis. Validation parameters were determined by means of linearity, linear range, LOD, LOQ, repeatability and intermediate precision studies. The linearity of the method was shown up to 2.0 μgmL-1 concentration and r2 was ≥ 0.99, for each analyte. LOD and LOQ values were found in the ranges of 4.9-10.2 and 13.0-57.5 ngmL-1 for all the analytes. Accuracies were between 74 and 126%. HorRat values calculated (between 0.57 and 0.97), revealed that the inter-day precisions (RSD% ≤ 15.5%) are acceptable. The simultaneous extraction and determination of these analytes in beverage residues in very low amounts as 100 µL is challenging because of the difficulty arising from the different chemical properties, the complexity of mixed fruit juice matrix. The method is important for hospitals (especially in emergency-toxicology cases), criminal and special laboratories from the point of determining the combined or single use of these drugs in drug facilitated crimes (DFC) and finding out the reasons of deaths related to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beril Anilanmert
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Cavus Yonar
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Teoh WK, Mohamed Sadiq NS, Saisahas K, Phonchai A, Kunalan V, Md Muslim NZ, Limbut W, Abdullah AFL, Chang KH. Detection and discrimination of sedative-hypnotics in spiked beverage dry residues using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:75-85. [PMID: 36273275 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drugs-facilitated crimes (DFCs) involve the incapacitation of victims under the influence of drugs. Conventionally, a drug administration act is often determined through the examination of biological samples; however, dry residues from any surface, such as drinking glass if related to a DFC could be a potential source of evidence. This study was aimed to establish an attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for the determination of spiked sedative-hypnotics from dry residues of a drug-spiked beverage. In this study, four sedative-hypnotics, namely diazepam, ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine were examined using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Subsequently, the ATR-FTIR profiles were compared and decomposed by principal component analysis (PCA) followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for their detection and discrimination. Visual comparison of ATR-FTIR profiles revealed distinct spectra among the tested drugs. An initial unsupervised exploratory PCA model indicated the separation of four main sedative-hypnotics clusters, and the proposed PCA score-LDA model had allowed for a 100% accurate classification. Discrimination of sedative-hypnotics from a dry beverage previously spiked with these drugs was also possible upon an additional extraction procedure. In conclusion, ATR-FTIR coupled with PCA score-LDA model was useful in detecting and discriminating sedative-hypnotics, including those that had been previously spiked into a beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Way Koon Teoh
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Kasrin Saisahas
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Apichai Phonchai
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Vanitha Kunalan
- Department of Chemistry Malaysia (Headquarter), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Noor Zuhartini Md Muslim
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Shi L, Habib A, Bi L, Hong H, Begum R, Wen L. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Application and Prospective. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-50. [PMID: 36206159 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2124840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a formidable analytical tool for the analysis of non-polar to polar compounds individually and/or from mixtures, providing information on the molecular weights and chemical structures of the analytes. During the last more than one-decade, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) has developed quickly, producing a wide range of platforms and proving scientific improvements in a variety of domains, from biological imaging to quick quality control. These methods have made it possible to detect target analytes in real time without sample preparation in an open environment, and they can be connected to any MS system with an atmospheric pressure interface. They also have the ability to analyze explosives, illicit drugs, disease diagnostics, drugs in biological samples, adulterants in food and agricultural products, reaction progress, and environmental monitoring. The development of novel ambient ionization techniques, such as probe electrospray ionization, paper spray ionization, and fiber spray ionization, employed even at picolitre to femtolitre solution levels to provide femtogram to attogram levels of the target analytes. The special characteristic of this ambient ion source, which has been extensively used, is the noninvasive property of PESI of examination of biological real samples. The results in the current review supports the idea that AIMS has emerged as a pioneer in MS-based approaches and that methods will continue to be developed along with improvements to existing ones in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lei Bi
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Hong
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rockshana Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Luhong Wen
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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6
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Hu S, Yu J, Li J, Tang X, Tang K. Rapid Identification of Illicit Drugs Using Portable Thermal Desorption – Electrospray Ionization (TD-ESI) Ion Trap – Mass Spectrometry (IT-MS) with Two-Step Scanning. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2113792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shifu Hu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advcanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiancheng Yu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Banff Biotechnologies, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advcanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Ningbo, China
| | - Xu Tang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Keqi Tang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Advcanced Mass Spectrometry and Clinical Application, Ningbo, China
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7
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Teoh WK, Mohamed Sadiq NS, Saisahas K, Phoncai A, Kunalan V, Md Muslim NZ, Limbut W, Chang KH, Abdullah AFL. Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-gas chromatography (VADLLME-GC) determination of residual ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from drug-spiked beverages appearing in liquid, droplet, and dry forms. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1836-1845. [PMID: 35616477 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Presently, investigations of drug-facilitated crimes (DFCs) rely on the detection of substances extracted from biological samples following intake by the victim. However, such detection requires rapid sampling and analysis prior to metabolism and elimination of the drugs from the body. In cases of suspected DFCs, drug-spiked beverage samples, whether in liquid, droplet, or even dried form, can be tested for the presence of spike drugs and used as evidence for the occurrence of DFCs. This study aimed to quantitatively determine three sedative-hypnotics (ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine) from drug-spiked beverages using a vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-gas chromatography (VADLLME-GC) approach. In this study, a GC method was first developed and validated, followed by the optimization of the VADLLME protocol, which was then applied to quantify the target substances in simulated forensic case scenarios. The developed GC method was selective, sensitive (limit of detection: 0.08 μg/ml [ketamine]; 0.16 μg/ml [nimetazepam]; 0.08 μg/ml [xylazine]), linear (R2 > 0.99), precise (%RSD <7.2%), and accurate (% recovery: 92.8%-103.5%). Higher recoveries were achieved for the three drugs from beverage samples in liquid form (51%-97%) as compared to droplet (48%-96%) and dried (44%-93%) residues. The recovery was not hindered by very low volumes of spiked beverage and dried residues. In conclusion, the developed VADLLME-GC method successfully recovered ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from spiked beverages that are likely to be encountered during forensic investigation of DFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Way Koon Teoh
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Kasrin Saisahas
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Apichai Phoncai
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Vanitha Kunalan
- Narcotics Division, Forensic Science Analysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Noor Zuhartini Md Muslim
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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8
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Teoh WK, Mohamed Sadiq NS, Saisahas K, Phoncai A, Kunalan V, Md Muslim NZ, Limbut W, Abdullah AFL, Chang KH. Simultaneous detection of residual diazepam, ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine by high-performance liquid chromatography: application in drug-spiked beverages for forensic investigation. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2022.2067231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Way Koon Teoh
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Kasrin Saisahas
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Apichai Phoncai
- Division of Health And Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Vanitha Kunalan
- Department of Chemistry, Narcotics Division, Forensic Science Analysis Centre, Jalan Sultan, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Noor Zuhartini Md Muslim
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Division of Health And Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (Tab-coe), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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9
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All solid-state miniaturized potentiometric sensors for flunitrazepam determination in beverages. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:192. [PMID: 34008054 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Flunitrazepam is one of the frequently used hypnotic drugs to incapacitate victims for sexual assault. Appropriate diagnostic tools should be available to victims regarding the growing concern about "date-rape drugs" and their adverse impact on society. Miniaturized screen-printed potentiometric sensors offer crucial point-of-care devices that alleviate this serious problem. In this study, all solid-state screen-printed potentiometric flunitrazepam sensors have been designed. The paper device was printed with silver and carbon ink. Formation of an aqueous layer in the interface between carbon-conducting material and ion-sensing membrane nevertheless poses low reproducibility in the solid-contact electrodes. Accordingly, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDT) nano-dispersion was applied as a conducting hydrophobic polymer on the electrode surface to curb water accumulation. Conditioning of ion-sensing membrane in the vicinity of reference membrane has been considered carefully using special protocol. Electrochemical characteristics of the proposed PEDT-based sensor were calculated and compared favorably to PEDT-free one. The miniaturized device was successfully used for the determination of flunitrazepam in carbonated soft drinks, energy drink, and malt beverage. Statistical comparison between the proposed sensor and official method revealed no significant difference. Nevertheless, the proposed sensor provides simple and user-friendly diagnostic tool with less equipment for on-site determination of flunitrazepam.
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10
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Vincenti F, Montesano C, Babino P, Carboni S, Napoletano S, De Sangro G, Di Rosa F, Gregori A, Curini R, Sergi M. Finding evidence at a crime scene: Sensitive determination of benzodiazepine residues in drink and food paraphernalia by HPLC-HRMS/MS. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Asiabar BM, Karimi MA, Tavallali H, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M. Application of MnFe2O4 and AuNPs modified CPE as a sensitive flunitrazepam electrochemical sensor. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Mohammadnia MS, Naghian E, Ghalkhani M, Nosratzehi F, Adib K, Zahedi MM, Nasrabadi MR, Ahmadi F. Fabrication of a new electrochemical sensor based on screen-printed carbon electrode/amine-functionalized graphene oxide-Cu nanoparticles for Rohypnol direct determination in drink sample. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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A noble electrochemical sensor based on TiO2@CuO-N-rGO and poly (L-cysteine) nanocomposite applicable for trace analysis of flunitrazepam. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Borden SA, Palaty J, Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Cappiello A, Gill CG, Palma P. MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING STRATEGIES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:703-744. [PMID: 32048319 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been the "gold standard" for drugs of abuse (DoA) analysis for many decades because of the selectivity and sensitivity it affords. Recent progress in all aspects of mass spectrometry has seen significant developments in the field of DoA analysis. Mass spectrometry is particularly well suited to address the rapidly proliferating number of very high potency, novel psychoactive substances that are causing an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. This review surveys advancements in the areas of sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the rapidly emerging field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. We have predominantly targeted literature progress over the past ten years and present our outlook for the future. © 2020 Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jan Palaty
- LifeLabs Medical Laboratories, Burnaby, BC, V3W 1H8, Canada
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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15
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Ghanbari MH, Norouzi Z, Ghanbari MM. Using a nanocomposite consist of Boron-doped reduced graphene oxide and electropolymerized β-cyclodextrin for Flunitrazepam electrochemical sensor. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Lotz F, Gerbig S, Lotze C, Spengler B, Schulz S. Autarkic desorption electrospray ionization source for on-site analysis of consumer goods. Analyst 2020; 145:5584-5593. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00713g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A battery-powered DESI source with integrated solvent/gas supply and novel sampling geometry is presented for daily-goods analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lotz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Germany
| | - Stefanie Gerbig
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Germany
| | - Christian Lotze
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Germany
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Germany
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17
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Cheng SC, Tsai YD, Lee CW, Chen BH, Shiea J. Direct and rapid characterization of illicit drugs in adulterated samples using thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:451-459. [PMID: 30987716 PMCID: PMC9296208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods and drinks have been adulterated with illicit drugs to facilitate criminal activities. Unfortunately, conventional analytical methods are incapable of rapidly characterizing these drugs in samples, as serious interferences from sample matrices must be removed through tedious and time-consuming pretreatment. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AMS) generally does not require sample pretreatment and is thus a suitable tool for directly and rapidly detecting illicit drugs in samples in different physical states. In this study, thermal desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TD-ESI/MS), an AMS technique, was utilized to efficiently characterize illicit drugs spiked in samples including drinks, powders, and jelly candies. To perform sensitive analysis, the mass analyzer was operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode to monitor the molecular and fragment ions of the target analytes. The time required to complete a typical TD-ESI/MS analysis was less than 30 s. The limits of detection (LODs) for illicit drugs were found to be 100 ppb in drinks, 100–1000 ppb in instant powders, and 1.3–6.5 ng/mm2 on stamp surfaces. FM2 and nitrazepam laced in the inner layer of a jelly candy were detected by TD-ESI/MS, showcasing the advantage of the technique for direct and rapid analysis as opposed to conventional methods.
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Lab-on-a-screen-printed electrochemical cell for drop-volume voltammetric screening of flunitrazepam in untreated, undiluted alcoholic and soft drinks. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 132:136-142. [PMID: 30870640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flunitrazepam, also known as "Rohypnol" or "Rophy" among other trade and street names, is an extremely potent benzodiazepine that is prescribed to treat severe insomnia. Due to these attributes, flunitrazepam, when is surreptitiously administered to an alcoholic or soft drink, is associated with "drug-facilitated sexual assault". We report here for the first time, a low cost lab-on-a-screen-printed electrochemical cell (SPC) based on iron-sparked graphite working electrode modified with glucose oxidase (GOx) and glucose hydrogel droplets (GluHD) for the detection of flunitrazepam. Iron-spark modification increases the response of the sensor by ca. 3-fold compared with that of the plain electrode, while an in situ deoxygenation process, based on GOx-glucose enzyme reaction, depletes dissolved oxygen. As a result, the method enables interference free voltammetric measurements of the electro reduction of the nitro group of flunitrazepam at ca. -0.71 to -0.78 V vs. Ag printed pseudo reference electrode depending on the sample's matrix, and the detection of the drug at the sub-millimolar level. GOx/GluHD-FeSPC was directly applied to the drop-volume (∼60 μL) detection of flunitrazepam to a wide range of untreated and undiluted spiked samples (Pepsi cola®, Vodka, Whisky, Tequila, Gin, and Rum) of different acidity (pH 2.3-8.4), and alcohol content up to 40% v/v. Data demonstrate the excellent performance of the sensor for point-of-need screening of flunitrazepam and suggest that GOx/GluHD-FeSPC holds promise as an effective analytical tool to prevent phenomena of covert drug administration.
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Wang S, Wang W, Li H, Xing Y, Hou K, Li H. Rapid On-Site Detection of Illegal Drugs in Complex Matrix by Thermal Desorption Acetone-Assisted Photoionization Miniature Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3845-3851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Li
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, 249 Jiaochang North Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuming Xing
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, 249 Jiaochang North Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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20
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de Paula C, Jurisch M, Piccin E, Augusti R. Recognizing drug-facilitated crimes: Detection and quantification of benzodiazepines in beverages using fast liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning and paper spray mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1348-1357. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila de Paula
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marina Jurisch
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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21
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ZIF-67 Templated Synthesis of Nanoporous Carbon as an Efficient Adsorbent for Preconcentration of Flunitrazepam from Beverage Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Wu Q, Cheng S, Wang C, Li X, Li Z, Hao C. Magnetic porous carbon derived from a zinc-cobalt metal-organic framework: A adsorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction of flunitrazepam. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS)-UHPLC-UV: A simple and efficient method for the determination of five benzodiazepines in an alcoholic beverage. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Famiglini G, Termopoli V, Palma P, Cappiello A. Liquid chromatography-electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry with the Direct-EI interface in the fast determination of diazepam and flunitrazepam in alcoholic beverages. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Famiglini
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
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25
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Cheng S, Wang J, Cai Y, Loo JA, Chen H. Enhancing Performance of Liquid Sample Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using Trap and Capillary Columns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 392:73-79. [PMID: 27239159 PMCID: PMC4878830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) is a recent and important advance in the field that has extensive applications in surface analysis of solid samples but has also been extended to analysis of liquid samples. The liquid sample DESI typically employs a piece of fused silica capillary to transfer liquid sample for ionization. In this study, we present the improvement of liquid sample DESI-MS by replacing the sample transfer silica capillary with a trap column filled with chromatographic stationary phase materials (e.g., C4, C18). This type of trap column/liquid sample DESI can be used for trace analysis of organics and biomolecules such as proteins/peptides (in nM concentration) in high salt content matrices. Furthermore, when the sample transfer capillary is modified with enzyme covalently bound on its inside capillary wall, fast digestion (< 6 min) of proteins such as phosphoproteins can be achieved and the online digested proteins can be directly ionized using DESI with high sensitivity. The latter is ascribed to the freedom to select favorable spray solvent for the DESI analysis. Our data shows that liquid sample DESI-MS with a modified sample transfer capillary has significantly expanded its utility in bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Cheng
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA ; Department of forensic science, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing, Jiang Su, 210031, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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Famiglini G, Capriotti F, Palma P, Termopoli V, Cappiello A. The Rapid Measurement of Benzodiazepines in a Milk-Based Alcoholic Beverage Using QuEChERS Extraction and GC-MS Analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:306-12. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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27
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Emerging Contaminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63340-8.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Sáiz J, Ortega-Ojeda F, López-Melero L, Montalvo G, García-Ruiz C. Electrophoretic fingerprinting of benzodiazepine tablets in spike drinks. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3250-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sáiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Fernando Ortega-Ojeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Lucía López-Melero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Gema Montalvo
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
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29
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Electroanalytical Sensing of Flunitrazepam Based on Screen Printed Graphene Electrodes. CHEMOSENSORS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors1030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Da Costa C, Reynolds JC, Whitmarsh S, Lynch T, Creaser CS. The quantitative surface analysis of an antioxidant additive in a lubricant oil matrix by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:2420-2424. [PMID: 24097398 PMCID: PMC3824236 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chemical additives are incorporated into commercial lubricant oils to modify the physical and chemical properties of the lubricant. The quantitative analysis of additives in oil-based lubricants deposited on a surface without extraction of the sample from the surface presents a challenge. The potential of desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) for the quantitative surface analysis of an oil additive in a complex oil lubricant matrix without sample extraction has been evaluated. METHODS The quantitative surface analysis of the antioxidant additive octyl (4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)propionate in an oil lubricant matrix was carried out by DESI-MS in the presence of 2-(pentyloxy)ethyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate as an internal standard. A quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer fitted with an in-house modified ion source enabling non-proximal DESI-MS was used for the analyses. RESULTS An eight-point calibration curve ranging from 1 to 80 µg/spot of octyl (4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)propionate in an oil lubricant matrix and in the presence of the internal standard was used to determine the quantitative response of the DESI-MS method. The sensitivity and repeatability of the technique were assessed by conducting replicate analyses at each concentration. The limit of detection was determined to be 11 ng/mm(2) additive on spot with relative standard deviations in the range 3-14%. CONCLUSIONS The application of DESI-MS to the direct, quantitative surface analysis of a commercial lubricant additive in a native oil lubricant matrix is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Da Costa
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - James C Reynolds
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Samuel Whitmarsh
- Castrol, Technology CentreWhitchurch Hill, Pangbourne, Reading, RG8 7QR, UK
| | - Tom Lynch
- Castrol, Technology CentreWhitchurch Hill, Pangbourne, Reading, RG8 7QR, UK
| | - Colin S Creaser
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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31
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Krieger S, Hayen H, Schmitz OJ. Quantification of coumarin in cinnamon and woodruff beverages using DIP-APCI-MS and LC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8337-45. [PMID: 23912829 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of the direct inlet probe-atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (DIP-APCI) ion source developed in our laboratory coupled to a high resolution Q-TOF MS for the quantitative analysis of coumarin in different cinnamon samples was demonstrated in this study. Extraction of coumarin from various cinnamon samples was followed by DIP-APCI-mass spectrometry (MS) and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS analysis. For quantification, an external calibration with and without the use of stable isotope-labeled coumarin as internal standard was compared. The results obtained by DIP-APCI-MS and LC-MS were in good agreement. Even without the use of an internal standard satisfying linearity (R(2) > 0.997), recovery (94-104% for spiking levels between 100 and 5,000 mg/kg) and intra- and interday repeatability (2.2-13.8%RSD) was demonstrated using DIP-APCI-MS. To reduce the number of samples requiring quantitative analysis, the possibility of semi-quantitative screening of coumarin directly from powdered cinnamon using DIP-APCI-MS was shown. The analysis of woodruff-flavored beverages and cinnamon-flavored chewing gum by DIP-APCI-MS resulted in the formation of an artifact interfering with coumarin detection. As with other ambient ionization methods, special attention has to be paid to possible spectral interferences due to isobaric substances present in the sample matrix or formed from matrix components after ionization. The temperature-programmed vaporization in DIP-APCI-MS combined with the use of stable isotope-labeled coumarin as internal standard helped in recognizing this interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Krieger
- Institute for Pure and Applied Mass Spectrometry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
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Morelato M, Beavis A, Kirkbride P, Roux C. Forensic applications of desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). Forensic Sci Int 2013; 226:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Monge ME, Harris GA, Dwivedi P, Fernández FM. Mass Spectrometry: Recent Advances in Direct Open Air Surface Sampling/Ionization. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2269-308. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Monge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Glenn A. Harris
- Department
of Biochemistry and
the Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Prabha Dwivedi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
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Smith JP, Metters JP, Kampouris DK, Lledo-Fernandez C, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. Forensic electrochemistry: the electroanalytical sensing of Rohypnol® (flunitrazepam) using screen-printed graphite electrodes without recourse for electrode or sample pre-treatment. Analyst 2013; 138:6185-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vircks KE, Mulligan CC. Rapid screening of synthetic cathinones as trace residues and in authentic seizures using a portable mass spectrometer equipped with desorption electrospray ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2665-2672. [PMID: 23124656 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recently, the surge in synthetic cathinone abuse has become a matter of public concern. With the influx of confiscated synthetic cathinones dramatically on the rise, laboratory workloads are expected to increase at a similar rate. This prompts the need for rapid analytical methods capable of detecting and identifying such compounds. METHODS A ruggedized, portable ion trap mass spectrometer capable of desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was used to rapidly characterize various synthetic cathinones. Target analytes were directly analyzed as trace residues on various substrates and as major components in authentic, powder-based forensic evidence. Physical transfer swabs can also be examined with this method, allowing efficient screening of large areas and geometrically complex samples. RESULTS Method validity was tested on trace residues, mock forensic samples, and authentic evidentiary seizures, yielding low- to sub-ng detection limits from several substrates of interest to crime scene investigation. Analyte confirmation was accomplished through MS(2) analysis, providing characteristic fragmentation similar to that reported in literature. High-throughput analysis was demonstrated with no significant instrumental carryover, even for powdered samples. The robustness of this DESI-MS method to multi-component samples was examined, marked by high chemical specificity. CONCLUSIONS Coupling DESI-MS with portable instrumentation allowed sensitive and selective examination of synthetic cathinones from various substrates, in complex mixtures, and directly from mock and authentic forensic evidence. This instrumental method has the potential to assess the evidentiary value of forensic samples at crime scenes, reducing backlogs and expediting criminal investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Vircks
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
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