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Wang Y, Guo T, Fan Y, Zhang L, Guo Z, Cheng P, Lan J, Liu Q, Hou X. Anthropocene 129I Record in the Yellow Sea Sediments and Its Indication for River-Delivered Radioactive Pollution to Marginal Seas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12633-12642. [PMID: 38958591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
As the number of coastal nuclear facilities rapidly increases and the wastewater from the Fukushima Nuclear Plant has been discharged into the Pacific Ocean, the nuclear environmental safety of China's marginal seas is gaining increased attention along with the heightened potential risk of nuclear accidents. However, insufficient work limits our understanding of the impact of human nuclear activities on the Yellow Sea (YS) and the assessment of their environmental process. This study first reports the 129I and 127I records of posthuman nuclear activities in the two YS sediments. Source identification of anthropogenic 129I reveals that, in addition to the gaseous 129I release and re-emission of oceanic 129I discharged from the European Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants (NFRPs), the Chinese nuclear weapons testing fallout along with the global fallout is an additional 129I input for the continental shelf of the YS. The 129I/127I atomic ratios in the North YS (NYS) sediment are significantly higher than those in the other adjacent coastal areas, attributed to the significant riverine input of particulate 129I by the Yellow River. Furthermore, we found a remarkable 129I latitudinal disparity in the sediments than those in the seawaters in the various China seas, revealing that sediments in China's marginal seas already received a huge anthropogenic 129I from terrigenous sources via rivers and thus became a significant sink of anthropogenic 129I. This study broadens an insight into the potential impacts of terrigenous anthropogenic pollution on the Chinese coastal marine radioactive ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Wang
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tianfeng Guo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yukun Fan
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Luyuan Zhang
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jianghu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
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Zhang L, Chen N, Hou X, Han Y, Zhang T, Lei D, Zhou W, An Z, Cheng P, Lan J, Tan L, Liu Q, Liu H, Jiang H, Hu Y, Tang L, Wang T. Reconstructing atmospheric 129I deposition over 170 years with the varved sediment in the Sihailongwan Maar Lake, northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172031. [PMID: 38552985 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Long-term deposition of atmospheric radioactive iodine-129 (129I) is important for assessing the impact of human nuclear activities (HNAs), but still not well understood in East Asia. In this study, we quantitatively reconstructed the deposition history of airborne 129I using varved sediment from Sihailongwan Maar Lake (SHLW) in northeast China. Our results revealed significant increases in 129I concentrations and 129I/127I atomic ratios since the 1950s, indicating the influence of HNAs on the environment and marking the onset of the Anthropocene. The variation of 129I in the investigated site can be primarily attributed to the global fallout of ANWT as well as nuclear fuel reprocessing in Europe, Russia and the USA. Notably, neither the Chernobyl nor the Fukushima nuclear accidents have had any discernable impact on the SHLW Lake. Over the past 170 years (1846-2021), the reconstructed fluxes indicate a rapid increase in 129I deposition from the early 1950s until the 1970s followed by dramatic changes thereafter. The measured 129I fluxes range between (1.26-349) × 109 atoms m-2 yr-1 in the SHLW Lake, which are consistent with similar latitude zones across East Asia, but differ significantly from those observed in high-elevation glaciers within the Northern Hemisphere due to prevailing atmospheric circulation patterns. The total 129I inventory was calculated to be 11.9 × 1012 atoms m-2, with natural and anthropogenic 129I accounting for 2.86 % and 97.1 %, respectively, suggesting an overwhelming artificial contribution. The reconstructed fluxes and inventory of atmospheric 129I deposition quantitatively distinguish the natural and artificial contributions, and provide a novel insight into the historical environmental impact of HNAs in East Asia and the characteristics of the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China.
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dewen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China
| | - Zhisheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China
| | - Jianghu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China
| | - Liangcheng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Ali S, Baloch SB, Bernas J, Konvalina P, Onyebuchi EF, Naveed M, Ali H, Jamali ZH, Nezhad MTK, Mustafa A. Phytotoxicity of radionuclides: A review of sources, impacts and remediation strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117479. [PMID: 37884073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Various anthropogenic activities and natural sources contribute to the presence of radioactive materials in the environment, posing a serious threat to phytotoxicity. Contamination of soil and water by radioactive isotopes degrades the environmental quality and biodiversity. They persist in soils for a considerable amount of time and disturb the fauna and flora of any affected area. Hence, their removal from the contaminated medium is inevitable to prevent their entry into the food chain and the organisms at higher levels of the food chain. Physicochemical methods for radioactive element remediation are effective; however, they are not eco-friendly, can be expensive and impractical for large-scale remediation. Contrastingly, different bioremediation approaches, such as phytoremediation using appropriate plant species for removing the radionuclides from the polluted sites, and microbe-based remediation, represent promising alternatives for cleanup. In this review, sources of radionuclides in soil as well as their hazardous impacts on plants are discussed. Moreover, various conventional physicochemical approaches used for remediation discussed in detail. Similarly, the effectiveness and superiority of various bioremediation approaches, such as phytoremediation and microbe-based remediation, over traditional approaches have been explained in detail. In the end, future perspectives related to enhancing the efficiency of the phytoremediation process have been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzaib Ali
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sadia Babar Baloch
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Bernas
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Konvalina
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eze Festus Onyebuchi
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Ali
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Zameer Hussain Jamali
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mohammad Tahsin Karimi Nezhad
- Department of Forest Ecology, The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental 13 Gardening, Lidicka, 25/27, Brno, 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Adnan Mustafa
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Fan Y, Xu H, Hou X, Zhou W, Zhang L, Chen N. Isotopic Evidence Unveils Fossil Fuels Contribution to Atmospheric Iodine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20773-20780. [PMID: 37906162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a crucial nutrient for public health, and its presence in the terrestrial atmosphere is a key factor in determining the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. While oceanic iodine emissions decrease at lower sea surface temperatures, the primary contributors to atmospheric iodine can vary from oceanic sources in the summer to other sources in winter. However, the specific sources and their respective contributions have remained unexplored. Fortunately, the atomic ratio of 129I to 127I significantly differs between nuclear activity and fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, which formed millions to billions of years ago. This distinction makes 129I a valuable tool for identifying iodine sources. In our study, we analyzed iodine isotopes and incorporated additional indicators such as element content in PM2.5 samples. Our findings reveal, for the first time, that in winter inland areas, fuel oil, alongside coal combustion, is a significant source of atmospheric iodine. This research enhances our comprehension of the impact of human activities on iodine levels in the environment. This understanding is crucial not only for addressing iodine deficiency-related health concerns but also for comprehending stratospheric ozone depletion, a phenomenon closely associated with atmospheric iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Fan
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Luyuan Zhang
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of AMS Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
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5
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Cheng K, Li H, Wang JR, Li PZ, Zhao Y. From Supramolecular Organic Cages to Porous Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhancing Iodine Adsorption Capability by Fully Exposed Nitrogen-Rich Sites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301998. [PMID: 37162443 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to overcome the limitations of supramolecular organic cages for their incomplete accessibility of active sites in the solid state and uneasy recyclability in liquid solution, herein a nitrogen-rich organic cage is rationally linked into framework systems and four isoreticular covalent organic frameworks (COFs), that is, Cage-TFB-COF, Cage-NTBA-COF, Cage-TFPB-COF, and Cage-TFPT-COF, are successfully synthesized. Structure determination reveals that they are all high-quality crystalline materials derived from the eclipsed packing of related isoreticular two-dimensional frameworks. Since the nitrogen-rich sites usually have a high affinity toward iodine species, iodine adsorption investigations are carried out and the results show that all of them display an enhancement in iodine adsorption capacities. Especially, Cage-NTBA-COF exhibits an iodine adsorption capacity of 304 wt%, 14-fold higher than the solid sample packed from the cage itself. The strong interactions between the nitrogen-rich sites and the adsorbed iodine species are revealed by spectral analyses. This work demonstrates that, utilizing the reticular chemistry strategy to extend the close-packed supramolecular organic cages into crystalline porous framework solids, their inherent properties can be greatly exploited for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Ji'nan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hailian Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Ji'nan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Rui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Ji'nan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Zhou Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Ji'nan, 250100, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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Yadav A, Chong S, Riley BJ, McCloy JS, Goel A. Iodine Capture by Ag-Loaded Solid Sorbents Followed by Ag Recycling and Iodine Immobilization: An End-to-End Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Saehwa Chong
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Brian J. Riley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - John S. McCloy
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ashutosh Goel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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7
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Hao Y, Tian Z, Liu C, Xiao C. Recent advances in the removal of radioactive iodine by bismuth-based materials. Front Chem 2023; 11:1122484. [PMID: 36762197 PMCID: PMC9902955 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1122484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the demand for nuclear power is continue increasing due to its safety, cleanliness, and high economic benefits. Radioactive iodine from nuclear accidents and nuclear waste treatment processes poses a threat to humans and the environment. Therefore, the capture and storage of radioactive iodine are vital. Bismuth-based (Bi-based) materials have drawn much attention as low-toxicity and economical materials for removing and immobilizing iodine. Recent advances in adsorption and immobilization of vapor iodine by the Bi-based materials are discussed in this review, in addition with the removal of iodine from solution. It points out the neglected areas in this research topic and provides suggestions for further development and application of Bi-based materials in the removal of radioactive iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxun Hao
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjiang Tian
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuanying Liu
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Chuanying Liu, ; Chengliang Xiao,
| | - Chengliang Xiao
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, China,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Chuanying Liu, ; Chengliang Xiao,
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8
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Iodine isotopes in surface water in the Northeast Asia. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Li Y, Li Z, Li R, Wang H, Zhao Y, Pei Y, Wang J. Highly efficient triiodide ion adsorption from water by ionic liquid hybrid metal-organic frameworks. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Highly stable iodine capture by pillared montmorillonite functionalized Bi2O3@g-C3N4 nanosheets. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Xie Y, Pan T, Lei Q, Chen C, Dong X, Yuan Y, Maksoud WA, Zhao L, Cavallo L, Pinnau I, Han Y. Efficient and simultaneous capture of iodine and methyl iodide achieved by a covalent organic framework. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2878. [PMID: 35610232 PMCID: PMC9130143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Radioactive molecular iodine (I2) and organic iodides, mainly methyl iodide (CH3I), coexist in the off-gas stream of nuclear power plants at low concentrations, whereas few adsorbents can effectively adsorb low-concentration I2 and CH3I simultaneously. Here we demonstrate that the I2 adsorption can occur on various adsorptive sites and be promoted through intermolecular interactions. The CH3I adsorption capacity is positively correlated with the content of strong binding sites but is unrelated to the textural properties of the adsorbent. These insights allow us to design a covalent organic framework to simultaneously capture I2 and CH3I at low concentrations. The developed material, COF-TAPT, combines high crystallinity, a large surface area, and abundant nucleophilic groups and exhibits a record-high static CH3I adsorption capacity (1.53 g·g−1 at 25 °C). In the dynamic mixed-gas adsorption with 150 ppm of I2 and 50 ppm of CH3I, COF-TAPT presents an excellent total iodine capture capacity (1.51 g·g−1), surpassing various benchmark adsorbents. This work deepens the understanding of I2/CH3I adsorption mechanisms, providing guidance for the development of novel adsorbents for related applications. Radioactive molecular iodine (I2) and methyl iodide (CH3I) coexist in the off-gas stream of nuclear power plants at low concentrations and only few adsorbents can effectively adsorb low-concentration I2 and CH3I simultaneously. Here, the authors demonstrate simultaneous capture of I2 and CH3I at low concentrations by exploiting different adsorptive sites in a covalent organic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiang Xie
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tingting Pan
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiong Lei
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cailing Chen
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xinglong Dong
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youyou Yuan
- Imaging and Characterization Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid Al Maksoud
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ingo Pinnau
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. .,KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Sun S, Sha X, Liang J, Yang G, Hu X, He Z, Liu M, Zhou N, Zhang X, Wei Y. Rapid synthesis of polyimidazole functionalized MXene via microwave-irradiation assisted multi-component reaction and its iodine adsorption performance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126580. [PMID: 34252673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption applications of MXene-based adsorbents have intensively investigated recently. However, the performance of MXene-based adsorbents has been largely limited owing to their lack of functional groups and adsorptive sites. Therefore, surface functionalization of MXene is an important route to achieve better performance for environmental adsorption. Herein, polyionic liquid functionalized MXene (named as MXene-PIL) was prepared through a multi-component reaction and adsorptive removal of iodine by MXene-PIL was also evaluated. The successful generation of PIL on MXene was confirmed by a series of characterization measurements. Furthermore, the effects of contact time, iodine concentration, environmental temperature and other factors on the adsorption performance of MXene-PIL were investigated. Adsorption kinetic analysis including pseudo-first-order dynamic model, pseudo-second-order dynamic model and Weber-Morris model, adsorption thermodynamic analysis such as Langmuir and Freundlich models and Van't Hoff equation were used for further analysis the adsorption behavior of iodine by MXene-PIL. We demonstrated that the adsorption capacity could be as high as about 170 mg/g, which is obviously larger than the unmodified MXene and most of other reported adsorbents. Taken together, a simple strategy has been developed for in-situ generation of PIL on MXene and the resultant composites show potential application for adsorptive removal of iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xuefeng Sha
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ziyang He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Meiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Naigen Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Yen Wei
- Department of Chemistry and the Tsinghua Center for Frontier Polymer Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Yan L, Le QV, Sonne C, Yang Y, Yang H, Gu H, Ma NL, Lam SS, Peng W. Phytoremediation of radionuclides in soil, sediments and water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124771. [PMID: 33388721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil and water contaminated with radionuclides threaten the environment and public health during leaks from nuclear power plants. Remediation of radionuclides at the contaminated sites uses mainly physical and chemical methods such as vitrification, chemical immobilization, electro-kinetic remediation and soil excavation, capping and washing being among the preferred methods. These traditional technologies are however costly and less suitable for dealing with large-area pollution. In contrast to this, cost-effective and environment-friendly alternatives such as phytoremediation using plants to remove radionuclides from polluted sites in situ represent promising alternatives for environmental cleanup. Understanding the physiology and molecular mechanisms of radionuclides accumulation in plants is essential to optimize and improve this new remediation technology. Here, we give an overview of radionuclide contamination in the environment and biochemical characteristics for uptake, transport, and compartmentation of radionuclides in plants that characterize phytoextraction and its efficiency. Phytoextraction is an eco-friendly and efficient method for environmental removal of radionuclides at contaminated sites such as mine tailings. Selecting the most proper plant for the specific purpose, however, is important to obtain the best result together with, for example, applying soil amendments such as citric acid. In addition, using genetic engineering and optimizing agronomic management practices including regulation of atmospheric CO2 concentration, reasonable measures of fertilization and rational water management are important as well. For future application, the technique needs commercialization in order to fully exploit the technique at mining activities and nuclear industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yan
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Christian Sonne
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark.
| | - Yafeng Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Han Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Haiping Gu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wanxi Peng
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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14
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Ota M, Terada H, Hasegawa H, Kakiuchi H. Processes affecting land-surface dynamics of 129I impacted by atmospheric 129I releases from a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135319. [PMID: 31896232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial environments impacted by atmospheric releases of 129I from nuclear plants become contaminated with 129I; however, the relative importance of each land-surface 129I-transfer pathway in the process of the contamination is not well understood. In this study, transfers of 129I in an atmosphere-vegetation-soil system are modeled and incorporated into an existing land-surface model (SOLVEG-II). The model was also applied to the observed transfer of 129I at a vegetated field impacted by atmospheric releases of 129I (as gaseous I2 and CH3I) from the Rokkasho reprocessing plant, Japan, during 2007. Results from the model calculation and inter-comparison of the results with the measured environmental samples provide insights into the relative importance of each 129I-transfer pathway in the processes of 129I contamination of leaves and soil. The model calculation revealed that contamination of leaves of wild bamboo grasses was mostly caused by foliar adsorption of inorganic 129I (81%) following wet deposition of 129I. In contrast, accumulation of 129I in the leaf due to foliar uptake of atmospheric 129I2 (2%) was lesser. Root uptake of soil 129I was low, accounted for 17% of the 129I of the leaf. The low root-uptake of 129I in spite of the 129I contained in the soil was ascribed to the fact that the most fraction (over 90%) of the soil 129I existed in "soil-fixed" (not plant-available) form. Regarding the 129I-transfer to the soil, wet deposition of 129I was ten-fold more effective than dry deposition of atmospheric 129I2; however, the deposition of 129I during the year represented only 2% of the model-assumed 129I that pre-existed in the soil; indicating the importance of long-term accumulation of 129I in terrestrial environments. The model calculation also revealed that root uptake of inorganic 129I can be more influential than volatilization by methylation in exportation of 129I from soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ota
- Research Group for Environmental Science, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Terada
- Research Group for Environmental Science, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hidenao Hasegawa
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
| | - Hideki Kakiuchi
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3212, Japan
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15
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Querfeld R, Pasi AE, Shozugawa K, Vockenhuber C, Synal HA, Steier P, Steinhauser G. Radionuclides in surface waters around the damaged Fukushima Daiichi NPP one month after the accident: Evidence of significant tritium release into the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:451-456. [PMID: 31279192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Following the Fukushima nuclear accident (2011), radionuclides mostly of volatile elements (e.g., 131I, 134,137Cs, 132Te) have been investigated frequently for their presence in the atmosphere, pedosphere, biosphere, and the Pacific Ocean. Smaller releases of radionuclides with intermediate volatility, (e.g., 90Sr), have been reported for soil. However, few reports have been published which targeted the contamination of surface (fresh) waters in Japan soon after the accident. In the present study, 10 surface water samples (collected on April 10, 2011) have been screened for their radionuclide content (3H, 90Sr, 129I, 134Cs, and 137Cs), revealing partly unusually high contamination levels. Especially high tritium levels (184 ± 2 Bq·L-1; the highest levels ever reported in scientific literature after Fukushima) were found in a puddle water sample from close to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The ratios between paddy/puddle water from one location only a few meters apart vary around 1% for 134Cs, 12% for 129I (131I), and around 40% for both 3H and 90Sr. This illustrates the adsorption of radiocesium on natural minerals and radioiodine on organic substances (in the rice paddy), whereas the concentration differences of 3H and 90Sr between the two waters are mainly dilution driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Querfeld
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Elina Pasi
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany; Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katsumi Shozugawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | | | - Hans-Arno Synal
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Steier
- Faculty of Physics, Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Yang G, Tazoe H, Yamada M. Improved approach for routine monitoring of 129I activity and 129I/127I atom ratio in environmental samples using TMAH extraction and ICP-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1008:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Humphrey OS, Young SD, Bailey EH, Crout NMJ, Ander EL, Watts MJ. Iodine soil dynamics and methods of measurement: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:288-310. [PMID: 29302664 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00491e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human health: insufficient intake can have multiple effects on development and growth, affecting approximately 1.9 billion people worldwide. Previous reviews have focussed on iodine analysis in environmental and biological samples, however, no such review exists for the determination of iodine fractionation and speciation in soils. This article reviews the geodynamics of both stable 127I and the long-lived isotope 129I (t1/2 = 15.7 million years), alongside the analytical methods for determining iodine concentrations in soils, including consideration of sample preparation. The ability to measure total iodine concentration in soils has developed significantly from rudimentary spectrophotometric analysis methods to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analysis with ICP-MS has been reported as the best method for determining iodine concentrations in a range of environmental samples and soils due to developments in extraction procedures and sensitivity, with extremely good detection limits typically <μg L-1. The ability of ICP-MS to measure iodine and its capabilities to couple on-line separation tools has the significance to develop the understanding of iodine geodynamics. In addition, nuclear-related analysis and recent synchrotron light source analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Humphrey
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
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18
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Whitney SM, Biegalski S, Buchholz B. Analyzing Nuclear Fuel Cycles from Isotopic Ratios of Waste Products Applicable to Measurement by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. NUCL SCI ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nse07-a2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Whitney
- The University of Texas at Austin, J. J. Pickle Research Campus Nuclear Engineering Teaching Laboratory 1 University Station Stop R9000, Austin, Texas 78741
| | - Steven Biegalski
- The University of Texas at Austin, J. J. Pickle Research Campus Nuclear Engineering Teaching Laboratory 1 University Station Stop R9000, Austin, Texas 78741
| | - Bruce Buchholz
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Livermore, California 94551
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19
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Fujiwara H. Observation of radioactive iodine ((131)I, (129)I) in cropland soil after the Fukushima nuclear accident. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1432-1439. [PMID: 27320744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the early stages of the Fukushima nuclear accident, the temporal variations of (131)I deposited on the ground and of (131)I accumulated in cropland soil were monitored at a fixed location in Japan. Moreover, concentrations of long-lived radioactive iodine ((129)I) in atmospheric deposits and soil were measured to examine the feasibility of retrospectively reconstructing (131)I levels from the levels of accident-derived (129)I. The exceptionally high levels of (131)I in deposits and soil were attributed to rainfall-related deposition of radionuclides. In the crop field studied, the losses of deposited (131)I and (129)I due to volatilization were small. The atomic ratio (129)I/(131)I in the topsoil corresponded to the same ratio in deposits. The (131)I concentrations measured in the topsoil were very consistent with the (131)I concentrations reconstructed from the (129)I concentrations in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideshi Fujiwara
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan.
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20
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Matsunaka T, Sasa K, Sueki K, Takahashi T, Satou Y, Matsumura M, Kinoshita N, Kitagawa JI, Matsuzaki H. Pre- and post-accident (129)I and (137)Cs levels, and (129)I/(137)Cs ratios in soil near the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant, Japan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 151 Pt 1:209-217. [PMID: 26492397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the deposition density and extent of subsurface infiltration of (129)I and (137)Cs in the restricted area that was highly contaminated by the accident of Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant, cumulative inventories of (129)I and (137)Cs, concentrations of (129)I and (137)Cs, and (129)I/(137)Cs ratio in 30-cm-long soil columns were compared with pre-accident levels from the same area. The cores were collected before and after the accident from locations of S-1 (4 km west of FDNPP) and S-2 (8 km west of FDNPP). Deposition densities of (129)I and (137)Cs in the soil following the accident were 0.90-2.33 Bq m(-2) and 0.80-4.04 MBq m(-2), respectively, which were 14-39 and 320-510 times larger than the pre-accident levels of (129)I (59.3-63.3 mBq m(-2)) and (137)Cs (2.51-7.88 kBq m(-2)), respectively. Approximately 90% of accident-derived (129)I and (137)Cs deposited in the 30-cm soil cores was concentrated in the surface layer from 0 to 44-95 kg m(-2) of mass depth (0-4.3-6.2 cm depth) and from 0 to 16-25 kg m(-2) of mass depth (0-1.0-3.1 cm depth), respectively. The relaxation mass depths (h0) of 10.8-11.2 kg m(-2) for (129)I estimated in the previous study were larger than those of 8.1-10.6 kg m(-2) for (137)Cs at both sites, owing to the larger infiltration depth of radioiodine mainly by the gravitational water penetration in the surface soil in our study sites. Approximately 7-9% of the accident-derived (129)I was present in the lower layer from 44 to 100 kg m(-2) (4.3-8.6 cm depth) at S-1, and from 95 to 160 kg m(-2) (6.2-10.2 cm depth) at S-2. Approximately 1% of (137)Cs seems to infiltrate deeper than (129)I in the lower layer at each site in contrast to the surface layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Matsunaka
- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Kimikazu Sasa
- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sueki
- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takahashi
- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Satou
- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Masumi Matsumura
- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Norikazu Kinoshita
- Institute of Technology, Shimizu Corporation, 3-4-17 Etchujima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8530, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kitagawa
- Radiation Science Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuzaki
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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21
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Michel R, Daraoui A, Gorny M, Jakob D, Sachse R, Romantschuk LD, Alfimov V, Synal HA. Retrospective dosimetry of Iodine-131 exposures using Iodine-129 and Caesium-137 inventories in soils--A critical evaluation of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident in parts of Northern Ukraine. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 150:20-35. [PMID: 26254721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The radiation exposure of thyroid glands due to (131)I as a consequence of the Chernobyl accident was investigated retrospectively based on (129)I and (137)Cs inventories in soils in Northern Ukraine. To this end, soil samples from 60 settlements were investigated for (129)I, (127)I, and (137)Cs by AMS, ICP-MS and gamma-spectrometry, respectively. Sampling was performed between 2004 und 2007. In those parts of Northern Ukraine investigated here the (129)I and (137)Cs inventories are well correlated, the variability of the individual (129)I/(137)Cs ratios being, however, high. Both the (129)I and (137)Cs inventories in the individual 5 samples for each settlement allowed estimating the uncertainties of the inventories due to the variability of the radionuclide deposition and consequently of the retrospective dosimetry. Thyroid equivalent doses were calculated from the (129)I and the (137)Cs inventories using aggregated dose coefficients for 5-year old and 10-year-old children as well as for adults. The highest thyroid equivalent doses (calculated from (129)I inventories) were calculated for Wladimirowka with 30 Gy for 5-years-old children and 7 Gy for adults. In 35 settlements of contamination zone II the geometric mean of the thyroid equivalent doses was 2.0 Gy for 5-years-old children with a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 3.0. For adults the geometric mean was 0.47 Gy also with a GSD of 3.0. In more than 25 settlements of contamination zone III the geometric means were 0.82 Gy for 5-years old children with a GSD of 1.8 and 0.21 Gy for adults (GSD 1.8). For 45 settlements, the results of the retrospective dosimetry could be compared with thyroid equivalent doses calculated using time-integrated (131)I activities of thyroids which were measured in 1986. Thus, a critical evaluation of the results was possible which demonstrated the general feasibility of the method, but also the associated uncertainties and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Michel
- Institut für Radiooekologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany.
| | - A Daraoui
- Institut für Radiooekologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Gorny
- Institut für Radiooekologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Jakob
- Institut für Radiooekologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - R Sachse
- Institut für Radiooekologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - L D Romantschuk
- State University of Agriculture and Ecology, Stari Bulvar 7, Zhitomir 262 001, Ukraine
| | - V Alfimov
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H-A Synal
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH-Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Shozugawa K, Riebe B, Walther C, Brandl A, Steinhauser G. Fukushima-derived radionuclides in sediments of the Japanese Pacific Ocean coast and various Japanese water samples (seawater, tap water, and coolant water of Fukushima Daiichi reactor unit 5). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015; 307:1787-1793. [PMID: 27003954 PMCID: PMC4779456 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated Ocean sediments and seawater from inside the Fukushima exclusion zone and found radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) up to 800 Bq kg−1 as well as 90Sr up to 5.6 Bq kg−1. This is one of the first reports on radiostrontium in sea sediments from the Fukushima exclusion zone. Seawater exhibited contamination levels up to 5.3 Bq kg−1 radiocesium. Tap water from Tokyo from weeks after the accident exhibited detectable but harmless activities of radiocesium (well below the regulatory limit). Analysis of the Unit 5 reactor coolant (finding only 3H and even low 129I) leads to the conclusion that the purification techniques for reactor coolant employed at Fukushima Daiichi are very effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Shozugawa
- />Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Beate Riebe
- />Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Walther
- />Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Brandl
- />Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- />Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
- />Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
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23
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Xu S, Zhang L, Freeman SPHT, Hou X, Shibata Y, Sanderson D, Cresswell A, Doi T, Tanaka A. Speciation of radiocesium and radioiodine in aerosols from Tsukuba after the Fukushima nuclear accident. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1017-1024. [PMID: 25522224 DOI: 10.1021/es504431w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples were collected from Tsukuba, Japan, soon after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident and analyzed for speciation of radiocesium and radioiodine to explore their chemical behavior and isotopic ratios after the release. Most (134)Cs and (137)Cs were bound in organic matter (53–91%) and some in water-soluble fractions (5–15%), whereas a negligible proportion of radiocesium remained in minerals. This pattern suggests that sulfate salts and organic matter may be the main carrier of Cs-bearing particles. The (129)I in aerosol samples is contained in various proportions as soluble inorganic iodine (I(–) and IO3(–)), soluble organic iodine, and unextractable iodine. The measured mean (129)I/(131)I atomic ratio of 16.0 ± 2.2 is in good agreement with that measured from rainwater and consistent with ratios measured in surface soil samples. Together with other aerosols and seawater samples, an initial (129)I/(137)Cs activity ratio of ∼4 × 10(–7) was obtained. In contrast to the effectively constant (134)Cs/(137)Cs activity ratios (1.04 ± 0.04) and (129)I/(131)I atomic ratios (16.0 ± 2.2), the (129)I/(137)Cs activity ratios scattered from 3.5 × 10(–7) to 5 × 10(–6) and showed temporally and spatially different dispersion and deposition patterns between radiocesium and radioiodine. These findings confirm that (129)I, instead of (137)Cs, should be considered as a proxy for (131)I reconstruction.
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Steinhauser G. Fukushima's forgotten radionuclides: a review of the understudied radioactive emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:4649-4663. [PMID: 24754713 DOI: 10.1021/es405654c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In environmental monitoring campaigns for anthropogenic radionuclides released in the course of the Fukushima nuclear accident (2011), most focus had been on gamma-emitting radionuclides. More than 99% of the released activity was due to radionuclides of the elements Kr, Te, I, Xe, and Cs. However, little work had been done on the monitoring of radionuclides other than (131)I, (132)Te, (134)Cs, (136)Cs, and (137)Cs. Radionuclides such as those of less volatile elements (e.g., (89)Sr, (90)Sr, (103)Ru, (106)Ru, plutonium), pure beta-emitters ((3)H, (14)C, (35)S), gaseous radionuclides ((85)Kr, (133)Xe, (135)Xe) or radionuclides with very long half-lives (e.g., (36)Cl, (99)Tc, (129)I, some actinides such as (236)U) have been understudied by comparison. In this review, we summarize previous monitoring work on these "orphan" radionuclides in various environmental media and outline further challenges for future monitoring campaigns. Some of the understudied radionuclides are of radiological concern, others are promising tracers for environmental, geochemical processes such as oceanic mixing. Unfortunately, the shorter-lived nuclides of radioxenon, (103)Ru, (89)Sr and (35)S will no longer exhibit detectable activities in the environment. Activity concentrations of other radionuclides such as tritium, (14)C, or (85)Kr will become blurred in the significant background of previous releases (nuclear explosions and previous accidents). Isotope ratios such as (240)Pu/(239)Pu will allow for the identification of Fukushima plutonium despite the plutonium background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Steinhauser
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Steinhauser G, Brandl A, Johnson TE. Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: a review of the environmental impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:800-17. [PMID: 24189103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impacts of the nuclear accidents of Chernobyl and Fukushima are compared. In almost every respect, the consequences of the Chernobyl accident clearly exceeded those of the Fukushima accident. In both accidents, most of the radioactivity released was due to volatile radionuclides (noble gases, iodine, cesium, tellurium). However, the amount of refractory elements (including actinides) emitted in the course of the Chernobyl accident was approximately four orders of magnitude higher than during the Fukushima accident. For Chernobyl, a total release of 5,300 PBq (excluding noble gases) has been established as the most cited source term. For Fukushima, we estimated a total source term of 520 (340-800) PBq. In the course of the Fukushima accident, the majority of the radionuclides (more than 80%) was transported offshore and deposited in the Pacific Ocean. Monitoring campaigns after both accidents reveal that the environmental impact of the Chernobyl accident was much greater than of the Fukushima accident. Both the highly contaminated areas and the evacuated areas are smaller around Fukushima and the projected health effects in Japan are significantly lower than after the Chernobyl accident. This is mainly due to the fact that food safety campaigns and evacuations worked quickly and efficiently after the Fukushima accident. In contrast to Chernobyl, no fatalities due to acute radiation effects occurred in Fukushima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Steinhauser
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
| | - Alexander Brandl
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Thomas E Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
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Toyama C, Muramatsu Y, Igarashi Y, Aoyama M, Matsuzaki H. Atmospheric fallout of (129)I in Japan before the Fukushima accident: regional and global contributions (1963-2005). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8383-8390. [PMID: 23829385 DOI: 10.1021/es401596z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric (129)I deposition was studied in different locations of Japan (Akita, Tsukuba, Tokyo, and Ishigaki Island) with samples collected between 1963 and 2005 in order to understand the distribution and sources of this nuclide and provide a reference deposition level prior to the Fukushima accident. Over this time period, the deposition pattern of (129)I in Tsukuba and Tokyo (on the Pacific side) differed from that of Akita (on the Japan Sea side). The primary source of deposition in Tsukuba and Tokyo is related to the (129)I discharge from domestic reprocessing in Tokai-mura. In contrast, the time-series pattern of deposition in Akita seems to have been influenced by (129)I discharges from reprocessing facilities in Europe and the transport of this radionuclide by westerly winds to coastlines of the Japan Sea. The (129)I deposition in Ishigaki (one of the southernmost islands in Japan) is influenced primarily by oceanic air masses (easterly winds), and deposition was 1 order of magnitude lower than that observed in Tsukuba and Tokyo. Cumulative (129)I deposition in Tokyo before the Fukushima accident was estimated at 13 mBq/m(2). The results of this study on deposition contribute to understanding the deposition levels of (129)I prior to the accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Toyama
- Department of Chemistry, Gakushuin University , 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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Takahashi T, Nakayama M, Tomita H, Kawarabayashi J, Iguchi T, Wendt K, Watanabe K. Development of accelerator mass spectrometry assisted by isotope-selective laser photodetachment for monitoring 129I. RADIAT MEAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Luo M, Hou X, Zhou W, He C, Chen N, Liu Q, Zhang L. Speciation and migration of (129)I in soil profiles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2013; 118:30-39. [PMID: 23246587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed for speciation analysis of ultra low level (129)I in soil using sequential extraction combined with coprecipitation for separation of carrier free iodine and AMS measurement of (129)I. Two loess profiles collected from northwest China were analyzed for species of (129)I and (127)I. Similar partitioning of (129)I and (127)I was observed in the loess profiles, the distribution of iodine isotopes followed an order of organic > leachable > reducible > residue. The (129)I concentrations and (129)I/(127)I ratios decreased exponentially with the depth, and 2 orders of magnitude lower in the deepest layer (60 and 90 cm) compared with the top layer, indicating a significant contribution of anthropogenic input in the upper layer, and high retention of (129)I in soil. The mobility of (129)I in different fractions decreased in an order of leachable > organic > oxides > residue. The results suggest that migration of iodine downwards in the soil profile is a slow process; the oxides and residue are the less mobile fractions of iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyi Luo
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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OHNO T, MURAMATSU Y, TOYAMA C, NAKANO K, KAKUTA S, MATSUZAKI H. Determination of 129I in Fukushima Soil Samples by ICP-MS with an Octopole Reaction System. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:271-4. [PMID: 23400296 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi OHNO
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University
| | | | - Chiaki TOYAMA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University
| | - Kazumi NAKANO
- Agilent Technologies, Chemical Analysis, Japan Application Center
| | | | - Hiroyuki MATSUZAKI
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
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Daraoui A, Michel R, Gorny M, Jakob D, Sachse R, Synal HA, Alfimov V. Iodine-129, iodine-127 and caesium-137 in the environment: soils from Germany and Chile. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2012; 112:8-22. [PMID: 22484471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil profiles from Bavaria in southern Germany and from Chile were analysed for (129)I by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), for (127)I by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and for (137)Cs by gamma-spectrometry. The mean deposition density of (137)Cs in soils from Bavaria was (41×1.5(±1)) kBq m(-2) (geometric mean and geometric standard deviation), originating mostly from the Chernobyl fall-out. The deposition density of (129)I in these soils was (109×1.5(±1)) mBq m(-2). The dominant sources of (129)I in Bavaria are, however, the reprocessing plants La Hague and Sellafield and not the Chernobyl fall-out. The (129)I/(127)I isotopic ratios of the Bavarian soils were between 10(-7) and 10(-10), i.e. 10(2)-10(5) times higher than the ratios observed for the samples from Chile. The (129)I integral deposition densities in Chile, Easter Island and Antarctica were between 0.3 mBq m(-2) and 2 mBq m(-2). In these soils, the observed (129)I/(127)I ratios were about 10(-12). The soils from Chile allow the determination of the (129)I fall-out from the atmospheric nuclear weapons explosions undisturbed from contaminations due to releases from reprocessing plants. An upper limit of the integral (129)I deposition density of the atmospheric nuclear weapons explosions on the Southern Hemisphere (27°S) is about 1 mBq m(-2). Finally, the dependence of the migration behaviour of (137)Cs, (127)I and of (129)I on the soil properties is discussed. It turns out that there is a distinctly different behaviour of (127)I, (129)I, and (137)Cs in the soils exhibiting different sorption mechanisms for old and recent iodine as well as for (137)Cs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Daraoui
- Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany.
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Zhang L, Zhou W, Hou X, Chen N, Liu Q, He C, Fan Y, Luo M, Wang Z, Fu Y. Level and source of 129I of environmental samples in Xi'an region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:3780-3788. [PMID: 21737119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-129 is widely used as a tracer in various environmental practices such as monitoring of nuclear environmental safety, seawater exchange and transport, geochemical cycle of stable iodine and dating of geological events. The spatial distribution of (129)I concentration varies significantly on global scale because of anthropogenic input from nuclear activities coupled with scarcity of data on environmental (129)I variability in many parts of the world including Asia. Here we report new data on (129)I and (127)I concentrations in soil, vegetation, river water and precipitation collected from Xi'an area, China. The results indicate values for environmental (129)I/(127)I ratios in the investigated area range from 1.1×10(-10) to 43.5×10(-10) with a mean of 20.6×10(-10), which is 1-3 orders of magnitude lower than the ratios observed in Europe, but comparable with those observed in the locations far from direct effect of point release sources and at similar latitude. The main source of (129)I in the investigated area is attributed to the global fallout of both atmospheric nuclear weapons testing and long distance dispersion of fuel reprocessing releases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Zhang
- Xi'an AMS center and State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
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Sahoo SK, Muramatsu Y, Yoshida S, Matsuzaki H, Rühm W. Determination of (129)I and (127)I concentration in soil samples from the Chernobyl 30-km zone by AMS and ICP-MS. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2009; 50:325-332. [PMID: 19542689 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of radioiodine isotopes (mainly (131)I, t(1/2) = 8 days) was released from the accident at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) in April-May 1986. An increase in childhood-thyroid cancer in the contaminated areas in Belarus, Russia and the Ukraine was demonstrated to be caused by radioiodine released at the time of the accident. However, there is a lack of quantitative data on the (131)I levels in the local environment (e.g. air, plant, soil). At this point, a long-lived iodine isotope, (129)I (t(1/2) = 15.7 million years), also released with a certain ratio to (131)I from CNPP, could be used for estimating the (131)I levels in the environment. In this paper we present analytical results of the (129)I concentrations and (129)I/(127)I atom ratios in soil samples collected from the CNPP exclusion zone (30-km zone), with the aim of assessing current contamination levels and distribution patterns. For the analysis of the iodine fraction in the investigated soil samples, the pyrohydrolysis method was utilized for separation of (127)I and (129)I nuclides, and subsequently their concentration was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), respectively. The concentration of (129)I and the (129)I/(127)I atom ratio in the surface soil samples in the 30 km-zone of CNPP ranged from 4.6 to 170 mBq/kg, and from 1.4 x 10(-6) to 13 x 10(-6), respectively. These values are significantly higher than those from global (129)I fallout, indicating that most of the measured (129)I was due to the deposition of the accident. Stable iodine concentrations in this area were found to be very low (below 1 ppm) for most of the samples, suggesting the environmental iodine levels in this area to be potentially low. The (129)I/(137)Cs activity ratio in surface and sub-surface soils was not so constant, i.e., in the range (7.3-20.2) x 10(-7). This might be due to the different behavior of deposition and/or migration of these nuclides in soil. These results suggest the obtained data of (129)I to be useful for the reconstruction of the (131)I deposition in the contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarata Kumar Sahoo
- Research Centre for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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Hou X, Hansen V, Aldahan A, Possnert G, Lind OC, Lujaniene G. A review on speciation of iodine-129 in the environmental and biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 632:181-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Englund E, Aldahan A, Possnert G, Haltia-Hovi E, Hou X, Renberg I, Saarinen T. Modeling fallout of anthropogenic 129I. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:9225-9230. [PMID: 19174896 DOI: 10.1021/es8009953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the relatively well-recognized emission rates of the anthropogenic 129I, there is little knowledge about the temporal fallout patterns and magnitude of fluxes since the start of the atomic era atthe early 1940s. We here present measurements of annual 129I concentrations in sediment archives from Sweden and Finland covering the period 1942-2006. The results revealed impression of 129I emissions from the nuclear reprocessing facility at Sellafield and La Hague and a clear Chernobyl fallout enhancement during 1986. In order to estimate relative contributions from the different sources, a numerical model approach was used taking into accountthe emission rates/estimated fallout, transport pathways, and the sediment system. The model outcomes suggest a relatively dominating marine source of 129I to north Europe compared to direct gaseous releases. A transfer rate of 129I from sea to atmosphere is derived for pertinent sea areas (English Channel, Irish Sea, and North Sea), which is estimated at 0.04 to 0.21 y(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvard Englund
- Tandem Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 529, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Endo S, Tomita J, Tanaka K, Yamamoto M, Fukutani S, Imanaka T, Sakaguchi A, Amano H, Kawamura H, Kawamura H, Apsalikov KN, Gusev BI, Whitehead NE, Shinkarev S, Hoshi M. Iodine-129 measurements in soil samples from Dolon village near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2008; 47:359-365. [PMID: 18322692 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-008-0162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dolon village, located about 60 km from the border of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, is known to be heavily contaminated by the first USSR atomic bomb test in August 1949. Soil samples around Dolon were taken in October 2005 in an attempt to evaluate internal thyroid dose arising from incorporation of radioiodine isotopes (mainly (131)I). Iodine-129 in soil was measured by using the technique of accelerator mass spectrometry. The (129)I/(127)I atom ratios measured were in the range from 3.3 x 10(-9) to 3.3 x 10(-7). These values were within the range of the current background level ( approximately 10(-9) to 10(-7)) in the environment, including contributions from the global fallout of atmospheric nuclear tests and local fallout of nuclear facilities. The (129)I atom accumulated level in soil ranged from 1.28 x 10(13) to 1.59 x 10(14) atoms m(-2), the average (8.0 x 10(13)) of which was higher than the background level of (2-5) x 10(13). From the relationship between (129)I and( 137)Cs (corrected for background and decay from 1949 to 2005) accumulated levels, the background level of (129)I and the (129)I/(137)Cs ratio around Dolon were estimated to be (6.4 +/- 0.4) x 10(13) atoms m(-2) and 0.25 +/- 0.16, respectively. This (129)I/(137)Cs ratio is almost similar to the fission yield ratio for (239)Pu fast fission (0.24).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Endo
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
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SUZUKI T, KITAMURA T, KABUTO S, TOGAWA O, AMANO H. High Sensitivity Measurement of Iodine-129/Iodine-127 Ratio by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/18811248.2006.9711237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Reithmeier H, Lazarev V, Rühm W, Schwikowski TM, Gäggeler HW, Nolte E. Estimate of European 129I releases supported by 129I analysis in an Alpine ice core. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:5891-6. [PMID: 17051775 DOI: 10.1021/es0605725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
129I in the European environment originates predominantly from the industrial nuclear fuel reprocessing plants Sellafield (Great Britain), Marcoule, and La Hague (both France). While reliable data on 129I releases from La Hague exist for the whole period of operation, less is known about the contributions from Sellafield and Marcoule. For those periods where no data are available, i.e., for the first 16 years of the Sellafield operation and for the first 3 decades of the Marcoule operation, we estimated releases into the atmosphere of 118 GBq and 825 GBq, respectively. Hence, Marcoule was the major European source of airborne 129I, contributing about 45% to the total airborne 129I releases from all the European reprocessing facilities, until it was decommissioned in 1997. The estimated total emissions were compared with 129I deposition fluxes for the time period 1970-2002, obtained from the analysis of an ice core from Fiescherhorn glacier, Swiss Alps (46 degrees 33'N, 08 degrees 04'E; 3900 m asl). The temporal evolution of the 129I deposition agrees well with the total 129I releases into the atmosphere from the European reprocessing facilities and from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, supporting our estimated release rates. However,the 129I concentrations and deposition fluxes at Fiescherhorn glacier were a factor of 6 lower than values obtained from the analysis of rainwater collected near Zurich (408 m asl) in Switzerland in the years 1994-97. This suggests a strong vertical concentration gradient of 129I, typical for water-soluble atmospheric trace species which are removed from the atmosphere in the course of days by precipitation scavenging, and must be taken into account if glaciers are used as an archive for a retrospective quantification of 129I deposition fluxes. In addition, the temporal evolution of the contribution of 129I re-emitted from the ocean's surface for the 129I inventory in the atmosphere was quantified for the first time. Although the annual amount of 129I released this way was very low until the early 1990s, it is similar to the airborne 129I releases from Sellafield and La Hague in the present time.
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