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Spellman CD, Smyntek PM, Cravotta CA, Tasker TL, Strosnider WHJ. Pollutant co-attenuation via in-stream interactions between mine drainage and municipal wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 214:118173. [PMID: 35184018 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater (MWW) and mine drainage (MD) are common co-occurring sources of freshwater pollution in mining regions. The physicochemical interactions that occur after mixing MWW and MD in a waterway may improve downstream water quality of an impaired reach by reducing downstream concentrations of nutrients and metals (i.e., "co-attenuation"). A first-order stream (Bradley Run in central Pennsylvania), with coal MD and secondarily treated MWW entering the stream in the same location, was systematically monitored to determine in-stream water-quality dynamics. Monitored constituents included pH, nutrients (i.e., phosphorus and nitrogen), and metals (e.g., iron, aluminum, manganese). Mixing of the MWW, MD, and upstream water decreased concentrations of phosphate, aluminum, and iron by 94%, 91%, and 98%, respectively, relative to conservative mixtures at the 1400-m-downstream site. The pollutant co-attenuation resulted in water quality equivalent to that upstream of the pollutant sources and improved the phosphorus-based trophic status of the stream. Geochemical models indicate the primary mechanisms for P attenuation in the studied stream were precipitation as variscite (AlPO4:2H2O) or amorphous AlPO4 plus adsorption to hydrous ferric oxide, despite a much greater abundance of hydrous aluminum oxide. The results presented in this study suggest that in-stream mixing of MD with untreated or secondarily treated MWW may be an important, overlooked factor affecting downstream transport of common pollutants in mining regions. Decreased metals loading and increased pH resulting from natural attenuation and remediation of MD could affect the potential for retention of phosphate by stream sediment and could lead to the release of nutrients from legacy accumulations, highlighting the potential need to address high-nutrient discharges (e.g., improved MWW treatment) in concert with MD remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Spellman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Peter M Smyntek
- Interdisciplinary Science Department, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA 15650, USA
| | - Charles A Cravotta
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Water Science Center, New Cumberland, PA 17070, USA
| | - Travis L Tasker
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Saint Francis University, Loretto, PA 15940, USA
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2
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Ryan AC, Santore RC, Tobiason S, WoldeGabriel G, Groffman AR. Total Recoverable Aluminum: Not Totally Relevant for Water Quality Standards. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:974-987. [PMID: 31218828 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A large water quality data set, representing more than 100 surface-water locations sampled from 2007 to 2017 in the Los Alamos area of New Mexico, USA's Pajarito Plateau, was assembled to evaluate Al concentrations in unfiltered and filtered samples. Aluminum concentrations often exceeded United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and New Mexico ambient water quality criteria (AWQC), regardless of filter size and sample location. However, AWQC are based on laboratory toxicity studies using soluble Al salts and do not reflect natural conditions in Pajarito Plateau surface waters. The plateau is predominately covered by glassy and recrystallized volcanic ashes (e.g., Bandelier Tuff) containing colloidal to sand-sized aluminosilicates. Samples from natural background drainages and areas downstream of developed regions exhibited similar Al concentrations, suggesting that AWQC exceedances are caused by naturally elevated Al concentrations. Solubility calculations indicated that most samples were oversaturated with respect to amorphous Al(OH)3 (s). Therefore, AWQC exceedances are likely artifacts of the "total recoverable" sample preparation, which includes acidification and partial digestion, thereby liberating nonbioavailable Al from aluminosilicates. Accordingly, Al concentrations were strongly associated with suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs), implying that aluminosilicates in suspended sediment contributed to AWQC exceedances and Al oversaturation. Solid-phase particle characterization, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with electron dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) did not identify potentially bioavailable amorphous Al(OH)3 (s) in any sample tested. Thus, current sample collection and analysis protocols should not be used to evaluate attainment of Al AWQC on the Pajarito Plateau or locations where aluminosilicates are substantial contributors to total recoverable Al. A sample preparation method (e.g., pH 4 extraction) capable of differentiating nonbioavailable and bioavailable forms of Al is recommended. Otherwise, current New Mexico and USEPA sample preparation approaches will continue to generate artifactual AWQC exceedances in surface waters that contain aluminosilicates. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:1-14. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Ryan
- Windward Environmental LLC, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Simonsen M, Teien HC, Lind OC, Saetra Ø, Albretsen J, Salbu B. Modeling key processes affecting Al speciation and transport in estuaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:1147-1163. [PMID: 31412451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Assessments of the impacts of aluminium (Al) to aquatic organisms in estuarine waters have suffered from the lack of available models that can accurately predict the presence of toxic physico-chemical forms (species) of Al at adequate spatial and temporal resolution. In the present work, transport and distribution of river-discharged Al species through changing environmental conditions in the Sandnesfjorden estuary, South-Eastern Norway, was predicted using a numerical model system at relatively high spatial (32 m × 32 m in horizontal) and temporal (1 h) resolution. New model code was implemented, including dynamic, salinity-dependent speciation and transformation processes, based on in situ measurements from several Norwegian estuaries as well as experimental data. This is the first time such elemental speciation code including LMM, colloidal, particle and sediment species is utilized in an estuary case in combination with high resolution hydrodynamics and compared to an extensive observational dataset. Good agreement was obtained between modeled and observed total and fractionated Al concentration at several stations along the fjord transect. Without including background contribution of Al from the coastal water, the model predicted too low Al concentrations (by up to approximately a factor 4) near the fjord mouth. The surface Al concentrations were also underestimated due to overestimated near-surface vertical mixing in the hydrodynamic model. The observed correlation between salinity and total Al concentration was well reproduced by the model in situations with low upper layer volume flux, typical under low river flow conditions. In contrast, the predicted surface salinity and total Al concentration were less correlated under high-flux conditions. As the general trends of Al concentrations and speciation were well reproduced, this study demonstrated that by including carefully chosen transfer rates, the model can be used to predict spatio-temporal distribution of total contamination as well as concentration levels of the elemental species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magne Simonsen
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 43, Blindern, Oslo NO-0313, Norway; Centre of Environmental Radioactivity CoE, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, Ås NO-1433, Norway.
| | - Hans-Christian Teien
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity CoE, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, Ås NO-1433, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity CoE, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, Ås NO-1433, Norway
| | - Øyvind Saetra
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 43, Blindern, Oslo NO-0313, Norway
| | - Jon Albretsen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, Bergen NO-5817, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- Centre of Environmental Radioactivity CoE, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, Ås NO-1433, Norway
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Arumugam S, Ramaiah S. Concentrations of toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Cr) in the tissues and their effects on diversification of Devario aequipinnatus populations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:379-390. [PMID: 29869528 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1479516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, momentous consideration has being given to our natural ecosystems due to toxic metals, insidious to our environment execute as pollutants to the freshwater ecosystems. The accumulations of metals were encompassed with lead, cadmium and chromium in organs of Devario aequipinnatus. Although, the microscopic scrutinization from the gill and liver of the fish species were explored, the crucial conditions of the ecosystem. The histological study plays a key role in determining the effects of pollution. In the length-weight relationships of the regression parameters of coefficient value r2, 'a' value and 'b' value were showed the negative allometric growth rate of species D. aequipinnatus. However, the nucleotide sequence blast search was performed in NCBI database. In that the species of D.aequipinnatus were closely associated with other sub-species but within same genus, and it showed the similarity range between 100% and 90% in reference to other species for phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabaridasan Arumugam
- a PG and Research Department of Biotechnology , Sri Vinayaga College of Arts and Science , Ulundurpet, Villupuram District , Tamilnadu , India
| | - Soranam Ramaiah
- b Department of Environmental Sciences , Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University , Alwarkurichi , Tamil Nadu , India
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Cardwell AS, Adams WJ, Gensemer RW, Nordheim E, Santore RC, Ryan AC, Stubblefield WA. Chronic toxicity of aluminum, at a pH of 6, to freshwater organisms: Empirical data for the development of international regulatory standards/criteria. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:36-48. [PMID: 28667768 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry, bioavailability, and toxicity of aluminum (Al) in the aquatic environment are complex and affected by a wide range of water quality characteristics (including pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon). Data gaps in Al ecotoxicology exist for pH ranges representative of natural surface waters (pH 6-8). To address these gaps, a series of chronic toxicity tests were performed at pH 6 with 8 freshwater species, including 2 fish (Pimephales promelas and Danio rerio), an oligochaete (Aeolosoma sp.), a rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus), a snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), an amphipod (Hyalella azteca), a midge (Chironomus riparius), and an aquatic plant (Lemna minor). The 10% effect concentrations (EC10s) ranged from 98 μg total Al/L for D. rerio to 2175 μg total Al/L for L. minor. From these data and additional published data, species-sensitivity distributions (SSDs) were developed to derive concentrations protective of 95% of tested species (i.e., 50% lower confidence limit of a 5th percentile hazard concentration [HC5-50]). A generic HC5-50 (not adjusted for bioavailability) of 74.4 μg total Al/L was estimated using the SSD. An Al-specific biotic ligand model (BLM) was used to develop SSDs normalized for bioavailability based on site-specific water quality characteristics. Normalized HC5-50s ranged from 93.7 to 534 μg total Al/L for waters representing a range of European ecoregions, whereas a chronic HC5 calculated using US Environmental Protection Agency aquatic life criteria methods (i.e., a continuous criterion concentration [CCC]) was 125 μg total Al/L when normalized to Lake Superior water in the United States. The HC5-50 and CCC values for site-specific waters other than those in the present study can be obtained using the Al BLM. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:36-48. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam C Ryan
- Windward Environmental, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Dennis MM, Diggles BK, Faulder R, Olyott L, Pyecroft SB, Gilbert GE, Landos M. Pathology of finfish and mud crabs Scylla serrata during a mortality event associated with a harbour development project in Port Curtis, Australia. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 121:173-188. [PMID: 27786156 DOI: 10.3354/dao03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the extent and describe the nature of a multi-species marine finfish and crustacean disease event that occurred in Gladstone Harbour, Australia, 2011-2012. Finfish were examined for this study in January to April 2012 from sites where diseased animals were previously observed by the public. Gross abnormalities, including excessive skin and gill mucus, erythema, heavy ecto-parasitism, cutaneous ulceration, corneal opacity, and exophthalmos, were higher (25.5%) in finfish from Gladstone Harbour (n = 435) than in those from an undeveloped reference site, 250 km to the north (5.5%, n = 146, p < 0.0001). Microscopic abnormalities, especially non-infectious erosive to ulcerative dermatitis and internal parasitism, were more prevalent in fish from Gladstone Harbour (n = 34 of 36, prevalence = 94.4%) than in fish from the reference site (3 of 23, prevalence = 13.0% p < 0.0001). The prevalence of shell lesions was higher in mud crabs Scylla serrata sampled from Gladstone Harbour (270 of 718, prevalence = 37.5%) than from the reference site (21 of 153, prevalence = 13.7%; p < 0.0001). The significantly higher prevalence of ulcerative skin disease and parasitism in a range of species suggests affected animals were subjected to influences in Gladstone Harbour that were not present in the control sites. The disease epidemic coincided temporally and spatially with water quality changes caused by a harbour development project. The unique hydrology, geology, and industrial history of the harbour, the scope of the development of the project, and the failure of a bund wall built to retain dredge spoil sediment were important factors contributing to this epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Dennis
- QML Vetnostics, Murarrie, QLD 4172, Australia
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7
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Kelly JT, Lerner DT, O'Dea MF, Regish AM, Monette MY, Hawkes JP, Nislow KH, McCormick SD. Evidence for episodic acidification effects on migrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:1129-1146. [PMID: 26399385 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Field studies were conducted to determine levels of gill aluminium as an index of acidification effects on migrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in the north-eastern U.S.A. along mainstem river migration corridors in several major river basins. Smolts emigrating from the Connecticut River, where most (but not all) tributaries were well buffered, had low or undetectable levels of gill aluminium and high gill Na(+) /K(+) -ATPase (NKA) activity. In contrast, smolts emigrating from the upper Merrimack River basin where most tributaries are characterized by low pH and high inorganic aluminium had consistently elevated gill aluminium and lower gill NKA activity, which may explain the low adult return rates of S. salar stocked into the upper Merrimack catchment. In the Sheepscot, Narraguagus and Penobscot Rivers in Maine, river and year-specific effects on gill aluminium were detected that appeared to be driven by underlying geology and high spring discharge. The results indicate that episodic acidification is affecting S. salar smolts in poorly buffered streams in New England and may help explain variation in S. salar survival and abundance among rivers and among years, with implications for the conservation and recovery of S. salar in the north-eastern U.S.A. These results suggest that the physiological condition of outmigrating smolts may serve as a large-scale sentinel of landscape-level recovery of atmospheric pollution in this and other parts of the North Atlantic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Kelly
- USGS Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, U.S.A
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, U.S.A
| | - D T Lerner
- USGS Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, U.S.A
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, 611 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, U.S.A
| | - M F O'Dea
- USGS Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, U.S.A
| | - A M Regish
- USGS Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, U.S.A
| | - M Y Monette
- USGS Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, U.S.A
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, 611 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, U.S.A
| | - J P Hawkes
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Maine Field Station, 17 Godfrey Drive-Suite 1, Orono, ME, 04473, U.S.A
| | - K H Nislow
- USGS Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, U.S.A
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, 611 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, U.S.A
- U.S. Forest Service, Res. Unit NE-4251, 201 Holdsworth NRC, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, U.S.A
| | - S D McCormick
- USGS Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, U.S.A
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, U.S.A
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Biomarkers in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) liver from a metal-contaminated dam lake. Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mant RC, Jones DL, Reynolds B, Ormerod SJ, Pullin AS. A systematic review of the effectiveness of liming to mitigate impacts of river acidification on fish and macro-invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 179:285-293. [PMID: 23707951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The addition of calcium carbonate to catchments or watercourses--liming--has been used widely to mitigate freshwater acidification but the abatement of acidifying emissions has led to questions about its effectiveness and necessity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of liming streams and rivers on two key groups of river organisms: fish and invertebrates. On average, liming increased the abundance and richness of acid-sensitive invertebrates and increased overall fish abundance, but benefits were variable and not guaranteed in all rivers. Where B-A-C-I designs (before-after-control-impact) were used to reduce bias, there was evidence that liming decreased overall invertebrate abundance. This systematic review indicates that liming has the potential to mitigate the symptoms of acidification in some instances, but effects are mixed. Future studies should use robust designs to isolate recovery due to liming from decreasing acid deposition, and assess factors affecting liming outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Mant
- School of Environment, Natural Resources & Geography, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
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Heier LS, Teien HC, Oughton D, Tollefsen KE, Olsvik PA, Rosseland BO, Lind OC, Farmen E, Skipperud L, Salbu B. Sublethal effects in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to mixtures of copper, aluminium and gamma radiation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2013; 121:33-42. [PMID: 22583837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects in presmolt of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to copper (Cu), aluminium (Al) and gamma radiation, individually or in combination. Fish were exposed for 48 h to metals added to lake water; 10, 40 and 80 μg Cu/L, 250 μg Al/L and a combination of 40 μg Cu/L and 250 μg Al/L. In addition, gamma radiation (4-70 mGy delivered over 48 h) was added as an additional exposure stressor. Selected endpoints were chosen to reveal different toxic mechanisms and included Cu and Al accumulation on gills, blood chemistry and haematological variables (plasma sodium and chloride, haematocrit, glucose), hepatic levels of reduced and oxidised glutathione (GSH and GSSG) and hepatic transcriptional response of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), metallothionein (MT) and ubiquitin. Exposure to Cu alone resulted in gill accumulation of Cu, reduction of plasma ions and increased transcriptional response of GPx, MT and ubiquitin. Exposure to Al alone reduced plasma ion levels but did not affect any of the hepatic biomarkers except for ubiquitin. The combined metal exposure (Cu + Al) altered the GSH levels, however GPx and MT were not affected suggesting a different mode of detoxification in the combined exposure. Gamma radiation appeared to influence GSH and ubiquitin levels. The observed effects seemed to be both stressor and concentration dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Sørlie Heier
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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Grassie C, Braithwaite VA, Nilsson J, Nilsen TO, Teien HC, Handeland SO, Stefansson SO, Tronci V, Gorissen M, Flik G, Ebbesson LOE. Aluminum exposure impacts brain plasticity and behavior in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Exp Biol 2013; 216:3148-55. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.083550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Aluminum (Al) toxicity occurs frequently in natural aquatic ecosystems as a result of acid deposition and natural weathering processes. Detrimental effects of Al toxicity on aquatic organisms are well known and can have consequences for survival. Fish exposed to Al in low pH waters will experience physiological and neuroendocrine changes that disrupt homeostasis and alter behavior. To investigate the effects of Al exposure to both brain and behavior, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) kept in water treated with Al (pH 5.7, 0.37±0.04 µmol 1-1 of Al) for 2 weeks were compared to fish kept in a control condition (pH 6.7, <0.04 µmol 1-1 of Al). Fish exposed to Al and acidic conditions had increased Al accumulation in the gills and decreased gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity, which impaired osmoreguatory capacity and caused physiological stress, indicated by elevated plasma cortisol and glucose levels. Here we show for the first time that exposure to Al in acidic conditions also impaired learning performance in a maze task. Al toxicity reduced the expression of NeuroD1 transcript levels in the forebrain of exposed fish. As in mammals, these data show that exposure to chronic stress, such as acidified Al, can reduce neural plasticity during behavioral challenges in salmon, and may impair coping ability to new environments.
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12
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Vieira VARO, Correia TG, Moreira RG. Effects of aluminum on the energetic substrates in neotropical freshwater Astyanax bimaculatus (Teleostei: Characidae) females. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 157:1-8. [PMID: 22960447 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of acidic pH and acute aluminum (Al) exposure on the metabolic substrates of Astyanax bimaculatus, and on the ability of these animals to recover in clean water. After an acclimation period, sexually mature A. bimaculatus females were sorted into six glass aquaria with three experimental groups: control in neutral pH (7.0), acidic pH (5.5), and Al (0.5 mg·L(-1)) in acidic pH (5.5). After a 96 h treatment, 10 animals from each experimental group were sampled and the rest were returned to clean water in neutral pH without Al for a recovery period of 96 h. The acidic pH, either alone or combined with Al, decreased T4 levels, whereas Al exposure increased T3 levels. Recovery of T3 levels occurred after 96 h. Al exposure decreased ovary and plasma proteins, muscle glycogen contents, and hepatic lipids due to lipoperoxidation. In the recovery phase, lipids decreased in most tissues, probably to re-establish ovary protein and hepatic glycogen. A. bimaculatus prioritized the use of energetic resources during acclimatization to Al instead of prioritizing reproduction, thereby avoiding the ovulation of impaired eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A R O Vieira
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Andrén CM, Rydin E. Toxicity of inorganic aluminium at spring snowmelt--in-stream bioassays with brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 437:422-432. [PMID: 22975261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the acid load has decreased throughout Scandinavia, acidic soils still mobilise aluminium (Al) that is harmful to brown trout. We hypothesise that there are thresholds for Al toxicity and that the toxicity can be traced from the water content to gill accumulation and the consequential physiological effects. During snowmelt, yearlings were exposed to a gradient of pH and inorganic monomeric Al (Al(i)) in humic streams to study the toxic effects and mortality. Gill Al and physiological blood analyses [haemoglobin (Hb), plasma chloride (P-Cl) and glucose (Glu)] were measured. As the water quality deteriorated, Al accumulated on the gills; Hb and Glu increased; P-Cl decreased, and mortality occurred. Moribund fish had significantly increased gill Al and Hb, suggesting that respiratory disturbances contributed to mortality. Decreased P-Cl and plasma availability indicated an ion regulatory disturbance and possibly circulatory collapse. Al(i) should be less than 20 μg/L, and pH higher than 5.0, to sustain healthy brown trout populations. These thresholds can be used to fine-tune lime dose, as both Al(i) and pH levels have to be balanced to prevent harm in the recovering aquatic biota. Although Al is tightly linked to pH, local variation in Al availability in soil and bedrock affects the Al release and subsequent toxic Al(i) episodes in some catchment areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M Andrén
- Dept. of Applied Environmental Science, ITM, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Liebich T, McCormick SD, Kircheis D, Johnson K, Regal R, Hrabik T. Water chemistry and its effects on the physiology and survival of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 79:502-519. [PMID: 21781105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The physiological effects of episodic pH fluctuations on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts in eastern Maine, U.S.A., were investigated. During this study, S. salar smolts were exposed to ambient stream-water chemistry conditions at nine sites in four catchments for 3 and 6 day intervals during the spring S. salar smolt migration period. Plasma chloride, plasma glucose, gill aluminium and gill Na(+)- and K(+)-ATPase levels in S. salar smolts were assessed in relation to ambient stream-water chemistry during this migration period. Changes in both plasma chloride and plasma glucose levels of S. salar smolts were strongly correlated with stream pH, and S. salar smolt mortality occurred in one study site with ambient stream pH between 5·6 and 5·8 during the study period. The findings from this study suggest that physiological effects on S. salar smolts are strongly correlated with stream pH and that in rivers and streams with low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations the threshold for physiological effects and mortality probably occurs at a higher pH and shorter exposure period than in rivers with higher DOC. Additionally, whenever an acidification event in which pH drops below 5·9 coincides with S. salar smolt migration in eastern Maine rivers, there is potential for a significant reduction in plasma ions of S. salar smolts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Liebich
- USFWS, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, 1 Izembek Street, Cold Bay, AK 99571, USA.
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Neal C, Rowland P, Neal M, Jarvie HP, Lawlor A, Sleep D, Scholefield P. Aluminium in UK rivers: a need for integrated research related to kinetic factors, colloidal transport, carbon and habitat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2153-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10362h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wauer G, Teien HC. Risk of acute toxicity for fish during aluminium application to hardwater lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4020-4025. [PMID: 20547414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To assess the risk of aluminium (Al) toxicity during the restoration of the eutrophic lake Tiefwarensee by hypolimnetic addition of NaAl(OH)(4)-solution (aluminate) the generally limnological monitoring was accompanied by fractionation of Al in water and using Al accumulation on fish gills as bioindicator. The concentration of reactive Al species in the alkaline water (pH 8) peaked at 2mgL(-1) in parts of the anoxic hypolimnion and was 0.088+/-0.053mgL(-1) (n=70) in the epilimnion during the five years of treatment. During an Al treatment cycle in summer 2003, perches showed significant Al accumulation on gills (100microg Al g(-1) dw) whereas roaches, breams and silver carps remained unaffected. Thus, the Al toxicity towards several fish species seems to be low, although the concentration of reactive Al in the lake water increased by a factor of 2. However, high Al toxicity due to lake treatment with aluminate could not be excluded, as high Al-gill concentration was observed. An Al balance two years after the treatment indicates complete export of the added Al into the sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Wauer
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Limnology of Stratified Lakes, Alte Fischerhütte 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany.
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Poschenrieder C, Gunsé B, Corrales I, Barceló J. A glance into aluminum toxicity and resistance in plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 400:356-68. [PMID: 18657304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum toxicity is an important stress factor for plants in acidic environments. During the last decade considerable advances have been made in both techniques to assess the potentially toxic Al species in environmental samples, and knowledge about the mechanisms of Al toxicity and resistance in plants. After a short introduction on Al risk assessment, this review aims to give an up-to-date glance into current developments in the field of Al toxicity and resistance in plants, also providing sufficient background information for non-specialists in aluminum research. Special emphasis is paid to root growth and development as primary targets for Al toxicity. Mechanisms of exclusion of Al from sensitive root tips, as well as tolerance of high Al tissue levels are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Lab. Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellatera, Spain.
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Monette MY, Björnsson BT, McCormick SD. Effects of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on the parr-smolt transformation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): disruption of seawater tolerance and endocrine status. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 158:122-30. [PMID: 18606407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Episodic acidification resulting in increased acidity and inorganic aluminum (Al(i)) is known to interfere with the parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and has been implicated as a possible cause of population decline. To determine the extent and mechanism(s) by which short-term acid/Al exposure compromises smolt development, Atlantic salmon smolts were exposed to either control (pH 6.7-6.9) or acid/Al (pH 5.4-6.3, 28-64 microgl(-1) Al(i)) conditions for 2 and 5 days, and impacts on freshwater (FW) ion regulation, seawater (SW) tolerance, plasma hormone levels and stress response were examined. Gill Al concentrations were elevated in all smolts exposed to acid/Al relative to controls confirming exposure to increased Al(i). There was no effect of acid/Al on plasma ion concentrations in FW however, smolts exposed to acid/Al followed by a 24h SW challenge exhibited greater plasma Cl(-) levels than controls, indicating reduced SW tolerance. Loss of SW tolerance was accompanied by reductions in gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (NKA) activity and Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) (NKCC) cotransporter protein abundance. Acid/Al exposure resulted in decreased plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and 3,3',5'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T(3)) levels, whereas no effect of treatment was seen on plasma cortisol, growth hormone (GH), or thyroxine (T(4)) levels. Acid/Al exposure resulted in increased hematocrit and plasma glucose levels in FW, but both returned to control levels after 24h in SW. The results indicate that smolt development and SW tolerance are compromised by short-term exposure to acid/Al in the absence of detectable impacts on FW ion regulation. Loss of SW tolerance during short-term acid/Al exposure likely results from reductions in gill NKA and NKCC, possibly mediated by decreases in plasma IGF-I and T(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Monette
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Salbu B, Denbeigh J, Smith RW, Heier LS, Teien HC, Rosseland BO, Oughton D, Seymour CB, Mothersill C. Environmentally relevant mixed exposures to radiation and heavy metals induce measurable stress responses in Atlantic salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:3441-3446. [PMID: 18522131 DOI: 10.1021/es7027394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
These experiments were designed to identify stress effects in 3 key organs in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar, L.) after exposure in vivo to very low doses of radiation, and subtoxic levels of aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd) alone or in combination. Six fish per group were sacrificed after exposure and the anterior kidney, fin, and gill were dissected and sentfor assay of bystander signal production as a stress response end point. Radiation doses as low as 4 mGy delivered over 5 h, alone or in combination with Cd and/or Al, caused bystander signals to be produced in tissues harvested from in vivo exposed salmon. The effects vary among different organs and are not consistently additive or synergistic for a given treatment although gill cells do show high degrees of synergism between radiation and metal exposure. Data for individual fish did not suggest any systemic sensitivity to the stressors. Interestingly, the data for Cd suggest that lower toxicity is found when the metal is used in combination with radiation exposure. Expression of two proteins associated with survival responses (Bcl-2) or death responses (cmyc) after radiation was measured in the tissue cultures and showed a highly significant correlation with response outcome. The results, although complex, indicate that these stress signal responses may aid in the mechanistic investigation of mixed contaminant effects in fish exposed to metals and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Salbu
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norway
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Teien HC, Garmo OA, Atland A, Salbu B. Transformation of iron species in mixing zones and accumulation on fish gills. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:1780-1786. [PMID: 18441835 DOI: 10.1021/es071965m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The speciation of iron (Fe) strongly influences the deposition and accumulation on gills causing toxicitytoward fish. The impacts of ferric (Fe(III)) and ferrous (Fe(II)) species on gill accumulation were studied in parallel flow-through channel experiments where Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was kept in cages. Downstream of the pH 6.3 mixing point, where Fe(III) ions or Fe(ll) ions were added continuously to lake water, the molecular mass of Fe(III) increased within 0.5 min after mixing due to hydrolysis and polymerization, while the Fe(II) species remained as low molecular mass (LMM) species 20 min after mixing. For fish exposed to the Fe(lll) enriched water (0.5 mg L(-1)) the Fe accumulation on gills was high and decreased downstream, while low when Fe(II) was added to water. By adjusting the Fe(II) enriched water to pH 6.7, the oxidation of Fe(II) forming Fe(III) accelerated, the Fe accumulation on fish gills increased by a factor of 3, and high mortality (33%) was observed. Thus, input of Fe(ll) ions, oxidation of Fe(ll) at rates higher than 1.5 microg L(-1) min(-1), and continuous formation of LMM Fe(III) species accumulating on gills can induce toxicity toward fish present in circumneutral freshwaters a long distance downstream from the entry points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Teien
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 As, Norway.
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Monette MY, McCormick SD. Impacts of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) physiology: a direct comparison of parr and smolts. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 86:216-226. [PMID: 18082903 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Episodic acidification resulting in increased acidity and inorganic aluminum (Al(i)) is known to impact anadromous salmonids and has been identified as a possible cause of Atlantic salmon population decline. Sensitive life-stages such as smolts may be particularly vulnerable to impacts of short-term (days-week) acid/Al exposure, however the extent and mechanism(s) of this remain unknown. To determine if Atlantic salmon smolts are more sensitive than parr to short-term acid/Al, parr and smolts held in the same experimental tanks were exposed to control (pH 6.3-6.6, 11-37 microgl(-1) Al(i)) and acid/Al (pH 5.0-5.4, 43-68 microgl(-1) Al(i)) conditions in the lab, and impacts on ion regulation, stress response and gill Al accumulation were examined after 2 and 6 days. Parr and smolts were also held in cages for 2 and 6 days in a reference (Rock River, RR) and an acid/Al-impacted tributary (Ball Mountain Brook, BMB) of the West River in Southern Vermont. In the lab, losses in plasma Cl(-) levels occurred in both control parr and smolts as compared to fish sampled prior to the start of the study, however smolts exposed to acid/Al experienced additional losses in plasma Cl(-) levels (9-14 mM) after 2 and 6 days, and increases in plasma cortisol (4.3-fold) and glucose (2.9-fold) levels after 6 days, whereas these parameters were not significantly affected by acid/Al in parr. Gill Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (NKA) activity was not affected by acid/Al in either life-stage. Both parr and smolts held at BMB (but not RR) exhibited declines in plasma Cl(-), and increases in plasma cortisol and glucose levels; these differences were significantly greater in smolts after 2 days but similar in parr and smolts after 6 days. Gill NKA activity was reduced 45-54% in both life-stages held at BMB for 6 days compared to reference fish at RR. In both studies, exposure to acid/Al resulted in gill Al accumulation in parr and smolts, with parr exhibiting two-fold greater gill Al than smolts after 6 days. Our results indicate that smolts are more sensitive than parr to short-term acid/Al. Increased sensitivity of smolts appears to be independent of a reduction in gill NKA activity and greater gill Al accumulation. Instead, increased sensitivity of smolts is likely a result of both the acquisition of seawater tolerance while still in freshwater and heightened stress responsiveness in preparation for seawater entry and residence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Monette
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Teien HC, Kroglund F, Atland A, Rosseland BO, Salbu B. Sodium silicate as alternative to liming-reduced aluminium toxicity for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in unstable mixing zones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 358:151-63. [PMID: 16225906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 08/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
When acid aluminium (Al) rich water is limed, unstable mixing zones are formed until equilibrium is reached. In such mixing zones transient high molecular mass positively charged Al-species (HMM Al(i)) being extremely gill reactive are produced, causing toxic effects in fish. The transient HMM Al(i)-species are formed due to hydrolysis and polymerization of low molecular positively charged Al-species (LMM Al(i)), e.g. initiated by liming and the subsequent increase in pH. To counteract the toxicity of transient Al polymers in such mixing zones, sodium silicate, forming non-toxic hydroxyaluminosilicate (HAS) complexes, can be used as alternative to liming. In the present work the effect of sodium silicate on polymerization of LMM Al(i) in unstable mixing zones and subsequent gill reactivity and mortality of fish was compared to results obtained from liming. Diluted sodium silicate (<1.5 g l(-1)) and lime slurry (Ca(OH)(2)), respectively, were continually added to acidified Al-rich water in six different channel-tank systems, to obtain mixing zones with pH 5.9, 6.0 and 6.4, respectively. Utilising in situ size and charge fractionation techniques and following the exposure of Atlantic presmolt (Salmo salar L.) kept in cages at defined stations along the channel-tank systems, changes of Al-species in the mixing zones, the gill reactivity of Al-species and thus Al toxicity could be followed downstream the confluences (time of reaction after mixing: 1-100 min). By increasing the pH of the acid water to 6.0 or 6.4 by sodium silicate, the detoxification of Al was faster than using lime. Using sodium silicate, the transformation of LMM Al(i), the formation of HMM Al(i), the Al deposition in fish gills and fish mortality were lower than using lime. The formation of neutral LMM Al-species (Al(o)) was, however, higher and the formation of colloidal Al-species (Al(c)) lower in the presence of silicate compared to lime. Furthermore, the Al deposition in fish gills and fish mortality decreased by increasing concentration of sodium silicate dosed. Thus, sodium silicate is a good alternative to liming, and under certain circumstances when aging of water may represent a problem (e.g. aquaculture) sodium silicate should be the preferred agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Teien
- Isotope Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 As, Norway.
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