1
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Lee H, Kim G, Baek C, Yeo BH, Park J, Son M, Park TG, Youn SH, Lim WA, Kwon HK. Biogeochemical conditions controlling the intensity of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) outbreak caused by Alexandrium blooms: Results from 6-year field observations in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175236. [PMID: 39098413 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Previous field observations from 2018 to 2019 revealed that paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) caused by the blooms of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium species occurred under low concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and high concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and humic-like fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOMH) in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea. In this study, we obtained more data for DIN, DON, FDOMH, and Alexandrium cell density from 2020 to 2023 to further validate environmental conditions for the PSP outbreak. We also measured total hydrolyzed amino acids (THAA) to determine the bioavailability of DON fueling the PSP outbreak. Over the 6-year observations, there was a consistent pattern of low DIN concentrations and high DON and FDOMH concentrations during the PSP outbreak periods. The Alexandrium cell densities, together with the PSP toxin concentrations, increased rapidly under this environmental condition. The PSP outbreak occurs when a large amount of DIN originating from the stream waters near the upstream sites is transformed into DON by biological production before entering the PSP outbreak area. The produced DON is characterized by high bioavailability based on the various AA-derived indices (enantiomeric ratio, degradation index, non-protein AA mole%, and nitrogen-normalized AA yield). In addition, the intensities of PSP outbreaks are mainly dependent on the conversion stage of DIN to DON and enhanced FDOMH. We found that the strong PSP outbreak occurred consistently under a low level of DIN (<1.0 μM) and high levels of DON (>9.0 μM) and FDOMH (>1.5 R.U.). Thus, our results suggest that the monitoring data of environmental conditions can be used to predict the PSP outbreak in the coastal oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbyul Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Guebuem Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Baek
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Hyun Yeo
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonho Son
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Park
- Ocean Climate and Ecology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Hyun Youn
- Ocean Climate and Ecology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Weol Ae Lim
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Kyu Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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R P, V J L, Kessarkar PM, Kumar A, Pesso C, Gomes C. Fresh and recirculated submarine groundwater discharge zones along the central west coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118406. [PMID: 38382659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The study area receives an average of 2840.0 mm of rainfall within four months every year. A portion of the rainwater is flown to the sea as surface water, and the other part is percolated into the bottom as groundwater. In coastal aquifers, the groundwater is transported to the sea due to a hydraulic gradient, and it contains a significant quantity of dissolved materials and nutrients. SGD processes impact the ocean productivity, mangrove and coral growth, local acidification and many. To isolate the SGD on the central west coast of India, different data was referred. The GWL concerning MSL contributed significantly to demarcating the SGD zones by considering the positive (>0 m) and negative (<0 m) values of GWL concerning above MSL. Thermal images for SST of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods of 2020 exhibit cooler surrounded by warmer, which might be the SGD buffering zones in the off-central west coast of India. By considering the results from GWL and SST, 8 SGD beach sites were identified for the further particularized study. The water samples were collected in March 2022, and analyzed using standard procedures and instruments. Fresh and mixing (recirculated) zones have been isolated by piper, hydrochemical facies evolution, and Ca2++Mg2+/K++Na + Vs log Cl- ionic ratio plots. The aquifer water chemical elements are converting possibly due to ionic exchange processes. The decrease in salinity and conductivity observed in the pore water just below the seawater might be due to the influence of freshwater inputs, helping to isolate the fresh SGD and recirculated SGD zones in the study area. Among 8 sites, 3 were found to be fresh SGD sites and 5 were noticed to be mixing/recirculated SGD sites. Most of these Beaches are bounded by hills, which helps to lead the SGD along the central west coast of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash R
- Chemical Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | - Loveson V J
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | - Pratima M Kessarkar
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | - Ashwini Kumar
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
| | | | - Concy Gomes
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India.
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Nakajima T, Kuragano M, Yamada M, Sugimoto R. Comparing nearshore and embayment scale assessments of submarine groundwater discharge: Significance of offshore groundwater discharge as a nutrient pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168068. [PMID: 37914127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) can influence biogeochemical cycles in coastal seas by delivering nutrients from the seafloor. Comparison between the nearshore and embayment scale assessments of SGD against river water discharge would be crucial for understanding biogeochemical impacts on the coastal seas because the discharge pattern (non-point or point pathway) is different. Here, we quantified SGD contribution to rivers in nutrient budgets at two scales within a coastal embayment (Obama Bay, Japan) by mass balance models of radon and radium isotopes. We then compared the SGD contribution between the two scales by the meta-analysis for regional data sets conducted in nearshore and embayment scales. The estimated SGD rates in the nearshore and embayment scales in the bay were 7.8 cm d-1 and 20.0 cm d-1, indicating that offshore SGD was more significant than nearshore. The ratios of nutrient fluxes derived from SGD to rivers (SGD:River) in the nearshore scale were 1.7 for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), 3.0 for phosphorus (DIP), and 0.5 for silica (DSi), while those in the embayment scale increased to 10.4 for DIN, 18.5 for DIP, and 3.9 for DSi. This result indicates that SGD-derived nutrients become more important at larger spatial scales. Meta-analysis revealed that the difference in the contribution of SGD to rivers was affected by the seafloor size and there was no significant difference in SGD rates between nearshore and embayment scale studies. However, our regional study shows the site-specific pattern that SGD rates in the embayment scale were higher than those in the nearshore scale. Overall, we clarified that SGD can be a crucial nutrient pathway for coastal embayments regardless of the spatial scales and contribute to coastal nutrient biogeochemistry in more offshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Mao Kuragano
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Makoto Yamada
- Faculty of Economics, Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ryo Sugimoto
- Faculty of Marine Biosciences and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan.
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Sajeev S, Muthukumar P, Selvam S. Submarine groundwater discharge: An Asian overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 325:138261. [PMID: 36898441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is the combination of fresh and saline groundwater flux to marine system through continental boundaries regardless of its chemical composition and factors influencing the flow. We have discussed the SGD studies in the Asian context; SGD has been studied in various parts of Asia, including China, Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia. In China, SGD has been studied in several coastal regions, including the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea. In Japan, SGD has been studied in the Pacific coast, where it has been found to be an important source of fresh water to the coastal ocean. In South Korea, SGD has been studied in the Yellow Sea, where it has been found to be an important source of fresh water to the coastal ocean. In Southeast Asia, SGD has been studied in several countries, including Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Recently the SGD studies acquired much development India, the research on SGD in India is limited, and more studies are needed to understand the SGD process, its impact on the coastal environment, and the management strategies, Groundwater extraction for irrigation, industry, and domestic use is increasing in India, which can affect the SGD process in coastal aquifers. Overall, the studies suggest that SGD is an important process in Asian coastal regions, playing a role in the supply of fresh water and the transport of pollutants and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthy Sajeev
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India; Registration No: 19212232222016, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Muthukumar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Selvam
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kim D, Ji R, Feng Z, Jang J, Lee DI, Lee WC, Kang CK. Estuarine dam water discharge enhances summertime primary productivity near the southwestern Korean coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114971. [PMID: 37105054 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The gate opening of estuarine dams discharge a large amount of freshwater into coastal zones during the summer monsoon in northeast Asia. We investigated seasonal and spatial variations in primary productivity (PP) and community structures of phytoplankton on a downstream macrotidal flat and examined the dam discharge effects. Our harmonic analysis of the PP revealed a clear seasonality with a unimodal peak in summer, possibly driven by high ammonium loading through internal recycling. External nitrate supply from the dam-water discharge promoted PP during July-August, generating conspicuous blooms near the discharging site. Phytoplankton community was characterized by a predominance of diatoms all year round and seasonal dominances from dinoflagellates, cryptophytes, and prasinophytes in spring to chlorophytes in summer, reflecting spatiotemporal patterns in ammonium and nitrate supply. Our findings provide new insights into the summer phytoplankton bloom linked to monsoonal rainfall in the shallow coastal seas along the Northeast Asian coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoung Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Rubao Ji
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Zhixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jaebin Jang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-In Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Chan Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Kang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Park S, Kim G, Kwon HK, Han IS. Long-term changes in the concentrations of nutrients in the marginal seas (Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and East/Japan Sea) neighboring the Korean Peninsula. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115012. [PMID: 37172345 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We examined the changes in the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (DIP) in the surface waters of the Yellow Sea (YS), the southern sea (SS) of Korea, and the East/Japan Sea (ES) from 1995 to 2021. These marginal seas neighboring the Korean Peninsula maintained nutrient concentrations approximately an order of magnitude higher than those in the Kuroshio waters, indicating extraordinarily large terrestrial source inputs. Generally, the DIN concentration in the YS increased gradually due to the accumulation of terrestrial inputs, while the nutrient concentrations in the ES declined gradually mainly due to enhanced water stratification. The SS showed the maximum DIN concentrations around 2005, associated with freshwater influence. In Korean coastal waters within ~10 km from the coastline, nutrient concentrations declined sharply during this period due to decreased terrestrial nutrient inputs. The rapid changes in the nutrient levels in these seas may significantly alter biological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojin Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Guebuem Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeong Kyu Kwon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences/Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seong Han
- Ocean Climate & Ecology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
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Sekar S, Perumal M, Roy PD, Ganapathy M, Senapathi V, Yong Chung S, Elzain HE, Duraisamy M, Kamaraj J. A review on global status of fresh and saline groundwater discharge into the ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:915. [PMID: 36255565 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is the groundwater flow from land to the sea across the seabed, and it includes both terrane freshwater and recirculated seawater in the sub-surface. This review (i) systematically evaluates findings of various quantification methodologies, (ii) examines the estimated SGD in scientific publications between 2000 and 2020, and (iii) quantitatively evaluates current situation of coastal zone management through the bibliometric analysis of research papers. Apart from enhancing the shortage of groundwater resources in coastal area, the SGD brings nutrients (nitrate and phosphate), toxic heavy metals, and organic compounds, and thus contaminate the seawater. Therefore, the improved understanding about location and quantity of global SGD is essential to conserve the coastal and ocean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvam Sekar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Muthukumar Perumal
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
- Registration No: 19212232221045, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyadarsi Debajyoti Roy
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, CP, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Moorthy Ganapathy
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sang Yong Chung
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
| | - Hussam Eldin Elzain
- Water Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manimaran Duraisamy
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesuraja Kamaraj
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
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McKenzie T, Dulai H, Fuleky P. Traditional and novel time-series approaches reveal submarine groundwater discharge dynamics under baseline and extreme event conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22570. [PMID: 34799618 PMCID: PMC8604958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater is a vital resource for humans and groundwater dependent ecosystems. Coastal aquifers and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), both influenced by terrestrial and marine forces, are increasingly affected by climate variations and sea-level rise. Despite this, coastal groundwater resources and discharge are frequently poorly constrained, limiting our understanding of aquifer responses to external forces. We apply traditional and novel time-series approaches using an SGD dataset of previously unpublished resolution and duration, to analyze the dependencies between precipitation, groundwater level, and SGD at a model site (Kīholo Bay, Hawai'i). Our objectives include (1) determining the relative contribution of SGD drivers over tidal and seasonal periods, (2) establishing temporal relationships and thresholds of processes influencing SGD, and (3) evaluating the impacts of anomalous events, such as tropical storms, on SGD. This analysis reveals, for example, that precipitation is only a dominant influence during wet periods, and otherwise tides and waves dictate the dynamics of SGD. It also provides time lags between intense storm events and higher SGD rates, as well as thresholds for precipitation, wave height and tides affecting SGD. Overall, we demonstrate an approach for modeling a hydrological system while elucidating coastal aquifer and SGD response in unprecedented detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan McKenzie
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA. .,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrietta Dulai
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Peter Fuleky
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957Department of Economics, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
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Cho HM, Kim TH, Moon JH, Song BC, Hwang DW, Kim T, Im DH. Estimating submarine groundwater discharge in Jeju volcanic island (Korea) during a typhoon (Kong-rey) using humic-fluorescent dissolved organic matter-Si mass balance. Sci Rep 2021; 11:941. [PMID: 33441639 PMCID: PMC7807084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the residence time, seepage rate, and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD)-driven dissolved nutrients and organic matter in Hwasun Bay, Jeju Island, Korea during the occurrence of a typhoon, Kong-rey, using a humic fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOMH)-Si mass balance model. The study period spanned October 4–10, 2018. One day after the typhoon, the residence time and seepage rate were calculated to be 1 day and 0.51 m day−1, respectively, and the highest SGD-driven fluxes of chemical constituents were estimated (1.7 × 106 mol day−1 for dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 0.1 × 106 mol day−1 for dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), 1.1 × 106 mol day−1 for dissolved silicon, 0.5 × 106 mol day−1 for dissolved organic carbon, 1.6 × 106 mol day−1 for dissolved organic nitrogen, 0.4 × 106 mol day−1 for particulate organic carbon, and 38 × 106 g QS day−1 for FDOMH). SGD-driven fluxes of dissolved nutrient and organic matter were over 90% of the total input fluxes in Hwasun Bay. Our results highlight the potential of using the FDOMH-Si mass balance model to effectively measure SGD within a specific area (i.e., volcanic islands) under specific weather conditions (i.e., typhoon/storm). In oligotrophic oceanic regions, SGD-driven chemical fluxes from highly permeable islands considerably contribute to coastal nutrient budgets and coastal biological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Mi Cho
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hong Moon
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chan Song
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woon Hwang
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejin Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Im
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
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Cheng KH, Luo X, Jiao JJ. Two-decade variations of fresh submarine groundwater discharge to Tolo Harbour and their ecological significance by coupled remote sensing and radon-222 model. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 178:115866. [PMID: 32380295 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) comprises an insignificant proportion of the global hydrologic cycle, it contributes significantly to chemical fluxes into the coastal waters due to concentrated constituents in coastal groundwater. Large nutrient loadings derived from SGD can lead to a series of environmental and ecological problems such as algal blooms, resulting in water discoloration, severe dissolved oxygen depletion, and eventually beach closures and massive fish kills. Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between algal blooms and SGD obtained from direct measurement with seepage meters or from geo-tracer (i.e., radon and radium) based models; these traditional methods are time-consuming, laborious and point monitoring, and can hardly achieve a high spatiotemporal resolution SGD estimation, which is vital in revealing the effects of SGD to algal blooms over a long period. Alternatively, remote sensing methods for high spatiotemporal resolution SGD localization and quantification are applicable and effective. The temperature difference or anomaly between groundwater and coastal water extracted from satellite thermal images can be used as the indicator to localize and detect SGD especially its fresh component (or fresh SGD). In this study, multi-year (2005, 2011 and 2018) radon samples in Tolo Harbour were used to train regression models between in-situ radon (Rn) activity and the temperature anomaly by Landsat satellite thermal images. The models were used to estimate two-decade variations of fresh SGD in Tolo Harbour. The synergistic analysis between the time series of fresh SGD derived from regression models and high spatiotemporal resolution ecological metrics (chlorophyll-a, algal cell counts, and E.coli) leads to the findings that the increase of the fresh SGD associated with high nutrient concentrations is witnessed 10-20 days before the observations of algal bloom events. This study makes the first attempt to demonstrate the strong relation between the SGD and algal blooms over a vicennial span, and also provides a cost effective and robust technique to estimate SGD on a bay scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Cheng
- Department of Earth Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Earth Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiu Jimmy Jiao
- Department of Earth Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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11
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Yang B, Gao X, Zhao J, Lu Y, Gao T. Biogeochemistry of dissolved inorganic nutrients in an oligotrophic coastal mariculture region of the northern Shandong Peninsula, north Yellow Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110693. [PMID: 31753563 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen field cruises were carried out in a mariculture region of the northern Shandong Peninsula, North Yellow Sea, China from 2016 to 2017 for a better understanding of the biogeochemical behaviors, sources and export of dissolved inorganic nutrients. The spatial variations of nutrients were not obvious due to the influence of complex hydrological and biochemical conditions. Potential nutritional level was characterized in oligotrophy, and trophic status was rated at medium level. A preliminary estimation of nutrient budgets demonstrated that the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) load was mainly from atmospheric deposition and scallop excretion, accounting for 56.9% and 35.6% of its total influx. Scallop excretion and sediment release were the major source of phosphate (DIP), contributing to 25.2% and 44.3%, while dissolved silicon (DSi) was mainly from sediment release, accounting for 94.2%. In addition, about 136.7 × 103, 7.3 × 103 and 485.5 × 103 mol km-2 yr-1 of DIN, DIP and DSi could be converted into other forms, e.g. organic and particulate matter and gas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuelu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
| | - Yuxi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianci Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Adyasari D, Hassenrück C, Oehler T, Sabdaningsih A, Moosdorf N. Microbial community structure associated with submarine groundwater discharge in northern Java (Indonesia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:590-601. [PMID: 31279205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) can be an important pathway for chemical or biological pollutants from land to the ocean around the world. However, studies on the microbial communities associated with SGD in Southeast Asia, which has been hypothesized as SGD hotspot, remain scarce. In this study, we examined the microbial community composition with 16S rRNA gene sequencing along the hydrological continuum of an SGD site in a tropical urban area of Indonesia. Of the observed parameters in this study, salinity and temperature were the most determinant variables explaining patterns in microbial community composition. The bacterial taxon Burkholderiaceae was predominantly found in low salinity samples, including those from terrestrial groundwater and brackish pore water, while cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus sp. CC9902 were indicative of saline SGD and seawater samples. The composition of microbial taxa in each sample pointed to the influence of shallow terrestrial groundwater in the beach pore water, while seawater recirculation dominated the SGD sampling points situated further offshore. We identified taxa containing fecal indicators and potential pathogens at the SGD compartments; however, while a likely explanation, we could not conclude with certainty that SGD was a conduit for these bacteria. Overall, the results from this study show that microbial community analysis can highlight hydrological processes and water quality at the SGD site; thus, they could be useful for environmental policymakers to formulate water management strategies in coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dini Adyasari
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Christiane Hassenrück
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Till Oehler
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Aninditia Sabdaningsih
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, S.H., 50275 Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Nils Moosdorf
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Adyasari D, Oehler T, Afiati N, Moosdorf N. Groundwater nutrient inputs into an urbanized tropical estuary system in Indonesia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:1066-1079. [PMID: 30857079 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater discharge is known to transport nutrients into estuaries at several locations around the world. However, few studies report groundwater-associated nutrient fluxes from tropical developing regions such as Southeast Asia, even though this area shows the strongest human modifications in the coastal zone worldwide. We investigated groundwater nutrient flux into two streams and estuaries (Awur and Sekumbu Bay) in the urban area of Jepara, Indonesia, and its relation with the land usage surrounding the estuaries. We found that average concentrations of NO3, NH4, and PO4 in Jepara's aquifer reached 145μM, 68μM, and 14μM, respectively, and our results indicate that these were mainly originated from untreated sewage, agriculture, and manure input. Approximately 2200tonNyear-1 and 380tonPyear-1 were removed in the soil and aquifer before the nutrients were discharged into the river. The total groundwater discharge into the river and estuary was estimated to 461×103m3d-1, or up to 42% of the river discharge. Discharge of groundwater-associated NO3 (72×103mold-1), NH4 (34×103mold-1), PO4 (5×103mold-1), and additional surface runoff may contribute to eutrophication and a decrease of nearshore surface water quality. Nutrient concentrations in groundwater, river, and coastal seawater in the Jepara region are similar to those found in major urban areas in Southeast Asia, e.g. Manila and Bangkok, even though Jepara has smaller size and population. Thus, our results indicate that medium populated cities with highly modified regional land use can contribute a significant amount of nutrient discharge in the coastal area and should be included in global assessments of nutrient budget calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dini Adyasari
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Till Oehler
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Norma Afiati
- Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | - Nils Moosdorf
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Park MO, Lee YW, Park JK, Kim SG, Kim SS, Lee SM. Changes in Water Quality in Masan Bay after the Introduction of the Total Pollution Load Management System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.7846/jkosmee.2018.21.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Significance of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Nutrient Budgets in Tropical Sanya Bay, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Szymczycha B, Kroeger KD, Crusius J, Bratton JF. Depth of the vadose zone controls aquifer biogeochemical conditions and extent of anthropogenic nitrogen removal. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 123:794-801. [PMID: 28750329 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated biogeochemical conditions and watershed features controlling the extent of nitrate removal through microbial dinitrogen (N2) production within the surficial glacial aquifer located on the north and south shores of Long Island, NY, USA. The extent of N2 production differs within portions of the aquifer, with greatest N2 production observed at the south shore of Long Island where the vadose zone is thinnest, while limited N2 production occurred under the thick vadose zones on the north shore. In areas with a shallow water table and thin vadose zone, low oxygen concentrations and sufficient DOC concentrations are conducive to N2 production. Results support the hypothesis that in aquifers without a significant supply of sediment-bound reducing potential, vadose zone thickness exerts an important control of the extent of N2 production. Since quantification of excess N2 relies on knowledge of equilibrium N2 concentration at recharge, calculated based on temperature at recharge, we further identify several features, such as land use and cover, seasonality of recharge, and climate change that should be considered to refine estimation of recharge temperature, its deviation from mean annual air temperature, and resulting deviation from expected equilibrium gas concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Szymczycha
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland; USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - K D Kroeger
- USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - J Crusius
- USGS at UW School of Oceanography, 1492 NE Boat St., Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J F Bratton
- LimnoTech, 501 Avis Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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17
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Hwang DW, Lee IS, Choi M, Kim TH. Estimating the input of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and SGD-derived nutrients in Geoje Bay, Korea using (222)Rn-Si mass balance model. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 110:119-126. [PMID: 27377001 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the main source of nutrients for maintaining the high production in shellfish farming bay, we have measured (222)Rn activities and the concentrations of nutrients in stream water, seawater, and coastal groundwater around Geoje Bay, one of the largest cultivation areas of oyster in the southern sea of Korea in April 2013. Using the (222)Rn and Si mass balance model, the residence time of bay seawater was about 5days and the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into the bay was estimated to be approximately 1.8×10(6)m(3) d(-1). The SGD-derived nutrient fluxes contributed approximately 54% for DIN, 5% for DIP, and 50% for DSi of total nutrient input entering into the bay. Thus, our results suggest that SGD is the major source of nutrients in Geoje Bay, and SGD-derived nutrients are very important to support the biological production of this shellfish farming bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Woon Hwang
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Choi
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Wu Z, Zhou H, Zhang S, Liu Y. Using 222Rn to estimate submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and the associated nutrient fluxes into Xiangshan Bay, East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 73:183-191. [PMID: 23790526 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Continuous radon ((222)Rn) monitoring was conducted at two stations (site A and site B) with different perpendicular distance from the shoreline in Xiangshan Bay, East China Sea. Based on a (222)Rn balance model (various sources and sinks of (222)Rn in coastal water), the average rate of SGD was estimated to be 0.69 cm/day and 0.23 cm/day for site A and site B, respectively. The results from a nutrient analysis of the groundwater indicate that the associated nutrients fluxes loading through the SGD pathway were 4.27×10(6) mol/day for DIN, 2.24×10(4) mol/day for DIP and 1.82×10(6) mol/day for DSi, respectively, which were comparable to or even higher than the levels observed in the local streams. Therefore, adequate attention should be paid to the importance of SGD as one source of nutrients during the eutrophication control process in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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20
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Szymczycha B, Vogler S, Pempkowiak J. Nutrient fluxes via submarine groundwater discharge to the Bay of Puck, southern Baltic Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 438:86-93. [PMID: 22975306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been recognized as an important exchange pathway between hydrologic reservoirs due to its impact on biogeochemical cycles of the coastal ocean. This study reports nutrient concentrations and loads delivered by SGD into the Bay of Puck, the southern Baltic Sea. Measurements were carried out between September, 2009 and October, 2010 at groundwater seepage sites identified by low salinity of pore water. Groundwater fluxes, measured using seepage meters, ranged from 3 to 22 L m(-2)day(-1). Average concentrations of nutrients in groundwater samples collected were as follows: 0.4 μmol L(-1) nitrate (NO(3)), 0.8 μmol L(-1) nitrite (NO(2)), 18.2 μmol L(-1) ammonium (NH(4)) and 60.6 μmol L(-1) orthophosphate (PO(4)). Levels of NH(4) and PO(4) were significantly higher in samples from SGD sites than in seawater. Seawater and SGD samples showed similar NO(2) concentrations but SGD samples exhibited lower NO(3) levels than those observed in seawater samples. Measured seepage water fluxes and nutrient concentrations were used to calculate nutrient loads discharged into the study area while the literature groundwater flux and the measured nutrient concentrations were used to estimate nutrient loads discharged into the Bay of Puck. The estimates suggest that SGD delivers a dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) load of 49.9 ± 18.0 t yr(-1) and a PO(4)(-) load of 56.3 ± 5.5tyr(-1) into the Bay of Puck. The projected estimates are significant in comparison with loads delivered to the bay from other, well-recognized sources (705 ty r(-1) and 105 ty r(-1) respectively for DIN and PO(4)). Nutrient discharge input loads were projected to the entire Baltic Sea The extrapolated values indicate SGD contributes a significant proportion of phosphate load but only an insignificant proportion of DIN load. Further studies are necessary to better understand SGD contributions to the nutrient budget in the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szymczycha
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81712 Sopot, Poland
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21
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Statham PJ. Nutrients in estuaries--an overview and the potential impacts of climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 434:213-27. [PMID: 22119025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The fate and cycling of macronutrients introduced into estuaries depend upon a range of interlinked processes. Hydrodynamics and morphology in combination with freshwater inflow control the freshwater flushing time, and the timescale for biogeochemical processes to operate that include microbial activity, particle-dissolved phase interactions, and benthic exchanges. In some systems atmospheric inputs and exchanges with coastal waters can also be important. Climate change will affect nutrient inputs and behaviour through modifications to temperature, wind patterns, the hydrological cycle, and sea level rise. Resulting impacts include: 1) inundation of freshwater systems 2) changes in stratification, flushing times and phytoplankton productivity 3) increased coastal storm activity 4) changes in species and ecosystem function. A combination of continuing high inputs of nutrients through human activity and climate change is anticipated to lead to enhanced eutrophication in the future. The most obvious impacts of increasing global temperature will be in sub-arctic systems where permafrost zones will be reduced in combination with enhanced inputs from glacial systems. Improved process understanding in several key areas including cycling of organic N and P, benthic exchanges, resuspension, impact of bio-irrigation, particle interactions, submarine groundwater discharges, and rates and magnitude of bacterially-driven recycling processes, is needed. Development of high frequency in situ nutrient analysis systems will provide data to improve predictive models that need to incorporate a wider variety of key factors, although the complexity of estuarine systems makes such modelling a challenge. However, overall a more holistic approach is needed to effectively understand, predict and manage the impact of macronutrients on estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Statham
- National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Lee CM, Jiao JJ, Luo X, Moore WS. Estimation of submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient fluxes in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:427-433. [PMID: 22819893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tolo Harbour, located in the northeastern part of Hong Kong's New Territories, China, has a high frequency of algal blooms and red tides. An attempt was made to first quantify the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into Tolo Harbour using (226)Ra, and then to estimate the nutrient fluxes into the Harbour by this pathway. The total SGD was estimated to be 8.28×10(6) m(3) d(-1), while the fresh submarine groundwater discharge (FSGD) was estimated to be 2.31×10(5) m(3) d(-1). This showed that a large amount of SGD was contributed by recirculated seawater rather than fresh groundwater in the Harbour. Using the SGD and groundwater nutrient information around Tolo Harbour, the nutrient loading through SGD was estimated to be 1.1×10(6) mold(-1) for DIN, 1.4×10(4) mold(-1) for PO(4)(3-)-P and 1.4×10(6) mold(-1) for SiO(2)-Si, which was much more significant than its counterpart through the river discharge. Despite uncertainties in the estimation, the nutrient loading to Tolo Harbour by SGD is clearly significant. Thus, the current efforts for management of red tides in Tolo Harbour have to be reviewed and control of groundwater contamination is obviously required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ming Lee
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chang WK, Ryu J, Yi Y, Lee WC, Lee CW, Kang D, Lee CH, Hong S, Nam J, Khim JS. Improved water quality in response to pollution control measures at Masan Bay, Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:427-435. [PMID: 22155120 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The total pollution load management system (TPLMS) was first applied in 2007 to the highly developed Masan Bay watershed, Korea. To evaluate the effect of TPLMS on water quality improvement, we analyzed the water qualities in rivers and bay during 2005-2010, targeting chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended sediment (SS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) loads. Land-based pollutant loading all decreased during this period, with a significant reduction in COD and SS loads (p<0.01). The COD reduction in seawater, following the TPLMS implementation, was also significant (p<0.01). Time-lagged responses in COD and Chl-a supported an estimated seawater residence time of ~1 month. Land-based nutrient loads were also significantly reduced for TN (p<0.01) and TP (p<0.05), however, significant reductions were not observed in the bay, indicating potential alternative nutrient inputs from non-point sources into the bay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Keun Chang
- Korea Maritime Institute, 1652 Sangam-dong, Seoul 121-270, Republic of Korea
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Senal MIS, Jacinto GS, San Diego-McGlone ML, Siringan F, Zamora P, Soria L, Cardenas MB, Villanoy C, Cabrera O. Nutrient inputs from submarine groundwater discharge on the Santiago reef flat, Bolinao, Northwestern Philippines. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 63:195-200. [PMID: 21700300 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) on the reef flat of Bolinao, Pangasinan (Philippines) was mapped using electrical resistivity, 222Rn, and nutrient concentration measurements. Nitrate levels as high as 126 μM, or 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than ambient concentrations, were measured in some areas of the reef flat. Nutrient fluxes were higher during the wet season (May-October) than the dry season (November-April). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN=NO3+NO2+NH4) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) fluxes during the wet season were 4.4 and 0.2 mmoles m(-2) d(-1), respectively. With the increase population size and anthropogenic activities in Bolinao, an enhancement of SGD-derived nitrogen levels is likely. This could lead to eutrophic conditions in the otherwise oligotrophic waters surrounding the Santiago reef flat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel S Senal
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.
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