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Dias M, Pereira M, Marmelo I, Anacleto P, Pousão-Ferreira P, Cunha SC, Fernandes JO, Petrarca M, Marques A, Martins M, Maulvault AL. Ecotoxicological responses of juvenile Sparus aurata to BDE-99 and BPA exposure: A multi-biomarker approach integrating immune, endocrine and oxidative endpoints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170989. [PMID: 38365038 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) and bisphenol A (BPA) are synthetic organic compounds present in several daily use products. Due to their physicochemical properties, they are ubiquitously present in aquatic ecosystems and considered highly persistent. Recent evidence has confirmed that both emerging compounds are toxic to humans and terrestrial mammals eliciting a wide range of detrimental effects at endocrine and immune levels. However, the ecotoxicological responses that they can trigger in vertebrate marine species have not yet been established. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the ecotoxicological responses of juvenile Sparus aurata upon chronic (28 days) dietary exposure to BDE-99 and BPA (alone and combined) following an integrated multi-biomarker approach that combined fitness indicators (Fulton's K and splenosomatic indexes) with endocrine [cortisol, 17β-estradiol (E2), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) concentrations] and immune (peroxidase and antiprotease activities) endpoints in fish plasma, and oxidative stress [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, and lipid peroxidation (LPO)] endpoints in the fish spleen. The mixture of BDE-99 and BPA yielded the highest IBR index value in both plasma and spleen biomarkers, therefore, suggesting that the effects of these compounds are more severe when they act together. Endocrine biomarkers were the most responsive in the three contaminated treatments. Fitness indicators were not affected by the individual nor the interactive effects of BDE-99 and BPA. These findings highlight the relevance of accounting for the interactive effects of emerging chemical contaminants and integrating responses associated with distinct biological pathways when investigating their impacts on marine life, as such a multi-biomarker approach provides a broader, more realistic and adequate perspective of challenges faced by fish in a contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dias
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Marta Pereira
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isa Marmelo
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Anacleto
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- IPMA-EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mateus Petrarca
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marta Martins
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvault
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
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Dias M, Paula JR, Pousão-Ferreira P, Casal S, Cruz R, Cunha SC, Rosa R, Marques A, Anacleto P, Maulvault AL. Combined effects of climate change and BDE-209 dietary exposure on the behavioural response of the white seabream, Diplodus sargus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163400. [PMID: 37054799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl-ether (BDE-209) is a persistent organic pollutant ubiquitously found in marine environments worldwide. Even though this emerging chemical contaminant is described as highly toxic, bioaccumulative and biomagnifiable, limited studies have addressed the ecotoxicological implications associated with its exposure in non-target marine organisms, particularly from a behavioural standpoint. Alongside, seawater acidification and warming have been intensifying their impacts on marine ecosystems over the years, compromising species welfare and survival. BDE-209 exposure as well as seawater acidification and warming are known to affect fish behaviour, but information regarding their interactive effects is not available. In this study, long-term effects of BDE-209 contamination, seawater acidification and warming were studied on different behavioural traits of Diplodus sargus juveniles. Our results showed that D. sargus exhibited a marked sensitivity in all the behaviour responses after dietary exposure to BDE-209. Fish exposed to BDE-209 alone revealed lower awareness of a risky situation, increased activity, less time spent within the shoal, and reversed lateralization when compared to fish from the Control treatment. However, when acidification and/or warming were added to the equation, behavioural patterns were overall altered. Fish exposed to acidification alone exhibited increased anxiety, being less active, spending more time within the shoal, while presenting a reversed lateralization. Finally, fish exposed to warming alone were more anxious and spent more time within the shoal compared to those of the Control treatment. These novel findings not only confirm the neurotoxicological attributes of brominated flame retardants (like BDE-209), but also highlight the relevance of accounting for the effects of abiotic variables (e.g. pH and seawater temperature) when investigating the impacts of environmental contaminants on marine life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dias
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - José Ricardo Paula
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rebeca Cruz
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Anacleto
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvault
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET - Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associated Laboratory, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; IPMA, I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P., Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
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Berger ML, Shaw SD, Rolsky C, Harris JH, Guo Y, Kannan K. Occurrence and tissue-specific partitioning of alternative brominated flame retardants in northwest Atlantic harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina vitulina). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137968. [PMID: 36708778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used for decades until evidence of negative health effects led to bans in many countries. PBDEs have since been replaced by alternative legacy compounds or newly developed chemicals. In this study, eight alternative brominated flame retardants were analyzed in blubber and liver of harbor seal pups (≤6 months) from the Northwest Atlantic collected during 2001-2010 to elucidate concentrations, patterns, contamination trends, potential maternal transfer, and tissue partitioning. All compounds were detected in liver and blubber tissues with hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) predominating. Overall, α-HBCD was the dominant HBCD isomer in both tissues although the concentrations of γ-HBCD exceeded those of α-HBCD in seven pups, indicating their mothers may have had alternative dietary patterns or recent exposure to the commercial mixture. Although it was detected in less than half of the samples, to our knowledge, this is the first study to report tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) concentrations in multiple tissues of a top marine predator. For the brominated components of Firemaster® flame retardants, TBB concentrations exceeded bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH). This pattern may result from recent exposure to commercial mixtures in which TBB exceeds TBPH 4:1 or from differences in perinatal or lactational transfer efficiency of the two compounds. Between the two tissues, lipid-normalized β-HBCD, γ-HBCD, TBB and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) concentrations were significantly higher in liver than blubber. This indicates that the bioaccumulation of these chemicals is not simply related to lipid dynamics but may be linked to blood proteins. This study demonstrates that harbor seal pups from this region are contaminated with alternative flame retardants passed to them via placental or lactational transfer. Given the evidence for negative health effects of these chemicals, this contamination adds additional pressure on the first year survival of these young, developing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Berger
- Shaw Institute, Blue Hill Research Center, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA.
| | - Susan D Shaw
- Shaw Institute, Blue Hill Research Center, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA
| | - Charles Rolsky
- Shaw Institute, Blue Hill Research Center, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA
| | - Jennifer H Harris
- Shaw Institute, Blue Hill Research Center, 55 Main Street, Blue Hill, ME, 04614, USA
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, 698 MSB 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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McIvor AJ, Pires R, Lopes C, Raimundo J, Campos PF, Pais MP, Canning-Clode J, Dinis A. Assessing microplastic exposure of the Critically Endangered Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) on a remote oceanic island. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159077. [PMID: 36181822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (<5 mm) are a ubiquitous marine pollutant which are highly bioavailable to marine organisms across all trophic levels. Marine predators are especially vulnerable to microplastic pollution through direct and indirect ingestion (e.g., trophic transfer) due to their high trophic position. In particular, oceanic islands are more susceptible to plastic accumulation, increasing the relative number of microplastics in the environment that are available for consumption. The dynamics of microplastic accumulation in marine predators inhabiting remote islands, however, is sparsely documented. Here we describe microplastic exposure in the Critically Endangered Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) from the Madeira archipelago (Northeast Atlantic) using scat-based analysis. Microplastics were recovered from 18 scat samples collected between 2014-2021 and were characterized to the polymer level using Fourier-Transform Infrared (u-FTIR) spectroscopy. A total of 390 microplastic particles were recovered, ranging between 0.2-8.6 particles g-1 dry weight (mean 1.84 ± 2.14 particles g-1) consisting mainly of fragments (69 %) of various sizes and polymer composition (e.g., PE, PET, PS). Microplastic prevalence (100 % of samples analysed) was higher than what has been previously recorded using scat-based analysis in other pinniped species. Our results suggest that the levels of microplastic pollution in the coastal food-web in the Madeira archipelago are relatively high, placing higher-trophic level organisms at increased risk of microplastic consumption, including humans. This study provides the first insights into microplastic exposure to Madeira's monk seals that may contribute to future management decisions for the species and their long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie J McIvor
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation (ARDITI), Funchal, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Rosa Pires
- Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Clara Lopes
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Lisbon, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Raimundo
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Lisbon, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula F Campos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel P Pais
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Canning-Clode
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation (ARDITI), Funchal, Portugal; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Ana Dinis
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET-Aquatic Research Network, Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation (ARDITI), Funchal, Portugal
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Marler H, Xie J, Adams DH, Nielsen CK, Wu Y, Chen D. Legacy and emerging flame retardants in sharks from the Western North Atlantic Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154330. [PMID: 35306075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Following the discontinuation of commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures, a variety of alternative flame retardants (FRs) have been developed and employed. To understand the contamination status of these emerging FRs in marine fish and wildlife, we investigated their bioaccumulation in four shark species, including shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrhinchus; n = 26), porbeagle (Lamna nasus; n = 4), sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus; n = 6), and common thresher (Alopias vulpinus; n = 4), from coastal and offshore waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean. Median concentrations of emerging FRs, including dechlorane analogues (i.e., dechlorane plus, Dec-602, -603, and - 604), tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene (TBCT), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and hexabromobenzene (HBBZ), ranged from 1.4-7.4, 10.2-22.4, 1.0-16.7, and 4.1-17.7 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. Although concentrations of emerging FRs were generally 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of legacy FRs (i.e., PBDEs, 312-800 ng/g lw and hexabromocyclododecane or HBCDD, 17.2-99.3 ng/g lw), they were detected in more than 80% of the shark livers. Analysis of available biological data indicated that fork length significantly correlated with the concentrations of ΣPBDEs, HBCDD, ΣDechloranes or TBCT in shortfin mako livers. This indicates that longer-term exposure likely results in elevated FR concentrations in sharks. Our findings suggest likely exposure of western North Atlantic fish and wildlife to several emerging FRs, including dechloranes, BTBPE, HBBZ, and TBCT. Additional studies are needed to better elucidate their potential risks to fish and wildlife as well as the variety of environmental and biological factors influencing these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Marler
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Jinxin Xie
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510621, China
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Cape Canaveral Scientific Inc, 220 Surf Road, Melbourne Beach, FL 32951, United States
| | - Clayton K Nielsen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Forestry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510621, China.
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Thompson AL, Kim I, Hamins A, Bundy M, Zammarano M. Performance and Failure Mechanism of Fire Barriers in Full-Scale Chair Mock-ups. FIRE AND MATERIALS 2021; 46:10.1002/fam.3007. [PMID: 35002025 PMCID: PMC8739864 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness and the failure mechanism of fire barriers in residential upholstered furniture were investigated by full-scale flaming tests on upholstered chair mock-ups. Six commercial fire barriers were tested in this study. Fire barriers were screened for (1) the presence of elements that are typically used in fire retardants and, (2) the presence of targeted fire retardants. For each fire barrier, triplicate flammability tests were run on chair mock-ups where polyurethane foam and polyester fiber fill were used as the padding materials, and each chair component was fully wrapped with the fire barrier of choice and a polypropylene cover fabric. The ignition source was an 18 kW square propane burner, impinging on the top surface of the seat cushion for 80 s. Results showed all six fire barriers reduced the peak heat release rate (as much as ≈ 64 %) and delayed its occurrence (up to ≈ 19 min) as compared to the control chair mock-ups. The heat release rate remained at a relatively low plateau level until liquid products (generated by either melting or pyrolysis of the padding material) percolated through the fire barrier at the bottom of the seat cushion and ignited, while the fire barrier was presumably intact. The flaming liquid products dripped and quickly formed a pool fire under the chair and the peak heat release rate occurred shortly thereafter. Ultimately, the ignition of the percolating liquid products at the bottom of the seat cushion was identified as the mechanism triggering the failure of the fire barrier.
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Liu Y, Cui S, Ma Y, Jiang Q, Zhao X, Cheng Q, Guo L, Jia H, Lin L. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in marine food webs from Bohai Sea, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145036. [PMID: 33578148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including 13 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 17 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are determined in 18 species (including plankton, invertebrate, and fish) from Bohai Sea, China. Trophic transfer of these compounds is also assessed in the marine food web. Significant trophic magnification (p < 0.01) for 11 PBDE congeners (BDE-17, BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-49, BDE-66, BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE154 and BDE-183) is observed. No significant correlation is observed for BDE-138 (p = 0.06), and significant trophic dilution is observed for BDE-209 (p < 0.0001). In PBDEs, BDE-66 has the highest TMF value of 3.9 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.2-4.7), followed by BDE-47 (TMF: 3.8, 95% CI: 2.6-5.4) and BDE-28 (3.0, 2.2-4.1). For NBFRs, ATE, TBECH (include α- and β-isomer), PBBZ, TBCO (include α- and β-isomer), PBT, DPTE, HBBZ, PBBA, BTBPE, PBEB and HCDBCO are observed significant trophic magnification (p < 0.01), significant trophic dilution is observed for BATE (p < 0.01), DBDPE (p < 0.001) and OBIND (p < 0.0001), no significant correlation is observed for p-TBX (p = 0.77). In NBFRs, PBT has the highest TMF value of 4.5 (95% CI: 3.1-6.3), followed by PBEB (TMF: 4.0, 95% CI: 2.1-7.6) and HCDBCO (3.9, 3.1-5.0). Regression analysis between KOW and TMF values of BFRs suggest that TMF values have a trend of first rising and then falling against the values of log KOW. Generally, chemicals with higher KOW value have stronger trophic magnification capacity than those with lower ones, but due to the influence of bioavailability, the trophic magnification ability of the superhydrophobic compounds may be inhibited. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of trophic transfer of NBFRs in marine food web and trophic transfer of 9 NBFRs (α-TBECH, p-TBX, BATE, PBBZ, α-TBCO, β-TBCO, DPTE, OBIND, and HCDBCO) in aquatic food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghu Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Hubei, China; Dalian Modern Marine Ranching Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yue Ma
- Dalian Modern Marine Ranching Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuewei Zhao
- Dalian Modern Marine Ranching Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Dalian Modern Marine Ranching Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lina Guo
- Dalian Modern Marine Ranching Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongliang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Hubei, China; College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Lapointe D, Pelletier M, Paradis Y, Armellin A, Verreault J, Champoux L, Desrosiers M. Trophic transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a recently modified freshwater food web from the St. Lawrence River, Canada. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126877. [PMID: 32402871 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of invasive species can have a profound impact on food web structure and therefore on trophic transfer of contaminants. In the St. Lawrence River (Canada), 20 years after its first detection in the system, invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has become the main prey for several piscivorous species. To evaluate the accumulation, trophic transfer, and the ecological risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in this recently modified freshwater food web, samples of sediment, invertebrates, fish and aquatic bird eggs and plasma were collected. Sampling sites were located upstream and at two locations downstream of the Montreal wastewater treatment plant outfall. The results suggest that the influence of the WWTP effluent on PBDEs concentrations varied among the various compartments of this recently modified freshwater food web. The results also suggest that although predatory fish have switched to consuming round goby as a prey item instead of native yellow perch, this new feeding behaviour is not expected to have important impacts on the level of transfer of PBDE within this food web. The biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) ranged from 0.6 to 436, whereas biomagnification factors (BMFs) varied between 0.2 and 475. Despite our conservative method of risk assessment, we calculated an important risk for piscivorous fish and gull eggs within this study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lapointe
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, 2700 rue Einstein, Québec, QC, G1P 3W8, Canada.
| | - Magella Pelletier
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance, Science and Technology Branch, 105 McGill Street, Montréal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Yves Paradis
- Direction de l'expertise sur la faune aquatique, ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, 880 chemin Sainte-Foy, 4e étage, Québec, QC, G1S 4X4, Canada
| | - Alain Armellin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance, Science and Technology Branch, 105 McGill Street, Montréal, QC, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Louise Champoux
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, 801-1550 avenue D'Estimauville, Québec, QC, G1J 0C3, Canada
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, 2700 rue Einstein, Québec, QC, G1P 3W8, Canada
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9
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Liu Y, Luo X, Zeng Y, Deng M, Tu W, Wu Y, Mai B. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) in insect-dominated food webs from a former e-waste recycling site in South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124813. [PMID: 31542576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) has frequently been detected in wildlife. However, there is limited research on its bioaccumulation and biomagnification in insect-dominated aquatic and terrestrial food webs. This study investigated the occurrence of HBCDD in insects and their predators collected from a former e-waste contaminated pond and its surrounding region. The concentrations of ƩHBCDD (sum concentrations of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDDs) ranged from nd to 179 ng g-1 lipid weight. α-HBCDD was the predominant diastereoisomer in all biotic samples, and the contribution of α-HBCDD was higher in predators than in prey insects. A significantly positive linear relationship was found between ƩHBCDD concentrations (lipid weight) and trophic levels based on δ15N in aquatic organisms (p < 0.05), while trophic dilution was observed in the terrestrial food web. This result indicates an opposite trophic transfer tendency of HBCDD in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The biomagnification factor (BMF) for α-HBCDD was higher in terrestrial birds (2.03) than in frogs (0.29), toads (0.85), and lizards (0.63). This may be due to differences between poikilotherms and homeotherms in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
| | - Yanghong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Mi Deng
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, PR China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, PR China
| | - Yongming Wu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, PR China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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10
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Hudak CA, Sette L. Opportunistic detection of anthropogenic micro debris in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina) and gray seal (Halichoerus grypus atlantica) fecal samples from haul-outs in southeastern Massachusetts, USA. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:390-395. [PMID: 31590801 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic micro debris in the marine environment is a growing concern worldwide, affecting multiple trophic levels, from primary consumers such as zooplankton, to meso- and apex predators like marine mammals and marine birds. In 2016-2017, during the processing of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina) and gray seal (Halichoerus grypus atlantica) fecal samples for fish otoliths and organic hard parts as part of a prey study, anthropogenic micro debris (>500 μm) was detected in 6% (n = 2/32) of harbor seal and 1% (n = 2/129) of gray seal samples. Spectral analysis identified the fragments as cellophane, alkyd resin and poly(ethylene:propylene:diene) (EPDM) rubber. These results show the potential indirect ingestion of micro debris, which can impact the health and welfare of marine wildlife. This is the first report of micro debris presence in wild populations of phocid seals for the northwestern Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Hudak
- Center for Coastal Studies, 5 Holway Avenue, Provincetown, MA 02657, USA.
| | - Lisa Sette
- Center for Coastal Studies, 5 Holway Avenue, Provincetown, MA 02657, USA
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11
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Burd B, Lowe C, Morales-Caselles C, Noel M, Ross P, Macdonald T. Uptake and trophic changes in polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the benthic marine food chain in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the physical and geochemical effects of sediment on the uptake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) into marine sediment feeders and their transfer to higher trophic fauna. Sediment PBDEs increased with % total organic carbon (%TOC), organic carbon (OC) flux and grain size (%fines). Tissue PBDE variance was best explained ( R2 = 0.70) by sediment acid volatile sulfides (AVS), PBDEs, and organic lability and input, with the highest values near wastewater outfalls. Dry weight tissue/sediment PBDEs declined with increasing sediment PBDEs, resulting in tissue dilution (ratio <1) at >10 000 pg/g in harbours. Ratios also decreased with increasing %fines, resulting in regional differences. These patterns imply that high levels of fines and high sediment concentrations make PBDEs less bioavailable. Dry weight PBDEs increased >100× between background deposit feeders and predators (polychaetes, crabs, bottom fish, seal), but lipid normalized PBDEs barely increased (<1.3%), suggesting remarkably high uptake in low-lipid sediment feeders, and that PBDEs don’t accumulate at higher trophic levels, but lipid content does. Filter feeders had lower lipid-normalized PBDEs than deposit feeders, highlighting the importance of food resources in higher trophic fauna for bioaccumulation. The most profound congener change occurred with sediment uptake, with nona/deca-BDEs declining and tetra-hexa-BDEs increasing. Harbour sediment feeders had more deca-BDEs than other samples, suggesting PBDEs mostly pass unmodifed through them. Deca-BDEs persist patchily in all tissues, reflecting variable dependence on sediment/pelagic food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Burd
- Ecostat Research Ltd., North Saanich, Vancouver, BC V8L 5P6, Canada
- Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, BC V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Chris Lowe
- Capital Regional District, Victoria, BC V8W 2S6, Canada
| | | | - Marie Noel
- Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, BC V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Peter Ross
- Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, BC V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Tara Macdonald
- Biologica Environmental Services Ltd., Victoria, BC V8T 5H2, Canada
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12
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Sutton R, Chen D, Sun J, Greig DJ, Wu Y. Characterization of brominated, chlorinated, and phosphate flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, an urban estuary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:212-223. [PMID: 30366322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardant chemical additives are incorporated into consumer goods to meet flammability standards, and many have been detected in environmental matrices. A uniquely wide-ranging characterization of flame retardants was conducted, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 52 additional brominated, chlorinated, or phosphate analytes, in water, sediment, bivalves, and harbor seal blubber of San Francisco Bay, a highly urbanized estuary once considered a hot spot for PBDE contamination. Among brominated flame retardants, PBDEs remained the dominant contaminants in all matrices, though declines have been observed over the last decade following their phase-out. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other hydrophobic, brominated flame retardants were commonly detected at lower levels than PBDEs in sediment and tissue matrices. Dechlorane Plus (DP) and related chlorinated compounds were also detected at lower levels or not at all across all matrices. In contrast, phosphate flame retardants were widely detected in Bay water samples, with highest median concentrations in the order TCPP > TPhP > TBEP > TDCPP > TCEP. Concentrations in Bay water were often higher than in other estuarine and marine environments. Phosphate flame retardants were also widely detected in sediment, in the order TEHP > TCrP > TPhP > TDCPP > TBEP. Several were present in bivalves, with levels of TDCPP comparable to PBDEs. Only four phosphate flame retardants were detected in harbor seal blubber: TCPP, TDCPP, TCEP, and TPhP. Periodic, multi-matrix screening is recommended to track contaminant trends impacted by changes to flammability standards and manufacturing practices, with a particular focus on contaminants like TDCPP and TPhP that were found at levels comparable to thresholds for aquatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
| | - Jennifer Sun
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Denise J Greig
- California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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13
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Decabromodiphenyl ether exacerbates hyperglycemia in diet-induced obese mice. Toxicology 2018; 412:12-18. [PMID: 30468867 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) is a brominated flame retardant used in plastic and textile articles. It has become a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, however; the relationship between decaBDE and obesity remains to be elucidated. We aimed to clarify if oral decaBDE exposure can be a factor in obesity and its related metabolic dysfuctions. Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a normal (ND, 9.0 kcal% fat) or high-fat (HFD, 62.2 kcal% fat) diet and treated with decaBDE (the equivalent of three doses of 0, 0.5 (L-DecaBDE), and 10 (H-DecaBDE) μg/kg body weight/day) ad libitum in drinking water from 5 to 20 weeks of age. In HFD-fed mice, decaBDE exposure markedly increased both fasting blood glucose levels compared with vehicle exposure, which was more prominent in H-DecaBDE-exposed mice. DecaBDE exposure significantly reduced mRNA levels of glucose transporter 4 and thyroid hormone receptor alpha in skeletal muscle and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 in brown adipose tissue compared with vehicle exposure under HFD-feeding. The tendency for hyperglycemia and the remarkable activation of insulin signaling pathway-related genes were observed in ND + DecaBDE mice compared to the ND + Vehicle mice. These results demonstrate that decaBDE can contribute to the enhancement of diet-induced hyperglycemia through disruption of glucose homeostasis.
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14
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Marler H, Adams DH, Wu Y, Nielsen CK, Shen L, Reiner EJ, Chen D. Maternal Transfer of Flame Retardants in Sharks from the Western North Atlantic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12978-12986. [PMID: 30226756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work represents a comprehensive study of in utero maternal transfer of legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in marine predators. We analyzed liver tissues from pregnant sharks of five viviparous species, including blacknose shark ( Carcharhinus acronotus; n = 12), blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus limbatus; n = 2), bonnethead ( Sphyrna tiburo; n = 2), Atlantic sharpnose shark ( Rhizoprionodon terraenovae; n = 2), and spinner shark ( Carcharhinus brevipinna; n = 2), as well as their embryos ( n = 84 in total from five species), collected from the western North Atlantic Ocean. Concentrations of frequently detected emerging FRs in adult female blacknose sharks were determined to be 6.1-83.3 ng/g lipid weight (lw) for dechlorane analogues, 2.5-29.8 ng/g lw for tetrabromo- o-chlorotoluene, and nondetection -32.6 ng/g lw for hexabromobenzene. These concentrations were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of legacy polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (85.7-398 ng/g lw). Similar contamination profiles were also found in the other four species, although FR concentrations varied in different species. A total of 21 FRs were commonly found in developing embryos of female sharks from five species, demonstrating maternal transfer in utero. The maternal transfer ratio (i.e., ratio of the mean litter concentration to their mother's concentration) determined in blacknose shark mother/embryo groups for each FR chemical was negatively associated with its octanol-water partition coefficient. Our work lays a solid foundation for future investigation of the underlying mechanisms of in utero transfer and additional physical or chemical factors that affect maternal transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Marler
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Douglas H Adams
- Cape Canaveral Scientific Inc., 220 Surf Road , Melbourne Beach , Florida 32951 , United States
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Clayton K Nielsen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Forestry , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Li Shen
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510632 , China
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15
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Chen T, Niu P, Kong F, Wang Y, Bai Y, Yu D, Jia J, Yang L, Fu Z, Li R, Li J, Tian L, Sun Z, Wang D, Shi Z. Disruption of thyroid hormone levels by decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209) in occupational workers from a deca-BDE manufacturing plant. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:505-515. [PMID: 30149342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While there is some evidence that exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209) affects thyroid function, the results obtained to date have been inconsistent. No studies have been performed on workers in deca-BDE manufacturing who had a high level of exposure to BDE-209 and relatively little exposure to other contaminants. In the present study, the relationship between BDE-209 exposure and thyroid hormone in occupational workers from a deca-BDE manufacturing plant was investigated. The serum and urine levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and serum thyroid hormones were measured in 72 workers recruited from the deca-BDE manufacturing plant. The associations between their thyroid hormone levels and their exposure to BDE-209 were examined using multiple linear regression models. Serum concentrations of BDE-209 ranged from 67.4 to 109,000 ng/g lipid weight (lw), with a median of 3420 ng/g lw, contributing to 93.1% of the total PBDEs. The concentration of BDE-209 in urine was highly correlated with that in the serum (r2 = 0.440, p < 0.001), indicating that urine may be a good non-invasive biomonitoring medium of BDE-209 body burden in occupational workers. BDE-209 in the serum was significantly and positively correlated with total thyroxine (tT4, r = 0.270, p = 0.029) and marginally and positively correlated with total triiodothyronine (tT3, r = 0.232, p = 0.061) in all occupational workers after adjusting for gender, age, BMI, and occupational exposure duration. A 10-fold increase in the serum BDE-209 concentration was associated with an increase in tT4 (8.63 nmol/L) [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.930-16.3] and tT3 (0.106 nmol/L) [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.005-0.219], corresponding to the increase of 7.8% in tT4 level and 5.4% in tT3 level. Associations between urine BDE-209 levels and thyroid hormones were similar to the results for the serum levels. These findings offer new evidence for proving the thyroid disrupting effects of BDE-209, impacting the direction of hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Piye Niu
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fanling Kong
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yi Bai
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dong Yu
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Jinan 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaxin Jia
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Luping Yang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongjian Fu
- Shouguang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shouguang 262700, Shandong, China
| | - Renbo Li
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Tian
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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16
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Zaccaroni A, Andreini R, Franzellitti S, Barceló D, Eljarrat E. Halogenated flame retardants in stranded sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) from the Mediterranean Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:892-900. [PMID: 29710611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, decline of marine mammals' populations and increased frequency of strandings have arised the interest on the role that pollution may have in these events. The present work aimed at quantifying levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and dechloranes (DECs) in tissues of 3 adult females and one foetus of sperm whales stranded in the Southern Adriatic Sea coasts (Italy). Results proved the presence of different flame retardants (FRs) in tissues of sperm whales, including various polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) congeners (47, 99, 100, 154, entering the composition of PentaBDE mixture), hexabromocyclodecanes (HBCDs), Dec 602 and methoxylated polibrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). In blubber, a target tissue for contaminant accumulation, ΣPBDEs reached values of 160, 158 and 183 ng/g lw, α-HBCD of 5.75 ng/g lw, Dec 602 of 1632 ng/g lw and MeO-BDEs of 563 ng/g lw. The availability of foetal tissues allowed evaluating the potential maternal transfer on many of these compounds, and to discuss the potential adverse effects on foetal health. To the best of our knowledge, obtained data are the first reporting placental transfer of FRs in sperm whales. PBDE levels detected in foetus suggested a potentially long-term exposure to BFRs, which could cause severe damages to the developing organism, likely at the cerebral, endocrine and immunologic levels. Dec 602, which was detected at the highest concentrations among all FRs considered, could potentially cause dysfunctional effects on the immune system of adult females.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaccaroni
- Large Pelagic Vertebrates Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy; MarLab, Place du Chateau 7, 06250 Mougins, France
| | - R Andreini
- Large Pelagic Vertebrates Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy; MarLab, Place du Chateau 7, 06250 Mougins, France
| | - S Franzellitti
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Wang W, Choo G, Cho HS, Park K, Shin YJ, Oh JE. The occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes in freshwater systems, focusing on tissue-specific bioaccumulation in crucian carp. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:470-478. [PMID: 29677672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) were investigated in freshwater, sediment, and selected crucian carp (Carassius carassius) tissues (muscle, liver, egg, and blood) to evaluate the potential for HBCDs bioaccumulation. The HBCDs concentration ranged from not detected to 0.35ng/L in freshwater, and from 0.037 to 35.4ng/g-dw in sediment. The highest HBCDs concentration was detected in crucian carp liver (5.14±8.15ng/g-ww), followed by egg (3.88±10.1ng/g-ww), blood (0.61±0.63ng/mL), and muscle (0.38±0.70ng/g-ww). In all crucian carp tissues, α-HBCD was the predominant stereoisomer, and the fraction of α-HBCD as a proportion of the total HBCDs in liver tissue (96%) was higher than that in egg tissue (79%). There was a positive correlation between the HBCDs concentration in crucian carp muscle and body size (p<0.01, Spearman). The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) (0.14) and bioconcentration factor (BCF) (137,000L/kg) values were estimated in crucian carp muscle using field-based data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seo Cho
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Shin
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Jackson E, Shoemaker R, Larian N, Cassis L. Adipose Tissue as a Site of Toxin Accumulation. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1085-1135. [PMID: 28915320 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We examine the role of adipose tissue, typically considered an energy storage site, as a potential site of toxicant accumulation. Although the production of most persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was banned years ago, these toxicants persist in the environment due to their resistance to biodegradation and widespread distribution in various environmental forms (e.g., vapor, sediment, and water). As a result, human exposure to these toxicants is inevitable. Largely due to their lipophilicity, POPs bioaccumulate in adipose tissue, resulting in greater body burdens of these environmental toxicants with obesity. POPs of major concern include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDDs/PCDFs), and polybrominated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers (PBBs/PBDEs), among other organic compounds. In this review, we (i) highlight the physical characteristics of toxicants that enable them to partition into and remain stored in adipose tissue, (ii) discuss the specific mechanisms of action by which these toxicants act to influence adipocyte function, and (iii) review associations between POP exposures and the development of obesity and diabetes. An area of controversy relates to the relative potential beneficial versus hazardous health effects of toxicant sequestration in adipose tissue. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1085-1135, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Robin Shoemaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nika Larian
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lisa Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Sun YX, Hu YX, Zhang ZW, Xu XR, Li HX, Zuo LZ, Zhong Y, Sun H, Mai BX. Halogenated organic pollutants in marine biota from the Xuande Atoll, South China Sea: Levels, biomagnification and dietary exposure. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 118:413-419. [PMID: 28292528 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Six marine biota species were collected from the Xuande Atoll, South China Sea to investigate the bioaccumulation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and dechlorane plus (DP). Pike conger (Muraenesox talabonoides) had the highest concentrations of halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) among the six marine biota species. DDTs were the predominant HOPs, followed by PCBs and PBDEs, with minor contributions of DBDPE and DP. Twenty-one percent of samples had ratios of (DDE+DDD)/ΣDDTs lower than 0.5, implying the presence of fresh DDT inputs in the environment of the Xuande Atoll. The biomagnification factor values for DDTs, PCBs, PBDEs and DP were higher than 1, suggesting biomagnification of these contaminants in the marine food chains. Consumption of seafood from the Xuande Atoll might not subject local residents in the coastal areas of South China to health risks as far as HOPs are concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yong-Xia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zai-Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Lin-Zi Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Wu Y, Tan H, Sutton R, Chen D. From Sediment to Top Predators: Broad Exposure of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in San Francisco Bay (U.S.A.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2038-2046. [PMID: 28112952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides the first comprehensive investigation of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) contamination in an aquatic ecosystem. PHCZs have been found in soil and aquatic sediment from several different regions, but knowledge of their bioaccumulation and trophodynamics is extremely scarce. This work investigated a suite of 11 PHCZ congeners in San Francisco Bay (United States) sediment and organisms, including bivalves (n = 6 composites), sport fish (n = 12 composites), harbor seal blubber (n = 18), and bird eggs (n = 8 composites). The most detectable congeners included 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ), 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole (136-BCZ), 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1368-BCZ), and 1,8-dibromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole (18-B-36-CCZ). The median concentrations of ΣPHCZs were 9.3 ng/g dry weight in sediment and ranged from 33.7 to 164 ng/g lipid weight in various species. Biomagnification was observed from fish to harbor seal and was mainly driven by chlorinated carbazoles, particularly 36-CCZ. Congener compositions of PHCZs differed among species, suggesting that individual congeners may be subject to different bioaccumulation or metabolism in species occupying various trophic levels in the studied aquatic system. Toxic equivalent (TEQ) values of PHCZs were determined on the basis of their relative effect potencies (REP) compared to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The median TEQ was 1.2 pg TEQ/g dry weight in sediment and 4.8-19.5 pg TEQ/g lipid weight in biological tissues. Our study demonstrated the broad exposure of PHCZs in San Francisco Bay and their characteristics of bioaccumulation and biomagnification along with dioxin-like effects. These findings raise the need for additional research to better elucidate their sources, environmental behavior, and fate in global environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Hongli Tan
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute , 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, United States
| | - Da Chen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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Booth A, Zou E. Impact of molt-disrupting BDE-47 on epidermal ecdysteroid signaling in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, in vitro. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:373-379. [PMID: 27376961 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are environmentally pervasive flame retardants that have been linked with endocrine disruption in a variety of organisms. BDE-47, one of the most prevalent congeners found in aquatic environments, has recently been shown to inhibit crustacean molting, but little is known about the specific mechanism through which molt-inhibition occurs. This study examined whether the inhibitory effect on molting arises from the disruption of hormone signaling in the epidermis using the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, as the model crustacean. First, we partially sequenced cDNA of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) from the epidermis, a terminal enzyme in the molting hormone-signaling cascades that is commonly used as the biomarker for ecdysteroid signaling. This partial cDNA sequence was then used to create primers for quantification of NAG gene expression. Then, a new tissue culture technique was developed and dubbed the epidermis-with-exoskeleton (EWE) method, wherein epidermal tissue, along with the overlying exoskeleton, is immersed in a medium of physiologically relevant osmolarity. Using this EWE tissue culture method, we assessed the inducibility of NAG mRNA by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in vitro. Exposures to 1μM 20-HE were found to induce NAG mRNA at a significantly higher level than the control. Using NAG expression as a biomarker for ecdysteroid signaling, the effects of BDE-47 were measured. BDE-47 alone at 100nM and a combination of 1μM BDE-47 and 1μM 20-HE were found to significantly increase NAG mRNA. A trend of increasing NAG gene expression in the binary BDE-47 exposure as compared to 1μM BDE-47 and 1μM 20-HE alone is suggestive of a synergistic effect of these two chemicals on ecdysteroid signaling in the cultured epidermis. Discussion on the mechanism for inhibition of crustacean molting by BDE-47 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Booth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA
| | - Enmin Zou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA.
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Al-Omran LS, Harrad S. Distribution pattern of legacy and "novel" brominated flame retardants in different particle size fractions of indoor dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 157:124-31. [PMID: 27213241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the particle size distribution of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and five "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in settled house dust. Elevated surface dust (ESD) and floor dust (FD) were collected from 5 homes in Birmingham, UK, yielding a total of 10 samples. Each sample was fractionated into three different particle sizes: 125-250 μm (P1), 63-125 μm (P2) and 25-63 μm (P3). Non-fractionated bulk dust samples (BD) were also analysed. BDE-209 predominated, comprising an average 74.3%, 77.3%, 69.2%, and 62.7% ΣBFRs of BD, P1, P2 and P3 respectively. Σ5NBFRs contributed 24.2%, 21.5%, 29.0% and 35.3% ΣBFRs, while Σ7tri-hepta-BDEs represented 1.5%, 1.2%, 1.7%, and 2.0% ΣBFRs. BEH-TEBP was the predominant NBFR contributing 76.9%, 75.1%, 83.1%, and 83.9% ΣNBFRs in BD, P1, P2 and P3 respectively; followed by DBDPE which contributed 20.1%, 21.9%, 14.1% and 13.9% ΣNBFRs. EH-TBB, BTBPE and PBEB were the least abundant NBFRs. Concentrations of Σ7tri-hepta-BDEs and BEH-TEBP in P3 exceeded significantly (P < 0.05) those in P2, with those in P2 exceeding significantly those in P1. In contrast, no significant differences were found between concentrations of BDE-209, EH-TBB, BTBPE, and DBDPE in different particle size fractions. Concentrations of Σ7tri-hepta-BDEs, BDE-209, and BEH-TEBP in ESD exceeded significantly those in FD (P < 0.05). Normalising BFR concentrations to organic carbon content, did not alter these findings. This suggests that differences in BFR concentrations between different particle size fractions are caused by variations in particle surface area to volume ratio, rather than by variations in organic carbon content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Salih Al-Omran
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Division of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Shao M, Tao P, Wang M, Jia H, Li YF. Trophic magnification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the marine food web from coastal area of Bohai Bay, North China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:379-385. [PMID: 26942685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trophic transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aquatic ecosystems is an important criterion for assessing their environmental risk. This study analyzed 13 PBDEs in marine organisms collected from coastal area of Bohai Bay, China. The concentrations of total PBDEs (Σ13PBDEs) ranged from 12 ± 1.1 ng/g wet weight (ww) to 230 ± 54 ng/g ww depending on species. BDE-47 was the predominant compound, with a mean abundance of 20.21 ± 12.97% of total PBDEs. Stable isotopic ratios of carbon (δ(13)C) and nitrogen (δ(15)N) were analyzed to determine the food web structure and trophic level respectively. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) of PBDEs were assessed as the slope of lipid equivalent concentrations regressed against trophic levels. Significant positive relationships were found for Σ13PBDEs and eight PBDE congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-49, BDE-66, BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-154). Monte-Carlo simulations showed that the probabilities of TMF >1 were 100% for Σ13PBDEs, BDE-47, BDE-85, BDE-99 and BDE-100, 99% for DE-28, BDE-49, BDE-66 and BDE-154, 94% for BDE-153, and 35% for BDE-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihua Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Ping Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Man Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Hongliang Jia
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Yi S, Liu JG, Jin J, Zhu J. Assessment of the occupational and environmental risks of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:431-437. [PMID: 26810304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2013, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants obligated to be phased out worldwide. China is a major producer and user of HBCD. Based on Chinese HBCD production and processing conditions, we classified the existing 599 HBCD production and processing plants into six occupational exposure scenarios. We also used occupational environmental monitoring and occupational health risk assessment models to estimate exposure levels. Occupational internal exposure levels for HBCD in China were estimated to range from 0.61 to 840 μg kg(-1) d(-1), which suggests that approximately 453-840 workers, or 72% of all workers in this industry, may have occupational exposure risk. As such, the occupational risks of HBCD should not be ignored. In our study area, HPLC-MS/MS revealed HBCD concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 560 ng g dry weight (dw)(-1), 20.4-24.2 ng g dw(-1), and 166-1964 ng g lipid weight (lw)(-1) in soil, sediment, and biological samples, respectively, consistent with previous monitoring results. These data suggest potential risk to marine environments due to sustained and large-scale HBCD production and processing. Thus, timely measures to control HBCD-related risk are necessary and may bring significant occupational health and environmental benefits in areas where HBCD is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China; Tongzhou District Environmental Protection Bureau of Beijing Municipality, 101100 Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Guo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
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Potential of gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for screening and quantification of hexabromocyclododecane. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:449-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Hao Q, Sun YX, Xu XR, Yao ZW, Wang YS, Zhang ZW, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Geographical distribution and risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants in golden threads (Nemipterus virgatus) from the northern South China Sea. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1593-1600. [PMID: 25956984 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fish are often used as good bioindicators to monitor the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on different scales in recent years. Forty-five golden threads (Nemipterus virgatus) were collected from six sampling sites in the northern South China Sea (SCS) to investigate the geographical distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs). Concentrations of PBDEs, PCBs, and DDTs ranged from 1.3-36.0, 2.3-76.5, 8.3-228 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The highest PBDEs and DDTs concentrations were found in golden threads from Shantou, owing to the intensive electronic waste recycling activities and rapid development of agriculture. Samples from Haikou had the highest levels of PCBs, probably due to the existence of many shipbuilding yards in the past years. The concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs were found in a decreasing trend from east to west and from north to south, while DDTs concentrations had no obvious trend in the distribution. PCBs were the most prevalent contaminants in Xiamen and Yangjiang, while DDTs were the dominant compounds at the other four sampling sites. Different profiles of POPs at each sampling site may attribute to different pollution sources in the northern SCS. Ratios of (DDD + DDE)/DDTs in golden threads suggested the probability of fresh input of DDT in the northern SCS. The estimated daily intakes of PBDEs, PCBs and DDTs were 0.030-0.069, 0.167-0.258 and 0.105-1.88 ng/kg/day, respectively, which were significantly lower than the acceptable daily intake, suggesting that consumption of golden threads from the northern SCS would not subject the residents in the coastal areas of SCS to significant health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhejiang, 316021, China
| | - Yu-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Zi-Wei Yao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Zai-Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Bradshaw C, Strid A, von Stedingk H, Gustafsson K. Effects of benthos, temperature, and dose on the fate of hexabromocyclododecane in experimental coastal ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1246-1257. [PMID: 25703626 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The authors studied the fate of the brominated flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) added in a particulate suspension to experimental ecosystems assembled from brackish (Baltic Sea) coastal bays. Two experiments examined how benthic macrofauna (over 21 d) and increased temperature (14 d) affected HBCDD concentrations and fractionation of α, β, and γ diastereomers in the water, sediment, and biota. A third experiment run over 3 seasons (231 d), studied the effect of HBCDD dose on the same endpoints. In all treatments of the 3 experiments, HBCDD partitioned mainly to the sediment, and this proportion increased with time. Presence of macrofauna tended to increase the HBCDD concentration in the sediment and decreased its concentration in the water. Increased temperature (+ 5°C) decreased the amount of HBCDD in sediment and water but not in the filter- and deposit-feeding infaunal bivalves (Macoma balthica). The partitioning between water, sediment, and biota was not concentration dependent. In all treatments, sediment became enriched in γ-HBCDD, M. balthica in α-HBCDD, and water in α- and β-HBCDD. Bioaccumulation of HBCDD in M. balthica was high in all experiments (log biota-sediment accumulation factor [BSAF] > 1.25), the α diastereomer contributing the most (log BSAF 2.1-5.2). There is a risk of trophic transfer of HBCDD from benthic to pelagic food webs, as well as secondary poisoning of marine consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Bradshaw
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Strid
- Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans von Stedingk
- Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Gustafsson
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
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28
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Reindl AR, Falkowska L. Flame retardants at the top of a simulated baltic marine food web--a case study concerning African penguins from the Gdansk Zoo. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:259-64. [PMID: 25224990 PMCID: PMC4298660 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study estimated hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) as a sum of three main isomers (α, β, and γ) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) from Gdansk Zoo and in their sole food, Baltic herring (Clupea harengus), from Gdansk Bay. The average concentration of HBCD in whole herring was 22.0 ± 9.9 ng/g lw, whereas TBBPA was approximately 10-fold lower (2.3 ± 1.3 ng/g lw). Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were also found in muscle and liver of herring. The estimated daily dietary exposure of the penguins to HBCD was 252.9 ± 113.7 ng, whereas for TBBPA it was 26.3 ± 14.9 ng. The ability of BFRs to accumulate in the liver, muscles, fatty tissue, and brain of penguin was confirmed. The highest concentrations of HBCD (326.9 ng·g(-1) lw) and TBBPA (14.8 ng·g(-1) lw) were found in the brain of an adult penguin. The strongest accumulation factor for BFRs was also established for brain tissue, but it showed stronger magnification in muscle than in liver. HBCD and TBBPA were found in penguin guano and eggs, thus showing effective removal from the birds' systems. BFRs content in yolk was approximately ten times greater than in albumen indicating the lipophilic character of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej R Reindl
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Al. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland,
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29
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Lv QY, Wan B, Guo LH, Zhao L, Yang Y. In vitro immune toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on murine peritoneal macrophages: apoptosis and immune cell dysfunction. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:621-630. [PMID: 25462306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants and are often detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, presenting potential threats to ecosystem and human health. PBDEs can cause neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. However, data on PBDE immunotoxicity are limited, and the toxicity mechanisms remain largely unknown. Both immune cell death and dysfunction can modulate the responses of the immune system. This study examined the toxic effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on the immune system by using peritoneal macrophages as the model. The macrophages were exposed to PBDEs, and cell death was determined through flow cytometry and immunochemical blot. The results showed that after 24h of exposure, BDE-47 (>5 μM) and BDE-209 (>20 μM) induced cell apoptosis, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and depleted glutathione. BDE-47 was more potent than BDE-209; the cytotoxic concentrations for BDE-47 and BDE-209 were determined to be 5 μM and 20 μM, respectively, during 24h of exposure. However, pretreatment with n-acetyl-l-cysteine (ROS scavenger) partially reversed the cytotoxic effects. Further gene expression analyses on Caspase-3,-8,-9, TNFR1, and Bax revealed that both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways were activated. More importantly, non-cytotoxic concentrations BDE-47 (<2 μM) and BDE-209 (<10 μM) could impair macrophage accessory cell function in a concentration-dependent manner, but no effects were observed on phagocytic responses. These revealed effects of PBDEs on macrophages may shed light on the toxicity mechanisms of PBDEs and suggest the necessity of evaluating cellular functionality during the risk assessment of PBDE immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China
| | - Bin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China.
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China.
| | - Lixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China
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Guo Y, Kannan K. Analytical Methods for the Measurement of Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Complex Sample Matrices. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS): ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES, ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63299-9.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ezechiáš M, Covino S, Cajthaml T. Ecotoxicity and biodegradability of new brominated flame retardants: a review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 110:153-167. [PMID: 25240235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been routinely used as additives in a number of consumer products for several decades in order to reduce the risk of fire accidents. Concerns about the massive use of these substances have increased due to their possible toxicity, endocrine disrupting properties and occurrence in almost all the environmental compartments, including humans and wildlife organisms. Several conventional BFRs (e.g. polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE)) have been included in the list of Persistent Organic Pollutants and their use has been restricted because of their established toxicity and environmental persistence. Over the past few years, these compounds have been replaced with "new" BFRs (NBFRs). Despite the fact that NBFRs are different chemical molecules than traditional BFRs, most of physical-chemical properties (e.g. aromatic moiety, halogen substitution, lipophilic character) are common to both groups; therefore, their fate in the environment is potentially similar to the banned BFRs. Therefore, this article has been compiled to summarize the published scientific data regarding the biodegradability of the most widely used NBFRs, a key factor in their potential persistency in the environment, and their ecotoxicological effects on humans and test organisms. The data reviewed here document that the mechanisms through NBFRs exibit their ecotoxicity and the processes leading to their biotransformation in the environment are still poorly understood. Thus emphasis is placed on the need for further research in these areas is therefore emphasized, in order to avoid the massive use of further potentially harmful and recalcitrant substances of anthropogenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ezechiáš
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Covino
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Cajthaml
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Kuc J, Grochowalski A, Mach S, Placha D. Level of hexabromocyclododecane isomers in the tissue of selected commonly consumed fish in Central European countries. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.26.2014.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Weijs L, Shaw SD, Berger ML, Neels H, Blust R, Covaci A. Methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), hydroxylated PBDEs (HO-PBDEs) and hydroxylated PCBs (HO-PCBs) in the liver of harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:606-614. [PMID: 24982026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites of PCBs and PBDEs are shown to influence the thyroid hormone homeostasis and therefore, could have an influence on the growth of newborn or young animals. We have investigated the occurrence of hydroxylated PCBs (HO-PCBs), hydroxylated PBDEs (HO-PBDEs), and methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) in the liver (48 pups; 6 adults) and blubber (4 pups; 1 adult) of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) from the northwest Atlantic. The sum of HO-PCBs in the liver ranged from 90 to 22,450 pg/g wet weight (ww) for pups and from 410 to 5290 pg/g ww for adults. Congener 4-HO-CB 107 was predominant in almost all samples regardless of age or gender, except in one adult male. Sum HO-PCB concentrations were highly correlated with the sum of precursor PCBs in the liver of harbor seals (r(2) = 0.79; p<0.0001). Concentrations of sum HO-PBDEs in the liver ranged from 70 to 1850 pg/g ww for pups and from 90 to 230 pg/g ww for adults. HO-PBDEs were also correlated with PBDEs (r(2) = 0.58; p<0.0001). Sum MeO-PBDE concentrations in the liver ranged from 20 to 1460 pg/g ww in pups and from 10 to 270 pg/g ww in adults. HO-PCBs and HO-PBDEs were not detected in the blubber. Levels of MeO-PBDEs in the blubber ranged from 1500 to 4400 pg/g ww. In all blubber samples, 6-MeO-BDE 47 was the predominant MeO-PBDE congener, followed by 2'-MeO-BDE 68 and 5-MeO-BDE 47, respectively. The presence of HO-metabolites in pup liver suggests that young harbor seals may have some, yet limited, metabolic capacity for PCBs and PBDEs, which can lead to an excessive accumulation of these chemicals in the body. Moreover, the presence of HO-PCB and HO-PBDE metabolites may pose an additional stress for young harbor seals due to their influence on the thyroid hormone system and could have consequences for the entire population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Weijs
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Susan D Shaw
- Marine Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 1652, Blue Hill, ME 04614, USA
| | - Michelle L Berger
- Marine Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 1652, Blue Hill, ME 04614, USA
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Shaw SD, Berger ML, Weijs L, Päpke O, Covaci A. Polychlorinated biphenyls still pose significant health risks to northwest Atlantic harbor seals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:477-487. [PMID: 24875260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been detected at relatively high concentrations in harbor seals, apex predators in the northwest Atlantic. As part of an ongoing assessment of the effects of PCBs on population health, we analyzed tri- to deca-PCBs in the liver of 56 harbor seals (6 adult males, 50 pups) and in 11 blubber samples (4 adult males, 7 pups) and examined tissue-specific accumulation patterns, biomagnification potential, and toxic implications of current PCB concentrations. Hepatic ∑30PCB concentrations (overall mean±standard deviation: 76,860±111,800 ng/g lipid weight, lw) were higher than blubber concentrations (48,180±69,420 ng/g lw). Regional trends were suggestive of fresh PCB inputs from the industrialized, densely populated southern coast of New England versus the rural north. The lack of temporal trends confirmed that tissue concentrations of PCBs have plateaued since the early 1990s. Tissue distribution of PCBs varied significantly by age and, surprisingly by gender among the pups. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that lighter PCBs are selectively transferred from mother to pup blubber in relation to lipid solubility (log Kow), but heavier PCBs may be efficiently transferred during late lactation from mother to pup liver. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) for ∑6PCBs from prey fish to adult male seals ranged from 90 to 547 in the liver and 88 to 532 in the blubber, and suggested that molecular structure and metabolic capacity were more important influences than log Kow on the retention of PCBs. Blubber concentrations of ∑30PCBs in 87% of the pups were an order of magnitude higher than recent toxic reference values (TRVs) calculated for ∑154PCBs in nursing harbor seals, suggesting that the pups are at risk for PCB-mediated toxicity at a vulnerable stage of development. Given the recurring pattern of epizootics in these seals, the health of the population is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Shaw
- Marine Environmental Research Institute, Center for Marine Studies, P.O. Box 1652, Blue Hill, ME 04614, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
| | - Michelle L Berger
- Marine Environmental Research Institute, Center for Marine Studies, P.O. Box 1652, Blue Hill, ME 04614, USA
| | - Liesbeth Weijs
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olaf Päpke
- Eurofins-ERGO, Neuländerkamp 1, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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35
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Smoluch M, Silberring J, Reszke E, Kuc J, Grochowalski A. Determination of hexabromocyclododecane by flowing atmospheric pressure afterglow mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 128:58-62. [PMID: 25059130 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first application of a flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow ion source for mass spectrometry (FAPA-MS) for the chemical characterization and determination of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is presented. The samples of technical HBCD and expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) containing HBCD as a flame retardant were prepared by dissolving the appropriate solids in dichloromethane. The ionization of HBCD was achieved with a prototype FAPA source. The ions were detected in the negative-ion mode. The ions corresponding to a deprotonated HBCD species (m/z 640.7) as well as chlorine (m/z 676.8), nitrite (m/z 687.8) and nitric (m/z 703.8) adducts were observed in the spectra. The observed isotope pattern is characteristic for a compound containing six bromine atoms. This technique is an effective approach to detect HBCD, which is efficiently ionized in a liquid phase, resulting in high detection efficiency and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Smoluch
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza Ave. 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza Ave. 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Edward Reszke
- ERTEC-Poland, Rogowska 146/5, 54-440 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kuc
- Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Adam Grochowalski
- Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Pardo O, Beser MI, Yusà V. Probabilistic risk assessment of the exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers via fish and seafood consumption in the Region of Valencia (Spain). CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 104:7-14. [PMID: 24534151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study was carried out to estimate the dietary intake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Region of Valencia (Spain) in order to evaluate the resultant risk. The PBDE levels in fish and seafood (a total of 206 samples) were determined. Dietary intake was estimated using results of PBDE analyses in fish and seafood marketed in the Region of Valencia over the period 2007-2012 and data of the first Valencian Food Consumption Survey, conducted in 2010. Two scenarios were assumed for left-censored results: the lower-bound (LB) scenario, in which unquantified results (below the limit of quantification (LOQ)) were set to zero and the upper-bound (UB) scenario, in which unquantified results were set to the LOQ and two approaches (deterministic and probabilistic) were compared. The mean PBDE concentration in fish and seafood from Valencian markets was between 0.97 and 3.87 ngg(-1) w.w. and was similar to that reported recently by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Among the analysed congeners, BDE-47 showed the highest levels and salmon, mackerel and swordfish were the most contaminated species. The average estimated daily intake of the sum of PBDEs (upper bound scenario; probabilistic approach) for adults and children were 0.137 ngkg(-1) body weight (b.w.) day and 0.180 ngkgb.w.(-1)d(-1), respectively. In relation to risk analysis, calculated margins of exposure (MOEs) for the BDE-47, -99 and -153 congeners for children and do not indicate a health concern with respect to current dietary exposure in the Valencian Region and only 0.05% of the adult population and a 0.1% of children could be in risk derived by BDE-99 intake through fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pardo
- Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Analytical Chemistry Department, Universit of Valencia, Edifici Jeroni Muñoz, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Maria Isabel Beser
- Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Centre for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Analytical Chemistry Department, Universit of Valencia, Edifici Jeroni Muñoz, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Spain
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Cary TL, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Karasov WH. Immunomodulation in post-metamorphic northern leopard frogs, Lithobates pipiens, following larval exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5910-5919. [PMID: 24735054 DOI: 10.1021/es405776m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants and disease are factors implicated in amphibian population declines, and it is hypothesized that these factors exert a synergistic adverse effect, which is mediated by pollutant-induced immunosuppression. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous pollutants that can exert immunotoxicity, making them of interest to test effects on amphibian immune function. We orally exposed Lithobates (Rana) pipiens tadpoles to environmentally realistic levels (0-634 ng/g wet diet) of a pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture (DE-71) from as soon as they became free-swimming through metamorphic climax. To assess adaptive immune response in juvenile frogs, we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure specific IgY production following immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Specific KLH antibody response was significantly decreased in juvenile frogs that had been exposed to PBDEs as tadpoles. When assessing innate immune responses, we found significantly different neutrophil counts among treatments; however, phagocytic activity of neutrophils was not significantly different. Secretion of antimicrobial skin peptides (AMPs) nonsignificantly decreased with increasing PBDE concentrations, and no significant effect of PBDE treatment was observed on efficacy of AMPs to inhibit chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) growth. Our findings demonstrate that environmentally realistic concentrations of PBDEs are able to alter immune function in frogs; however, further research is needed to determine how these alterations impact disease susceptibility in L. pipiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawnya L Cary
- Department of Zoology and ‡Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Sun YX, Hao Q, Xu XR, Luo XJ, Wang SL, Zhang ZW, Mai BX. Persistent organic pollutants in marine fish from Yongxing Island, South China Sea: levels, composition profiles and human dietary exposure assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 98:84-90. [PMID: 24200045 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Little data is available on the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in marine organisms from South China Sea (SCS). Five marine fish species were collected from Yongxing Island, SCS to investigate the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs). PBDEs, PCBs, and DDTs concentrations ranged from 2.0-117, 6.3-199, and 9.7-5831 ng g(-1) lw, respectively. In general, contaminants measured in this study were at the lower end of the global range. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs were significantly correlated in fish samples, implying that PBDEs are as prevalent as PCBs in Yongxing Island. Among the five fish species studied, yellow striped goatfish had the highest concentrations of PBDEs, PCBs, and DDTs, probably attributed to its different living and feeding habits. The contaminant distribution pattern indicated that agrochemical source is more important than industrial source in Yongxing Island, SCS. The average estimated daily intakes of PBDEs, PCBs, and DDTs via fish consumption by local residents in the coastal areas of South China ranged from 1.42-5.91, 3.20-13.3, and 8.08-33.6 ng d(-1), which were lower than those in previous studies, suggesting that consumption of marine fish in Yongxing Island, SCS, might not subject local residents to significant health risk as far as POPs are concerned. This is the first study to report the occurrence of POPs in marine biota from SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuai-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zai-Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhang K, Huang J, Wang H, Yu G, Wang B, Deng S, Kano J, Zhang Q. Mechanochemical destruction of decabromodiphenyl ether into visible light photocatalyst BiOBr. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47738j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By milling with Bi2O3, the destruction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers was achieved with the preparation of a visible light photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC)
- School of Environment
- POPs Research Center
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC)
- School of Environment
- POPs Research Center
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Haizhu Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC)
- School of Environment
- POPs Research Center
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC)
- School of Environment
- POPs Research Center
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC)
- School of Environment
- POPs Research Center
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Shubo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC)
- School of Environment
- POPs Research Center
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Junya Kano
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Qiwu Zhang
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Deshpande AD, Dockum BW. Polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in the young-of-the-year bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, from several nursery habitats along the US Atlantic coastline. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 77:237-250. [PMID: 24449924 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial trends of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were examined by using high resolution gas chromatography-low resolution electron impact mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS) in 414 samples of young-of-the-year (YOY) bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) collected from a total of 29 nursery habitats along the US Atlantic coastline from Massachusetts to Florida. Of the 26 target PBDE congeners, BDE-47 (4 Br), BDE-100 (5 Br), BDE-49 (4 Br), BDE-99 (5 Br), and BDE-154 (6 Br) were the five most frequently detected congeners in the order of decreasing importance. The sum of the concentrations of five major PBDE congeners, referred to as ΣPBDEs, varied between estuaries and also among samples from a given estuary. ΣPBDEs were lowest in YOY bluefish from Vineyard Sound, Nantucket Sound, Great Bay, Delaware Bay, Lynnhaven Bay, Cape Lookout, and Crescent Beach, with maximum ΣPBDE concentrations below 10 ng/g wet weight. ΣPBDEs in three bluefish samples from Stamford Harbor were detected at relatively high to unusually high concentrations of 69.1, 205, and 561 ng/g wet weight. ΣPBDE values for other Stamford Harbor bluefish were generally low. Highest PBDE concentrations were detected in the vicinity of industrial and urban locations within the New York-New Jersey metropolitan complex. Among them, bluefish from Newark Bay were generally the most contaminated with an average ΣPBDE value of 56.6 ± 30.8 ng/g wet weight. ΣPBDEs in bluefish from Newark Bay were numerically greater than ΣPBDEs in bluefish from all locations, however these differences were not statistically significant. Modest to good correlations between ΣPBDEs and lipids were observed for YOY bluefish from Buzzards Bay, Upper New Bedford Harbor, Lower New Bedford Harbor, Outer New Bedford Harbor, Providence Harbor, Housatonic River, Norwalk Harbor, Little Neck Bay, Newark Bay, Sandy Hook Bay, Great Bay, Delaware Bay, Patuxent River and Crescent Beach. Poor correlations between ΣPBDE and lipids were observed for bluefish from other estuaries. ΣPBDEs were not always correlated with fish length or weight. ΣPBDEs in YOY bluefish along the US Atlantic coastline modestly paralleled ΣPBDEs in mussels and oysters, from not exact but geographically loosely similar locations, reported in the NOAA Mussel Watch Program. A number of researchers who used the high resolution mass spectrometry reported additional PBDE congeners. Although PBDE congeners we report do appear to be the prominent congeners in these studies, it is likely that the comparisons will be skewed in certain instances.
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Goutte A, Chevreuil M, Alliot F, Chastel O, Cherel Y, Eléaume M, Massé G. Persistent organic pollutants in benthic and pelagic organisms off Adélie Land, Antarctica. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 77:82-9. [PMID: 24237994 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) were described in benthic and pelagic species collected off Adélie Land, Antarctica. Strong differences were observed among species, with reduced PeCB and HCB levels in benthic species, and elevated PCB levels in the Antarctic yellowbelly rockcod, the Antarctic sea urchin and the snow petrel. Lower-chlorinated congeners were predominant in krill; penta-PCBs in benthic organisms; hexa- and hepta-PCBs in seabirds and cryopelagic fish. This segregation may result from sedimentation process, specific accumulation and excretion, and/or biotransformation processes. The presence of PBDEs in Antarctic coastal organisms may originate from atmospheric transport and partly from a contamination by local sources. Although POP levels in Antarctic marine organisms were substantially lower than in Arctic and temperate organisms, very little is known about their toxic effects on these cold-adapted species, with high degree of endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goutte
- LOCEAN/IPSL, UMR7159, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UPR 1934, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France.
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Zota AR, Linderholm L, Park JS, Petreas M, Guo T, Privalsky ML, Zoeller RT, Woodruff TJ. Temporal comparison of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, PCBs, and OH-PCBs in the serum of second trimester pregnant women recruited from San Francisco General Hospital, California. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11776-84. [PMID: 24066858 PMCID: PMC4086273 DOI: 10.1021/es402204y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can harm neurodevelopment in humans and animals. In 2003-2004, PentaBDE and OctaBDE were banned in California and phased-out of US production; resulting impacts on human exposures are unknown. We previously reported that median serum concentrations of PBDEs and their metabolites (OH-PBDEs) among second trimester pregnant women recruited from San Francisco General Hospital (2008-2009; n = 25) were the highest among pregnant women worldwide. We recruited another cohort from the same clinic in 2011-2012 (n = 36) and now compare serum concentrations of PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, polychlorinated biphenyl ethers (PCBs) (structurally similar compounds banned in 1979), and OH-PCBs between two demographically similar cohorts. Between 2008-2009 and 2011-2012, adjusted least-squares geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of ∑PBDEs decreased 65% (95% CI: 18, 130) from 90.0 ng/g lipid (95% CI: 64.7, 125.2) to 54.6 ng/g lipid (95% CI: 39.2, 76.2) (p = 0.004); ∑OH-PBDEs decreased 6-fold (p < 0.0001); and BDE-47, -99, and -100 declined more than BDE-153. There was a modest, nonsignificant (p = 0.13) decline in LSGM concentrations of ∑PCBs and minimal differences in ∑OH-PCBs between 2008-2009 and 2011-2012. PBDE exposures are likely declining due to regulatory action, but the relative stability in PCB exposures suggests PBDE exposures may eventually plateau and persist for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami R. Zota
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, California, USA
- Corresponding author: Ami R. Zota, Sc.D., M.S., Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, 2100 M Street NW, Suite 203A, Washington DC 20037, ; Phone: 202.994.9289
| | - Linda Linderholm
- Environmental Chemistry Lab, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California, USA
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Lab, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Myrto Petreas
- Environmental Chemistry Lab, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tan Guo
- Environmental Chemistry Lab, California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Berkeley, California, USA
- Sequoia Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin L. Privalsky
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, California, USA
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Ma X, Zhang H, Yao Z, Zhao X, Wang L, Wang Z, Chen J, Chen J. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a marine food web from Liaodong Bay, North China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 74:110-115. [PMID: 23906472 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 21 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners were analyzed in organisms within a marine food web collected from the Liaodong Bay, North China. The total concentrations of PBDEs in all samples ranged from 0.87 to 91.4 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw). BDE-47 was the predominant congener and had a concentration ranging from 0.30 to 36.1 ng g(-1) lw. The trophic magnification factors (TMF) of the PBDEs were calculated using the trophic levels obtained from the stable nitrogen isotope ratios. The TMF value of ∑PBDEs was 3.50 for the entire food web and 2.21 for the food web excluding seabirds. Four concentration ratios, BDE-99/BDE-100, BDE-99/BDE-47, BDE-153/BDE-154 and BDE-183/BDE-154, decreased linearly with the increase of the trophic levels in the invertebrates and the fishes (p<0.01). The results suggested that the PBDEs were steadily metabolized in the trophic transfer process along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Ma
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Asante KA, Takahashi S, Itai T, Isobe T, Devanathan G, Muto M, Agyakwah SK, Adu-Kumi S, Subramanian A, Tanabe S. Occurrence of halogenated contaminants in inland and coastal fish from Ghana: levels, dietary exposure assessment and human health implications. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 94:123-130. [PMID: 23743250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fish consumption is known to have several health benefits for humans. However, the accumulation of toxic contaminants, such as PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs in fish could pose health hazards. These contaminants were measured in tilapia fish species collected from Ghana. Mean levels were PCBs (62 ng/g lw), PBDEs (7.3 ng/g lw) and HBCDs (1.2 ng/g lw) and the predominance of CB-153, CB-138, CB-180, BDE-47 and α-HBCD is in concordance with scientific literature. The congener profiles of PBDEs and PCBs in the fish suggest that sources of Penta- and Deca-BDE technical mixtures as well as technical PCB mixture (Clophen A60) exist in Ghana, while textile operations and associated release of untreated wastewater are likely to be significant sources of HBCDs. Comparison of the results with some reported studies showed moderate contamination in Ghana although Ghana is a developing country in Africa. Concentrations of PCBs measured in all the specimens in this study were below the food safety guidelines issued by the Food and Drug Administration, USA and the European Commission. The calculated hazard index levels of the target contaminants were below the threshold value of one, indicating that the levels of the target contaminants do not seem to constitute a health risk via fish consumption, with regard to PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs, based on the limited number of samples that was accounted for in this study. However, due to the continuous discharge of untreated effluents, follow up studies are warranted as the consumption of fish is the primary route of human exposure to PCBs. This maiden report on the status of PBDEs and HBCDs in fish from Ghana will contribute to the knowledge about environmental contamination by POPs in a less industrialized region of the world so far sparsely covered in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Ansong Asante
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Japan
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Chen CY, Tien CJ, Sun YM, Hsieh CY, Lee CC. Influence of water quality parameters on occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ether in sediment and sediment to biota accumulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2420-2427. [PMID: 23218414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in sediment and fish from 12 principal rivers in Taiwan were investigated to determine their association with water quality parameters as well as the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) in fish with different living patterns. The highest PBDE concentration in sediment was found in the Bajhang River (261 ng g(-1) dryweight (d.w.)) and the lowest in the Beinan River and the Da-an River (0.17 ng g(-1) d.w.). The PBDE concentrations in fish samples ranged from 1.28 ng g(-1) d.w. (Oreochromis niloticus niloticus) in the Yanshuei River to 33.7 ng g(-1) d.w. (Varico rhinos barbatulus) in the Da-an River. We conclude that PBDEs contamination in sediment was significantly affected by NH(3)-N, pH, and DO. The BSAF results showed a parabolic trend from low- to high-brominated BDEs. Fish easily accumulated the congeners BDE-47, -100, -119, -126, and -154 from sediment. The BSAF decreased in the following order: PeBDE>HxBDE>TeBDE>other BDEs. Principle component analysis showed that demersal fish have different PBDE sources than do pelagic fish. We conclude that living and feeding habits are critical factors affecting PBDE accumulation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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Ben Ameur W, El Megdiche Y, Eljarrat E, Ben Hassine S, Badreddine B, Souad T, Bèchir H, Barceló D, Driss MR. Organochlorine and organobromine compounds in a benthic fish (Solea solea) from Bizerte Lagoon (northern Tunisia): implications for human exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 88:55-64. [PMID: 23219662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Information on the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in fish from Tunisia is scarce. In this study, thirty one persistent organic pollutants including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (dichlorodihenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) were determined in solea solea muscle, from Bizerte Lagoon (northern Tunisia) and from the Mediterranean Sea (reference area) (northern Mediterranean). In the Bizerte Lagoon, contaminant concentrations generally followed this order: PCBs>DDTs>PBDEs>MeO-PBDEs>HCB>HCHs; while in the Mediterranean Sea, pollutant concentration followed this order: MeO-PBDEs>PCBs>DDTs>PBDEs>HCB>HCHs. Mean levels of organochlorine compounds were 1018 and 380 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw) in fish from Bizerte Lagoon and the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. Mean concentrations of organobromine compounds were 279 and 301 ng g(-1) lw in sole from Bizerte Lagoon and the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. Organohalogen concentrations in fish from Bizerte Lagoon were similar or slightly lower than those reported for other marine fish species from other locations around the world. PCB, HCH, HCB and PBDE levels were negatively correlated with lipid content, while no such correlation was seen for DDTs. Assessment based on several available guidelines suggested an insignificant human health risk for dietary intake of HCB, lindane and PBDEs associated with consumption of sole. However, the estimated lifetime cancer risk from dietary exposure to DDTs and PCBs is a potential concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ben Ameur
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (05/UR/12-03), University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.
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Du M, Lin L, Yan C, Zhang X. Diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific accumulation, depuration, and bioisomerization of hexabromocyclododecanes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11040-6. [PMID: 22963262 DOI: 10.1021/es302166p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to two dietary concentrations of individual HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) for 42 days, followed by clean food for 21 days, to examine bioaccumulation, depuration, and enantiomer fractions (EFs) of HBCD diastereoisomers and to test the bioisomerization of HBCDs in fish. The depuration of α-, β-, and γ-HBCD in zebrafish followed the first-order process. Bioaccumulation parameters of the three diastereoisomers differed between low and high dose, suggesting that the bioaccumulation of them is concentration dependent. Calculated assimilation efficiencies (AEs), biomagnification factors (BMFs), and half-lives (t(1/2)) of α-HBCD were the highest among the three diastereoisomers. Furthermore, the study showed that zebrafish could biotransform γ-HBCD to α-HBCD. The highest AE, BMF, and t(1/2) of α-HBCD and bioisomerization of γ-HBCD to α-HBCD could explain why α-HBCD appears to be dominant in biota samples. The EFs for α- and γ-HBCD in zebrafish estimated at different times of bioaccumulation and depuration were all significantly greater than those in corresponding food (P < 0.05), indicating selective enrichment of (+) α-enantiomer and (+) γ-enantiomer relative to (-) α-enantiomer and (-) γ-enantiomer, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Du
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Klosterhaus SL, Stapleton HM, La Guardia MJ, Greig DJ. Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in San Francisco Bay sediments and wildlife. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 47:56-65. [PMID: 22766500 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the use of alternative flame retardants in consumer products to comply with flammability standards. In contrast to PBDEs, information on the occurrence and fate of these alternative compounds in the environment is limited, particularly in the United States. In this study, a survey of flame retardants in San Francisco Bay was conducted to evaluate whether PBDE replacement chemicals and other current use flame retardants were accumulating in the Bay food web. In addition to PBDEs, brominated and chlorinated flame retardants (hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Dechlorane Plus (DP)) were detected in Bay sediments and wildlife. Median concentrations of PBDEs, HBCD, and DP, respectively, were 4.3, 0.3, and 0.2 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) in sediments; 1670, <6.0, and 0.5 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw) in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus); 1860, 6.5, and 1.3 ng g⁻¹ lw in shiner surfperch (Cymatogaster aggregata); 5500, 37.4, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in eggs of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus); 770, 7.1, and 0.9 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) adults; and 330, 3.5, and <0.1 ng g⁻¹ lw in harbor seal (P. vitulina) pups. Two additional flame retardants, pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were detected in sediments but with less frequency and at lower concentrations (median concentrations of 0.01 and 0.02 ng g⁻¹ dw, respectively) compared to the other flame retardants. PBEB was also detected in each of the adult harbor seals and in 83% of the pups (median concentrations 0.2 and 0.07 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively). The flame retardants hexabromobenzene (HBB), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), and 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), were not detected in sediments and BTBPE, HBB and TBB were not detected in wildlife samples. Elevated concentrations of some flame retardants were likely associated with urbanization and Bay hydrodynamics. Compared to other locations, concentrations of PBDEs in Bay wildlife were comparable or higher, while concentrations of the alternatives were generally lower. This study is the first to determine concentrations of PBDE replacement products and other flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, providing some of the first data on the food web occurrence of these flame retardants in a North American urbanized estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Klosterhaus
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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