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Zeb B, Alam K, Huang Z, Öztürk F, Wang P, Mihaylova L, Khokhar MF, Munir S. In-depth characterization of particulate matter in a highly polluted urban environment at the foothills of Himalaya-Karakorum Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35705-35726. [PMID: 38739339 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the rising levels of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) have an impact on the earth's system, leading to undesirable consequences on various aspects like human health, visibility, and climate. The present work is carried out over an insufficiently studied but polluted urban area of Peshawar, which lies at the foothills of the famous Himalaya and Karakorum area, Northern Pakistan. The particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 µm, i.e., PM10 are collected and analyzed for mineralogical, morphological, and chemical properties. Diverse techniques were used to examine the PM10 samples, for instance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy along with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, proton-induced x-ray emission, and an OC/EC carbon analyzer. The 24 h average PM10 mass concentration along with standard deviation was investigated to be 586.83 ± 217.70 µg/m3, which was around 13 times greater than the permissible limit of the world health organization (45 µg/m3) and 4 times the Pakistan national environmental quality standards for ambient PM10 (150 µg/m3). Minerals such as crystalline silicate, carbonate, asbestiform minerals, sulfate, and clay minerals were found using FTIR and XRD investigations. Microscopic examination revealed particles of various shapes, including angular, flaky, rod-like, crystalline, irregular, rounded, porous, chain, spherical, and agglomeration structures. This proved that the particles had geogenic, anthropogenic, and biological origins. The average value of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and total carbon is found to be 91.56 ± 43.17, 6.72 ± 1.99, and 102.41 ± 44.90 µg/m3, respectively. Water-soluble ions K+ and OC show a substantial association (R = 0.71). Prominent sources identified using Principle component analysis (PCA) are anthropogenic, crustal, industrial, and electronic combustion. This research paper identified the potential sources of PM10, which are vital for preparing an air quality management plan in the urban environment of Peshawar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahadar Zeb
- Department of Mathematics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (Upper), Pakistan
| | - Khan Alam
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Western Ecological Safety, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Zhongwei Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Western Ecological Safety, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fatma Öztürk
- Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Gölköy Campus 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK
| | - Lyudmila Mihaylova
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Muhammad Fahim Khokhar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Said Munir
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Pietrodangelo A, Bove MC, Forello AC, Crova F, Bigi A, Brattich E, Riccio A, Becagli S, Bertinetti S, Calzolai G, Canepari S, Cappelletti D, Catrambone M, Cesari D, Colombi C, Contini D, Cuccia E, De Gennaro G, Genga A, Ielpo P, Lucarelli F, Malandrino M, Masiol M, Massabò D, Perrino C, Prati P, Siciliano T, Tositti L, Venturini E, Vecchi R. A PM10 chemically characterized nation-wide dataset for Italy. Geographical influence on urban air pollution and source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:167891. [PMID: 37852492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban textures of the Italian cities are peculiarly shaped by the local geography generating similarities among cities placed in different regions but comparable topographical districts. This suggested the following scientific question: can different topographies generate significant differences on the PM10 chemical composition at Italian urban sites that share similar geography despite being in different regions? To investigate whether such communalities can be found and are applicable at Country-scale, we propose here a novel methodological approach. A dataset comprising season-averages of PM10 mass concentration and chemical composition data was built, covering the decade 2005-2016 and referring to urban sites only (21 cities). Statistical analyses, estimation of missing data, identification of latent clusters and source apportionment modeling by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) were performed on this unique dataset. The first original result is the demonstration that a dataset with atypical time resolution can be successfully exploited as an input matrix for PMF obtaining Country-scale representative chemical profiles, whose physical consistency has been assessed by different tests of modeling performance. Secondly, this dataset can be considered a reference repository of season averages of chemical species over the Italian territory and the chemical profiles obtained by PMF for urban Italian agglomerations could contribute to emission repositories. These findings indicate that our approach is powerful, and it could be further employed with datasets typically available in the air pollution monitoring networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pietrodangelo
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo St., Rome 00015, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Bove
- Ligurian Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (ARPAL), Genoa 16149, Italy
| | | | - Federica Crova
- Department of Physics, University of Milan and INFN-Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bigi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Erika Brattich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Augusto Righi", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Angelo Riccio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples 80143, Italy
| | - Silvia Becagli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Calzolai
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - David Cappelletti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Cesari
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Lombardy (ARPA Lombardia), Milan 20124, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cuccia
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Lombardy (ARPA Lombardia), Milan 20124, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Genga
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies DISTeBA, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Pierina Ielpo
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Franco Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa and INFN-Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo St., Rome 00015, Italy
| | - Paolo Prati
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa and INFN-Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Siciliano
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Laura Tositti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Elisa Venturini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, University of Milan and INFN-Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Forello AC, Cunha-Lopes I, Almeida SM, Alves CA, Tchepel O, Crova F, Vecchi R. Insights on the combination of off-line and on-line measurement approaches for source apportionment studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165860. [PMID: 37516189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a source apportionment study performed on a dataset collected at a trafficked site in Coimbra (Portugal) during the period December 2018-June 2019. The novelty of this work consists in the methodological approach used and the sensitivity study carried out to give hints to potential future applications. Indeed, a multi-time resolution and multi-parameter study was performed joining together aerosol data from 24-h chemically characterized samples and high-time resolution multi-wavelength absorption coefficients retrieved by an Aethalometer. A detailed sensitivity study on the most suitable combination of time resolution and uncertainties was carried out to obtain reliable physical and stable solutions over all analyses. In parallel, a regular EPA-PMF source apportionment study using chemical and optical variables averaged on 24 h is presented and discussed in comparison to the more complex multi-time and multi-parameter approach. Apart from results pertaining to the identification and relevance of different sources in Coimbra, the methodological results shown here can give guidance for readers who want to implement optical variables jointly with chemical ones in the same model run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Forello
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy; National Institute of Nuclear Physics INFN-Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Inés Cunha-Lopes
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela-LRS, Portugal
| | - Susana M Almeida
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela-LRS, Portugal
| | - Célia A Alves
- Centre of Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Oxana Tchepel
- CITTA, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Federica Crova
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy; National Institute of Nuclear Physics INFN-Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy; National Institute of Nuclear Physics INFN-Milan, Milan 20133, Italy.
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Scerri MM, Weinbruch S, Delmaire G, Mercieca N, Nolle M, Prati P, Massabò D. Exhaust and non-exhaust contributions from road transport to PM 10 at a Southern European traffic site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120569. [PMID: 36347413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is a well - established fact that road traffic is one of the main contributors to ambient levels of airborne particulate matter (APM). This study was carried out at a traffic site in which the PM10 levels are monitored all year round. A trend analysis of these levels revealed that over a decade there was no discernible trend, with the PM10 concentrations normally hovering around the EU limit values. In 2018, one of these limit values was exceeded. The contribution of traffic at the site was therefore investigated through a chemical speciation of 209 PM10 samples collected throughout this year. The speciation data were used in a source apportionment exercise in which the output of the PMF model was further refined using the lesser-known, constraint weighted non - negative matrix factorization (CW - NMF) model. This technique enabled the isolation of two factors clearly related to traffic, which were labelled as "exhaust contribution" (responsible for 3.4% of the PM10), "tire/brake wear contribution" (contributing 17% of the PM10). Additionally, a factor including both traffic resuspended dust and crustal material was also isolated and labelled "road dust/crustal" factor. The two contributors to the factor jointly contribute 18% to the PM10 and the contribution of the traffic resuspended dust was estimated at 7.3%. The traffic resuspended component of this factor together with the "tire/brake wear contribution" jointly make up the non-exhaust contribution of traffic - derived dust. Consonant with what has been known for quite some time, the exhaust fraction is the minor component of traffic PM10. It is therefore, clear that policies aimed at controlling traffic derived PM10 pollution at the receptor will have a minimal effect unless the non - exhaust emissions are adequately controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Scerri
- Institute of Earth Systems, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD2080, Malta.
| | - Stephan Weinbruch
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gilles Delmaire
- Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, F62228, Calais, France
| | - Nadine Mercieca
- Environment and Resources Authority, Hexagon House, Spencer Hill, Marsa, MRS1441, Malta
| | - Michael Nolle
- Environment and Resources Authority, Hexagon House, Spencer Hill, Marsa, MRS1441, Malta
| | - Paolo Prati
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Massabò
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Cardell C, Comite V, Fermo P. Characterization of black crusts developed on historic stones with diverse mineralogy under different air quality environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29438-29454. [PMID: 34302602 PMCID: PMC9001199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black crusts (BCs) are one of the most critical alteration forms found on stones belonging to architectural heritage. Since they could be considered as passive samplers of atmospheric pollution, it would be plausible to establish relations between the air contamination and the BCs. With this aim, we have characterized BCs collected on historic buildings from two Spanish cities (Granada and Vigo) with different polluted atmospheres, as well as formed on stone substrates of varied mineralogy and texture. Likewise, in order to assess the impact of the atmospheric pollutants on the growth of BCs, quartz fiber filters were used as surrogate substrates and placed nearby the studied buildings to collect and analyze the aerosol particulate matter (PM). To this end, an array of complementary analytical techniques was used to evaluate the mineralogy, chemical composition, and texture of the BCs and to establish the correlation with the ions, OC (organic carbon), and EC (elemental carbon) detected in the PM on the quartz fiber filters. As result, BCs developed on carbonate substrates from Granada show more complex structure than those from Vigo, which are thinner because of frequent rain episodes. In both cities, NaCl, Pb-Cl, and Ca-Cl-rich particles, Ca-phosphate particles and clusters of Ba-sulfate-rich particles were detected. However, metal-rich rounded particles were more abundant in Granada's BCs, including soot particles. BCs from Granada were richer in carbonaceous components (OC and EC) than the Vigo's BCs. Although in the filters PM did not show EC-mainly due to traffic-, in the BCs from both locations OC and EC were detected. Therefore, this different composition was related to the mineralogy of the stones and the higher pollution of Granada in contrast to the industrial and sea-exposed city of Vigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Santiago Pozo-Antonio
- CINTECX, GESSMin group, Dpto. de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Universidade de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carolina Cardell
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Comite V, Miani A, Ricca M, La Russa M, Pulimeno M, Fermo P. The impact of atmospheric pollution on outdoor cultural heritage: an analytic methodology for the characterization of the carbonaceous fraction in black crusts present on stone surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111565. [PMID: 34192555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has reduced tourism in both museums and historical sites with negative economic effect. The wellbeing and good preservation of monuments is a key factor to encourage again tourism. Historical monuments exposed to outdoor pollution are subjected to well known degradation phenomenon including the formation on their surface of black crusts (BCs) causing blackening and deterioration of the monuments and, as a consequence, a worst fruition by the visitors. The aim of this research is the development and validation of a novel method to characterize and quantify the various components present in the black crusts. SO2 together with the carbonaceous fraction (i.e. OC, organic carbon, and EC, elemental carbon) represent the main atmospheric pollutants involved in the process of BCs formation which consists in the partial transformation of the carbonate substrate into gypsum where black particles are embedded. A new methodology based on the use of TGA/DSC (Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential scanning calorimetry) and CHN (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen) analysis was set up allowing to determine organic carbon and elemental carbon together with other components such as gypsum. Four standard mixtures simulating BCs composition were prepared and analysed by the set-up methodology. The new procedure was subsequently applied to study real BCs samples taken from monuments and historical buildings placed in cities heavily affected by atmospheric pollution and by PCA (principal component analysis) their main features, from the point of view of carbonaceous fraction, were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Miani
- Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Michela Ricca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze Della Terra (DiBEST), Università Della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, CS, Italy
| | - Mauro La Russa
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze Della Terra (DiBEST), Università Della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, CS, Italy
| | - Manuela Pulimeno
- Staff UNESCO, Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy; Italian Society of Environmental Medicine, (SIMA), Milan, 20123, Italy.
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Rovella N, Aly N, Comite V, Randazzo L, Fermo P, Barca D, Alvarez de Buergo M, La Russa MF. The environmental impact of air pollution on the built heritage of historic Cairo (Egypt). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142905. [PMID: 33127125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, many researchers investigated the relation between environmental pollution and the degradation phenomena on the built heritage, because of their rapid increase and growing harmfulness. Consequently, the identification of the main pollution sources has become essential to define mitigation actions against degradation and alteration phenomena of the stone materials. In this way, the present paper is focused on the study of the effect of air pollution on archaeological buildings in Historic Cairo. A multi-methodological approach was used to obtain information about the chemical composition of examined black crusts and to clarify their correlation with the air pollution, specifically the heavy metals and the carbonaceous fraction, their main sources, and their impact on the state of conservation of the studied sites. All specimens were characterized by polarized optical microscopy (POM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Electron Probe Micro Analyser coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EPMA-EDS), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The study conducted on heavy metals and carbonaceous fraction showed that the greatest contribution of the accumulation of pollutants is attributable to vehicular traffic and industrial activities, the main polluting sources in Cairo city. Furthermore, the comparison with other studies conducted on the carbonaceous fraction in the black crusts coming from both European and non-European cities, has allowed to discriminate the contribution of the primary and secondary polluting sources. Finally, the correlation of the data obtained on the heavy metals and the carbonaceous fraction allowed to formulate important hypothesis about the processes of sulphation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rovella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Nevin Aly
- Department of Science and Engineering Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, 43512 Suez, Egypt.
| | - Valeria Comite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luciana Randazzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Paola Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Donatella Barca
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | | | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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Enhanced Historical Limestone Protection by New Organic/Inorganic Additive-Modified Resins. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Cultural Heritage deterioration is a spontaneous decay process due to water percolation and air pollutant deposition. In this context, novel acrylic (Twinswet, TW) and siloxane-based (Alpha®SI30) resins were exploited starting from commercial products and then modified by adding either a commercial polysiloxane-based additive (TegoPhobe 1500N) or a precursor of SiO2 nanoparticles (Tetraethyl ortosilicate, TEOS) to improve the Vicenza stone surface hydrophobicity. Properties of the coated materials were studied using different techniques such as water contact angle (WCA), capillary absorption, colorimetric and water vapor permeability measurements. Accelerated UV aging and eight-month outdoor exposure tests (at Milan University campus) were also performed to determine the coatings durability. Notably, the addition of both additives slightly enhanced the surface hydrophobicity resulting in WCAs of about 140°, and decreased the water absorption especially for Alpha-based resins. Conversely, a reduction of water vapor permeability was observed, even if within the threshold value of 50%. Concerning the color variation, Alpha®SI30 preserved the stone external aspect; instead, TW smoothly modified the surface color. All of the studied coatings were stable to both UV aging and outdoor exposure. Hence, the present modified commercial coatings revealed to be very promising for the protection of historical monuments.
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Characterization of PM10 Sampled on the Top of a Former Mining Tower by the High-Volume Wind Direction-Dependent Sampler Using INNA. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PM10 concentrations in the studied region (Ostravsko-karvinská agglomeration, Czech Republic) exceed air pollution limit values in the long-term and pose a significant problem for human health, quality of life and the environment. In order to characterize the pollution in the region and identify the pollution origin, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) was employed for determination of 34 elements in PM10 samples collected at a height of 90 m above ground level. From April 2018 to March 2019, 111 PM10 samples from eight basic wind directions and calm and two smog situations were sampled. The elemental composition significantly varied depending on season and sampling conditions. The contribution of three important industrial sources (iron and steelworks, cement works) was identified, and the long-range cross-border transport representing the pollution from the Polish domestic boilers confirmed the most important pollution inflow during the winter season.
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Rai P, Furger M, El Haddad I, Kumar V, Wang L, Singh A, Dixit K, Bhattu D, Petit JE, Ganguly D, Rastogi N, Baltensperger U, Tripathi SN, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH. Real-time measurement and source apportionment of elements in Delhi's atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140332. [PMID: 33167294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Delhi, the capital of India, suffers from heavy local emissions as well as regional transport of air pollutants, resulting in severe aerosol loadings. To determine the sources of these pollutants, we have quantified the mass concentrations of 26 elements in airborne particles, measured by an online X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with time resolution between 30 min and 1 h. Measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 (particulate matter <10 μm and < 2.5 μm) were conducted during two consecutive winters (2018 and 2019) in Delhi. On average, 26 elements from Al to Pb made up ~25% and ~19% of the total PM10 mass (271 μg m-3 and 300 μg m-3) in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Nine different aerosol sources were identified during both winters using positive matrix factorization (PMF), including dust, non-exhaust, an S-rich factor, two solid fuel combustion (SFC) factors and four industrial/combustion factors related to plume events (Cr-Ni-Mn, Cu-Cd-Pb, Pb-Sn-Se and Cl-Br-Se). All factors were resolved in both size ranges (but varying relative concentrations), comprising the following contributions to the elemental PM10 mass (in % average for 2018 and 2019): Cl-Br-Se (41.5%, 36.9%), dust (27.6%, 28.7%), non-exhaust (16.2%, 13.7%), S-rich (6.9%, 9.2%), SFC1 + SFC2 (4%, 7%), Pb-Sn-Se (2.3%, 1.66%), Cu-Cd-Pb (0.67%, 2.2%) and Cr-Ni-Mn (0.57%, 0.47%). Most of these sources had the highest relative contributions during late night (22:00 local time (LT)) and early morning hours (between 03:00 to 08:00 LT), which is consistent with enhanced emissions into a shallow boundary layer. Modelling of airmass source geography revealed that the Pb-Sn-Se, Cl-Br-Se and SFC2 factors prevailed for northwest winds (Pakistan, Punjab, Haryana and Delhi), while the Cu-Cd-Pb and S-rich factors originated from east (Nepal and Uttar Pradesh) and the Cr-Ni-Mn factor from northeast (Uttar Pradesh). In contrast, SFC1, dust and non-exhaust were not associated with any specific wind direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Furger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Varun Kumar
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Liwei Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Atinderpal Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Kuldeep Dixit
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Sachchida Nand Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Comite V, Pozo-Antonio JS, Cardell C, Randazzo L, La Russa MF, Fermo P. A multi-analytical approach for the characterization of black crusts on the facade of an historical cathedral. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Fermo P, Comite V, Ciantelli C, Sardella A, Bonazza A. A multi-analytical approach to study the chemical composition of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) to assess the impact on urban monumental heritage in Florence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140055. [PMID: 32562989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected at the S. Marco Museum in Florence during seasonal monitoring campaigns carried out in 2013 and 2014. The analyses focused on the determination of TSP chemical composition: main ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic compounds (WSOC) and levoglucosa which is considered the specific marker for wood burning. The analysis of TSP composition in Florence historical centre is of interest to assess what the damage caused to the surfaces of the urban monumental heritage could be. TSP higher value has been registered during December 2013 (58,6 μg/m3 ± 7,3 μg/m3) while the lower value has been registered in July 2013 (28,5 μg/m3 ± 2,2 μg/m3). OC and EC were also higher in winter with respect to summer. Sulphate is characterized by quite constant values during all the examined periods while ammonium and nitrate were higher in winter. The seasonal contribution of different sources such as combustion processes (from traffic and wood burning) and soil dust resuspension has been evidenced. In particular during winter a high concentration of levoglucosan, the specific marker for wood combustion, has been determined. Finally, all the data obtained were correlated with those previously determined in another study carried out in 2003 at the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence in order to evaluate any possible change in the atmospheric pollution composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Italy.
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Sardella
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bonazza
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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13
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Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Florence (Italy) by PMF Analysis of Aerosol Composition Records. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An extensive field campaign was carried out in Florence (Tuscany) to investigate the PM2.5 composition and to identify its sources. The scientific objective of this study is providing a reliable source apportionment, which is mandatory for the application of effective mitigation actions. Particulate matter (PM) was collected for one year, simultaneously in a traffic site, in an urban background, and in a regional background site. While the use of two filter types (quartz and Teflon) allowed obtaining a comprehensive chemical characterization (elemental and organic carbon, ions, elements) by the application of different analytical techniques, the location of the three sampling sites allowed getting a better separation among local, urban, regional and transboundary sources. During shorter periods, the aerosol was also collected by means of a streaker sampler and PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) analysis of these samples allowed the assessment of hourly resolution elemental time trends. Positive matrix factorisation (PMF) identified seven main sources: traffic, biomass burning, secondary sulphate, secondary nitrates, urban dust, Saharan dust and marine aerosol. Traffic mass concentration contributions were found to be strong only at the traffic site (~8 μg·m−3, 33% of PM2.5). Biomass burning turned out to be an important PM2.5 source in Florence (~4 μg·m−3), with very similar weights in both city sites while at the regional background site its weight was negligible. Secondary sulphate is an important PM2.5 source on a regional scale, with comparable values in all three sites (~3.5 μg·m−3). On average, the contribution of the “natural” components (e.g., mineral dust and marine aerosols) to PM2.5 is moderate (~1 μg·m−3) except during Saharan dust intrusions where this contribution is higher (detected simultaneously in all three sites). High-time resolution data confirmed and reinforced these results.
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14
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Sabatini V, Pargoletti E, Comite V, Ortenzi MA, Fermo P, Gulotta D, Cappelletti G. Towards Novel Fluorinated Methacrylic Coatings for Cultural Heritage: A Combined Polymers and Surfaces Chemistry Study. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071190. [PMID: 31315250 PMCID: PMC6681005 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, new co- and ter-polymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), and N-butyl methacrylate (nBuMA), containing just 1% mol × mol−1 of a fluorinated co-monomer, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-octyl methacrylate (POMA), were synthesized. After an UV accelerated aging test, the photo-chemical stability of the polymers prepared was determined by 1H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry and wettability measurements. The polymers were applied to Botticino tiles to achieve better performances in terms of water repellency and consequently deterioration resistance. One-year prolonged exposure to a real environment was conducted and the properties of the coated materials and their performances were studied using different surface techniques such as water contact angle (WCA) and colorimetric measurements (CIELaB), capillary absorption, permeability (RVP) tests and soluble salts determination. The effectiveness of the fluorinated methacrylic coatings was clearly demonstrated; among all the resins, the co-polymer MMA_POMA seems to be the most performing one. Furthermore, both the UV photo-chemical resistance and the easiness of removal was successfully studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Pargoletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici "LaMPo", Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Gulotta
- The Getty Conservation Institute, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 700, Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- CRC Materiali Polimerici "LaMPo", Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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15
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Sources and Geographical Origins of PM10 in Metz (France) Using Oxalate as a Marker of Secondary Organic Aerosols by Positive Matrix Factorization Analysis. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An original source apportionment study was conducted on atmospheric particles (PM10) collected in Metz, one of the largest cities of Eastern France. A Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was applied to a sampling filter-based chemical dataset obtained for the April 2015 to January 2017 period. Nine factors were clearly identified, showing mainly contributions from anthropogenic sources of primary PM (19.2% and 16.1% for traffic and biomass burning, respectively) as well as secondary aerosols (12.3%, 14.5%, 21.8% for sulfate-, nitrate-, and oxalate-rich factors, respectively). Wood-burning aerosols exhibited strong temporal variations and contributed up to 30% of the PM mass fraction during winter, while primary traffic concentrations remained relatively constant throughout the year. These two sources are also the main contributors during observed PM10 pollution episodes. Furthermore, the dominance of the oxalate-rich factor among other secondary aerosol factors underlines the role of atmospheric processing to secondary organic aerosol loadings which are still poorly characterized in this region. Finally, Concentration-Weighted Trajectory (CWT) analysis were performed to investigate the geographical origins of the apportioned sources, notably illustrating a significant transport of both nitrate-rich and sulfate-rich factors from Northeastern Europe but also from the Balkan region.
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16
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Lucarelli F, Barrera V, Becagli S, Chiari M, Giannoni M, Nava S, Traversi R, Calzolai G. Combined use of daily and hourly data sets for the source apportionment of particulate matter near a waste incinerator plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:802-811. [PMID: 30721871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A particulate matter (PM) source apportionment study was carried out in one of the most polluted districts of Tuscany (Italy), close to an old waste incinerator plant. Due to the high PM10 levels, an extensive field campaign was supported by the Regional Government to identify the main PM sources and quantify their contributions. PM10 daily samples were collected for one year and analysed by different techniques to obtain a complete chemical characterisation (elements, ions and carbon fractions). Hourly fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5-10 μm) aerosol samples were collected by a Streaker sampler for a shorter period and hourly elemental concentrations were obtained by PIXE. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis of daily and hourly data allowed the identification of 10 main sources: six anthropogenic (Biomass Burning, Traffic, Secondary Nitrates, Secondary Sulphates, Incinerator, Heavy Oil combustion), two natural (Saharan Dust and Fresh Sea Salt) and two mixed sources (Local Dust and Aged Sea Salt). Biomass burning turned out to be the main source of PM, accounting for 30% of the PM10 mass as annual average, followed by Traffic (18%) and Secondary Nitrates (14%). Emissions from the Incinerator turned out to be only 2% of PM10 mass on average. PM10 composition and source apportionment have been assessed in a polluted area near a waste incinerator, by PMF analysis on daily and hourly compositional data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto F.no, Fi, Italy; National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) - Florence Section, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto F.no, Fi, Italy
| | - V Barrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto F.no, Fi, Italy
| | - S Becagli
- Department of Chemistry - University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto F.no, Fi, Italy
| | - M Chiari
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) - Florence Section, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto F.no, Fi, Italy
| | - M Giannoni
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) - Florence Section, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto F.no, Fi, Italy
| | - S Nava
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) - Florence Section, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto F.no, Fi, Italy.
| | - R Traversi
- Department of Chemistry - University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto F.no, Fi, Italy
| | - G Calzolai
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) - Florence Section, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto F.no, Fi, Italy
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17
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Study and Characterization of Environmental Deposition on Marble and Surrogate Substrates at a Monumental Heritage Site. GEOSCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8090349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the results of the field exposure activity conducted between 2014 and 2017 on the façade of the Milano cathedral (Italy) are reported. The main research aim was to characterize environmental deposition in real exposure conditions and for this purpose, both stone substrates (Candoglia marble) and surrogate substrates (quartz fibre filters) were exposed on the cathedral façade in two sites at different heights. A complete chemical characterization has been performed on quartz filters and marble substrates, i.e., quantification of the deposited aerosol particulate matter (PM) and of the main ions. On quartz filters, the carbonaceous component of deposits was also investigated, as well as the color change induced by soiling, by means of colorimetric measurements. The combined approach exploiting marble and surrogate substrates seems to be a suitable monitoring strategy, although some aspects should be taken into account. In particular, differences in the deposits composition have been highlighted mainly depending on the type of substrate. The environmental data related to atmospheric pollution in Milan for the same period have also been considered but no direct correlations were found between some atmospheric precursors and their related ions in solid deposits.
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18
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Vecchi R, Bernardoni V, Valentini S, Piazzalunga A, Fermo P, Valli G. Assessment of light extinction at a European polluted urban area during wintertime: Impact of PM 1 composition and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:679-689. [PMID: 29121603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, results from receptor modelling performed on a well-characterised PM1 dataset were combined to chemical light extinction data (bext) with the aim of assessing the impact of different PM1 components and sources on light extinction and visibility at a European polluted urban area. It is noteworthy that, at the state of the art, there are still very few papers estimating the impact of different emission sources on light extinction as we present here, although being among the major environmental challenges at many polluted areas. Following the concept of the well-known IMPROVE algorithm, here a tailored site-specific approach (recently developed by our group) was applied to assess chemical light extinction due to PM1 components and major sources. PM1 samples collected separately during daytime and nighttime at the urban area of Milan (Italy) were chemically characterised for elements, major ions, elemental and organic carbon, and levoglucosan. Chemical light extinction was estimated and results showed that at the investigated urban site it is heavily impacted by ammonium nitrate and organic matter. Receptor modelling (i.e. Positive Matrix Factorization, EPA-PMF 5.0) was effective to obtain source apportionment; the most reliable solution was found with 7 factors which were tentatively assigned to nitrates, sulphates, wood burning, traffic, industry, fine dust, and a Pb-rich source. The apportionment of aerosol light extinction (bext,aer) according to resolved sources showed that considering all samples together nitrate contributed at most (on average 41.6%), followed by sulphate, traffic, and wood burning accounting for 18.3%, 17.8% and 12.4%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano and INFN Milan, Italy.
| | - V Bernardoni
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano and INFN Milan, Italy
| | - S Valentini
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano and INFN Milan, Italy
| | - A Piazzalunga
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - P Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - G Valli
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano and INFN Milan, Italy
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19
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Bernardoni V, Elser M, Valli G, Valentini S, Bigi A, Fermo P, Piazzalunga A, Vecchi R. Size-segregated aerosol in a hot-spot pollution urban area: Chemical composition and three-way source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:601-611. [PMID: 28843899 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive characterisation and source apportionment of size-segregated aerosol collected using a multistage cascade impactor was performed. The samples were collected during wintertime in Milan (Italy), which is located in the Po Valley, one of the main pollution hot-spot areas in Europe. For every sampling, size-segregated mass concentration, elemental and ionic composition, and levoglucosan concentration were determined. Size-segregated data were inverted using the program MICRON to identify and quantify modal contributions of all the measured components. The detailed chemical characterisation allowed the application of a three-way (3-D) receptor model (implemented using Multilinear Engine) for size-segregated source apportionment and chemical profiles identification. It is noteworthy that - as far as we know - this is the first time that three-way source apportionment is attempted using data of aerosol collected by traditional cascade impactors. Seven factors were identified: wood burning, industry, resuspended dust, regional aerosol, construction works, traffic 1, and traffic 2. Further insights into size-segregated factor profiles suggested that the traffic 1 factor can be associated to diesel vehicles and traffic 2 to gasoline vehicles. The regional aerosol factor resulted to be the main contributor (nearly 50%) to the droplet mode (accumulation sub-mode with modal diameter in the range 0.5-1 μm), whereas the overall contribution from the two factors related to traffic was the most important one in the other size modes (34-41%). The results showed that applying a 3-D receptor model to size-segregated samples allows identifying factors of local and regional origin while receptor modelling on integrated PM fractions usually singles out factors characterised by primary (e.g. industry, traffic, soil dust) and secondary (e.g. ammonium sulphate and nitrate) origin. Furthermore, the results suggested that the information on size-segregated chemical composition in different size classes was exploited by the model to relate primary emissions to rapidly-formed secondary compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bernardoni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Elser
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Valli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Valentini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Bigi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria "Enzo Ferrari", Università Degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - P Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Piazzalunga
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - R Vecchi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milan, Milan, Italy.
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The Multi-Wavelength Absorption Analyzer (MWAA) Model as a Tool for Source and Component Apportionment Based on Aerosol Absorption Properties: Application to Samples Collected in Different Environments. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Silva J, Rojas J, Norabuena M, Molina C, Toro RA, Leiva-Guzmán MA. Particulate matter levels in a South American megacity: the metropolitan area of Lima-Callao, Peru. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:635. [PMID: 29134287 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The temporal and spatial trends in the variability of PM10 and PM2.5 from 2010 to 2015 in the metropolitan area of Lima-Callao, Peru, are studied and interpreted in this work. The mean annual concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 have ranges (averages) of 133-45 μg m-3 (84 μg m-3) and 35-16 μg m-3 (26 μg m-3) for the monitoring sites under study. In general, the highest annual concentrations are observed in the eastern part of the city, which is a result of the pattern of persistent local winds entering from the coast in a south-southwest direction. Seasonal fluctuations in the particulate matter (PM) concentrations are observed; these can be explained by subsidence thermal inversion. There is also a daytime pattern that corresponds to the peak traffic of a total of 9 million trips a day. The PM2.5 value is approximately 40% of the PM10 value. This proportion can be explained by PM10 re-suspension due to weather conditions. The long-term trends based on the Theil-Sen estimator reveal decreasing PM10 concentrations on the order of -4.3 and -5.3% year-1 at two stations. For the other stations, no significant trend is observed. The metropolitan area of Lima-Callao is ranked 12th and 16th in terms of PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, out of 39 megacities. The annual World Health Organization thresholds and national air quality standards are exceeded. A large fraction of the Lima population is exposed to PM concentrations that exceed protection thresholds. Hence, the development of pollution control and reduction measures is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Silva
- National Meteorology and Hydrology Service, Jr. Cahuide 785, Jesús María, Lima, Peru
| | - Jhojan Rojas
- National Meteorology and Hydrology Service, Jr. Cahuide 785, Jesús María, Lima, Peru
| | - Magdalena Norabuena
- National Meteorology and Hydrology Service, Jr. Cahuide 785, Jesús María, Lima, Peru
| | - Carolina Molina
- Center for Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, 7800003, Chile
| | - Richard A Toro
- Center for Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, 7800003, Chile
| | - Manuel A Leiva-Guzmán
- Center for Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, 7800003, Chile.
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22
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Chiara Pietrogrande M, Barbaro E, Bove MC, Clauser G, Colombi C, Corbella L, Cuccia E, Dalla Torre S, Decesari S, Fermo P, Gambaro A, Gianelle V, Ielpo P, Larcher R, Lazzeri P, Massabò D, Melchionna G, Nardin T, Paglione M, Perrino C, Prati P, Visentin M, Zanca N, Zangrando R. Results of an interlaboratory comparison of analytical methods for quantification of anhydrosugars and biosugars in atmospheric aerosol. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:269-277. [PMID: 28601009 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An interlaboratory comparison was performed to evaluate the analytical methods for quantification of anhydrosugars - levoglucosan, mannosan, galactosan - and biosugars - arabitol, glucose and mannitol - in atmospheric aerosol. The performance of 10 laboratories in Italy currently involved in such analyses was investigated on twenty-six PM (particulate matter) ambient filters, three synthetic PM filters and three aqueous standard solutions. An acceptable interlaboratory variability was found, determined as the mean relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the results from the participating laboratories, with the mean RSD% values ranging from 25% to 46% and decreasing with increasing sugar concentration. The investigated methods show good accuracy, evaluated as the percentage error (ε%) related to mean values, since method biases ranged within ±20% for most of the analytes measured in the different laboratories. The detailed investigation (ANOVA analysis at p < 0.05) of the contribution of each laboratory to the total variability and the measurement accuracy shows that comparable results are generated by the different methods, despite the great diversity in terms of extraction conditions, chromatographic separation - more recent LC (liquid chromatography) and EC (exchange chromatography) methods compared to more widespread GC (gas chromatography) - and detection systems, namely PAD (pulsed amperometric detection) or mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chiara Pietrogrande
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics & Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | - M Chiara Bove
- Department of Physics & INFN, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Clauser
- Agenzia Provinciale Protezione Ambiente, Via Lidorno 1, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | | | - Lorenza Corbella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Dalla Torre
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research Rome, Via Salaria Km 29, 300, Monterotondo St., 00015, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Decesari
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics & Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Venice Mestre, Italy
| | | | - Pierina Ielpo
- National Research Council (CNR) Water Institute Research - CNR, Viale de Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Fondazione E. Mach, Technology Transfer Center, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele All'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzeri
- Agenzia Provinciale Protezione Ambiente, Via Lidorno 1, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department of Physics & INFN, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Nardin
- National Research Council (CNR) Water Institute Research - CNR, Viale de Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Paglione
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research Rome, Via Salaria Km 29, 300, Monterotondo St., 00015, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Prati
- Department of Physics & INFN, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Visentin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicola Zanca
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice-Mestre, Italy
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23
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Corsini E, Vecchi R, Marabini L, Fermo P, Becagli S, Bernardoni V, Caruso D, Corbella L, Dell'Acqua M, Galli CL, Lonati G, Ozgen S, Papale A, Signorini S, Tardivo R, Valli G, Marinovich M. The chemical composition of ultrafine particles and associated biological effects at an alpine town impacted by wood burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:223-231. [PMID: 28245934 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This work is part of the TOBICUP (TOxicity of BIomass Combustion generated Ultrafine Particles) project which aimed at providing the composition of ultrafine particles (UFPs, i.e. particles with aerodynamic diameter, dae, lower than 100nm) emitted by wood combustion and elucidating the related toxicity. Results here reported are from two ambient monitoring campaigns carried out at an alpine town in Northern Italy, where wood burning is largely diffused for domestic heating in winter. Wintertime and summertime UFP samples were analyzed to assess their chemical composition (i.e. elements, ions, total carbon, anhydrosugars, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and biological activity. The induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) by UFPs was investigated in two human cells lines (A549 and THP-1) and in human peripheral blood leukocytes. In addition, UFP-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity were investigated in A549 cells. Ambient UFP-related effects were compared to those induced by traffic-emitted particles (DEP) taken from the NIES reference material "vehicle exhaust particulates". Ambient air UFPs induced a dose-related IL-8 release in both A549 and THP-1 cells; the effect was more relevant on summer samples and in general THP-1 cells were more sensitive than A549 cells. On a weight basis our data did not support a higher biological activity of ambient UFPs compared to DEP. The production of IL-8 in the whole blood assay indicated that UFPs reached systemic circulation and activated blood leukocytes. Comet assay and γ-H2AX evaluation showed a significant DNA damage especially in winter UFPs samples compared to control samples. Our study showed that ambient UFPs can evoke a pulmonary inflammatory response by inducing a dose-related IL-8 production and DNA damage, with different responses to UFP samples collected in the summer and winter periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 8, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Marabini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 8, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Becagli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Vera Bernardoni
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory "Giovanni Galli", DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Corbella
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Dell'Acqua
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Corrado L Galli
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 8, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lonati
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Senem Ozgen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Papale
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 8, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Signorini
- LEAP Energy and Environment Laboratory, Via Bixio 27/C, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ruggero Tardivo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Valli
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 8, 20133 Milan, Italy
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24
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Optimization of an ultrasound-assisted derivatization for GC/MS analysis of oxygenated organic species in atmospheric aerosol. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4279-4291. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Benetello F, Squizzato S, Hofer A, Masiol M, Khan MB, Piazzalunga A, Fermo P, Formenton GM, Rampazzo G, Pavoni B. Estimation of local and external contributions of biomass burning to PM 2.5 in an industrial zone included in a large urban settlement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2100-2115. [PMID: 27812966 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 85 PM2.5 samples were collected at a site located in a large industrial zone (Porto Marghera, Venice, Italy) during a 1-year-long sampling campaign. Samples were analyzed to determine water-soluble inorganic ions, elemental and organic carbon, and levoglucosan, and results were processed to investigate the seasonal patterns, the relationship between the analyzed species, and the most probable sources by using a set of tools, including (i) conditional probability function (CPF), (ii) conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), (iii) concentration weighted trajectory (CWT), and (iv) potential source contribution function (PSCF) analyses. Furthermore, the importance of biomass combustions to PM2.5 was also estimated. Average PM2.5 concentrations ranged between 54 and 16 μg m-3 in the cold and warm period, respectively. The mean value of total ions was 11 μg m-3 (range 1-46 μg m-3): The most abundant ion was nitrate with a share of 44 % followed by sulfate (29 %), ammonium (14 %), potassium (4 %), and chloride (4 %). Levoglucosan accounted for 1.2 % of the PM2.5 mass, and its concentration ranged from few ng m-3 in warm periods to 2.66 μg m-3 during winter. Average concentrations of levoglucosan during the cold period were higher than those found in other European urban sites. This result may indicate a great influence of biomass combustions on particulate matter pollution. Elemental and organic carbon (EC, OC) showed similar behavior, with the highest contributions during cold periods and lower during summer. The ratios between biomass burning indicators (K+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, levoglucosan, EC, and OC) were used as proxy for the biomass burning estimation, and the contribution to the OC and PM2.5 was also calculated by using the levoglucosan (LG)/OC and LG/PM2.5 ratios and was estimated to be 29 and 18 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Benetello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Angelika Hofer
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Md Badiuzzaman Khan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Piazzalunga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Formenton
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto, Dipartimento Provinciale di Venezia, via Lissa 6, 30174, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Rampazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Bruno Pavoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia Mestre, Italy.
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26
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Crilley LR, Lucarelli F, Bloss WJ, Harrison RM, Beddows DC, Calzolai G, Nava S, Valli G, Bernardoni V, Vecchi R. Source apportionment of fine and coarse particles at a roadside and urban background site in London during the 2012 summer ClearfLo campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:766-778. [PMID: 27866854 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
London, like many major cities, has a noted air pollution problem, and a better understanding of the sources of airborne particles in the different size fractions will facilitate the implementation and effectiveness of control strategies to reduce air pollution. Thus, the trace elemental composition of the fine and coarse fraction were analysed at hourly time resolution at urban background (North Kensington, NK) and roadside (Marylebone Road, MR) sites within central London. Unlike previous work, the current study focuses on measurements during the summer providing a snapshot of contributing sources, utilising the high time resolution to improve source identification. Roadside enrichment was observed for a large number of elements associated with traffic emissions (Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb and Zr), while those elements that are typically from more regional sources (e.g. Na, Cl, S and K) were not found to have an appreciable increment. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied for the source apportionment of the particle mass at both sites with similar sources being identified, including sea salt, airborne soil, traffic emissions, secondary inorganic aerosols and a Zn-Pb source. In the fine fraction, traffic emissions was the largest contributing source at MR (31.9%), whereas it was incorporated within an "urban background" source at NK, which had contributions from wood smoke, vehicle emissions and secondary particles. Regional sources were the major contributors to the coarse fraction at both sites. Secondary inorganic aerosols (which contained influences from shipping emissions and coal combustion) source factors accounted for around 33% of the PM10 at NK and were found to have the highest contributions from regional sources, including from the European mainland. Exhaust and non-exhaust sources both contribute appreciably to PM10 levels at the MR site, highlighting the continuing importance of vehicle-related air pollutants at roadside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh R Crilley
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Franco Lucarelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; INFN, Sezione di Firenze, Via Bruno Rossi 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - William J Bloss
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - David C Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Calzolai
- INFN, Sezione di Firenze, Via Bruno Rossi 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Silvia Nava
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Valli
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, Via Giovanni Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Bernardoni
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, Via Giovanni Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN-Milan, Via Giovanni Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
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27
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Corsini E, Ozgen S, Papale A, Galbiati V, Lonati G, Fermo P, Corbella L, Valli G, Bernardoni V, Dell’Acqua M, Becagli S, Caruso D, Vecchi R, Galli CL, Marinovich M. Insights on wood combustion generated proinflammatory ultrafine particles (UFP). Toxicol Lett 2017; 266:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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28
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Pietrogrande MC, Bacco D, Ferrari S, Ricciardelli I, Scotto F, Trentini A, Visentin M. Characteristics and major sources of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 in Emilia Romagna Region (Northern Italy) from four-year observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:172-183. [PMID: 26925729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of organic and elemental carbon in PM2.5 aerosol samples were measured in two sites of Emilia Romagna (Po Valley, Northern Italy) in eight campaigns during different seasons from 2011 to 2014. Strong seasonality was observed with the highest OC concentrations during the cold periods (≈ 5.5 μg m(-3)) and the lowest in the warm months (≈ 2.7 μg m(-3)) as well as with higher EC levels in fall/winter (≈ 1.4 μg m(-3)) in comparison with spring/summer (≈ 0.6 μg m(-3)). Concerning spatial variability, there were no statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between OC concentrations at the two sampling sites in each campaign, while the EC values were nearly twofold higher levels at the urban site than those at the rural one. Specific molecular markers were investigated to attempt the basic apportionment of OC by discriminating between the main emission sources of primary OC, such as fossil fuels burning - including traffic vehicle emission - residential wood burning, and bio-aerosol released from plants and microorganisms, and the atmospheric photo-oxidation processes generating OCsec. The investigated markers were low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids - to describe the contribution of secondary organic aerosol - anhydrosugars - to quantify primary emissions from biomass burning - bio-sugars - to qualitatively estimate biogenic sources - and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - to differentiate among different combustion emissions. Using the levoglucosan tracer method, contribution of wood smoke to atmospheric OC concentration was computed. Wood burning accounts for 33% of OC in fall/winter and for 3% in spring/summer. A clear seasonal trend is also observed for the impact of secondary processes with higher contribution in the warm seasons (≈ 63%) in comparison with that in colder months (≈ 33%), that is consistent with enhanced solar radiation in spring/summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Pietrogrande
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Dimitri Bacco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy; Regional Agency for Prevention and Environment-ARPA, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferrari
- Regional Agency for Prevention and Environment-ARPA, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | | | - Fabiana Scotto
- Regional Agency for Prevention and Environment-ARPA, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Arianna Trentini
- Regional Agency for Prevention and Environment-ARPA, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Marco Visentin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
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29
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Crespi A, Bernardoni V, Calzolai G, Lucarelli F, Nava S, Valli G, Vecchi R. Implementing constrained multi-time approach with bootstrap analysis in ME-2: An application to PM2.5 data from Florence (Italy). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:502-511. [PMID: 26414851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Advanced receptor models have been recently developed and tested in order to improve the resolution of apportionment problems reducing rotational ambiguity of results and aiming at identifying a larger number of sources. In particular, multi-time model is a factor analysis method able to compute source profiles and contributions using aerosol compositional data with different time resolutions. Unlike traditional factor analysis, each measured value can be inserted into multi-time model with its original time schedule, thus all temporal information can be effectively used in the modelling process. In this work, multi-time model was expanded in order to impose constraints on modelled factors aiming at improving the source identification. Moreover, as far as we know for the first time, a suitable bootstrap technique was implemented in the multi-time scheme to estimate the uncertainty of the final constrained solutions. These implemented approaches were tested on a PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) dataset composed of 24-h samples collected during one year and hourly data sampled in parallel for two shorter periods in Florence (Italy). The daily samples were chemically characterised for elements, ions and carbonaceous components while elemental concentrations only were available for high-time resolved samples. The application of the advanced model revealed the major contribution from traffic (accounting for 37% of PM2.5 as annual average) and allowed an accurate characterisation of involved emission processes. In particular, exhaust and non-exhaust emissions were identified. The constraints imposed in the continuation run led to a better description of the factor associated to nitrates and also of biomass burning profile and the bootstrap results gave useful information to assess the reliability of source apportionment solutions. Finally, the comparison with the results computed by ME-2 base model applied to daily and hourly compositional data separately demonstrated the advantages provided by the multi-time approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crespi
- Dept. of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - V Bernardoni
- Dept. of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - G Calzolai
- Dept. of Physics, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; INFN - Section of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - F Lucarelli
- Dept. of Physics, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy; INFN - Section of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - S Nava
- INFN - Section of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - G Valli
- Dept. of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - R Vecchi
- Dept. of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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30
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Nava S, Lucarelli F, Amato F, Becagli S, Calzolai G, Chiari M, Giannoni M, Traversi R, Udisti R. Biomass burning contributions estimated by synergistic coupling of daily and hourly aerosol composition records. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:11-20. [PMID: 25525710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is a significant source of particulate matter (PM) in many parts of the world. Whereas numerous studies demonstrate the relevance of BB emissions in central and northern Europe, the quantification of this source has been assessed only in few cities in southern European countries. In this work, the application of Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) allowed a clear identification and quantification of an unexpected very high biomass burning contribution in Tuscany (central Italy), in the most polluted site of the PATOS project. In this urban background site, BB accounted for 37% of the mass of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter<10 μm) as annual average, and more than 50% during winter, being the main cause of all the PM10 limit exceedances. Due to the chemical complexity of BB emissions, an accurate assessment of this source contribution is not always easily achievable using just a single tracer. The present work takes advantage of the combination of a long-term daily data-set, characterized by an extended chemical speciation, with a short-term high time resolution (1-hour) and size-segregated data-set, obtained by PIXE analyses of streaker samples. The hourly time pattern of the BB source, characterised by a periodic behaviour with peaks starting at about 6 p.m. and lasting all the evening-night, and its strong seasonality, with higher values in the winter period, clearly confirmed the hypothesis of a domestic heating source (also excluding important contributions from wildfires and agricultural wastes burning).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nava
- I.N.F.N.-Florence and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - F Lucarelli
- I.N.F.N.-Florence and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - F Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Becagli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - G Calzolai
- I.N.F.N.-Florence and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - M Chiari
- I.N.F.N.-Florence and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - M Giannoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - R Traversi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - R Udisti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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31
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Fermo P, Turrion RG, Rosa M, Omegna A. A new approach to assess the chemical composition of powder deposits damaging the stone surfaces of historical monuments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6262-70. [PMID: 25408080 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The issue of conservation of the monumental heritage worldwide is mainly related to atmospheric pollution that causes the degradation of stone surfaces. The powder deposits present on the stone monuments reflect the composition of the aerosol particulate matter (PM) to which the surfaces are exposed, so the chemical characterization of the outermost damaged layers is necessary in order to adopt mitigation measurements to reduce PM emissions. In the present paper, a new analytical approach is proposed to investigate the chemical composition of powder deposits present on Angera stone, a dolomitic rock used in the Richini courtyard, a masterpiece of Lombard Baroque and placed in Milan. Inorganic and organic components present in these deposits have been analyzed by IC (ion chromatography) and a new approach mainly bases on thermal analyses, respectively. Gypsum is the main inorganic constituent indicating a composition similar to that of black crusts, hard black patina covering the degraded building surfaces. Ammonium nitrate present in the powder is able to react with the stone substrate to form magnesium nitrate which can migrate into the porous stone. The carbonaceous fraction powder deposits (i.e. OC = Organic Carbon and EC = Elemental Carbon) have been quantified by a new simple thermal approach based on carbon hydrogen nitrogen (CHN) analysis. The presence of high concentration of EC confirms that the powder deposits are evolving to black crust. Low values of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, determined by total organic carbon-TOC), with respect to what is normally found in PM, may indicate a migration process of organic substances into the stone with a worsening of the conservation conditions. The presence of heavy metals of anthropogenic origin and acting as catalysts in the black crust formation process has been highlighted by SEM-EDS (electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer) as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy,
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32
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Kholdebarin A, Biati A, Moattar F, Shariat SM. Outdoor PM₁₀ source apportionment in metropolitan cities--a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:49. [PMID: 25638060 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to specify contribution of different sources in PM10 emission in Tehran City using chemical mass balance method. This is the first time that this method is used in Iran. To this end, the metallic elements including V, Ni, As, Pb, Cd, Hg, Mn, Al, Ca, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Sc, and S were sampled on the filters of high-volume sampler installed at four stations in Tehran. Afterward, highly sensitive inductively coupled plasma (ICP-M90; model aurora-Elit) was used to determine concentration of the elements precipitated on the filters. The obtained results were then compared with standard values. According to the results, the concentration of Cd (16.8 ng/m(3)) was higher than the standard level of 5 ng/m(3) at District 16 on November 14th 2012 which is almost three times the permissible limit. None of the elements Pb, Mn, V, and Hg exceeded the permissible limits except for Ni at District 16. Subsequently, the enrichment factor of the elements was calculated to indicate that elements of anthropogenic origins (Zn, S, Ni, and Hg) are highly enriched with respect to crustal composition (Na, Fe, and Ca). Exceedance factor were calculated for elements of each site to show that all study sites were in low-pollution category. Afterward, the contribution of different pollution sources of road dust, vehicles, and industries in emission of outdoor PM10 was investigated through chemical mass balance (CMB) method. According to which, the highest contribution comes from road dust with a share of 95.4 % of the total outdoor PM10 emission in Tehran mainly originated from the wear and friction of car tires with asphalt pavement. High calcium concentration in all districts of the city confirms the claim. Furthermore, transportation, with a significant difference, has a contribution of 4.05 % of total outdoor PM10 released while industries share very little about 0.4 %. In overall, the quality of road pavement could be a determining factor in releasing considerable amount of outdoor PM10 in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Kholdebarin
- Department of Natural Resources Engineering-Environment, Graduate Faculty of Environment and Energy, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Pokorná P, Hovorka J, Klán M, Hopke PK. Source apportionment of size resolved particulate matter at a European air pollution hot spot. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 502:172-83. [PMID: 25260163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Positive Matrix Factorization-PMF was applied to hourly resolved elemental composition of fine (PM0.15-1.15) and coarse (PM1.15-10) aerosol particles to apportion their sources in the airshed of residential district, Ostrava-Radvanice and Bartovice in winter 2012. Multiple-site measurement by PM2.5 monitors complements the source apportionment. As there were no statistical significant differences amongst the monitors, the source apportionment derived for the central site data is expected to apply to whole residential district. The apportioned sources of the fine aerosol particles were coal combustion (58.6%), sinter production-hot phase (22.9%), traffic (15%), raw iron production (3.5%), and desulfurization slag processing (<0.5%) whilst road dust (47.3%), sinter production-cold phase (27.7%), coal combustion (16.8%), and raw iron production (8.2%) were resolved being sources of the coarse aerosol particles. The shape and elemental composition of size-segregated aerosol airborne-sampled by an airship aloft presumed air pollution sources helped to interpret the PMF solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pokorná
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - J Hovorka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - M Klán
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - P K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Box 5708, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA
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Venturini E, Vassura I, Raffo S, Ferroni L, Bernardi E, Passarini F. Source apportionment and location by selective wind sampling and Positive Matrix Factorization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11634-11648. [PMID: 24488520 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the pollution sources in a suburban area and identify the main direction of their origin, PM2.5 was collected with samplers coupled with a wind select sensor and then subjected to Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis. In each sample, soluble ions, organic carbon, elemental carbon, levoglucosan, metals, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined. PMF results identified six main sources affecting the area: natural gas home appliances, motor vehicles, regional transport, biomass combustion, manufacturing activities, and secondary aerosol. The connection of factor temporal trends with other parameters (i.e., temperature, PM2.5 concentration, and photochemical processes) confirms factor attributions. PMF analysis indicated that the main source of PM2.5 in the area is secondary aerosol. This should be mainly due to regional contributions, owing to both the secondary nature of the source itself and the higher concentration registered in inland air masses. The motor vehicle emission source contribution is also important. This source likely has a prevalent local origin. The most toxic determined components, i.e., PAHs, Cd, Pb, and Ni, are mainly due to vehicular traffic. Even if this is not the main source in the study area, it is the one of greatest concern. The application of PMF analysis to PM2.5 collected with this new sampling technique made it possible to obtain more detailed results on the sources affecting the area compared to a classical PMF analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Venturini
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industry Research "Energy and Environment", University of Bologna, via Angherà 22, 47900, Rimini, Italy
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Somigliana A, Lerda D. Outdoor radon and traffic load levels as cumulative indicators of PM10 and benzene air pollution. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:971-976. [PMID: 24010378 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.801375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A new simple cumulative index, named Critical Index (CI), linearly dependent on traffic load and outdoor 222Rn levels (as related to the air mixing condition) was introduced in order to determine the cumulative effect of traffic and atmospheric dilution on PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter < 10 microm) and Benzene concentrations in Milan (Italy) air in the years 2000 and 2001. Benzene, PM10 data were obtained from the public air quality monitoring stations. The traffic load was evaluated by the number of vehicles circulating in a street in the centre of Milan. Outdoor 222Rn measurements were carried out by the authors. Traffic data and mixing layer height (estimated through the outdoor 222Rn air activity) combined in a cumulative index, allowed to demonstrate the correlation of traffic load with high Benzene and PM10 pollution levels without exception. IMPLICATIONS Through the introduction of a new simple cumulative index that is linearly dependent on traffic load and outdoor radon levels (as related to the air mixing condition), it was possible to ascertain the cumulative effect of traffic and atmospheric dilution on PM10 and benzene concentrations in Milan air in the years 2000 and 2001. The proposed methodology will be used to monitor the situation with data collected 10 yr later, in order to evaluate air quality improvement taking into account the influence of different meteorological conditions of the two periods compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Somigliana
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy.
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Vicente AB, Sanfeliu T, Jordan MM. Assesment of PM10 pollution episodes in a ceramic cluster (NE Spain): proposal of a new quality index for PM10, As, Cd, Ni and Pb. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 108:92-101. [PMID: 22659604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution control is one of the most important goals in pollution risk assessment today. In this sense, modern and precise tools that allow scientists to evaluate, quantify and predict air pollution are of particular interest. Monitoring atmospheric particulate matter is a challenge faced by the European Union. Specific rules on this subject are being developed (Directive 2004/107/EC, Directive 2008/50/EC) in order to reduce the potential adverse effects on human health caused by air pollution. Air pollution has two sources: natural and anthropogenic. Contributions from natural sources can be assessed but cannot be controlled, while emissions from anthropogenic sources can be controlled; monitoring to reduce this latter type of pollution should therefore be carried out. In this paper, we describe an air quality evaluation in terms of levels of atmospheric particles (PM10), as outlined by European Union legislation, carried out in an industrialised Spanish coastal area over a five-year period with the purpose of comparing these values with those of other areas in the Mediterranean Basin with different weather conditions from North of Europe. The study area is in the province of Castellón. This province is a strategic area in the frame work of European Union (EU) pollution control. Approximately 80% of European ceramic tiles and ceramic frit manufacturers are concentrated in two areas, forming the so-called "ceramics clusters"; ones in Modena (Italy) and the other in Castellón. In this kind of areas, there are a lot of air pollutants from this industry then it is difficult to fulfill de European limits of PM10 so it is necessary to control the air quality in them. The seasonal differences in the number of days in which pollutant level limits were exceeded were evaluated and the sources of contamination were identified. Air quality indexes for each pollutant have been established to determine easily and clearly the quality of air breathed. Furthermore, in accordance with Directive 2008/50/EC, an Air Quality Plan is proposed to protect human health, and the environment as a whole, in the study area. General and specific corrective measures of main emission sources are provided. A strategy for air pollution management is thus presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Vicente
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Department, Jaume I University, Campus Riu Sec s/n 12071 Castellón, Spain.
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Optimisation of analytical procedures for the quantification of ionic and carbonaceous fractions in the atmospheric aerosol and applications to ambient samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:1123-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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