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Schleicher NJ, Weiss DJ. Identification of atmospheric particulate matter derived from coal and biomass burning and from non-exhaust traffic emissions using zinc isotope signatures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121664. [PMID: 37085103 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Improving urban air quality is a global challenge. To implement successful abatement measures that reduce atmospheric particulate matter (APM) and associated metal concentrations, precise source apportionment is needed. For this, apportioning contributions from coal and biomass burning and differentiating these from non-exhaust traffic emissions in urban APM is critical. Recent studies characterising the metal isotope composition of urban APM, and potential source materials suggested that non-traditional isotope systems could prove unique fingerprinting tools. Zinc isotopes should be able to separate APM derived from uncontrolled combustion (fly ash, isotopically heavy) from non-exhaust traffic sources (tyre and brake wear, intermediate) and from controlled industrial emissions (flue gas, light). To test this hypothesis, we determined zinc isotope ratios of APM (TSP, PM2.5, PM1) in Beijing (coal combustion for residential heating) and Varanasi (biomass burning in pre-monsoon periods). In Beijing, δ66ZnLyon values of PM2.5 ranged from -0.41 to +1.01‰ in 2015 (avg = +0.25 ± 0.50‰, n = 19). Aerosols (including TSP, PM2.5 and PM1 samples) from the heating period were significantly (t-test, p < 0.001) heavier (avg = +0.90 ± 0.12‰, n = 7) than those from the non-heating period (avg = +0.14 ± 0.36‰, n = 23). Average δ66ZnLyon values of PM2.5 in Varanasi in spring 2015 were +0.82 ± 0.11‰ (n = 4). Extent and direction of isotope fractionation is in line with that expected from theoretical models and the isotope signatures observed agree with previously determined ratios of source materials. Our study links for the first time comprehensively the heavy zinc isotope compositions in APM to coal and biomass burning and shows that zinc isotope compositions of aerosols can discriminate between non-exhaust traffic and combustion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina J Schleicher
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2AZ, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Dominik J Weiss
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Prince Consort Road, SW7 2AZ, London, United Kingdom
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Zhang Y, Wang M, Shi T, Huang H, Huang Q. Health Damage of Air Pollution, Governance Uncertainty and Economic Growth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3036. [PMID: 36833728 PMCID: PMC9959380 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of environmental and health governance processes is an important part of the innovation and perfection of modern governance systems. Based on the macropanel samples, this paper analyzes the impact of the health damage caused by air pollution (APHD) on economic growth and the related mechanisms accordingly using the moderate model and the threshold model. The results can be concluded as follows: (1) After locking in the health damage perspective, the APHD has a negative impact on economic growth. When other conditions are met, economic growth will significantly drop by 1.233 percent for each unit increase in the APHD index. (2) There is a moderate effect of governance uncertainty in APHD on economic growth with different characteristics. The combination of governance uncertainty and APHD can significantly inhibit economic growth, and this moderating effect has different impacts due to heterogeneous conditions. Spatially, this inhibitory effect is significantly obvious in the eastern, central, and western regions, while the negative effect is significant in areas north of the Huai River with medium and low self-defense ability. Additionally, compared with the delegating of governance power at the municipal level, when the governance power is delegated at the county level, the interaction between the governance uncertainty constructed by income fiscal decentralization and APHD has a less negative economic effect. (3) There is a threshold effect under the conditions of a low level of decentralization of prevention and control, a high level of investment in governance, and a low level of APHD. However, under the condition of a certain APHD level, when the decentralization level of pollution control is higher than 7.916 and the input level of pollution control in GDP is lower than 1.77%, the negative moderating effect can be effectively reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Business, Jiangsu Normal University, Shanghai Road 101, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road 135, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Shi
- Economics Institute, Henan Academy of Social Science, Gongxiu Road 16, Zhengzhou 451464, China
- Hebi High-Quality Development Research Institute, Jiangdong Road 1, Hebi 458030, China
| | - Huan Huang
- School of Business, Chengdu University of Technology, Digital Hu’s Line Research Institute, Chengdu University of Technology, Dongsan Road 1, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Zhengzhou Central Sub-Branch of People’s Bank of China, Shangwu Road 21, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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Gallego-Cartagena E, Morillas H, Morgado-Gamero W, Fuentes-Gandara F, Vacca-Jimeno V, Salcedo I, Madariaga JM, Maguregui M. Elemental imaging approach to assess the ability of subaerial biofilms growing on constructions located in tropical climates as potential biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metals pollution. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136743. [PMID: 36209867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the concern about air pollution has increased significantly, especially in urban areas. Active sampling of air pollutants requires specific instrumentation not always available in all the laboratories. Passive sampling has a lower cost than active alternatives but still requires efforts to cover extensive areas. The use of biological systems as passive samplers might be a solution that provides information about air pollution to assist decision-makers in environmental health and urban planning. This study aims to employ subaerial biofilms (SABs) growing naturally on façades of historical and recent constructions as natural passive biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metals pollution. Concretely, SABs spontaneously growing on constructions located in a tropical climate, like the one of the city of Barranquilla (Colombia), have been used to develop the methodological approach here presented as an alternative to SABS grown under laboratory conditions. After a proper identification of the biocolonizers in the SAB through taxonomic and morphological observations, the study of the particulate matter accumulated on the SABs of five constructions was conducted under a multi-analytical approach based mainly on elemental imaging studies by micro Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-EDXRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) techniques, trying to reduce the time needed and associated costs. This methodology allowed to discriminate metals that are part of the original structure of the SABs, from those coming from the anthropogenic emissions. The whole methodology applied assisted the identification of the main metallic particles that could be associated with nearby anthropogenic sources of emission such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti by SEM-EDS and by μ-EDXRF Ba, Sb, Sn, Cl and Br apart others; revealing that it could be used as a good alternative for a rapid screening of the atmospheric heavy metals pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euler Gallego-Cartagena
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Héctor Morillas
- Department of Didactic of Mathematics, Experimental and Social Sciences, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Wendy Morgado-Gamero
- Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Fabio Fuentes-Gandara
- Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de la Costa, Calle 58 #55-66, 080002, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Víctor Vacca-Jimeno
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad Del Atlántico, Km5 Vía Puerto Colombia, 081007, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Isabel Salcedo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 450, 01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
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Mao Y, Liu W, Hu T, Shi M, Cheng C, Zhan C, Zhang L, Zhang J, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC, Xing X, Qi S. Impact of short-term control measures on air quality: A case study during the 7th Military World Games in central China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119998. [PMID: 36007790 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The 7th Military World Games held in Wuhan (WH) in Oct 2019 provided an opportunity to clarify the impact of short-term control measures on air quality. Fine particulate matters (PM2.5) were collected in WH, Huangshi (HS), and Huanggang (HG) during the control (Oct 13-28, 2019) and non-control periods (Oct 29- Nov 5, 2019). The results showed that air quality was good during the control period, with the concentrations of PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants being below the Grade Ⅱ of China Ambient Air Quality Standard. Concentrations of PM2.5 and its major chemical components in the control period were significantly lower than those in the non-control period, with reductions ranging from 17% (trace elements) to 46% (elemental carbon). However, higher contributions of secondary components such as SO42-, NO3-, NH4+ and secondary organic carbon (SOC) to PM2.5 were observed during the control period, suggesting the important role of secondary transformation. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) of PM2.5 showed that the main source regions were potentially located in surrounding cities Hubei Province, but regional transport can't be ignored. Six sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) for both control and non-control period. The contributions of combustion emissions and vehicle emissions were amplified in the control period, while the contribution of construction dust increased significantly when the control measures ended. Emission reductions contributed more to PM2.5 concentration decrease in WH (55%) than that in HS (51%) and HG (49%), which was consistent with the stricter control measures implemented in WH. These results indicated that short-term controls were effective at lowering PM2.5 concentration. However, the elevated contributions of secondary aerosols and the influence of regional transport on the study areas also need to be paid attention for air quality improvement in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Weijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Mingming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Changlin Zhan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China.
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
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Tang H, Zheng C, Cao X, Wang S, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen Z, Song Y, Chen C, Tian Y, Jiang W, Huang G, Wang Z. Blue sky as a protective factor for cardiovascular disease. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1016853. [PMID: 36311620 PMCID: PMC9614020 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1016853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Blue sky has been considered to boost outdoor physical activity and social interaction, ameliorate work pressure and life stress, and enhance people's sense of happiness. However, the direct association between blue sky exposure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) still lacks epidemiological evidence. In this study, we aimed to quantify their relationship via a nationwide prospective cohort in China. Method We extracted the baseline data from the China Hypertension Survey (CHS), by enrolling 22,702 participants aged ≥ 35 years without self-reported medical history of CVD from 14 provinces of China between 2012 and 2015 and followed up from 2018 to 2019. A blue day was marked out with no rain, low cloud cover ≤ climatological mean at each station, and visibility at 2 pm ≥ 21.52 km. We calculated the number of blue days at baseline survey year to evaluate the chronic individual blue day exposure. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to calculate the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR). We implemented subgroup analyses as well to identify potential effect modifications. Results A total of 1,096, 993, and 597 incident cases of all-cause mortality, fatal or nonfatal CVD, and stroke occurred during a median follow-up around 5 years, respectively. A 10-day increase in annual blue day exposure was associated with a 3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1-6%) and 7% (95% CI: 5-10%) decreased risk of fatal or nonfatal CVD and stroke, respectively. Compared with those exposed to the worst tertile of blue days at baseline, subjects who exposed to the best tertile had a 32% (95% CI: 19-43%) and 43% (95% CI: 29-55%) lower likelihood of developing fatal or nonfatal CVD and stroke, respectively. Negative consistent exposure-response relationships were generally observed between them in the restricted cubic spline model. In the stratified analyses, the cardioprotective effects of blue sky were stronger for females, rural residents, and individuals residing in heavily contaminated areas. Conclusion This study indicates that blue sky may serve as an independent environmental protective factor against CVD, and informs future policies on fighting air pollution and protecting the blue sky in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haosu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Congyi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Su Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hazards Forecasting, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengwu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Du J, Sun L. A benefit allocation model for the joint prevention and control of air pollution in China: In view of environmental justice. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 315:115132. [PMID: 35489189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The benefit allocation of fair and justice is an inevitable guarantee for the long-term operation of the joint prevention and control of air pollution (JPCAP). The ignorance of interest demands of various governance subjects in the existing benefit allocation mechanism results in the widespread "free rider" behavior in the joint control and unsatisfactory effects of JPCAP. Given this, it is imperative to build a reasonable benefit allocation model. The innovation of this paper is proposing a benefit allocation model of JPCAP to achieve the symmetry between control costs and benefits based on environmental justice. The control objectives and total benefits of JPCAP are calculated through the adjustment of optimal removal rates. The interest demands of various control subjects and benefit compensation scheme are clarified by adopting an improved Shapley method, which comprehensively considers factors affecting environmental justice. An empirical analysis is conducted on SO2 governance in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and its surrounding areas. The results show that the benefit allocation model based on environmental justice can not only accurately evaluate the benefits of joint control, but also effectively achieve the symmetry between control costs and benefits. This study provides a scientific and reasonable theoretical basis for the benefit allocation of SO2 control and can be extended to the researches and practices of other air pollutants control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, Tianjin Province, China.
| | - Liwen Sun
- School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, Tianjin Province, China.
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Sun H, Zhang Z, Liu Z. Does air pollution collaborative governance promote green technology innovation? Evidence from China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51609-51622. [PMID: 35249197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the data of Chinese A-share-listed companies from 2004 to 2017, this paper builds a difference-in-differences model to investigate the impact of air pollution collaborative governance on green technology innovation. The main results show that air pollution collaborative governance promotes green technology innovation, and a series of robustness tests also verify this conclusion. Patent heterogeneity analysis suggests that air pollution collaborative governance increases the number of green utility model patents, but has no obvious impact on green invention patents. In terms of enterprise heterogeneity, air pollution collaborative governance can effectively stimulate the non-heavy-polluting enterprises to innovate green technology, but the incentive effect on heavy-polluting enterprises is not evident. Moreover, by constructing a mediating effect model and a moderating effect model, mechanism analysis reveals that R&D investment plays a positive mediating role in the impact of air pollution collaborative governance on green technology innovation, and the increase of government subsidy also enhances the promotion effect of air pollution collaborative governance on green technology innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Sun
- School of Economics, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, China
| | - Zan Zhang
- School of Economics, Shandong Technology and Business University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhonglu Liu
- School of Finance, Shandong Technology and Business University, 191 Binhai Middle Road, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong Province, China.
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Guo J, Wu X, Guo Y, Tang Y, Dzandu MD. Spatiotemporal impact of major events on air quality based on spatial differences-in-differences model: big data analysis from China. NATURAL HAZARDS (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 107:2583-2604. [PMID: 33551568 PMCID: PMC7847764 DOI: 10.1007/s11069-021-04517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to investigate the impact of major events on urban air quality in terms of the extent, duration and spatial scope, data on the daily air quality index and the concentrations of individual pollutants are collected in 140 cities of China from January 2, 2015, to November 28, 2017. Based on a spatial differences-in-differences, the impact of major events, such as political conferences, sporting events at the national level, on urban air quality in the dimensions of time and space are explored. It is concluded that major events not only affected the air quality of the host city, but also exercised influence on the air quality of the surrounding areas. Recommendations for mitigating the impact of major events on urban air quality have been proposed, such as establish regional atmospheric environment management system and formulate regional unified standards for pollutant discharge, industrial access and law enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Guo
- School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Climate and Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianhua Wu
- School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Climate and Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Shanghai branch, China united network communication Co., LTD., Shanghai, China
| | - Yinshan Tang
- Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Morici G, Cibella F, Cogo A, Palange P, Bonsignore MR. Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollutants During Exercise. Front Public Health 2020; 8:575137. [PMID: 33425832 PMCID: PMC7793908 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.575137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is increasing worldwide. Habitual physical activity is known to prevent cardiorespiratory diseases and mortality, but whether exposure to TRAP during exercise affects respiratory health is still uncertain. Exercise causes inflammatory changes in the airways, and its interaction with the effects of TRAP or ozone might be detrimental, for both athletes exercising outdoor and urban active commuters. In this Mini-Review, we summarize the literature on the effects of exposure to TRAP and/or ozone during exercise on lung function, respiratory symptoms, performance, and biomarkers. Ozone negatively affected pulmonary function after exercise, especially after combined exposure to ozone and diesel exhaust (DE). Spirometric changes after exercise during exposure to particulate matter and ultrafine particles suggest a decrease in lung function, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ozone frequently caused respiratory symptoms during exercise. Women showed decreased exercise performance and higher symptom prevalence than men during TRAP exposure. However, performance was analyzed in few studies. To date, research has not identified reliable biomarkers of TRAP-related lung damage useful for monitoring athletes' health, except in scarce studies on airway cells obtained by induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage. In conclusion, despite partly counteracted by the positive effects of habitual exercise, the negative effects of TRAP exposure to pollutants during exercise are hard to assess: outdoor exercise is a complex model, for multiple and variable exposures to air pollutants and pollutant concentrations. Further studies are needed to identify pollutant and/or time thresholds for performing safe outdoor exercise in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Morici
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cogo
- Biomedical Sport Studies Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Bonsignore
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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McGovern TW, Flood AT, Carson PJ. COVID-19 Policy-Making in a Country Divided: Catholic Social Teaching as a Path to Unity. LINACRE QUARTERLY 2020; 87:407-424. [PMID: 33100389 DOI: 10.1177/0024363920942431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Because no vaccines or specific treatments are available, governments around the globe have responded to the Coronavirus Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with a variety of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that include sheltering-in-place orders, social distancing, and school and business closures. While the actual and potential harm due to COVID-19 is far more severe than influenza, the harms due to the NPIs-that have clearly reduced mortality due to COVID-19-are also significant. With government-ordered "lockdowns" across the globe, many arguments for and against returning to normal social and economic activity have been reported, and in fact, Americans are divided about how and when to "open up." These arguments seem to fall into two major categories. Utilitarianism suggests that suspension of civil liberties and constitutional rights is a necessary response, while Libertarianism supports individual decision-making and greatly reduced government mandates. Protesters around the country have been vocal about one or the other points of view. First, we consider in detail the potential harms of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) if left unchecked by NPIs. Second, we look at harms due to restricted social and economic activity on human morbidity and mortality. Finally, we offer a framework based on the four pillars of Catholic Social Teaching and the principle of double effect that offers a more humane solution than Utilitarian or Libertarian principles alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony T Flood
- Department of History, Philosophy and Religious Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Paul J Carson
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Dai Q, Liu B, Bi X, Wu J, Liang D, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Dispersion Normalized PMF Provides Insights into the Significant Changes in Source Contributions to PM 2.5 after the COVID-19 Outbreak. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9917-9927. [PMID: 32672453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Factor analysis utilizes the covariance of compositional variables to separate sources of ambient pollutants like particulate matter (PM). However, meteorology causes concentration variations in addition to emission rate changes. Conventional positive matrix factorization (PMF) loses information from the data because of these dilution variations. By incorporating the ventilation coefficient, dispersion normalized PMF (DN-PMF) reduces the dilution effects. DN-PMF was applied to hourly speciated particulate composition data from a field campaign that included the start of the COVID-19 outbreak. DN-PMF sharpened the morning coal combustion and rush hour traffic peaks and lowered the daytime soil, aged sea salt, and waste incinerator contributions that better reflect the actual emissions. These results identified significant changes in source contributions after the COVID-19 outbreak in China. During this pandemic, secondary inorganic aerosol became the predominant PM2.5 source representing 50.5% of the mean mass. Fireworks and residential burning (32.0%), primary coal combustion emissions (13.3%), primary traffic emissions (2.1%), soil and aged sea salt (1.2%), and incinerator (0.9%) represent the other contributors. Traffic decreased dramatically (70%) compared to other sources. Soil and aged sea salt also decreased by 68%, likely from decreased traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Danni Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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12
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Zou B, Li S, Lin Y, Wang B, Cao S, Zhao X, Peng F, Qin N, Guo Q, Feng H, Matthew CJ, Xu S, Duan X. Efforts in reducing air pollution exposure risk in China: State versus individuals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105504. [PMID: 32032774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
China has made great efforts towards air pollutant concentration control during the past five years, which has led to positive outcomes. However, air pollutant concentration focused efforts were considered separately from human exposure risk. And this might result in a misunderstanding that reducing exposure risk can only rely on the national level measures of air pollutant control. This study integrates the first Chinese survey of human activity patterns and the spatially continuous high-resolution PM2.5 concentration maps to reveal the spatial and temporal variations of China's air pollution exposure risk from 2013 to 2017. More importantly, the effects on risk reduction from multi-scale and multi-object perspectives (reductions of ambient PM2.5 concentrations by national or provincial measures and changes of individual behavior patterns by personal efforts) are deeply investigated. Results show that the reductions of PM2.5 concentration and associated reductions of exposure risk from 2013 to 2017 were 40% and 35.7%, respectively. They also showed that both the reduction of PM2.5 concentrations and change of personal behavior patterns were effective for risk reduction when China's total PM2.5 exposure risk was higher than 1.58. However, only individual behavior changes contributed to risk reduction for scenarios with state-level risk value below 1.58. For regional strategies, threshold values for PM2.5 exposure risk control differentiating national measures or personal efforts were spatially and temporally dependent. The role of personal behavior changes on PM2.5 exposure risk reduction was growing in these five years with concentration rapidly decreasing regions. The findings suggest that people-centered air pollution exposure risk prevention not only depends on government management for air pollution control, but also on individual changes of activity patterns. Efforts from the state and individuals are both essential for reducing air pollution exposure risk in China, especially growing individual efforts are needed in regions with the decreasing air pollutant concentrations in the coming future. Moreover, this study mainly discussed the PM2.5 exposure risk from the macroscopic perspective, the research at the microcosmic perspective is also needed in the further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zou
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Shenxin Li
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Suzhen Cao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fen Peng
- School of Architecture, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qian Guo
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huihui Feng
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Campen J Matthew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Shunqing Xu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Abstract
The rapid economic growth, the exodus from rural to urban areas, and the associated extreme urban development that occurred in China in the decade of the 2000s have severely impacted the environment in Beijing, its vicinity, and beyond. This article presents an innovative approach for assessing mega-urban changes and their impact on the environment based on the use of decadal QuikSCAT (QSCAT) satellite data, acquired globally by the SeaWinds scatterometer over that period. The Dense Sampling Method (DSM) is applied to QSCAT data to obtain reliable annual infrastructure-based urban observations at a posting of ~1 km. The DSM-QSCAT data, along with different DSM-based change indices, were used to delineate the extent of the Beijing infrastructure-based urban area in each year between 2000 and 2009, and assess its development over time, enabling a physical quantification of its urbanization which reflects the implementation of various development policies during the same time period. Eventually, as a proxy for the impact of Beijing urbanization on the environment, the decadal trend of its infrastructure-based urbanization is compared with that of the corresponding tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) column densities as observed from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) instrument aboard the second European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS-2) between 2000 and 2002, and from the SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY aboard of the ESA’s ENVIronmental SATellite (SCIAMACHY /ENVISAT) between 2003 and 2009. Results reveal a threefold increase of the yearly tropospheric NO2 column density within the Beijing infrastructure-based urban area extent in 2009, which had quadrupled since 2000.
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Wu C, Oh K, Long X, Zhang J. Effect of installed capacity size on environmental efficiency across 528 thermal power stations in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:29822-29833. [PMID: 31410828 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal power plants are the main source of carbon dioxide emissions in China. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and their neighborhood provinces are the most polluted regions in China. Environmental efficiencies of 528 thermal power plants were evaluated through metafrontier epsilon-based measure, which aimed to overcome the invalid inferences of radial or non-radial model. We also analyzed the heterogeneity of environmental efficiency across different regions by considering environmental technology differences. Bootstrap regression was used in order to testify three different hypotheses to address the disadvantages of conventional regression. We found that environmental efficiency in Beijing and Tianjin is higher than the other regions and is becoming divergent. In addition, coal consumption intensity negatively affects environmental efficiency. Large-scale power stations are more environmental efficient than smaller ones. Longer equipment utilization hour can enhance energy performance of power stations, which can decrease carbon emissions and increase environmental efficiency. It is better to promote technology transfer from regions with higher environmental efficiency to regions with lower environmental efficiency. Low-carbon technologies should be promoted to decrease carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- School of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Keunyeob Oh
- College of Economics and Management, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
| | - Xingle Long
- School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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15
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Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, Pfadenhauer LM, Rohwer AC, van Erp AM, Turley R, Rehfuess E. Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 5:CD010919. [PMID: 31106396 PMCID: PMC6526394 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010919.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution is associated with a large burden of disease in both high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To date, no systematic review has assessed the effectiveness of interventions aiming to reduce ambient air pollution. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution in reducing pollutant concentrations and improving associated health outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched a range of electronic databases with diverse focuses, including health and biomedical research (CENTRAL, Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO), multidisciplinary research (Scopus, Science Citation Index), social sciences (Social Science Citation Index), urban planning and environment (Greenfile), and LMICs (Global Health Library regional indexes, WHOLIS). Additionally, we searched grey literature databases, multiple online trial registries, references of included studies and the contents of relevant journals in an attempt to identify unpublished and ongoing studies, and studies not identified by our search strategy. The final search date for all databases was 31 August 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Eligible for inclusion were randomized and cluster randomized controlled trials, as well as several non-randomized study designs, including controlled interrupted time-series studies (cITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies adhering to EPOC standards (ITS-EPOC), interrupted time-series studies not adhering to EPOC standards (ITS), controlled before-after studies adhering to EPOC standards (CBA-EPOC), and controlled before-after studies not adhering to EPOC standards (CBA); these were classified as main studies. Additionally, we included uncontrolled before-after studies (UBA) as supporting studies. We included studies that evaluated interventions to reduce ambient air pollution from industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, with respect to their effect on mortality, morbidity and several air pollutant concentrations. We did not restrict studies based on the population, setting or comparison. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS After a calibration exercise among the author team, two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We conducted data extraction, risk of bias assessment and evidence synthesis only for main studies; we mapped supporting studies with regard to the types of intervention and setting. To assess risk of bias, we used the Graphic Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies (GATE) for correlation studies, as modified and employed by the Centre for Public Health Excellence at the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). For each intervention category, i.e. those targeting industrial, residential, vehicular and multiple sources, we synthesized evidence narratively, as well as graphically using harvest plots. MAIN RESULTS We included 42 main studies assessing 38 unique interventions. These were heterogeneous with respect to setting; interventions were implemented in countries across the world, but most (79%) were implemented in HICs, with the remaining scattered across LMICs. Most interventions (76%) were implemented in urban or community settings.We identified a heterogeneous mix of interventions, including those aiming to address industrial (n = 5), residential (n = 7), vehicular (n = 22), and multiple sources (n = 4). Some specific interventions, such as low emission zones and stove exchanges, were assessed by several studies, whereas others, such as a wood burning ban, were only assessed by a single study.Most studies assessing health and air quality outcomes used routine monitoring data. Studies assessing health outcomes mostly investigated effects in the general population, while few studies assessed specific subgroups such as infants, children and the elderly. No identified studies assessed unintended or adverse effects.The judgements regarding the risk of bias of studies were mixed. Regarding health outcomes, we appraised eight studies (47%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, five studies (29%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and four studies (24%) as having serious risk of bias concerns. Regarding air quality outcomes, we judged 11 studies (31%) as having no substantial risk of bias concerns, 16 studies (46%) as having some risk of bias concerns, and eight studies (23%) as having serious risk of bias concerns.The evidence base, comprising non-randomized studies only, was of low or very low certainty for all intervention categories and primary outcomes. The narrative and graphical synthesis showed that evidence for effectiveness was mixed across the four intervention categories. For interventions targeting industrial, residential and multiple sources, a similar pattern emerged for both health and air quality outcomes, with essentially all studies observing either no clear association in either direction or a significant association favouring the intervention. The evidence base for interventions targeting vehicular sources was more heterogeneous, as a small number of studies did observe a significant association favouring the control. Overall, however, the evidence suggests that the assessed interventions do not worsen air quality or health. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Given the heterogeneity across interventions, outcomes, and methods, it was difficult to derive overall conclusions regarding the effectiveness of interventions in terms of improved air quality or health. Most included studies observed either no significant association in either direction or an association favouring the intervention, with little evidence that the assessed interventions might be harmful. The evidence base highlights the challenges related to establishing a causal relationship between specific air pollution interventions and outcomes. In light of these challenges, the results on effectiveness should be interpreted with caution; it is important to emphasize that lack of evidence of an association is not equivalent to evidence of no association.We identified limited evidence for several world regions, notably Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Southeast Asia; decision-makers should prioritize the development and implementation of interventions in these settings. In the future, as new policies are introduced, decision-makers should consider a built-in evaluation component, which could facilitate more systematic and comprehensive evaluations. These could assess effectiveness, but also aspects of feasibility, fidelity and acceptability.The production of higher quality and more uniform evidence would be helpful in informing decisions. Researchers should strive to sufficiently account for confounding, assess the impact of methodological decisions through the conduct and communication of sensitivity analyses, and improve the reporting of methods, and other aspects of the study, most importantly the description of the intervention and the context in which it is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Burns
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | | | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
| | - Anke C Rohwer
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesFrancie van Zijl DriveCape TownSouth Africa7505
| | | | - Ruth Turley
- Cardiff UniversityCentre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer)1 Museum PlaceCardiffUKCF10 3BD
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichGermany
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16
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De La Cruz ARH, De La Cruz JKH, Tolentino DA, Gioda A. Trace element biomonitoring in the Peruvian andes metropolitan region using Flavoparmelia caperata lichen. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:849-858. [PMID: 30048937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, in situ lichens (Flavoparmelia caperata) were used to assess the deposition of atmospheric trace elements in the metropolitan area of Huancayo (Junín, Peru). In total, ten sampling sites were chosen and categorized as urban, peri-urban (rural-urban) and rural areas according to land use. In addition, samples were also collected from a non-contaminated area categorized as a control site. The concentrations of 16 trace elements were measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and examined by enrichment factor (EF), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA). Twelve of the 16 trace elements in urban and peri-urban sites present concentration higher than those at the rural and control sites (p < 0.05). The EF results revealed significant enrichment (at least twice that of the control site) of Ba, Cr, Cd, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn at most sites. PCA and HCA showed that more elements were derived from vehicular sources and fewer from agricultural and natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rubén Huamán De La Cruz
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Department of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National University of Centre of Peru (UNCP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Av. Mariscal Ramón Castilla Km. 5. No 3809, El Tambo, Huancayo, Peru.
| | - Jusber Kevin Huamán De La Cruz
- National University of Centre of Peru (UNCP), Faculty of Nursing, Av. Mariscal Ramón Castilla Km. 5. No 3809, El Tambo, Huancayo, Peru.
| | - Daniel Alvarez Tolentino
- Alas Peruanas University (UAP), Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Av. Coronel Parra s/n Paradero 5, Pilcomayo, Huancayo, Peru.
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Department of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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17
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Ni ZZ, Luo K, Zhang JX, Feng R, Zheng HX, Zhu HR, Wang JF, Fan JR, Gao X, Cen KF. Assessment of winter air pollution episodes using long-range transport modeling in Hangzhou, China, during World Internet Conference, 2015. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:550-561. [PMID: 29428709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A winter air pollution episode was observed in Hangzhou, South China, during the Second World Internet Conference, 2015. To study the pollution characteristics and underlying causes, the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry model was used to simulate the spatial and temporal evolution of the pollution episode from December 8 to 19, 2015. In addition to scenario simulations, analysis of the atmospheric trajectory and synoptic weather conditions were also performed. The results demonstrated that control measures implemented during the week preceding the conference reduced the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution level to some extent, with a decline in the total PM2.5 concentration in Hangzhou of 15% (7%-25% daily). Pollutant long-range transport, which occurred due to a southward intrusion of strong cold air driven by the Siberia High, led to severe pollution in Hangzhou on December 15, 2015, accounting for 85% of the PM2.5 concentration. This study provides new insights into the challenge of winter pollution prevention in Hangzhou. For adequate pollution prevention, more regional collaborations should be fostered when creating policies for northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhen Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Department of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Department of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Jun-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Department of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Rui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Department of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - He-Xin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology Zhejiang Hospital, 310013, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Ran Zhu
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jing-Fan Wang
- Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Stanford University, United States
| | - Jian-Ren Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Department of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Department of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ke-Fa Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Department of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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18
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Gao J, Wang K, Wang Y, Liu S, Zhu C, Hao J, Liu H, Hua S, Tian H. Temporal-spatial characteristics and source apportionment of PM 2.5 as well as its associated chemical species in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:714-724. [PMID: 29126093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 and its major chemical compositions were sampled and analyzed in January, April, July and October of 2014 at Beijing (BJ), Tianjin (TJ), Langfang (LF) and Baoding (BD) in order to probe the temporal and spatial characteristics as well as source apportionment of PM2.5 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. The results showed that PM2.5 pollution was severe in the BTH region. The average annual concentrations of PM2.5 at four sampling sites were in the range of 126-180 μg/m3, with more than 95% of sampling days exceeding 35 μg/m3, the limit ceiling of average annual concentration of PM2.5 regulated in the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB3095-2012). Additionally, concentrations of PM2.5 and its major chemical species were seasonally dependent and demonstrated spatially similar variation characteristics in the BTH region. Concentration of toxic heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn, were higher in winter and autumn. Secondary inorganic ions (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) were the three-major water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) of PM2.5 and their mass ratios to PM2.5 were higher in summer and autumn. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were lower in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Five factors were selected in Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model analysis, and the results showed that PM2.5 pollution was dominated by vehicle emissions in Beijing, combustion emissions including coal burning and biomass combustion in Langfang and Baoding, and soil and construction dust emissions in Tianjin, respectively. The air mass that were derived from the south and southeast local areas around BTH regions reflected the features of short-distant and small-scale air transport. Shandong, Henan, and Hebei were identified the major potential sources-areas of secondary aerosol emissions to PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Air Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Department of Air Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuanyong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Huanjia Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shenbing Hua
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China.
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Zhao S, Yu Y. Effect of short-term regional traffic restriction on urban submicron particulate pollution. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:86-99. [PMID: 28477837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During the 2013 and 2015 Lanzhou International Marathon Events (LIME1 and LIME2), the local government made a significant effort to improve traffic conditions and air quality by implementing traffic restriction measures. To fill the gap in information on the effect of short-period (several hours) traffic control on urban air quality, submicron particle size distributions and meteorological data were measured simultaneously during June 2013 and June 2015 in urban Lanzhou. The number and surface area concentrations of particles in the 100-200nm range declined by 67.2% and 65.0% for LIME1 due to traffic control, while they decreased by 39.2% and 37.1% for LIME2. The impact of traffic restriction on air pollution near the sampling site lagged behind the traffic control period for LIME2. In addition, the effect of traffic restriction on air pollution near the sampling site was dependent on the distance between the relative orientation of the sampling site and traffic-restricted zones, as well as meteorological conditions such as wind direction. The influence of traffic restrictions on the particle concentrations differed for different particle sizes. The size range most affected by traffic restriction was 60-200 and 60-300nm for number and surface area concentrations in the urban environment, respectively, while for the particle volume concentration it was the 100-600nm range. This study will provide a basis for implementation of future urban traffic-induced particulate pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ye Yu
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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20
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Shao L, Hu Y, Shen R, Schäfer K, Wang J, Wang J, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R, BéruBé K, Suppan P. Seasonal variation of particle-induced oxidative potential of airborne particulate matter in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1152-1160. [PMID: 27916303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro plasmid scission assay (PSA), the cell apoptosis assay, and ICP-MS were employed to study the oxidative potentials and trace element compositions of the airborne particulate matter (PM) in Beijing during a one year-long field campaign from June 2010 to June 2011. The cell damages induced by PM reveled by the cell apoptosis assay showed a similar variation pattern to the DNA damages obtained by PSA, verifying the feasibility of the PSA in analyzing the oxidative capacity of PM samples. The PSA experiments showed that the particle-induced DNA damage was highest in summer, followed by spring, winter and autumn in descending order. The percentages of the oxidative damages to plasmid DNA induced by the water-soluble fractions of PM under the particle doses from 10 to 250μg/ml were generally lower than 45%, with some values peaking at above 50%. The peak values were frequently present in late spring (i.e. April and May) and early summer (i.e. June) but they were scarcely observed in other seasons. These peak values were mostly associated with haze days or the days with low wind speed (less than 4m/s), indicating that the PM samples during haze had higher oxidative potential than those during non-haze periods. The oxidative potential induced by the water-soluble fraction of the PM displayed a significant positive correlation with the concentrations of the water-soluble elements Cd, Cs, Pb, Rb, Zn, Be and Bi, demonstrating that the particle-induced oxidative potentials were mainly sourced from these elements. The exposure risk represented by the mass concentration of these elements in unit volume of atmosphere was higher in summer and winter, and lower in autumn and spring. The haze day PM samples not only had higher level of oxidative potentials but also had higher concentrations of water-soluble elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongrong Shen
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Klaus Schäfer
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- HICE - Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosols and Health, and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kelly BéruBé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Peter Suppan
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Air pollution has become one of the major risks to human health because of the progressive increase in the use of vehicles powered by fossil fuels. While the risks of air pollution to health were thought to have been brought under control by the Clean Air Acts of the 1950s and 1960s, the situation of air pollution in the UK has now deteriorated to a point where it is contributing to 40,000 excess deaths each year. Here the findings of the RCP/RCPCH's 2015/16 Working Party on Air Pollution and Health are described and what actions now need to be taken. The UK needs to take a lead and introduce a new Clean Air Act that deals with the vehicle sources of pollution recognising that the toxic particles and gases emitted are effecting individuals from conception to death. This mandates urgent action by government both central and local, but also by all of us who have now become so dependent on road transport.
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22
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, de Foy B, Guo B, Zhang Y. Relative impact of emissions controls and meteorology on air pollution mitigation associated with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conference in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:1467-76. [PMID: 27453134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Beijing government and its surrounding provinces implemented a series of measures to ensure haze-free skies during the 22(nd) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conference (November 10(th)-11(th), 2014). These measures included restrictions on traffic, construction, and industrial activity. Twelve hour measurements of the concentration and composition of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were performed for 5 consecutive months near the APEC conference site before (September 11(th)-November 2(nd), 2014), during (November 3(rd)-12(th), 2014) and after (November 13(th), 2014-January 31(st), 2015). The measurements are used in a positive matrix factorization model to determine the contributions from seven sources of PM2.5: secondary aerosols, traffic exhaust, industrial emission, road dust, soil dust, biomass burning and residual oil combustion. The source apportionment results are integrated with backward trajectory analysis using Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) meteorological simulations, which determine the relative influence of new regulation and meteorology upon improved air quality during the APEC conference. Data show that controls are very effective, but meteorology must be taken into account to determine the actual influence of the controls on pollution reduction. The industry source control is the most effective for reducing concentrations, followed by secondary aerosol and biomass controls, while the least effective control is for the residual oil combustion source. The largest reductions in concentrations occur when air mass transport is from the west-northwest (Ulanqab). Secondary aerosol and traffic exhaust reductions are most significant for air mass transport from the north-northwest (Xilingele League) origin, and least significant for northeast transport (Chifeng via Tangshan conditions). The largest reductions of soil dust, biomass burning, and industrial source are distinctly seen for Ulanqab conditions and least distinct for Xilingele League.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - James Jay Schauer
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Benjamin de Foy
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Bo Guo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Huairou Eco-Environmental Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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23
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Han X, Guo Q, Liu C, Strauss H, Yang J, Hu J, Wei R, Tian L, Kong J, Peters M. Effect of the pollution control measures on PM 2.5 during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade: Implication from water-soluble ions and sulfur isotope. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:230-241. [PMID: 27423498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution by particulate matter is a serious problem in Beijing. Strict pollution control measures have been carried out in Beijing prior to and during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade in order to improve air quality. This distinct event provides an excellent opportunity for investigating the impact of such measures on the chemical properties of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5). The water-soluble ions as well as sulfur and oxygen isotopes of sulfate in PM2.5 collected between August 19 and September 18, 2015 (n = 31) were analyzed in order to trace the sources and formation processes of PM2.5 in Beijing. The results exhibit a decrease in concentration of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 including aerosol sulfate. In contrast, the mean values of δ34Ssulfate (4.7 ± 0.8‰ vs. 5.0 ± 2.0‰) and δ18Osulfate (18.3 ± 2.3‰ vs. 17.2 ± 6.0) in PM2.5 during the air pollution control period and the non-source control period exhibit no significant differences, which suggests that despite a reduction in concentration, the sulfate source remains identical for the two periods. It is inferred that the decrease in concentration of sulfate in PM2.5 mainly results from variations in air mass transport. Notably, the air mass during the pollution control period originated mainly from north and northeast and changed to southerly directions thereafter. The sulfur and oxygen isotopes of the sulfate point to coal combustion as the major source of sulfate in PM2.5 from the Beijing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Han
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Congqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Harald Strauss
- Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 24, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Junxing Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang Guizhou 550002, China
| | - Rongfei Wei
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liyan Tian
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Marc Peters
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Liu X, Wu Y, Hu Y, Liu D, Zhang J, Chen C, Yuan Z, Lu Y. Government employees' perception of urban air pollution and willingness to pay for improved quality: a cross-sectional survey study in Nanchang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22183-22189. [PMID: 27562814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To improve the public's awareness of urban air pollution and promote establishment of more efficient policy toward urban air pollution, we investigated the government employees' perceptions of current urban air pollution and their willingness to pay (WTP) taxes for improved quality in Nanchang, China. Stratified cluster sampling strategy was used to distribute 629 questionnaires, and 608 were completed anonymously, yielding a 96.7 % response rate. Descriptive statistics frequencies and proportions were used to summarize the sample characteristics, and logistic regression models were performed to assess the associations of perception of urban air quality and WTP versus demographic variables. We found low awareness of urban air pollution (34.5 %) as well as low WTP (44.9 %), especially among the middle aged people (age 30-39 and age 40-49). Our study shows that female employees have better awareness of urban air pollution but much less willingness to pay for air quality improvement. Majority of the government employees showed their support to the government for more effective policies toward environmental protection, indicating more enhanced public education and environmental protection campaigns to improve the public's awareness of air pollution and work with every citizen to improve air quality. This study also obtained baseline information useful to the local regional and even national government in developing nations in their attempt to control urban air pollution in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Yongxin Hu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Denglai Liu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaokang Yuan
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanan Lu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolu, HI, 96822, USA.
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25
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Thunis P, Degraeuwe B, Pisoni E, Meleux F, Clappier A. Analyzing the efficiency of short-term air quality plans in European cities, using the CHIMERE air quality model. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2016; 10:235-248. [PMID: 28250866 PMCID: PMC5306338 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-016-0427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Regional and local authorities have the obligation to design air quality plans and assess their impacts when concentration levels exceed the limit values. Because these limit values cover both short- (day) and long-term (year) effects, air quality plans also follow these two formats. In this work, we propose a methodology to analyze modeled air quality forecast results, looking at emission reduction for different sectors (residential, transport, agriculture, etc.) with the aim of supporting policy makers in assessing the impact of short-term action plans. Regarding PM10, results highlight the diversity of responses across European cities, in terms of magnitude and type that raises the necessity of designing area-specific air quality plans. Action plans extended from 1 to 3 days (i.e., emissions reductions applied for 24 and 72 h, respectively) point to the added value of trans-city coordinated actions. The largest benefits are seen in central Europe (Vienna, Prague) while major cities (e.g., Paris) already solve a large part of the problem on their own. Eastern Europe would particularly benefit from plans based on emission reduction in the residential sectors; while in northern cities, agriculture seems to be the key sector on which to focus attention. Transport is playing a key role in most cities whereas the impact of industry is limited to a few cities in south-eastern Europe. For NO2, short-term action plans focusing on traffic emission reductions are efficient in all cities. This is due to the local character of this type of pollution. It is important, however, to stress that these results remain dependent on the selected months available for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Thunis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, Ispra, I-21027 VA Italy
| | - B. Degraeuwe
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, Ispra, I-21027 VA Italy
| | - E. Pisoni
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Air and Climate Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, Ispra, I-21027 VA Italy
| | - F. Meleux
- Institut National de l’Environment Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - A. Clappier
- Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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26
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Effects of the Post-Olympics Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Beijing. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8090902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Li SW, Li HB, Luo J, Li HM, Qian X, Liu MM, Bi J, Cui XY, Ma LQ. Influence of pollution control on lead inhalation bioaccessibility in PM2.5: A case study of 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:69-75. [PMID: 27209002 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pollution controls were implemented to improve the air quality for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games (YOG) in Nanjing. To investigate the influence of pollution control on Pb inhalation bioaccessibility in PM2.5, samples were collected before, during, and after YOG. The objectives were to identify Pb sources in PM2.5 using stable isotope fingerprinting technique and compare Pb inhalation bioaccessibility in PM2.5 using two simulated lung fluids. While artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) simulates interstitial fluid at pH 7.4, Gamble's solution simulates fluid in alveolar macrophages at pH 4.5. The Pb concentration in PM2.5 samples during YOG (88.2ngm(-3)) was 44-48% lower than that in non-YOG samples. Based on stable Pb isotope ratios, Pb in YOG samples was mainly from coal combustion while Pb in non-YOG samples was from coal combustion and smelting activities. While Pb bioaccessibility in YOG samples was lower than those in non-YOG samples (59-79% vs. 55-87%) by ALF, it was higher than those in non-YOG samples (11-29% vs. 5.3-21%) based on Gamble's solution, attributing to the lower pH and organic acids in ALF. Different Pb bioaccessibility in PM2.5 between samples resulted from changes in Pb species due to pollution control. PbSO4 was the main Pb species in PM2.5 from coal combustion, which was less soluble in ALF than PbO from smelting activities, but more soluble in Gamble's solution. This study showed it is important to consider Pb bioaccessibility during pollution control as source control not only reduced Pb contamination in PM2.5 but also influenced Pb bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao-Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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28
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Donnelly AA, MacIntyre TE, O'Sullivan N, Warrington G, Harrison AJ, Igou ER, Jones M, Gidlow C, Brick N, Lahart I, Cloak R, Lane AM. Environmental Influences on Elite Sport Athletes Well Being: From Gold, Silver, and Bronze to Blue Green and Gold. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1167. [PMID: 27540370 PMCID: PMC4972835 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper considers the environmental impact on well-being and performance in elite athletes during Olympic competition. The benefits of exercising in natural environments are recognized, but less is known about the effects on performance and health in elite athletes. Although some Olympic events take place in natural environments, the majority occur in the host city, usually a large densely populated area where low exposure to natural environments is compounded by exposure to high levels of air, water, and noise pollution in the ambient environment. By combining methods and expertise from diverse but inter-related disciplines including environmental psychology, exercise physiology, biomechanics, environmental science, and epidemiology, a transdisciplinary approach will facilitate a greater understanding of the effects of the environment on Olympic athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife A Donnelly
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tadhg E MacIntyre
- Health Research Institute - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland
| | - Nollaig O'Sullivan
- Health Research Institute - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland
| | - Giles Warrington
- Health Research Institute - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland
| | - Andrew J Harrison
- Health Research Institute - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland
| | - Eric R Igou
- Health Research Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Limerick Limerick, Ireland
| | - Marc Jones
- Centre for Sport, Health and Exercise Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Staffordshire University Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Chris Gidlow
- Centre for Sport, Health and Exercise Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Staffordshire University Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Noel Brick
- School of Psychology, Ulster University Londonderry, UK
| | - Ian Lahart
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Performance, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Exercise, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton Walsall, UK
| | - Ross Cloak
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Performance, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Exercise, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton Walsall, UK
| | - Andrew M Lane
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Performance, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Exercise, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton Walsall, UK
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29
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Chen Y, Schleicher N, Cen K, Liu X, Yu Y, Zibat V, Dietze V, Fricker M, Kaminski U, Chen Y, Chai F, Norra S. Evaluation of impact factors on PM2.5 based on long-term chemical components analyses in the megacity Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:234-242. [PMID: 27115848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nine years of sampling and analyses of fine particles (PM2.5) were performed in Beijing from 2005 to 2013. Twenty-seven chemical elements and black carbon (BC) in PM2.5 were analyzed in order to study chemical characteristics and temporal distribution of Beijing aerosols. Principle component analysis defined different types of elemental sources, based on which, the influences of a variety of anthropogenic activities including governmental intervention measures and natural sources on air quality were evaluated. For the first time, Ga is used as a tracer element for heating activities mainly using coal in Beijing, due to its correlation with BC and coal combustion, as well as its concentration variation between the heating- and non-heating periods. The traffic restrictions effectively reduced emissions of relevant heavy metals such as As, Cd, Sn and Sb. The expected long-term effectiveness of the steel smelters relocation was not observed due to the nearby relocation with increased capacity. Firework display during every Chinese spring festival season and special events such as the Olympic Games resulted in several times higher concentrations of K, Sr and Ba than other days and thus they were proposed as tracers for firework display. The impacts of all these factors were quantified and evaluated. Sand dust or dust storms induced higher concentrations of geogenic elements in PM2.5 compared to non-dust days. Sustainable mitigation measures, such as traffic restrictions, are necessary to be continued and improved to obtain more "blue sky" days in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Nina Schleicher
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kuang Cen
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083 Beijing, China
| | - Volker Zibat
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Volker Dietze
- Air Quality Department, Research Center Human Biometeorology, German Meteorological Service, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Mathieu Fricker
- Air Quality Department, Research Center Human Biometeorology, German Meteorological Service, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Uwe Kaminski
- Air Quality Department, Research Center Human Biometeorology, German Meteorological Service, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Institute of Urban and Regional Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Fahe Chai
- Institute of Urban and Regional Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Norra
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Mineralogy, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Wang H, Zhao L, Xie Y, Hu Q. "APEC blue"--The effects and implications of joint pollution prevention and control program. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:429-438. [PMID: 26930315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To ensure good air quality in Beijing during Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) China 2014, Beijing and its neighboring five provinces and the associated cities were combined under the Joint Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution (JPCAP) program, which implemented rigorous cooperative emission reduction measures. The program was a unique and large-scale artificial experiment that showed that such measures can achieve excellent results, and it led to the popular "APEC blue" catchphrase (i.e., Beijing's skies became blue as pollution levels decreased). This artificial experiment provided the means to effectively conduct JPCAP strategies in the future. Accordingly, our research focused on the characteristics of the six primary pollutants in Beijing. We found that the JPCAP measures directly reduced concentrations of all pollutants except O3. Through correlation analysis, we found that the band distribution of the cities with strong correlations in PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations was affected by wind conditions. Therefore, JPCAP measures should account for specific seasonal and climatic conditions. Based on cluster analysis using the results from the correlation analysis, we divided 13 cities within a 300-km radius of Beijing into different groups according to the similarity of their PM2.5 and PM10 correlation coefficients. For JPCAP measures relevant to PM2.5 and PM10, we found differences in the degrees of collaboration among cities. Therefore, depending upon the pollutant type, the JPCAP strategy should account for the cities involved, the scope of the core area, and the optimal cities to involve in the collaborative efforts based on cost-effectiveness and collaborative difficulty among the involved cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Sino-US Global Logistics Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Laijun Zhao
- Sino-US Global Logistics Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Yujing Xie
- School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qingmi Hu
- Antai College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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Chen Y, Schleicher N, Fricker M, Cen K, Liu XL, Kaminski U, Yu Y, Wu XF, Norra S. Long-term variation of black carbon and PM2.5 in Beijing, China with respect to meteorological conditions and governmental measures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:269-278. [PMID: 26854696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) and PM2.5 were studied for nine years from 2005 to 2013 in the Beijing urban area. The overall weekly average mass concentrations of BC and PM2.5 were 4.3 and 66.8 μg/m³. PM2.5 annual means of the nine years are around 2 times of the standard (GB3095-2012) in China, and are 5-7 times higher than the WHO standard. The Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 was a milestone to mitigate aerosol pollution. Temporal distribution of BC shows a distinct declining trend, and annual mean mass concentrations of PM2.5 after 2008 were lower than those before 2008 but increased from 2011 to 2013. Wind rose plots show that high BC concentrations are usually associated with low wind speed of northeastern or southwestern winds, generally causing poor visibility. Governmental mitigation measures such as traffic restriction despite increased motor vehicle numbers and gasoline consumption and industry relocation with declining consumption of coal and coke were successful in reducing BC emissions. Annual mean of BC was reduced by 38% in 2013 compared to 2005. However, BC contamination in Beijing is still severe when compared to other urban areas around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Nina Schleicher
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mathieu Fricker
- Air Quality Department, Research Center Human Biometeorology, German Meteorological Service, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Kuang Cen
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Li Liu
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Uwe Kaminski
- Air Quality Department, Research Center Human Biometeorology, German Meteorological Service, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Yang Yu
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Fang Wu
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Norra
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Working Group for Environmental Mineralogy and Environmental System Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Mineralogy, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Brennhausgasse 14, 09596, Freiberg, Germany
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32
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Lee PK, Yu S. Lead isotopes combined with a sequential extraction procedure for source apportionment in the dry deposition of Asian dust and non-Asian dust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:65-75. [PMID: 26708760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead isotopic compositions were determined in leachates that were generated using sequential extractions of dry deposition samples of Asian dust (AD) and non-Asian dust (NAD) and Chinese desert soils, and used to apportion Pb sources. Results showed significant differences in (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (206)Pb/(204)Pb isotopic compositions in non-residual fractions between the dry deposition samples and the Chinese desert soils while (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (206)Pb/(204)Pb isotopic compositions in residual fraction of the dry deposition of AD and NAD were similar to the mean (206)Pb/(207)Pb and (206)Pb/(204)Pb in residual fraction of the Alashan Plateau soil. These results indicate that the geogenic materials of the dry deposition of AD and NAD were largely influenced by the Alashan Plateau soil, while the secondary sources of the dry deposition were different from those of the Chinese desert soils. In particular, the lead isotopic compositions in non-residual fractions of the dry deposition were homogenous, which implies that the non-residual four fractions (F1 to F4) shared the primary anthropogenic origin. (206)Pb/(207)Pb values and the predominant wind directions in the study area suggested that airborne particulates of heavily industrialized Chinese cities were one of the main Pb sources. Source apportionment calculations showed that the average proportion of anthropogenic Pb in the dry deposition of AD and NAD was 87% and 95% respectively in total Pb extraction, 92% and 97% in non-residual fractions, 15% and 49% in residual fraction. Approximately 81% and 80% of the anthropogenic Pb was contributed by coal combustion in China in the dry deposition of AD and NAD respectively while the remainder was derived from industrial Pb contamination. The research result proposes that sequential extractions with Pb isotope analysis are a useful tool for the discrimination of anthropogenic and geogenic origins in highly contaminated AD and NAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyeong-Koo Lee
- Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, 30 Kajung-dong, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea.
| | - Soonyoung Yu
- Research Institute for Social Criticality, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea
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Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on cardiovascular hospital emergency room visits: a time-series study in Beijing, China. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015; 89:641-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-015-1102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chen Y, Schleicher N, Chen Y, Chai F, Norra S. The influence of governmental mitigation measures on contamination characteristics of PM(2.5) in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:647-658. [PMID: 24887192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Beijing, the capital of China, has become one of the most air-polluted cities due to its rapid economic growth. Weekly PM2.5 samples-collected continuously from 2007 to 2010-were used to study the contamination characteristics of atmospheric particles and effects of governmental mitigation measures especially since the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. PM2.5 mass concentrations during the sampling period were reduced compared to the previous studies before 2005, although they were still too high in comparison with environmental standards of China and many other countries as well as WHO standards. Results of principle component analysis show that elements of primary anthropogenic origin had an obvious decline while elements mainly from the natural environment kept a relatively stable course. The governmental macro-control measures influenced both anthropogenic and geogenic sources, but they also led to some pollution peaks prior to implementation of the respective measures. Some element concentrations correlated to the restrictiveness of relative measures, especially during different traffic restrictions. The comparison with other countries and international standards shows that there is a long way to go in order to improve air quality in Beijing, and that governmental mitigation measures need to be continued and reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Nina Schleicher
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Institute of Urban and Regional Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Fahe Chai
- Institute of Urban and Regional Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Norra
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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35
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Schleicher N, Norra S, Fricker M, Kaminski U, Chen Y, Chai F, Wang S, Yu Y, Cen K. Spatio-temporal variations of black carbon concentrations in the Megacity Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:392-401. [PMID: 23978522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distribution and the flux of black carbon (BC) concentration in Beijing were continuously investigated over a two-year period at five sites to highlight the relative influence of contributing sources. The results demonstrate firstly that there is significant spatio-temporal variability of BC in Beijing. Highest concentrations occurred during winter primarily due to stagnant meteorological conditions, and seasonal BC sources, such as coal combustion for heating purposes. Biomass burning was identified as a minor seasonal source during the summer months. BC also varied spatially with higher concentrations in the SE of Beijing and lower concentrations in the NW, due to the differing emission intensity of various local BC sources such as traffic and industry. Frequently, overnight BC concentrations were higher due to specific meteorological conditions, such as the lower urban mixing layer height and various anthropogenic activities, such as exclusive night-time heavy duty vehicle traffic in the inner-city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schleicher
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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