1
|
Wang Y, Liu Q, Tian Z, Cheng B, Guo X, Wang H, Zhang B, Xu Y, Sun L, Hu B, Chen G, Sheng J, Liang C, Tao F, Wei J, Yang L. Short-term effects of ambient PM 1, PM 2.5, and PM 10 on internal metal/metalloid profiles in older adults: A distributed lag analysis in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108341. [PMID: 38006770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
There is limited evidence linking exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with internal doses of metals and metalloids (metal(loid)s). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term exposure to ambient PM on urine metal(loid)s among Chinese older adults. Biological monitoring data of 15 urine metal(loid)s collected in 3, 970 community-dwelling older adults in Fuyang city, Anhui Province, China, from July to September 2018, were utilized. PMs with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1 µm (PM1), ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5), and ≤ 10 µm (PM10) up to eight days before urine collection were estimated by space-time extremely randomized trees (STET) model. Residential greenness was reflected by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We used generalized additive model (GAM) combined with distributed lag linear/non-linear models (DLMs/DLNMs) to estimate the associations between short-term PM exposure and urine metal(loid)s. The results suggested that the cumulative exposures to PM1, PM2.5, or PM10 over two days (lag0-1 days) before urine collection were associated with elevated urine metal(loid)s in DLMs, while exhibited linear or "inverted U-shaped" relationships with seven urine metal(loid)s in DLNMs, including Gallium (Ga), Arsenic (As), Aluminum (Al), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Uranium (U), and Barium (Ba). Aforementioned results indicated robust rather than spurious associations between PMs and these seven metal(loid)s. After standardizations for three PMs, PM1 was the greatest contributor to U, PM2.5 made the greatest contributions to Ga, As, Al, and Ba, and PM10 contributed the most to Mg and Ca. Furthermore, the effects of three PMs on urine Ga, As, Al, Mg, Ca, and Ba were reduced when exposed to higher levels of NDVI. Overall, short-term exposures to ambient PMs contribute to elevated urinary metal(loid) levels in older adults, and three PMs exhibit various contributions to different urine metal(loid)s. Moreover, residential greenness may attenuate the effects of PMs on urine metal(loid)s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Scientific Research Center in Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Scientific Research Center in Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ziwei Tian
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Scientific Research Center in Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Beijing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianwei Guo
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Fuyang Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Fuyang, Anhui 236069, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Fuyang Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Fuyang, Anhui 236069, China
| | - Guimei Chen
- School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Scientific Research Center in Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- School of Public Health, Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Linsheng Yang
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Scientific Research Center in Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Comparative Study of PM10 Concentrations and Their Elemental Composition Using Two Different Techniques during Winter—Spring Field Observation in Polish Village. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15134769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations and elemental composition of PM10 in the village of Kotórz Mały (Poland), to analyse their seasonal variability, to determine the sources of pollutant emissions and to compare the consistency of the results obtained using different methods. Sampling and weather condition measurements were carried out in the winter (January–February) and spring (April) of 2019. Two combinations of different techniques were used to examine PM10 concentrations and their chemical composition: gravimetric method + atomic absorption spectrometry (GM+AAS) and continuous particle monitor + energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (CPM+EDXRF). In winter, the average concentrations of PM10 measured by the GM and CPM were similar (GM 44.3 µg/m3; CPM 34.0 µg/m3), while in spring they were clearly different (GM 49.5 µg/m3; CPM 29.8 µg/m3). Both AAS and EDXRF proved that in both seasons, Ca, K and Fe had the highest shares in the PM10 mass. In the case of the lowest shares, the indications of the two methods were slightly different. Factor analysis indicated that air quality in the receptor was determined by soil erosion, coal and burning biomass, and the combustion of fuels in car engines; in the spring, air quality was also affected by gardening activities.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhi M, Zhang K, Zhang X, Herrmann H, Gao J, Fomba KW, Tang W, Luo Y, Li H, Meng F. A statistic comparison of multi-element analysis of low atmospheric fine particles (PM 2.5) using different spectroscopy techniques. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:194-203. [PMID: 35459484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the metal elements (MEs) in atmospheric particles have aroused great attention. Some well-established techniques have been used to measure particle-bound MEs. However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of complexity, accuracy, and specific elements of interest. In this study, the performances of inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF) were evaluated for quality control to analyze data accuracy and precision. The statistic methods (Deming regression and significance testing) were applied for intercomparison between ICP-OES and TXRF measurements for same low-loading PM2.5 samples in Weizhou Island. The results from the replicate analysis of standard filters (SRM 2783) and field filters samples indicated that 10 MEs (K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) showed good accuracies and precision for both techniques. The higher accuracy tended to the higher precision in the MEs analysis process. In addition, the interlab comparisons illustrated that V and Mn all had good agreements between ICP-OES and TXRF. The measurements of K, Cu and Zn were more reliable by TXRF analysis for low-loading PM2.5. ICP-OES was more accurate for the determinations for Ca, Cr, Ni and Pb, owing to the overlapping spectral lines and low sensitivity during TXRF analysis. The measurements of Fe, influenced by low-loading PM2.5, were not able to determine which instrument could obtain more reliable results. These conclusions could provide reference information to choose suitable instrument for the determination of MEs in low-loading PM2.5 samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minkang Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuqian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Feng X, Shao L, Jones T, Li Y, Cao Y, Zhang M, Ge S, Yang CX, Lu J, BéruBé K. Oxidative potential and water-soluble heavy metals of size-segregated airborne particles in haze and non-haze episodes: Impact of the "Comprehensive Action Plan" in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152774. [PMID: 34986423 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major environmental health challenge in megacities, and as such a Comprehensive Action Plan (CAP) was issued in 2017 for Beijing, the capital city of China. Here we investigated the size-segregated airborne particles collected after the implementation of the CAP, intending to understand the change of oxidative potential and water-soluble heavy metal (WSHM) levels in 'haze' and 'non-haze' days. The DNA damage and the levels of WSHM were analyzed by Plasmid Scission Assay (PSA) and High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) techniques. The PM mass concentration was higher in the fine particle size (0.43-2.1 μm) during haze days, except for the samples affected by mineral dust. The particle-induced DNA damage caused by fine sized particles (0.43-2.1 μm) exceeded that caused by the coarse sized particles (4.7-10 μm). The DNA damage from haze day particles significantly exceeded those collected on non-haze days. Prior to the instigation of the CAP, the highest value of DNA damage decreased, and DNA damage was seen in the finer size (0.43-1.1 μm). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the concentrations of water-soluble Pb, Cr, Cd and Zn were positively correlated with DNA damage, suggesting that these WSHM had significant oxidative potential. The mass concentrations of water-soluble trace elements (WSTE) and individual heavy metals were enriched in the finer particles between 0.43 μm to 1.1 μm, implying that smaller sized particles posed higher health risks. In contrast, the significant reduction in the mass concentration of water-soluble Cd and Zn, and the decrease of the maximum and average values of DNA damage after the CAP, demonstrated its effectiveness in restricting coal-burning emissions. These results have demonstrated that the Beijing CAP policy has been successful in reducing the toxicity of 'respirable' ambient particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, and College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Longyi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, and College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tim Jones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
| | - Yaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, and College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaxin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, and College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, and College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuoyi Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, and College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cheng-Xue Yang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, and College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kelly BéruBé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Long L, He J, Yang X. Characteristics, emission sources and health risk assessment of trace elements in size-segregated aerosols during haze and non-haze periods at Ningbo, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2945-2963. [PMID: 33459888 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To characterize trace elements from inhalable particles and to estimate human health risks, airborne particles at an urban area of Ningbo city during haze and non-haze periods from November 2013 to May 2014 were collected by a nine-stage sampler. Seventeen trace elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of trace elements are in the ranges of 0.51 ng m-3 (Co) ~ 1.53 µg m-3 (K) for fine particles (Dp < 2.1 μm), and 1.07 ng m-3 (Co) ~ 4.96 µg m-3 (K) for coarse particles (2.1 μm < Dp < 9.0 μm) during the haze days, which are 1.15 -4.30 and 1.23- 7.83-fold as those of non-haze days, respectively. These elements could be divided into crustal elements (Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Fe and Co), non-crustal elements (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) and mixed elements (K, V, Cr, Mn, Ni and As) according to their enrichment factor values (EFs) and size distribution characteristics. Five emission sources of trace elements were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling. The main sources of trace elements in fine particles are traffic emission (21.7%), coal combustion (23.6%) and biomass burning (32.1%); however, soil dust (61.5%), traffic emission (21.9%) and industry emissions (11.8%) are the main contributors for coarse particles. With the help of the multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model, it was found that deposition fractions of seventeen measured elements in the pulmonary region were in the range of 12.4%-15.1% and 6.66% -12.3% for the fine and coarse particles, respectively. The human health risk assessment (HRA) was employed according to the deposition concentration in the pulmonary region. The non-carcinogenic risk (HI) was below the safety limit (1.00). Nonetheless, the excess lifetime carcinogenic risk (ELCR) for adults increased by 2.42-fold during the haze days (2.06 × 10-5) as compared to that of non-haze days (8.50 × 10-6) in fine particles. Cr (VI) and As together contributed 96.5% and 96.3% of the integrated cancer risks during the haze and non-haze periods, respectively. Moreover, the related ELCR values in coarse particles were 36.7% and 62.8% of those in the fine particles for the non-haze period and haze period, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangping Long
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jun He
- International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, PR China.
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Department of Mechanical, Material and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu J, Jia C, Yu H, Xu H, Ji D, Wang C, Xiao H, He J. Characteristics, sources, and health risks of PM 2.5-bound trace elements in representative areas of Northern Zhejiang Province, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129632. [PMID: 33482520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize PM2.5-bound trace elements in Northern Zhejiang Province (NZP), one of the most economically prosperous regions in China, and assess the associated health risks for the general populations. A year-long sampling campaign was conducted at four sites representative of urban, suburban, and rural areas of NZP. The average of the sum of twenty trace elements in PM2.5 was 2.8 ± 0.4 μg m-3, dominated by K, Al, Fe, Mg, Zn, and V (>100 ng m-3). The highest total elements' concentration occurred in winter, followed by autumn, spring, and summer. Enrichment factors and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the major sources of trace elements in NZP were fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, crustal dust, traffic, and industrial emissions. Elevated concentrations of certain elements reflected featured sources in different areas, e.g., V and Ni from heavy oil combustion in the port city, and Cu, Fe and Ba from traffic emissions in urban areas. Arsenic (As) represented the major non-cancer risk driver as its hazard quotient was 8.7. The cumulative cancer risk from all the carcinogenic elements was 1.7 × 10-3 in NZP, exceeding the upper limit (10-4) of the acceptable risk range. As and Cr contributed 33% and 66%, respectively, and thus were regarded as cancer risk drivers. The high health risks from PM2.5-bound elements warrant future actions to control their emissions in this region. Priorities should target industrial operations and coal combustion emissions, as informed by the risk drivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsha Xu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Honghui Xu
- Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Impact of Municipal, Road Traffic, and Natural Sources on PM10: The Hourly Variability at a Rural Site in Poland. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14092654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents data from a monthly campaign studying the elemental composition of PM10, as measured by a specific receptor in Kotórz Mały (Opole Voivodeship)—located in the vicinity of a moderately inhabited rural area—measured in one-hour samples using a Horiba PX-375 analyzer. The hourly variability of SO2, NO, NO2, CO, and O3 concentrations, as well as the variability of meteorological parameters, was also determined. On average, during the entire measurement period, the elements related to PM10 can be arranged in the following order: As < V < Ni < Pb < Cr < Mn < Cu < Ti < Zn < K < Fe < Ca < Al < Si < S. Trace elements, including toxic elements—such as As, V, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Mn—were present in low concentrations, not exceeding 10 ng/m3 (average daily value). These elements had fairly even concentrations, both daily and hourly. The concentrations of the main elements in the PM10, as measured by the receptor, are subject to strong hourly changes related not only to changes in the structures of the sources identified in the statistical analysis, but also to wind speed and direction changes (soil and sand particle pick-up and inflow of pollutants from coal combustion). It has been shown that the transport emissions measured by the receptor can have an intense effect on PM10 in the afternoon.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhi M, Zhang X, Zhang K, Ussher SJ, Lv W, Li J, Gao J, Luo Y, Meng F. The characteristics of atmospheric particles and metal elements during winter in Beijing: Size distribution, source analysis, and environmental risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111937. [PMID: 33476848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the pollution characteristics of size-segregated particles and metal elements (MEs) after the Chinese Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan was released in 2013, an intensive field campaign was conducted in the suburban area of Chaoyang District, Beijing in winter 2016. The size distributions of particle mass concentrations were bimodal, with the first peak in the fine fraction (0.4-2.1 µm) and the second peak in the coarse fraction (3.3-5.8 µm). Moreover, the proportion of fine particles increased and the proportion of coarse particles decreased as the pollution level was more elevated. It was found that the composition of coarse particles is as important as that of fine particles when pollution of aerosol metals in the atmosphere in 2016 were compared to 2013. In addition, according to the size distribution characteristics, 23 MEs were divided into three groups: (a) Fe, Co, Sr, Al, Ti, Ba, and U, which concentrated in coarse mode; (b) Zn, As, Cd, Tl, and Pb, which concentrated in fine mode; and (c) Na, K, Be, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and Sn, showing bimodal distribution. Under clean air, slight pollution and moderate pollution conditions, most elements maintained their original size distributions, while under severe pollution, the unimodal distributions of most MEs became bimodal distributions. The factors analysis combined with size distributions indicated that Na, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd, and Tl, showing the moderate to severe contamination on environment, were significantly influenced by diffuse regional emissions or anthropogenic source emissions (vehicle exhaust emissions and combustion process). The environmental risk assessment revealed that the heavy metal loading in the atmospheric particles collected had a high potential for ecological risk to the environment during sampling period because of the high contribution of Cd, Tl, Zn and Pb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minkang Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Simon J Ussher
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Wenli Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuqian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Li X, Wang W, Yin B, Gao Y, Yang X. Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM 10 and PM 2.5 at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249553. [PMID: 33419360 PMCID: PMC7765913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from biomass burning are very serious in Southeast Asia and South Asia in April. In order to explore the effect of long-range transport of biomass emissions from the Indochina Peninsula in Southwest China during the period of the southeast monsoon season and to find out the main pollution sources in local atmospheric PM2.5, a field campaign was conducted from 6–26 April 2011 in Lijiang, China. Twenty-four-hour PM10 and PM2.5 filter samples were collected, and inorganic ions, elements, and carbonaceous components (including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)) were measured. The monthly mean mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) were 40.4 and 14.4 μg/m3 for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The monthly mean concentrations of OC and EC in PM10 were 6.2 and 1.6 μg/m3, respectively. The weekly mean concentrations of ∑PAHs and ∑NPAHs were 11.9 ng/m3 and 289 pg/m3, respectively, in atmospheric PM10 of Lijiang. The diagnostic ratios of PAH and NPAH isomers were used to analyze the sources of PAHs and NPAHs in PM10. The ratios of Benz(a)anthracene/(Chrysene+Benz(a)anthracen), Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene+Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Benzo(g,h,i)perylene+Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) were 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.61 ± 0.01, and 0.53 ± 0.03, respectively, indicating the contribution from coal combustion and biomass burning. The 1-nitropyrene/Pyrene (1-NP/Pyr) ratio was 0.004 ± 0.001, suggesting that the contribution to NPAHs mainly came from coal combustion. Sulfate was the most prominent inorganic ionic species, with monthly mean levels of 2.28 and 1.39 μg/m3 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The monthly mean mass ratios of NO3−/SO42− were 0.40 and 0.23 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, indicating that the contribution of atmospheric anions from coal combustion sources was much more important than that from other sources. Based on the relatively high SO42− concentrations and low NO3−/SO42− ratios, combined with the data analysis of isomer ratios of PAHs and NPAHs, we can conclude that coal combustion, traffic, and dust were the major contributors to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city, while biomass burning may also have contributed to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city to some degree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xurui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Wan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (B.Y.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Baohui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (B.Y.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yuanguan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (B.Y.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (B.Y.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hao Y, Luo B, Simayi M, Zhang W, Jiang Y, He J, Xie S. Spatiotemporal patterns of PM 2.5 elemental composition over China and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114910. [PMID: 32563805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) are a serious threat to public health. Although pollution from toxic metals has been investigated in many Chinese cities, the spatial and temporal patterns in PM2.5 remain largely unknown. Long-term PM2.5 field sampling in 11 cities, combined with a systemic literature survey covering 51 cities, provides the first comprehensive database of 21 PM2.5-bound trace metals in China. Our results revealed that PM2.5 elemental compositions varied greatly, with generally higher levels in North China, especially for crustal elements. Pollution with Cr, As, and Cd was most serious, with 61, 38, and 16 sites, respectively, surpassing national standards, including some in rural areas. Local emissions, particularly from metallurgical industries, were the dominant factors driving the distribution in polluted cities such as Hengyang, Yuncheng, and Baiyin, which are mainly in North and Central China. Elevated As, Cd, and Cr levels in Yunnan, Guizhou Province within Southwest China were attributed to the high metal content of local coal. Diverse temporal trends of various elements that differed among regions indicated the complexity of emission patterns across the country. The results demonstrated high non-carcinogenic risks for those exposed to trace metals, especially for children and residents of heavily cities highly polluted with As, Pb, or Mn. The estimated carcinogenic risks ranged from 6.61 × 10-6 to 1.92 × 10-4 throughout China, with As being the highest priority element for control, followed by Cr and Cd. Regional diversity in major toxic metals was also revealed, highlighting the need for regional mitigation policies to protect vulnerable populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Hao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Maimaiti Simayi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiming He
- Sichuan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu Y, Li W, Lin Q, Yuan Q, Liu L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Shao L, Niu H, Yang S, Shi Z. Iron solubility in fine particles associated with secondary acidic aerosols in east China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114769. [PMID: 32428816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soluble iron (FeS) in aerosols contributes to free oxygen radical generation with implications for human health, and potentially catalyzes sulfur dioxide oxidation. It is also an important external source of micronutrients for ocean ecosystems. However, factors controlling FeS concentration and its contribution to total iron (FeT) in aerosols remain poorly understand. Here, FeS and FeT in PM2.5 was studied at four urban sites in eastern China from 21 to 31 December, 2017. Average FeT (869-1490 ng m-3) and FeS (24-68 ng m-3) concentrations were higher in northern than southern China cities, but Fe solubility (%FeS, 2.7-5.0%) showed no spatial pattern. Correlation analyses suggested %FeS was strongly correlated with FeS and PM2.5 instead of FeT concentrations. Individual particle observations confirmed that more than 65% of nano-sized Fe-containing particles were internally mixed with sulfates and nitrates. Furthermore, there was a high correlation between sulfates or nitrates/FeT molar ratio and %FeS. We also found that the sulfates/nitrates had weaker effects on %FeS at RH < 50% than at RH > 50%, suggesting RH as indirect factor can influence %FeS in PM2.5. These results suggest an important role of chemical processing in enhancing %FeS in the polluted atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Yinxiao Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Longyi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Hongya Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Shushen Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu H, Zhao X, Wang J, Yin B, Geng C, Wang X, Gu C, Huang L, Yang W, Bai Z. Chemical characteristics of road dust PM 2.5 fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:217-224. [PMID: 32653183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the compositions characteristics of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) fraction in road dust (RD2.5) of oasis cities on the edge of Tarim Basin, 30 road dust (RD) samples were collected in Kashi, Cele, and Yutian in the spring, 2018, and RD2.5 was collected using the resuspension approach. Eight water-soluble ions, 39 trace elements and 8 fractions of carbon-containing species in PM2.5 were analyzed. Ca2+ and Ca were the most abundant ions and elements in RD2.5 (7.1% and 9.5%). Cl- in RD2.5 was affected not only by attributed to saline-alkali soils in oasis cities of the Tarim Basin and dust from Taklimakan Desert but also by human activities. Moreover, the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio indicated that carbon components in RD2.5 in Cele town mainly come from fossil fuel combustion, while those in Yutian and Kashi mainly come from biomass combustion. It is noteworthy that high Ca in RD2.5 was seriously affected by anthropogenic emissions, and high Na and K contents in RD2.5 could be derived from soil and desert dust. It was estimated that Cd, Tl, Sn and Cr were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the enrichment factor. The coefficients of divergence (COD) result indicated that the influence of local emission on road dust emission is greater than that of long-distance transmission. This study is the first time to comprehensively analyze the chemical characteristics of road dust in oasis cities, and the results provides the sources of road dust at the margin of Tarim Basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Baohui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chao Gu
- The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region environmental monitoring station, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Shandong 276000, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li J, Liu Z, Cao L, Gao W, Yan Y, Mao J, Zhang X, He L, Xin J, Tang G, Ji D, Hu B, Wang L, Wang Y, Dai L, Zhao D, Du W, Wang Y. Highly time-resolved chemical characterization and implications of regional transport for submicron aerosols in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135803. [PMID: 31972941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the regional transport and formation mechanisms of submicron aerosols in the North China Plan (NCP), for the first time, we conducted simultaneous combined observations of the non-refractory submicron aerosols (NR-PM1) chemical compositions using aerosol mass spectrometer at urban Beijing (BJ) and at regional background area of the NCP (XL), from November 2018 to January 2019. During the observation period, average mass concentrations of PM1 in BJ and XL were 26.6 ± 31.7 and 16.0 ± 18.7 μg m-3 respectively. The aerosol composition in XL showed a lower contribution of organic aerosol (33% vs. 43%) and higher fractions of nitrate (35% vs. 30%), ammonium (16% vs. 13%), and chlorine (2% vs. 1%) than in BJ. Additionally, a higher contribution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was also observed in XL, suggesting low primary emissions and highly oxidized OA in the background area. Nitrate displayed a significantly enhanced contribution with the aggravation of aerosol pollution in both BJ and XL, which was completely neutralized by excess ammonium at both sites, suggesting that the abundant ammonia emissions in the NCP favor nitrate formation on a regional scale. In addition, a higher proportion of nitrate in XL can be attributed to the more neutral and higher oxidation capacity of the background atmosphere. Heterogeneous aqueous reaction plays an important role in sulfate and SOA formation, and is more efficient in BJ which can be attributed to the higher aerosol surface areas at urban site. Regional transport from the southwestern regions of NCP showed a significant impact on the formation of haze episodes. Beside the invasion of transported pollutants, the abundant water vapor associated with the air mass to the downwind background area further enhanced local secondary transformation and expanded the regional scope of the haze pollution in the NCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liming Cao
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingchao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Mao
- College of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Engineering, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinyuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lindong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wupeng Du
- Beijing Municipal Climate Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dong Z, Su F, Zhang Z, Wang S. Observation of chemical components of PM 2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosol formation during haze and sandy haze days in Zhengzhou, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 88:316-325. [PMID: 31862073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mineral dust particles play an important role in the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, which largely contribute to haze pollution in China. During this study, a haze episode (haze days) and a typical haze process mixed with sandstorm (sandy haze days) were observed in Zhengzhou with a series of high-time-resolution monitoring instruments from November 22 to December 8, 2018. Concentrations of PM10 and crustal elements clearly increased in the sandy haze days. Concentrations of gaseous pollutants, metallic elements emitted from anthropogenic sources, nitrate, and ammonium during sandy haze days were slightly lower than those during the haze days but still obviously higher than those during the non-haze days. The sulfate concentrations, the sulfate fractions in PM2.5, and the sulfur oxidation ratios significantly increased in the sandy haze days. Heterogeneous reactions dominated the conversion of SO2 during the haze and sandy haze days. Enhanced SO2 conversion during the sandy haze days may be attributed to the high concentrations of transition metal ions from the sandstorm when the values of relative humidity (RH) were in 30%-70%, and high O3 at certain time points. Gas-phase NO2 oxidation reactions were the main pathways for nitrate formation. In the sandy haze days, higher nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) at daytime may be associated with higher RH and lower temperature than those in the haze days, which facilitate the gas-to-particle partitioning of nitrate; higher NOR values at night may be attributed to the higher O3 concentrations, which promoted the formation of N2O5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsen Dong
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fangcheng Su
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shenbo Wang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee S, Shin D, Han C, Choi KS, Hur SD, Lee J, Byun DS, Kim YT, Hong S. Characteristic concentrations and isotopic composition of airborne lead at urban, rural and remote sites in western Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113050. [PMID: 31465906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic Pb emitted from East Asia, particularly China, is often long-range transported to the east by the prevailing westerlies. To characterize the geographical properties of varying atmospheric Pb concentrations by transboundary and domestic source(s)-related Pb in Korea, closely adjacent to China, the Al and Pb concentrations and the stable Pb isotopic composition were determined in the total suspended particles (TSP) collected at urban (IC), rural (TA), and remote background (JJ) sites in western Korea from August 2015 to October 2016. The annual average Pb concentrations were significantly higher in urban and rural areas (IC, 16.2 ng m-3 and TA, 11.1 ng m-3) than in remote area (JJ, 6.41 ng m-3), showing pronounced seasonal variations with relatively higher concentrations in winter and spring and lower concentrations in summer and autumn. Significantly high enrichment factors (EF) for Pb indicate that anthropogenic contributions are important for this toxic element in TSP. Coupling the Pb isotopic signatures with the air mass back trajectories identified the major potential source regions for individual samples. The results show that during winter, China was the dominant contributor, accounting for 92%, 82%, and 100% of the sampling periods at IC, TA, and JJ, respectively. The Chinese contribution decreased in summer and autumn, whereas the Korean contribution increased, according to the East Asian monsoon system. The Pb concentrations increased by 2.2 (IC), 1.2 (TA) and 1.4 (JJ) times when the Chinese contribution was dominant, compared to the Korea-dominant periods. The Pb isotopic systematics for the samples characterized by the dominant Korean contribution differed substantially between the three sites, implying that the relative importance of various domestic sources varied with geographical areas in western Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Lee
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea; National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyong-ro 42, Seogu, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Daechol Shin
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Changhee Han
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Choi
- School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63243, South Korea
| | - Soon Do Hur
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency, 351, Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, South Korea
| | - Do-Seong Byun
- Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency, 351, Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, South Korea
| | - Young-Taeg Kim
- Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency, 351, Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Hong
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chemical Characterization of Two Seasonal PM2.5 Samples in Nanjing and Its Toxicological Properties in Three Human Cell Lines. ENVIRONMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/environments6040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 pollution is of great concern in China due to its adverse health effects. Many diseases have been proven to be associated with PM2.5 components, but the effects of chemical characteristics of PM2.5 on toxicological properties, especially in different human organs, are poorly understood. In this study, two seasonal PM2.5 samples (summer and winter) were collected in Nanjing, and their chemical compositions (heavy metals, water-soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC)) were analyzed. Human lung epithelial carcinoma cells (A549), human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells (HepG2), and human neuroblastoma cells (Sh-Sy5y) were employed to evaluate the toxicological properties of the collected PM2.5. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM2.5 were lower in summer (51.3 ± 21.4 μg/m3) than those in winter (62.1 ± 21.5 μg/m3). However, the mass fractions of heavy metals, OC, and EC exhibited an opposite seasonal difference. Among all tested fractions, water-soluble ions were the major compositions of particles in both summer and winter, especially the secondary ions (SO42−, NO3− and NH4+). Besides, the ratio of OC/EC in PM2.5 was greater than two, indicating serious secondary pollution in this area. The NO3–/SO42− ratio (< 1) suggested that fixed sources made important contributions. The toxicological results showed that PM2.5 in the summer and winter significantly inhibited cell viability (p < 0.01) and induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (p < 0.01). Moreover, the viability inhibition in A549, Sh-Sy5y, and HepG2 cells was more prominent in summer, especially at high PM2.5 (400 μg/mL) (p < 0.05), and the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 and Sh-Sy5y cells was also more evident in summer. Such seasonal differences might be related to the variations of PM2.5 components.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang H, Qiao B, Zhang L, Yang F, Jiang X. Characteristics and sources of trace elements in PM 2.5 in two megacities in Sichuan Basin of southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1577-1586. [PMID: 30077406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To characterize major trace elements in PM2.5 and associated sources in two megacities, Chengdu (CD) and Chongqing (CQ), in Sichuan Basin of southwest China, daily PM2.5 samples were collected at one urban site in each city from October 2014 to July 2015 and were analyzed for their contents of thirteen trace elements including four crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, and Ti), eight trace metals (K, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, and V), and As. Multiple approaches including correlation analysis, enrichment factor, principal component analysis, and conditional probability function (CPF) were applied to identify potential sources of these elements. Most of the measured trace elements in Sichuan Basin were found to have lower concentrations than in the other regions of China. K and Fe were the most abundant elements at CD with an annual mean concentrations of 720 ± 357 and 456 ± 248 ng m-3, accounting for 34.6% and 21.9% of the total analyzed trace elements, respectively. Ca presented the highest concentration among all of the elements at CQ with annual mean of 824 ± 633 ng m-3 (29.1% of the total). Crustal elements had the highest concentrations in spring while heavy metals had distinct seasonal variations typically with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer. Ti and Al were identified to be primarily from soil while most of the analyzed heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni) and As were from anthropogenic sources associated with coal combustion, industrial emission from glassmaking production and iron/steel manufacturing, and non-exhaust vehicle emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Baoqing Qiao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
| | - Xia Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Đuričić-Milanković J, Anđelković I, Pantelić A, Petrović S, Gambaro A, Đorđević D. Size-segregated trace elements in continental suburban aerosols: seasonal variation and estimation of local, regional, and remote emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:615. [PMID: 30267235 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have measured trace element contents in suburban aerosols from six size fractions in the range of PM0.27-16 from a background station in Belgrade (Serbia). The distribution and concentration of elements were determined within each of the investigated Dp fractions with emphasis on the fine and coarse modes. Fine/coarse mode ratios of element can provide information regarding their anthropogenic or natural origin. Analysis of seasonal variations of element contents in fine and coarse mode show that Cd, Co, K, and V have higher concentrations in the fine mode during heating season, while Fe contents are lower. In the coarse mode, Cu and V have higher concentrations during the heating season, while Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Sb contents are lower. We also apply a distribution probability model (normal, log-normal, and three-parameter Weibull) as new approach to estimate the distances of emission sources that can contribute to pollutant contents in particulate matter of the investigated location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Đuričić-Milanković
- Higher Medical and Business-Technological School of Apllied Studies, Hajduk Veljkova 10, Šabac, 15000, Serbia
| | - Ivan Anđelković
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ana Pantelić
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering-ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Srđan Petrović
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering-ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
| | - Dragana Đorđević
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering-ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chifflet S, Amouroux D, Bérail S, Barre J, Van TC, Baltrons O, Brune J, Dufour A, Guinot B, Mari X. Origins and discrimination between local and regional atmospheric pollution in Haiphong (Vietnam), based on metal(loid) concentrations and lead isotopic ratios in PM 10. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26653-26668. [PMID: 30003484 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Southeast Asia is a hotspot of anthropogenic emissions where episodes of recurrent and prolonged atmospheric pollution can lead to the formation of large haze events, giving rise to wide plumes which spread over adjacent oceans and neighbouring countries. Trace metal concentrations and Pb isotopic ratios in atmospheric particulate matter < 10 μm (PM10) were used to track the origins and the transport pathways of atmospheric pollutants. This approach was used for fortnightly PM10 collections over a complete annual cycle in Haiphong, northern Vietnam. Distinct seasonal patterns were observed for the trace metal concentration in PM10, with a maximum during the Northeast (NE) monsoon and a minimum during the Southeast (SE) monsoon. Some elements (As, Cd, Mn) were found in excess according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Coal combustion was highlighted with enrichment factors of As, Cd, Se, and Sb, but these inputs were outdistanced by other anthropogenic activities. V/Ni and Cu/Sb ratios were found to be markers of oil combustion, while Pb/Cd and Zn/Pb ratios were found to be markers of industrial activities. Pb isotopic composition in PM10 revealed an important contribution of soil dusts (45-60%). In PM10, the Pb fraction due to oil combustion was correlated with dominant airflow pathways (31% during the north-easterlies and 20% during the south-easterlies), and the Pb fraction resulting from industrial emissions was stable (around 28%) throughout the year. During the SE monsoon, Pb inputs were mainly attributed to resuspension of local soil dusts (about 90%), and during the NE monsoon, the increase of Pb inPM10 was due to the mixing of local and regional inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Chifflet
- CNRS, IRD, MIO UM110, Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, 13288, Marseille, France.
| | - David Amouroux
- CNRS/UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les matériaux, UMR5264, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Sylvain Bérail
- CNRS/UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les matériaux, UMR5264, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Julien Barre
- CNRS/UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les matériaux, UMR5264, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Thuoc Chu Van
- Institute of Marine Environment and Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Danang, Haiphong, 246, Vietnam
| | - Oriol Baltrons
- CNRS/UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les matériaux, UMR5264, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Justine Brune
- IRD, UMR 5119 ECOSYM, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Dufour
- CNRS, IRD, MIO UM110, Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 14 avenue Edouard-Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Mari
- CNRS, IRD, MIO UM110, Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, 13288, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Đuričić-Milanković J, Anđelković I, Pantelić A, Petrović S, Gambaro A, Antonović D, Đorđević D. Partitioning of particulate matter and elements of suburban continental aerosols between fine and coarse modes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20841-20853. [PMID: 29766418 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The results presented in this work demonstrate for the first time a distribution of elements in the spectral analysis of aerosols in the suburban continental Balkan Peninsula. Samples were collected in the suburban area of Belgrade (Serbia) in the period from March 2012 till December 2013. Results presented here are from long-term measurements of masses of size-segregated aerosols and macro- and microelements in the range of PM0.27-16. The following elements were analyzed: Al, Ag, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, Tl, V, and Zn; levels of Be, Hg, and Se were under the detection limits in all samples. Average concentrations and time and seasonal variations of particulate matter (PM) as well as element contents and their percentage shares are given. The results showed the domination of particle content around the accumulation mode in the range of 0.53 < Dp < 1.06 μm, but the fractional distribution of elements showed maximal average concentrations in different fractions depending on the origin of each element. Crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ti, etc.) dominated in coarse mode, while anthropogenic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, etc.) were mainly distributed in fine mode fractions. Some elements, such are As and Ni, were detected in investigated aerosols only occasionally, while others, such as Ca, Fe, and Mg, were detected in all analyzed samples. The application of multivariate analysis (PCA) demonstrated the connection between the elements of similar origin, in fine fractions mainly of anthropogenic origin, while in coarse mode of crustal origin, indicating the resuspension with contribution of about 40%. The contents of some measured elements were compared with their contents in aerosols in some European suburban areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Đuričić-Milanković
- Higher Medical and Business-Technological School of Applied Studies, Hajduk Veljkova 10, Šabac, 15000, Serbia
| | - Ivan Anđelković
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ana Pantelić
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering - ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Srđan Petrović
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering - ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
| | - Dušan Antonović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Dragana Đorđević
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering - ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Feng J, Yu H, Mi K, Su X, Li Y, Li Q, Sun J. One year study of PM 2.5 in Xinxiang city, North China: Seasonal characteristics, climate impact and source. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:75-83. [PMID: 29454989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to explore the seasonal characteristics, climate impact and source of PM2.5 in Xinxiang, China. Daily PM2.5 samples were collected at urban site from January to December in 2015. Average PM2.5 concentration was 100.6 ± 65.8 μg m-3 in Xinxiang, which was several times higher than China Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB3095-2012). Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) constituted 70% of the total ionic concentrations. The average concentration of SO42- was 6.4 ± 12.0 μg m-3, which ranked the highest among the water-soluble ions analyzed. Seasonal variations of PM2.5 and its major chemical components were significant, most of them with high values in winter and the lowest values in summer, especially with heavier PM2.5 events (more than 200 μg/m3) in December. SIA and OC on polluted days were 2.1-2.3 times higher than those of on clean days. It was estimated that Fe, Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca and Sr were emitted from crustal sources and Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and V were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the EF values. Analysis using the tracer and PCA/MLR revealed that vehicle exhausts were the most important source of PM2.5, which contributed 26.9% of PM2.5 over the whole study period. This study provides detailed composition data and first comprehensive analysis of PM2.5 in Xinxiang during a whole year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Feng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Kai Mi
- The Xinxiang Meteorological Bureau, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Xianfa Su
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Yi Li
- Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, 1110 W. Washington Street, Phoenix, AZ 85007, USA
| | - Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Feng J, Yu H, Mi K, Su X, Chen Y, Sun JH, Li Q. The pollution characteristics of PM 2.5 and correlation analysis with meteorological parameters in Xinxiang during the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Prime Ministers' Meeting. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1067-1076. [PMID: 28510106 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pollution characteristics of PM2.5 and correlation analysis with meteorological parameters in Xinxiang during the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Prime Ministers' Meeting were investigated. During the whole meeting, nine PM2.5 samples were collected at a suburban site of Xinxiang, and the average concentration of PM2.5 was 122.28 μg m-3. NO3-, NH4+, SO42- accounted for 56.8% of the total water-soluble ions. In addition, with an exception of Cl-, all of water-soluble ions decreased during the meeting. Total concentrations of crustal elements ranged from 6.53 to 185.86 μg m-3, with an average concentration of 52.51 μg m-3, which accounted for 82.5% of total elements. The concentrations of organic carbon and elemental carbon were 7.71 and 1.52 μg m-3, respectively, lower than those before and after the meeting. It is indicated that during the meeting, limiting motor vehicles is to reduce exhaust emissions, delay heating is to reduce the fossil fuel combustion, and other measures are to reduce the concentration of PM2.5. The directly dispersing by mixing layer height increase and the indirectly reducing the formation of secondary aerosol by low relative humidity, and these are the only two key removing mechanisms of PM2.5 in Xinxiang during the meeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Feng
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Kai Mi
- The Xinxiang Meteorological Bureau, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xianfa Su
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Yunqi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Jian-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Qilu Li
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ying Q, Feng M, Song D, Wu L, Hu J, Zhang H, Kleeman MJ, Li X. Improve regional distribution and source apportionment of PM 2.5 trace elements in China using inventory-observation constrained emission factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:355-365. [PMID: 29258036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contributions to 15 trace elements in airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <2.5μm (PM2.5) in China from five major source sectors (industrial sources, residential sources, transportation, power generation and windblown dust) were determined using a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Using emission factors in the composite speciation profiles from US EPA's SPECIATE database for the five sources leads to relatively poor model performance at an urban site in Beijing. Improved predictions of the trace elements are obtained by using adjusted emission factors derived from a robust multilinear regression of the CMAQ predicted primary source contributions and observation at the urban site. Good correlations between predictions and observations are obtained for most elements studied with R>0.5, except for crustal elements Al, Si and Ca, particularly in spring. Predicted annual and seasonal average concentrations of Mn, Fe, Zn and Pb in Nanjing and Chengdu are also consistently improved using the adjusted emission factors. Annual average concentration of Fe is as high as 2.0μgm-3 with large contributions from power generation and transportation. Annual average concentration of Pb reaches 300-500ngm-3 in vast areas, mainly from residential activities, transportation and power generation. The impact of high concentrations of Fe on secondary sulfate formation and Pb on human health should be evaluated carefully in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ying
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fanglin Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China; College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Moziqiao, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fanglin Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Li Wu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Michael J Kleeman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xinghua Li
- School of Space & Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang Y, Zhou R, Yu Y, Yan Y, Liu Y, Di Y, Wu D, Zhang W. Size-resolved aerosol water-soluble ions at a regional background station of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, North China. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:146-156. [PMID: 28477808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of water-soluble ions in size-resolved particulate matter were investigated using ion chromatography at Shangdianzi, a regional background station of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. Seasonal total concentrations of ions (Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, NH4+, Cl-, SO42- and NO3-) were 75.5±52.9μg/m3 in spring, 26.5±12.3μg/m3 in summer, 22.7±20.4μg/m3 in autumn, and 31.1±23.9μg/m3 in winter, respectively. The secondary ions (NO3-, SO42- and NH4+), mainly associated with fine particles, accounted for 84.2% in spring, 82.1% in summer, 81.5% in autumn and 76.3% in winter of all ions. Strong correlations were found between NH4+ and SO42- (r=0.95, p<0.01) as well as NH4+ and NO3- (r=0.90, p<0.01) in fine particles; while in coarse particles, correlations between Mg2+ and NO3- (r=0.80, p<0.01), and Ca2+ and NO3- (r=0.85, p<0.01) were found. The concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42- were 2.02, 0.81, 0.36, 1.65, 9.58, 4.01, 18.9, and 18.4μg/m3 in particulate matter from southeast-derived air masses, which were typically 1.58-3.37 times higher than in northwest trajectories. Thus, concentrations of water-soluble ions at this background station were heavily influenced by regional transport of serious pollution derived from biomass burning, coal combustion, industrial and vehicle exhaust emissions from Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Yang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Yu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Yan
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Liu
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi'an Di
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lyu Y, Zhang K, Chai F, Cheng T, Yang Q, Zheng Z, Li X. Atmospheric size-resolved trace elements in a city affected by non-ferrous metal smelting: Indications of respiratory deposition and health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:559-571. [PMID: 28245949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examines size-resolved heavy metal data for particles sampled near an urban site affected by non-ferrous metal smelting in China with a focus on how particle sizes impact regional respiratory deposition behavior. Particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.43 and 9 μm were collected during winter haze episodes from December 2011 to January 2012. The results showed that concentrations of individual trace elements ranged from ∼10-2-∼104 ng/m3. Mass size distributions exhibit that Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Cd, TI, and Pb have unimodal peak in fine particles range (<2.1 μm); Al, Ti, Fe, Sr, Cr, Co, Ni, Mo, and U have unimodal peak in coarse range (>2.1 μm), and Be, Na, Mg, Ca, Ba, Th, V, Mn, Sn, Sb, and K have bimodal profiles with a dominant peak in the fine range and a smaller peak in the coarse range. The total deposition fluxes of trace elements were estimated at 2.1 × 10-2 - 4.1 × 103 ng/h by the MPPD model, and the region with the highest contribution was the head region (42% ± 13%), followed by the tracheobronchial region (11% ± 3%) and pulmonary region (6% ± 1%). The daily intake of individual element for humans occurs via three main exposure pathways: ingestion (2.3 × 10-4 mg/kg/day), dermal contact (2.3 × 10-5 mg/kg/day), and inhalation (9.0 × 10-6 mg/kg/day). A further health risk assessment revealed that the risk values for humans were all above the guidelines of the hazard quotient (1) and cancer risk (10-6), indicating that there are potential non-cancer effects and cancer risks in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lyu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tiantao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zilong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fang GC, Lo CT, Zhuang YJ, Cho MH, Huang CY, Xiao YF, Tsai KH. Seasonal variations and sources study by way of back trajectories and ANOVA for ambient air pollutants (particulates and metallic elements) within a mixed area at Longjing, central Taiwan: 1-year observation. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:99-108. [PMID: 26943145 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study measured the concentrations of particulates and metallic elements in ambient air by using PS-1 sampler (TSP) at Longjing area. And this study focuses on the collection of ambient air particulates, metallic elements, particulate-bound mercury Hg(p), concentrations. In addition, the sources of ambient pollutants by way of back trajectory analysis are found. Moreover, test mean concentration variance differences for metallic elements (PM, Hg(p), Mn, Fe, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Pb) among the four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) through ANOVA are calculated. The result indicates that the average highest particulate concentration occurred in winter season, and the order was winter > spring > autumn > summer, and the mostly highest average metallic element (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb) concentrations occurred in autumn. Moreover, the mostly average lowest metallic element concentrations occurred in summer. In addition, the above results of backward trajectories that the major particulate pollutants parcel mainly come from northeastern Taiwan. Moreover, when comparing the results of the first half year to that of the second half year, the they indicated that all metallic elements displayed significant differences in concentrations except those of Hg(p), Mn, Fe, Zn. Finally, metallic element Hg(p) is the only one which showed no significant concentration difference from either seasonal variations or half-year observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chaur-Tsuen Lo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Jie Zhuang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Hsien Cho
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Yang Huang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - You-Fu Xiao
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Hsiang Tsai
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen Z, Liu C, Liu W, Zhang T, Xu J. A synchronous observation of enhanced aerosol and NO 2 over Beijing, China, in winter 2015. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:429-436. [PMID: 27750139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts into the characterization of air pollution during the past decade, concurrent real-time characterization of aerosol and NO2 as well as satellite observation above the urban canopy in the megacity of Beijing has sparsely been performed to date. We conducted a simultaneous real-time measurement of aerosol and NO2 in urban Beijing in a pollution episode from November 25, 2015 to December 2, 2015. The aerosol extinction coefficient was measured by a 532 Mie lidar and the NO2 concentration by a Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). The highest aerosol extinction coefficient was 1.55 (±0.16) km-1 at 532m at a height of 0.27km. The high average aerosol extinction was observed throughout the pollution period, probably due to the favorable static weather conditions under high surface high-pressure system and transportation sources. NO2 showed similar temporal variations between ground level and 0.3km, whereas a much weaker diurnal evolution was found for NO2. The boundary layer structures were observed, and the relatively homogeneous mixture maintained the pollution within the layer under 0.5km. Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 products based on well-known DOAS trace gas fitting algorithm and WRF-Chem model further illustrated the simultaneous enhancement of NO2 during the observation period. Backward trajectories suggest that long-range pollution transportation from northwest China contributes more to this pollution event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Seasonal Variations and Sources of 17 Aerosol Metal Elements in Suburban Nanjing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
29
|
Rogula-Kozłowska W, Majewski G, Błaszczak B, Klejnowski K, Rogula-Kopiec P. Origin-Oriented Elemental Profile of Fine Ambient Particulate Matter in Central European Suburban Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E715. [PMID: 27428988 PMCID: PMC4962256 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four-hour samples of fine ambient particulate matter (PM2.5; particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 µm) were collected in a suburban (quasi-rural) area in Racibórz (Poland) between 1 January 2011 and 26 December 2012. The samples were analyzed for the contents of 28 elements. Sources of PM2.5 were identified and the contribution of each source to the PM2.5 concentration was assessed using an enrichment factor (EF) analysis, a principal component analysis (PCA), and multi-linear regression analysis (MLRA). In the cold season (January-March and October-December 2011-2012), the mean ambient concentration of PM2.5 in Racibórz was 48.7 ± 39.4 µg·m(-3), which was much higher than at other suburban or rural sites in Europe. Additionally the ambient concentrations of some toxic PM2.5-bound elements were also high, i.e., the mean ambient concentrations of PM2.5-bound As, Cd, and Pb were 11.3 ± 11.5, 5.2 ± 2.5, and 34.0 ± 34.2 ng·m(-3), respectively. In the warm season (April-September 2011-2012), the PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound element concentrations in Racibórz were comparable to the concentrations noted at other suburban (or rural) sites in Europe. Our findings suggest that elemental composition and concentrations of PM2.5 in Racibórz are mainly influenced by anthropogenic emissions, i.e., the energy production based on coal and biomass combustion, traffic, and industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Majewski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, Warszawa 02-776, Poland.
| | - Barbara Błaszczak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Klejnowski
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen Z, Liu W, Liu J, Zhang T, Dong Y. Using Lidar, in-situ measurements and Trajectory Analysis to observe air pollution in Beijing, 2014. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611924008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
31
|
Pan Y, Tian S, Li X, Sun Y, Li Y, Wentworth GR, Wang Y. Trace elements in particulate matter from metropolitan regions of Northern China: Sources, concentrations and size distributions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 537:9-22. [PMID: 26278373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Public concerns over airborne trace elements (TEs) in metropolitan areas are increasing, but long-term and multi-site observations of size-resolved aerosol TEs in China are still lacking. Here, we identify highly elevated levels of atmospheric TEs in megacities and industrial sites in a Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration relative to background areas, with the annual mean values of As, Pb, Ni, Cd and Mn exceeding the acceptable limits of the World Health Organization. Despite the spatial variability in concentrations, the size distribution pattern of each trace element was quite similar across the region. Crustal elements of Al and Fe were mainly found in coarse particles (2.1-9 μm), whereas the main fraction of toxic metals, such as Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd and Pb, was found in submicron particles (<1.1 μm). These toxic metals were enriched by over 100-fold relative to the Earth's crust. The size distributions of Na, Mg, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Mo and Ba were bimodal, with two peaks at 0.43-0.65 μm and 4.7-5.8 μm. The combination of the size distribution information, principal component analysis and air mass back trajectory model offered a robust technique for distinguishing the main sources for airborne TEs, e.g., soil dust, fossil fuel combustion and industrial emissions, at different sites. In addition, higher elemental concentrations coincided with westerly flow, indicating that polluted soil and fugitive dust were major sources of TEs on the regional scale. However, the contribution of coal burning, iron industry/oil combustion and non-ferrous smelters to atmospheric metal pollution in Northern China should be given more attention. Considering that the concentrations of heavy metals associated with fine particles in the target region were significantly higher than those in other Asian sites, the implementations of strict environmental standards in China are required to reduce the amounts of these hazardous pollutants released into the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shili Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xingru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Gregory R Wentworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Canada
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen Z, Zhang J, Zhang T, Liu W, Liu J. Haze observations by simultaneous lidar and WPS in Beijing before and during APEC, 2014. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-5467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
33
|
Tian S, Pan Y, Liu Z, Wen T, Wang Y. Size-resolved aerosol chemical analysis of extreme haze pollution events during early 2013 in urban Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 279:452-460. [PMID: 25106045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using size-resolved filter sampling and chemical characterization, high concentrations of water-soluble ions, carbonaceous species and heavy metals were found in both fine (PM2.1) and coarse (PM2.1-9) particles in Beijing during haze events in early 2013. Even on clear days, average mass concentration of submicron particles (PM1.1) was several times higher than that previously measured in most of abroad urban areas. A high concentration of particulate matter on haze days weakens the incident solar radiation, which reduces the generation rate of secondary organic carbon in PM1.1. We show that the peak mass concentration of particles shifted from 0.43-0.65μm on clear days to 0.65-1.1μm on lightly polluted days and to 1.1-2.1μm on heavily polluted days. The peak shifts were also found for the following species: organic carbon, elemental carbon, NH4(+), SO4(2-), NO3(-), K, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Our findings demonstrate that secondary inorganic aerosols (36%) and organic matter (26%) dominated the fine particle mass on heavily polluted days, while their contribution reduced to 29% and 18%, respectively, on clear days. Besides fine particles, anthropogenic chemical species also substantially accumulated in the coarse mode, which suggests that particles with aerodynamic diameter larger than 2.1μm cannot be neglected during severe haze events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shili Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tianxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|