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Heo H, Park MK, Cho IG, Kim J, Shin ES, Chang YS, Choi SD. Assessment of polychlorinated naphthalenes in Korean foods: Levels, profiles, and dietary intake. Food Chem 2024; 451:139498. [PMID: 38703730 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Concerns about dioxin-like compounds have increased; however, the monitoring of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in food and the assessment of dietary intake remain limited. In this study, various foods were collected from Korean markets and analyzed for PCNs. Fishery products exhibited the highest mean concentration (48.0 pg/g ww) and toxic equivalent (TEQ) (0.0185 pg-TEQ/g ww). Agricultural products were the largest contributors (35.7%) to the total dietary intake of PCNTEQ, followed by livestock products (33.6%), fishery products (20.2%), and processed foods (10.5%). The mean intake of PCNTEQ for the Korean population was 0.901 pg-TEQ/day for males and 0.601 pg-TEQ/day for females. Generally, males and younger groups had higher daily intakes of PCNTEQ, but they did not exceed the tolerable weekly intakes. Nonetheless, it is important to manage potential health risks associated with PCNs and other dioxin-like compounds by identifying major food items contributing to PCN exposure and considering age and gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeji Heo
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Cho
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchul Kim
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su Shin
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Falandysz J, Hart A, Rose M, Anastassiadou M, Eskes C, Gergelova P, Innocenti M, Rovesti E, Whitty B, Nielsen E. Risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8640. [PMID: 38476320 PMCID: PMC10928787 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. The assessment focused on hexaCNs due to very limited data on other PCN congeners. For hexaCNs in feed, 217 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures for food-producing and non-food-producing animals; however, a risk characterisation could not be performed because none of the toxicological studies allowed identification of reference points. The oral repeated dose toxicity studies performed in rats with a hexaCN mixture containing all 10 hexaCNs indicated that the critical target was the haematological system. A BMDL20 of 0.05 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified for a considerable decrease in the platelet count. For hexaCNs in food, 2317 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures across dietary surveys and age groups. The highest exposure ranged from 0.91 to 29.8 pg/kg bw per day in general population and from 220 to 559 pg/kg bw per day for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. Applying a margin of exposure (MOE) approach, the estimated MOEs for the high dietary exposures ranged from 1,700,000 to 55,000,000 for the general population and from 90,000 to 230,000 for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. These MOEs are far above the minimum MOE of 2000 that does not raise a health concern. Taking account of the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded with at least 99% certainty that dietary exposure to hexaCNs does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. Due to major limitations in the available data, no assessment was possible for genotoxic effects or for health risks of PCNs other than hexaCNs.
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Baqar M, Naseem S, Tabinda AB, Yao Y, Shahzad M, Mahmood A, Yasar A, Zhao S, Zhang G, Sun H. Distribution, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessment of organochlorines across the riverine ecosystem of Punjab Province, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:98377-98388. [PMID: 37608167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the distribution of organochlorines (OCs) in fish species, their spatio-temporal variations, bioaccumulation potential, and associated human health risks via dietary intake. The levels of twenty-three organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and thirty-five polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in six fish species collected from the riverine ecosystem of Punjab Province, Pakistan. The results indicated that the mean levels of Σ23OCPs were 74.1 ng/g ww and 184 ng/g ww, and for Σ35PCBs the levels were 38.8 ng/g ww and 74.8 ng/g ww in herbivorous and carnivorous fish species, respectively. The most abundant contaminants in all fish species were DDTs (65%) and HCHs (14%) among OCPs and heavier PCB congeners (62%) among PCBs. As for dioxin-like PCBs, the WHO toxic equivalency values (ng TEQ/g ww) were in the range of 0.21 (Cyprinus Carpio) to 2.38 (Rita Rita), exceeding the maximum allowable limit of 0.004 ng TEQ/g, ww by the European Commission. Spatio-temporal analysis indicated relatively higher OC levels in winter season with elevated concentrations in fish samples from industrial zone. The bioconcentration factor (L/kg) values ranged from 723 to 2773 for PCBs and 315 to 923 for OCPs in all fish species, with higher levels were reported in carnivorous species. The human health risk assessment at both 50th and 95th percentiles revealed the absence of any significant non-carcinogenic risk as calculated HR was less than 1. However, the critical carcinogenic risk was found to be associated for most of the contaminants, signifying the dietary exposure to OCPs and PCBs might pose the public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Samra Naseem
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Yasar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Gebru TB, Li Y, Dong C, Yang Y, Yang R, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Spatial and temporal trends of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the Arctic atmosphere at Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163023. [PMID: 36990243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants that can even be found in the most remote region of the Arctic. However, temporal trend analysis and reports on mono- to octa-CN in the Arctic air are still scarce. In the present study, 8 years of atmospheric monitoring data of PCNs on Svalbard was investigated using XAD-2 resin passive air samplers (PASs) from 2011-2019. The concentrations of ∑75 PCNs in the Arctic air ranged from 4.56 to 85.2 pg/m3, with a mean of 23.5 pg/m3. The mono-CNs and di-CNs were the dominant homologue groups accounting for 80 % of the total concentrations. The most abundant congeners were PCN-1, PCN-2, PCN-24/14, PCN-5/7, and PCN-3, respectively. A declining time trend of PCN concentration was observed from 2013 to 2019. The reduction in PCN concentrations is likely due to declining global emissions and banned production. However, no significant spatial difference was observed among the sampling sites. The total PCN toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere ranged from 0.043 to 1.93 fg TEQ/m3 (mean 0.41 fg TEQ/m3). The fraction of combustion-related congeners to ∑PCNs (tri- to octa-CN) analysis results indicated that the sources of PCNs in the Arctic air were contributed mainly from reemissions of historical Halowax mixtures and combustion-related sources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research to report all 75 PCN congeners and homologue groups in Arctic air. Therefore, this study provides data on recent temporal trend analysis as well as all the 75 PCN congeners in the Arctic atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Bekele Gebru
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Cheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Naseem S, Tabinda AB, Baqar M, Chohan K, Aslam I, Mahmood A, Yasar A, Zhao S, Zhang G. Organochlorines in the riverine ecosystem of Punjab province, Pakistan: contamination status, seasonal variation, source apportionment, and ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:40340-40355. [PMID: 36609971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence, spatio-temporal variations, source apportioning, and ecological risk assessment of selected PCBs and OCPs in surface water and sediments collected riverine environment of Punjab province, Pakistan. The concentration of ΣOCPs (water: 64-455 ng/L; sediments: 117-616 ng/g) and ΣPCBs (water: 2-132 ng/L; sediments: 3.27-200 ng/g) was found comparatively higher than the levels reported from other parts of the world. The higher concentrations of DDTs and HCHs were detected in both studied matrices, whereas among PCBs, CB-28, 49 and CB-37, 82 were dominant in water and sediments, respectively. The isomeric ratios including α-HCH/γ-HCH, (DDE + DDD) / DDTs, and α /β-endosulfan reflected the recent use of lindane, technical DDT, and endosulfan in the study area. The WHO-TEQ values of DL-PCBs ranged from 3.6 × 10-6 to 0.115 ng/L and 8.7 × 10-6 to 0.157 ng/g in surface water and sediments in both seasons, respectively. The spatial variation analysis revealed that the sites in the industrial and agricultural zones were highly contaminated. The OCPs and PCBs fluxes to downstream areas were estimated to be 12.4 tons/year and 1.9 tons/year, respectively. The significant ecological risks were estimated to be posed by OCPs and PCBs, as their levels in 67% and 62% of surface water and sediment samples were exceeding the threshold limits, highlighting effects to ecological integrities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Naseem
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 300350, Tianjin, China.
| | - Khurram Chohan
- Department of Geography, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Yasar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Dong S, Zhang S, Zou Y, Li T, Wang R, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Cheng J, Wu G, Wang P. Pilot study on the effect of secondary copper smelters on polychlorinated naphthalene contamination in surrounding agricultural areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158223. [PMID: 35998721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants that are primarily produced unintentionally during industrial thermal processes. These compounds are harmful to the environment and human health. This study investigated the occurrences of all 75 PCN congeners in agricultural areas near secondary copper smelters in China. The PCN concentrations in aquatic foods, eggs, crops, sediments and soils within 10 km of these smelters were higher than those in samples collected 20-30 km away from such facilities. In contrast, the PCN concentrations in compound animal feed samples collected at different distances from the secondary copper smelters were comparable to one another. Similar PCN homologue patterns were found in crop, egg, feed and soil samples collected at different distances from the smelters but the homologue profiles of PCNs in aquatic food and sediment samples collected from different distances varied. Lower chlorinated naphthalenes were the predominant homologues in most samples. The contamination of farm animals and crops with PCNs might result from the emission of these compounds from such sources into the surrounding environment. However, the health risks associated with human exposure to PCNs through food consumption are low for both distances (<10 km and 20-30 km) from secondary copper smelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanglong Wu
- Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of People's Republic of China, Beijing 100035, China.
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Dong S, Zhang S, Li T, Zou Y, Cheng J, Wang P. Occurrence of polychlorinated naphthalenes in dairy cow farms in proximity to an iron smelting plant in China: A preliminary study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114361. [PMID: 36130663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Animal derived foods are the primary pathway for human exposure to polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and various foodstuffs have been reported to contain PCNs. However, information on how PCN emission sources affect surrounding animal farms is scarce. The present study determined PCN levels in cow's milk, excrement, feed, plant and soil samples collected from four dairy farms situated within 10 km of an iron smelting plant in China. PCN concentrations in the milk samples from all four farms were in the range from 470 to 797 pg/g lipid weight while the PCN concentrations in the other specimens decreased in the order: plant > soil > excrement > feed. Higher PCN concentrations appeared in silage than in other feedstuffs, and the relationships between PCNs in milk, excrement and feed were closer than those in plant and soil. Human exposure risk to PCNs by consuming milk from this region was relatively higher than in less polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Jie Cheng
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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8
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wu X, Zou Y, Zhou W, Wang P, Cheng J, Dong S. Concentration and risk assessment of PCNs in green tea in different locations in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157587. [PMID: 35882323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were added to the Stockholm Convention list of persistent organic pollutants in 2015. PCNs are mainly unintentionally produced during industrial processes nowadays, and can be widely found in environmental media and foodstuffs. Dietary intake is the primary pathway for human exposure to PCNs. PCNs in different categories of foodstuffs have been reported. However, little information on PCN concentrations in green tea, a popular beverage worldwide is available. In this study, all 75 PCN congener concentrations and distributions in green tea samples (n = 102) from 11 regions in China were determined, and risk assessment of human exposure to PCNs through tea consumption was conducted. The PCN concentrations in all the green tea samples were 3.62-175 pg/g dry weight (mean 36.1 pg/g dry weight). Similar PCN homolog and congener profiles were found in green tea samples from different areas. The dominant PCN homologs in all of the green tea samples were di-CNs, tetra-CNs, and tri-CNs. No direct relationships were found between PCN emission sources and PCN concentrations in the green tea samples. The brewing technique could affect the PCN concentrations and homolog profiles in tea leaves. PCNs in green tea from China were found to pose little risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingyi Wu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Wenfeng Zhou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Jin J, Chen J, Fu Q, Yang J, Ni Y, Li Y, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Zheng X. Current analysis strategies of polychlorinated naphthalenes in soil and their application in occurrence and distribution investigation: A mini-review. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1684:463563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Han J, Xu C, Jin J, Hu J. PCNs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs in Soil around a Cement Kiln Co-Processing Municipal Wastes in Northwestern China: Levels, Distribution, and Potential Human Health Risks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12860. [PMID: 36232160 PMCID: PMC9566703 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the impact of the first cement kiln co-processing municipal wastes in northwest China on the surrounding environment, the concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were determined in 17 soil samples collected around the plant. The concentration ranges of PCNs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs were 132-1288, 10.8-59.5, and 2.50-5.95 pg/g, and the ranges of toxic equivalents (TEQ) were 1.98-20.8, 2.36-48.0, and 73.2-418 fg/g, respectively. The concentrations of PCNs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs in this study were generally lower than those in soil around municipal waste incinerators and industrial parks in other areas. An exponential function equation was applied for the relationship between the concentration of the target compounds and the distance from the cement kiln stack, the results showed that PCN and PCB concentrations declined with the increasing of distance from the stack. Furthermore, it was found that the effect of the cement kiln on surrounding soil contaminations with PCNs and PCBs was stronger than that of PCDD/Fs by comparing the PCN, PCB, and PCDD/F homologue profiles in the fly ash sample from the plant and soil samples at different distances. The total carcinogenic risks (CR) of PCNs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs for children and adults in soil were 1.65 × 10-8-8.93 × 10-8 and 1.70 × 10-8-9.16 × 10-8, respectively, which was less than the risk threshold (CR = 1 × 10-6), and there was no health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Han
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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Wang S, Jin J, Guo C, Li Z, Xu T, Wen X, Hu J, Wang Y, Wei Y, Jin J. Polychlorinated naphthalene concentrations in human serum caused by unintentional production and emissions, and potential effects of polychlorinated naphthalenes on thyroid hormones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150546. [PMID: 34582862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 75 polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) congeners in 95 human serum samples from the Fengjiang electronic waste dismantling area and Huangyan District in Taizhou City (Zhejiang Province, China) were determined. Thyroid hormone (FT3, FT4, TSH, and TRH) concentrations in the samples were also determined. The total PCN concentrations in the samples from Fengjiang and Huangyan were 1.29 × 104-4.28 × 105 and 8.29 × 102-6.45 × 105 pg/g lipid, respectively. The less-chlorinated (Cl1-3) PCN concentrations were relatively high in all of the samples, and the concentrations in the samples from the two areas were not significantly different. The sums of the combustion-related PCN congener concentrations were significantly higher in the samples from Fengjiang than in the samples from Huangyan, and the sums of the more-chlorinated (Cl4-8) PCNs were slightly higher in the samples from Fengjiang than in the samples from Huangyan. The relationship between the PCN concentration and age indicated that electronic waste controls have decreased human exposure to PCNs but that attention should still be paid to exposure to less-chlorinated PCNs. The main PCN congeners that contributed to the toxic equivalent concentrations were markedly different for the samples from Fengjiang and Huangyan. CN-66/67 was dominant for the Fengjiang samples and CN-10 was dominant for the Huangyan samples. Attention should be paid to the risks posed by less-chlorinated PCNs to human health. CN-1, CN-2, and CN-20 concentrations are related to human thyroid hormone levels, and the relationships between less-chlorinated PCN concentrations and thyroid hormone concentrations should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingxi Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinyu Wen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China.
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12
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Park MK, Cho HK, Cho IG, Lee SE, Choi SD. Contamination characteristics of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the agricultural soil of two industrial cities in South Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129721. [PMID: 33517113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the contamination characteristics of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the rice paddy soils of two industrial cities (Pohang and Ulsan) in South Korea. The paddy soils were collected from 40 sites in the paddy fields near industrial complexes in both cities. The mean concentration of Σ55 PCNs was 145.9 ± 101.7 pg/g and 95.4 ± 41.4 pg/g for the soils in Pohang and Ulsan, respectively. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of Σ28 PCNs ranged from 0.007 pg-TEQ/g to 0.069 pg-TEQ/g in Pohang, and 0.015 pg-TEQ/g to 0.046 pg-TEQ/g in Ulsan. The PCN profiles were dominated by lower chlorinated homologues such as tetra- and tri-CNs for both cities, which are associated with the historical use of technical products, or more specifically, Halowaxes (HW 1099, 1031, 1013, and 1001). The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) indicate that the historical residues from the technical products contributed to the PCN contamination, but the influence of combustion sources was also observed with a high fraction of combustion-related congeners. Based on this study, we can expect that rice grown in these paddy fields will accumulate PCNs and other combustion-related pollutants, strongly suggesting the necessity for multimedia (e.g., air, soil, water, and rice) monitoring and human exposure assessments of PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Kyung Cho
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Gyu Cho
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Die Q, Lu A, Li C, Li H, Kong H, Li B. Occurrence of dioxin-like POPs in soils from urban green space in a metropolis, North China: implication to human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5587-5597. [PMID: 32974823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban green space is a special space for urban life and natural contact and has an important impact on human health. However, little information is available on dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the soils from the specific areas. We measured the concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the soils from urban green space in a metropolis, North China, and found total concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs in the range of 11.5-91.4, 14.7-444, and 82.5-848 pg/g, respectively. It was worth to notice that the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in public park soil from urban center were significantly higher than those in the road greenbelts and resident lawns (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.004). The source analysis indicated that sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants were important sources of PCNs and PCDD/Fs in urban green land soils, and atmospheric deposition from municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) also play an important role in PCDD/F sources. The rough exposure risk evaluation showed that the residents were at a safe level with the daily doses being 0.172-3.144 fg/kg BW/day for children and 0.022-0.406 fg/kg BW/day for adult. Due to the complex and variable sources of PCDD/Fs in urban areas, dioxin-like POPs in urban green land should be given more attention to weaken human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Die
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Haifeng Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hongling Kong
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Bingru Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
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14
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Waheed S, Khan MU, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC, Moon HB, Malik RN. Exposure of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) to Pakistani populations via non-dietary sources from neglected e-waste hubs: A problem of high health concern. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113838. [PMID: 32023785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date limited information's are available concerning unintentional productions, screening, profiling, and health risks of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in ambient environment and occupational environment. Literature reveals that dust is a neglected environmental matrix never measured for PCNs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the concentrations and health risks of PCNs in indoor dust, air, and blood of major e-waste recycling hubs in Pakistan. Indoor air (n = 125), dust (n = 250), and serum (n = 250) samples were collected from five major e-waste hubs and their vicinity to measure 39 PCN congeners using GC-ECNI-MS. ∑39PCN concentrations in indoor air, dust, and serum (worker > resident > children) samples ranged from 7.0 to 9583 pg/m3, from 0.25 to 697 ng/g, and from 0.15 to 401 pg/g lipid weight, respectively. Predominant PCN congeners in indoor air and dust were tri- and tetra-CNs, while tetra- and penta-CNs were dominant in human serum samples. The higher PCNs contribution was recorded at the recycling units, while the lower was observed at the shops of the major e-waste hubs. Higher contribution of combustion origin CNs in air, dust and human samples showed combustion sources at the major e-waste hubs, while Halowax and Aroclor based technical mixture showed minor contribution in these samples. Mean toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCNs were 2.79E+00 pg-TEQ/m3, 1.60E-02 ng-TEQ/g, 8.11E-01 pg-TEQ/g, 7.14E-01 pg-TEQ/g, and 6.37E-01 pg-TEQ/g for indoor air, dust, and serum samples from workers, residents, and children, respectively. In our study, CNs- 66/67 and -73 in indoor air, dust, and human serum were the great contributors to total TEQ concentrations of PCNs. This first base line data directs government and agencies to implement rules, regulation to avoid negative health outcomes and suggests further awareness in regard of provision of proper knowledge to the target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Waheed
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Khan
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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15
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Jin J, Wang S, Hu J, Wu J, Li M, Wang Y, Jin J. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in human serum samples from an industrial city in Eastern China: Levels, sources, and sex differences. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 177:86-92. [PMID: 30974247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the environment in China have been studied extensively. However, there have been no reports on PCNs in human serum samples from China. In this context, we collected 480 serum samples from an industrial city in Eastern China. The concentration range for the sum of the mono-to octa-CNs was 14300-50700 pg/g lipid. The most predominant congener was CN-5/7, which accounted for 21.6%-51.1% of the total PCN concentration. Further analysis indicated that residues of PCN industrial technical products in the local environment appear to be the main source of CN-5/7 in the serum samples. On the other hand, the sum of the tetra-to octa-CNs concentration was obviously higher in males (1390 ± 929 pg/g lipid) than in females (267 ± 25 pg/g lipid). Moreover, the concentrations of combustion-related PCNs in the male 20-24, 25-29 and 30-34 years groups were obviously higher than those in the female samples. Therefore, industrial thermal processes are important sources of PCNs in male serum in addition to PCN products. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCNs in the pooled serum samples ranged from 0.12 to 0.40 pg/g lipid. CN-10 and CN-66/67 were the dominant TEQ congeners in male serum, and CN-10, CN-1, and CN-2 were the main TEQ congeners in female serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxi Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meihong Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
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16
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Wu J, Hu J, Wang S, Jin J, Wang R, Wang Y, Jin J. Levels, sources, and potential human health risks of PCNs, PCDD/Fs, and PCBs in an industrial area of Shandong Province, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:382-389. [PMID: 29453064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are of public concern worldwide because of their persistence and toxicity. To address the human health risks of these pollutants and identify possible sources, soil samples were collected from an industrial area and surrounding residential area in Shandong Province, China. The PCN, PCDD/F, and PCB levels in these samples were determined. Extremely high concentrations of PCNs were detected in two soil samples, and their congener distributions were similar to those of a PCN industrial technical product. The levels of combustion-related PCNs and PCDD/Fs were high in samples collected near a secondary copper smelter. The distribution of total PCB concentrations was similar to that of PCNs. Both historical residues from industrial technical products and emissions from the secondary copper smelter were likely sources of PCNs and PCBs, whereas emissions from the smelter were the main source of PCDD/Fs. A soil sample from near the smelter had a high ΣTEQ concentration (PCDD/Fs + PCBs + PCNs = 18.33 pg TEQ/g) and carcinogenic risk (0.85 × 10-6) to workers. For all the other samples, the levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs exhibited low carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks to workers and residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmetal Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - JiCheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmetal Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - ShiJie Wang
- College of Life and Environmetal Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - JingXi Jin
- College of Life and Environmetal Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life and Environmetal Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmetal Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmetal Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China
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17
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Fernandes A, Rose M, Falandysz J. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in food and humans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 104:1-13. [PMID: 28391007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are legacy contaminants that are listed by the Stockholm convention, initially for reduction of inadvertent production and ultimately, for elimination. They originate through releases from older electrical equipment, inadvertent contamination in industrial chemicals and from combustion processes such as incineration. Recent advances in measurement techniques have allowed a greater characterisation of PCN occurrence, yielding more specific data including individual PCN congener concentrations. Emerging data on food shows widespread occurrence in most commonly consumed foods from different parts of the world. Concurrently, toxicological studies have also allowed a greater insight into the potencies of some congeners, a number of which are known to elicit potent, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated responses, often referred to as dioxin-like toxicity. The dietary pathway is widely recognised as the most likely route to non-occupational human exposure. This paper reviews some of the more recent findings on PCN occurrence in food, biota, and human tissues, and discusses the use of relative potencies to express PCN toxicity in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Rose
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, Gdańsk, Poland
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18
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Li Q, Cheng X, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Guo L, Li K, Su X, Sun J, Li J, Zhang G. Impacts of human activities on the spatial distribution and sources of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 176:369-377. [PMID: 28278425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and compositions of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediments and suspended particulate matters (SPM) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River were investigated. The mean concentrations of PCNs were 7.15 ± 19.3 ng/g dw in the sediment and 38.1 ± 58.4 ng/g dw in SPM. Tri- and tetra-CNs were the dominant homologue groups in most samples. CN-23 was the predominant congener at all sites, and its presence may be attributed to coal combustion. Combustion indicators showed that local combustion source was the main contributor to the PCN concentrations. These sources were related to the energy structure of this region, where coal is the most important energy resource. Human activities, including industrial thermal processes and reservoir construction, were major factors affecting PCN levels and hydrological conditions, which strongly influenced the environmental fate of PCNs in the Yellow River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Xianghui Cheng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liya Guo
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianfa Su
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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19
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Cetin B. Investigation of PAHs, PCBs and PCNs in soils around a Heavily Industrialized Area in Kocaeli, Turkey: Concentrations, distributions, sources and toxicological effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:160-169. [PMID: 27101451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soil is an important environmental medium reflecting the level and the spatial distribution of air pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). Soil concentrations of PCNs measured in the present study were generally higher and PCBs concentrations were considerably higher than those reported in the literature, while PAHs concentrations were comparable. Combustion related PCNs congener ratios to their total concentrations and PAHs diagnostic ratios suggested the substantial contribution of combustion sources and the statistically significant correlation between PCBs and PCNs (r=0.88) indicated that these POPs were emitted from the common sources. Principal Component Analysis was also performed to further assess the possible sources of individual POPs. The results showed the contribution of traffic, petroleum and coal/biomass combustion and iron-steel production. Toxicological effects of POPs in soil were investigated. BaP was used as the marker of carcinogenic PAHs. Seven carcinogenic PAHs concentrations (Σ7cPAH) including BaA, CHR, BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP and DahA were also used as a parameter to evaluate carcinogenic potency of PAHs. As PCBs and PCNs show dioxin-like toxicities, their toxicological implication were estimated using TCDD equivalence. The results show that the study area faced with severe environmental problems even though the data sets without the complete set of dioxin like PCBs and PCNs would show only a part of the whole toxicological picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cetin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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20
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Huang Y, Li J, Xu Y, Xu W, Zhong G, Liu X, Zhang G. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the air over the equatorial Indian Ocean: Occurrence, potential sources, and toxicity. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 107:240-244. [PMID: 27084202 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of marine polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) is crucial, as they are considered persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention. Data on PCNs in marine environment are scarce. In this study, 19 air samples were collected during a cruise in the equatorial Indian Ocean on board the Chinese research vessel Shiyan I from 4/2011 to 5/2011. PCN concentration of these air samples ranged from 0.033 to 2.56pgm(-3), with an average of 0.518pgm(-3), equal to or lower than the values reported for other oceans, seas, and lakes worldwide. Tri- and tetra-CNs were the main homologues in most samples. Reemission of Halowax mixtures and incineration processes were the major sources of atmospheric PCNs in the study area. The PCN-corresponding toxic equivalency values ranged from 0 to 0.190fgm(-3) (average: 0.038fgm(-3)), falling in the low end of global range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihai Xu
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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21
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Li F, Jin J, Gao Y, Geng N, Tan D, Zhang H, Ni Y, Chen J. Occurrence, distribution and source apportionment of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediments and soils from the Liaohe River Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:226-232. [PMID: 26774769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were investigated in sediments, upland and paddy soils from the Liaohe River Basin. Concentrations of ΣPCNs were in the range of 0.33-12.49 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) in sediments and 0.61-6.60 ng g(-1) dw in soils, respectively. Tri-CNs and tetra-CNs were the dominating homologues. An increasing trend of PCNs contamination was found in sediments with the rivers flowing through industrial areas and cities. Soils collected near cities exhibited higher abundance of PCNs than that of rural areas. The distribution of PCNs was related to the local industrial activities, rather than total organic carbon. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used for the source apportionment of PCNs in sediments and paddy soils. The result of PMF indicated that PCNs in sediments and paddy soils were mainly from the industrial processes, with additional contributions from the historical use of Halowax 1014 and atmospheric deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongqin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuwen Ni
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
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Mumtaz M, Mehmood A, Qadir A, Mahmood A, Malik RN, Sabir AM, Li J, Zhang G. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in rice grains and straw; risk surveillance, congener specific analysis, distribution and source apportionment from selected districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:620-627. [PMID: 26613515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents health risk surveillance by investigating the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains and rice straw. Samples were collected from four districts (Okara, Sahiwal, Lahore and Sheikhpura) of Punjab Province, Pakistan for congener specific analysis of PCBs, and to observe the spatial distribution pattern and point sources. Level of Σ30 PCB (ng g(-1)) in rice grains and rice straw ranged from 4.31 to 29.68 and 6.11-25.35, respectively. Tetra-CBs were found predominant in rice straw (49%) and grains (38%) over other PCB homologs. No significant variation (P>0.005) was observed for most of the screened PCBs congeners except, PCB-66, -77, -60, -101, -74, -138, -153 and -105 in rice grains and PCB-66 in rice straw. Reported toxicity equivalency (TEQ) values for dioxin like PCBs in rice grains were found lower than the previously published reports from Asian countries, however higher TEQ values are reported for rice straw in this study. Health was found at risk of cancer among one in million by consumption of the study area food stuffs, though no considerable carcinogenic risks to human health was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJ&K, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad PO: 45550, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environment Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Ali U, Sánchez-García L, Rehman MYA, Syed JH, Mahmood A, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC, Malik RN. Tracking the fingerprints and combined TOC-black carbon mediated soil-air partitioning of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the Indus River Basin of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:850-858. [PMID: 26613673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first investigation of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in air and soil samples from ecologically important sites of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan. The concentrations of ∑39-PCNs in air and soil were found in a range between 1-1588 pg m(-3) and 0.02-23 ng g(-1) while the mean TEQ values were calculated to be 5.4E(-04) pg TEQ m(-3) and 1.6E(+01) pg TEQ g(-1), respectively. Spatially, air and soil PCN concentrations were found to be high at Rahim Yar Khan (agricultural region). Lower-medium chlorinated PCNs (sum of tri-, tetra- and penta-CNs) predominated in both air and soil, altogether constituting 87 and 86% of total PCNs in the two environmental matrices, respectively. According to the data, soil-air partitioning of PCNs was interpreted to be similarly controlled by the combined effect of black carbon and organic matter in the Indus River Basin, with no preferential implication of the recalcitrant organic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Institute of Environmental Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza University, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Ali U, Syed JH, Mahmood A, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC, Malik RN. Influential role of black carbon in the soil-air partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:172-180. [PMID: 25933089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed in surface soils and passive air samples from the Indus River Basin, and the influential role of black carbon (BC) in the soil-air partitioning process was examined. ∑26-PCBs ranged between 0.002-3.03 pg m(-3) and 0.26-1.89 ng g(-1) for passive air and soil samples, respectively. Lower chlorinated (tri- and tetra-) PCBs were abundant in both air (83.9%) and soil (92.1%) samples. Soil-air partitioning of PCBs was investigated through octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) and black carbon-air partition coefficients (KBC-A). The results of the paired-t test revealed that both models showed statistically significant agreement between measured and predicted model values for the PCB congeners. Ratios of fBCKBC-AδOCT/fOMKOA>5 explicitly suggested the influential role of black carbon in the retention and soil-air partitioning of PCBs. Lower chlorinated PCBs were strongly adsorbed and retained by black carbon during soil-air partitioning because of their dominance at the sampling sites and planarity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, PO: 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Mumtaz M, Qadir A, Mahmood A, Mehmood A, Malik RN, Li J, Yousaf Z, Jamil N, Shaikh IA, Ali H, Zhang G. Human health risk assessment, congener specific analysis and spatial distribution pattern of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) through rice crop from selected districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:354-361. [PMID: 25553549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the screening level risk assessment of OCPs in rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw (n=20) and rice grains (n=20), samples were collected from different districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. ∑OCPs' levels (ng g(-1)) in rice straw and grains ranged from 3.63 to 39.40, 2.72 to 49.89, respectively. DDTs were found predominant over the other detected OCP isomers followed by HCH and heptachlor. Results of one way ANOVA reflected no significant difference for OCPs' levels among sampling sites, except heptachlor for rice grains. ∑OCPs' concentration in rice straw samples was exceeding the minimal residual levels (MRLs) (Australian and Japanese). Results of dietary intake and risk assessment suggested that rice straw is not safe for animals to consume as fodder. Human health was suggested to have some carcinogenic risks by consumption of rice grains, however, no considerable hazardous risk (non-carcinogenic) to human health was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Andleeb Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJ&K, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zubaida Yousaf
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Jamil
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ahmed Shaikh
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ali
- Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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