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Nicolaou L, Sylvies F, Veloso I, Lord K, Chandyo RK, Sharma AK, Shrestha LP, Parker DL, Thygerson SM, DeCarlo PF, Ramachandran G, Checkley W. Brick kiln pollution and its impact on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119220. [PMID: 38797466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Brick kiln emissions adversely affect air pollution and the health of workers and individuals living near the kilns; however, evidence of their impacts remains limited. We conducted a systematic review of brick kiln pollution (emissions, source contributions and personal exposures) and its effects on health. We extracted articles from electronic databases and through manual citation searching. We estimated pooled, sample-size-weighted means and standard deviations for personal exposures by job type; computed mean emission factors and pollutant concentrations by brick kiln design; and meta-analyzed differences in means or proportions for health outcomes between brick kiln workers and controls or for participants living near or far away from kilns. We identified 104 studies; 74 were conducted in South Asia. The most evaluated pollutants were particulate matter (PM; n = 48), sulfur dioxide (SO2; n = 24) and carbon monoxide (CO; n = 22), and the most evaluated health outcomes were respiratory health (n = 34) and musculoskeletal disorders (n = 9). PM and CO emissions were higher among traditional than improved brick kilns. Mean respirable silica exposures were only measured in 4 (4%) studies and were as high as 620 μg/m3, exceeding the NIOSH recommended exposure limit by a factor of over 12. Brick kiln workers had consistently worse lung function, more respiratory symptoms, more musculoskeletal complaints, and more inflammation when compared to unexposed participants across studies; however, most studies had a small sample size and did not fully describe methods used for sampling or data collection. On average, brick kiln workers had worse health outcomes when compared to unexposed controls but study quality supporting the evidence was low. Few studies reported silica concentrations or personal exposures, but the few that did suggest that exposures are high. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between brick kiln pollution and health among workers, and to evaluate exposure mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nicolaou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Fiona Sylvies
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isabel Veloso
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine Lord
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ram K Chandyo
- Kathmandu Medical College, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Laxman P Shrestha
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - David L Parker
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gurumurthy Ramachandran
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
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Saeed T, Abbasi NA, Zahid MT, Fatima N, Ullah K, Khokhar MF. Toxicological profile and potential health concerns through metals and trace elements exposure in brick kiln workers from Lahore, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:150. [PMID: 38578528 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
This study examined levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) in blood, hair, and nails of 18 brick kiln workers from three brick kiln units located around a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. All the trace elements except Hg and As were detected in the studied matrices of Brick kiln workers. In general, brick kiln workers reflect the highest concentration of Pb, followed by Cd, Cr, and Cu. Of the pollutants analyzed, Pb has the highest mean (min-max) concentrations at 0.35 (0.09-0.65) in blood (μg/mL), 0.34 (0.14-0.71) in hairs (μg/g), and 0.44 (0.32-0.59) in nails (μg/g) of brick kiln workers. Following Pb, the trend was Cd 0.17 (0.10-0.24), Cu 0.11(0.03-0.27), and Cr 0.07 (0.04-0.08) in blood (μg/mL), followed by Cr 0.11(0.05-0.20), Cd 0.09 (0.03-0.13), and Cu 0.08 (0.04-0.16) in hairs (μg/g) and Cu 0.16 (0.05-0.36), Cd 0.13 (0.11-0.17), and Cr 0.10 (0.05-0.14) in nails (μg/g) respectively. Relatively higher concentrations of metals and other trace elements in blood depicts recent dietary exposure. The difference of trace elements except Pb was non-significant (P > 0.05) among studied matrices of workers as well as between Zigzag and traditional exhaust-based brick kilns. The concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr in blood of brick kilns workers are higher than the values reported to cause health problems in human populations. It is concluded that chronic exposure to metals and other trace elements may pose some serious health risks to brick kiln workers which needs to be addressed immediately to avoid future worst-case scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Saeed
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Quaid-E-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences & Engineering (IESE), National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Quaid-E-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Talha Zahid
- Institute of Environmental Sciences & Engineering (IESE), National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Noor Fatima
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Quaid-E-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kaleem Ullah
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Quaid-E-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fahim Khokhar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences & Engineering (IESE), National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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Beard JD, Collingwood SC, LeCheminant JD, Peterson NE, Reynolds PR, Arroyo JA, South AJ, Farnsworth CB, Fong G, Cisneros T, Taylor M, Sanjel S, Johnston JD. Respirable dust and crystalline silica concentrations among workers at a brick kiln in Bhaktapur, Nepal. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2024; 21:247-258. [PMID: 38451548 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2024.2311873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to respirable dust and crystalline silica (SiO2) has been linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, silicosis, cancer, heart disease, and other respiratory diseases. Relatively few studies have measured respirable dust and SiO2 concentrations among workers at brick kilns in low- and middle-income countries. The purpose of this study was to measure personal breathing zone (PBZ) respirable dust and SiO2 concentrations among workers at one brick kiln in Bhaktapur, Nepal. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 49 workers in five job categories: administration, fire master, green (unfired) brick hand molder, green brick machine molder, and top loader. PBZ air samples were collected from each worker following Methods 0600 (respirable dust) and 7500 (respirable crystalline SiO2: cristobalite, quartz, tridymite) of the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Eight-hour time-weighted average (TWA) respirable dust and quartz concentrations were also calculated. SiO2 percentage was measured in one bulk sample each of wet clay, the release agent used by green brick hand molders, and top coat soil at the brick kiln. The geometric mean (GM) sample and TWA respirable dust concentrations were 0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16, 0.27) and 0.12 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.16) mg/m3, respectively. GM sample and TWA quartz concentrations were 15.28 (95% CI: 11.11, 21.02) and 8.60 (95% CI: 5.99, 12.34) µg/m3, respectively. Job category was significantly associated with GM sample and TWA respirable dust and quartz concentrations (all p < 0.0001). Top loaders had the highest GM sample and TWA respirable dust concentrations of 1.49 and 0.99 mg/m3, respectively. Top loaders also had the highest GM sample and TWA quartz concentrations of 173.08 and 114.39 µg/m3, respectively. Quartz percentages in bulk samples were 16%-27%. Interventions including using wet methods to reduce dust generation, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and education and training should be implemented to reduce brick kiln worker exposures to respirable dust and SiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Beard
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Scott C Collingwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - James D LeCheminant
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | | | - Paul R Reynolds
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Juan A Arroyo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Andrew J South
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Clifton B Farnsworth
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Gerardo Fong
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Taylor Cisneros
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Mariah Taylor
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Seshananda Sanjel
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal
| | - James D Johnston
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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Baqar M, Saleem R, Zhao M, Zhao L, Cheng Z, Chen H, Yao Y, Sun H. Combustion of high-calorific industrial waste in conventional brick kilns: An emerging source of PFAS emissions to agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167612. [PMID: 37804982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The brick kilns in the South Asian region are widely documented to partially combust high-calorific waste components of synthetic-industrial origin, which contain hazardous constituents, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Correspondingly, these establishments are necessarily built on agricultural land to easily acquire clay by excavating soil horizons, thus making cultivation soils vulnerable to PFAS contaminations. In this pioneering study, the occurrence, distribution profile, traceability and human health risk exposure to forty-four legacy and novel PFAS homologues, including two ultrashort-chain (C2-C3) PFAS, were investigated in agricultural soils around thirty-two conventional brick kilns across three districts of Pakistan. ⅀44PFAS concentrations ranged from 14.3 to 465 ng/g (median: 28.2 ng/g), which were 2 to 70 folds higher than those in background soils, and slightly higher than those reported in agricultural soils in the global literature. The highest occurrence was observed for PFAS alternatives, i.e., 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA) (40 %) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) (4.5 %). A significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was observed among the concentrations of short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (C4-C7) and novel PFOS substitutes, implying their origin from common sources. Furthermore, ultrashort-chain and short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) (89 %) and perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA) (63 %) dominated over long-chain's PFCA (11 %) and PFSA (37 %), respectively. The estimated daily intake to children exposed in surrounding inhabited communities, at 95th percentile concentrations was found to be approaching the European tolerable daily intake limit of 0.63 ng/kg bw/day. Therefore, the brick manufacturing industry is identified as a novel source of PFAS in the adjacent environment and for residents. This suggests the need for further investigations to elucidate the origin of emerging contaminants in the waste streams of the region to safeguard ecological integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Saleem
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Maosen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Gao X, Zhou Y, Fan M, Jiang M, Zhang M, Cai H, Wang X. Environmental risk assessment near a typical spent lead-acid battery recycling factory in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116417. [PMID: 37329945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental pollution and public health incidents caused by the recycling of spent lead-acid batteries (LABs) has becoming more frequent, posing potential risk to both the ecological environment and human health. Accurately assessing the environmental risk associated with the recycling of spent LABs is a prerequisite for achieving pollution control. In this study, a spent LABs recycling factory in Chongqing was investigated through on-site investigation, sample analysis. Exposure assessment and health risk assessment were also conducted. The results showed that: firstly, Pb and As concentrations exceeding the standard limit values were found in the environmental air and vegetables near the spent LABs recycling factory. Secondly, exposure assessment results showed that total average daily exposure to hazardous substances for children (3.46 × 10-2 mg/kg) is higher than for adults (4.80 × 10-2 mg/kg). The main exposure pathways for Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Hg are ingestion of vegetables, while those for Cd, As, and Sb are through inhalation. Thirdly, health risk assessment results indicate that environmental exposure poses unacceptable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk to both adults and children near the spent LABs recycling factory, with children facing higher risk than adults. Pb and As are the main contributors to non-carcinogenic risk, and Ni and As are the main contributors to unacceptable carcinogenic risk. In particular, As, has a greater contribution to total carcinogenic risk index through inhalation than vegetable ingestion. Overall, vegetable ingestion and inhalation are the main exposure pathways for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. Consequently, future risk assessment should focus on the impact of hazardous substances on children, as well as the health risk associated with ingestion of vegetables and inhalation. Our findings will provide basic information for proposing measures of environmental risk prevention during the recycling of spent LABs, for example, controlling of As in exhaust gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Yiran Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Mengqi Fan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Min Jiang
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Manli Zhang
- Chongqing Solid Waste Management Center, Chongqing, 400017, China.
| | - Hongying Cai
- Chongqing Solid Waste Management Center, Chongqing, 400017, China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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Saeed T, Abbasi NA, Zahid T, Fatima N, ullah K, Kokhar MF. Toxicological profile and health risk assessment through trace elements exposure in brick kiln workers from Lahore, Pakistan.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3267981/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study examined lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) levels in blood, hair, and nails of 18 brick kiln workers from three brick kiln units located around a metropolitan city, Lahore, Pakistan. All the trace elements except Hg and As were detected in the studied matrices of Brick kiln workers. In general, brick kiln workers had the highest concentration of Pb, followed by Cd, Cr, and Cu. Among trace elements, Pb has the highest mean (min-max; µg/g)) concentrations at 0.35 (0.09–0.65) in blood, 0.34 (0.14–0.71) in hairs, and 0.44 (0.32–0.59) in nails of brick kiln workers. Following Pb, the trend was Cd 0.17 (0.10–0.24), Cu 0.11(0.03–0.27), and Cr 0.07 (0.04–0.08) in blood, followed by Cr 0.11(0.05–0.20), Cd 0.09 (0.03–0.13), and Cu 0.08 (0.04–0.16) in hairs and Cu 0.16 (0.05–0.36), Cd 0.13 (0.11–0.17), and Cr 0.10 (0.05–0.14) in nails respectively. The difference of trace metals except Pb was non-significant (P > 0.05) among studied matrices of workers as well as between Zigzag and traditional exhaust based brick kilns. Non-carcinogenic risk of Pb and Cd were above USEPA and WHO limits while Pb, Cd, and Cr carcinogenic risks were close to the threshold limits. It is concluded that chronic exposure to trace elements poses serious health risks to brick kiln workers which needs to be addressed to avoid future worst-case scenarios.
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Chen MH, Jia SM, Yang PF, Zhu FJ, Ma WL. Health Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Soil Across China Based on Monte Carlo Simulation. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 85:129-139. [PMID: 37578493 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Health risks from exposure to contaminants are generally estimated by evaluating concentrations of the contaminants in environmental matrixes. However, accurate health risk assessment is difficult because of uncertainties regarding exposures. This study aims to utilize data on the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in surface soil across China coupled with Monte Carlo simulations to compensate for uncertainties in exposure to evaluate the health risks associated with contamination of soil with this class of flame retardants. Results revealed that concentrations of ∑OPFRs were 0.793-406 ng/g dry weight (dw) with an average of 23.2 ng/g dw. In terms of spatial distribution, higher OPFRs concentrations were found in economically developed regions. Although the values of health risk of OPFRs in soil across China were below the threshold, the high concentrations of OPFRs in soil in some regions should attract more attentions in future. Sensitivity analysis revealed that concentrations of OPFRs in soil, skin adherence factor, and exposure duration were the most sensitive parameters in health risk assessment. In summary, the study indicated that the national scale soil measurement could provide unique information on OPFRs exposure and health risk assessment, which was useful for the management of soil in China and for better understanding of the environmental fate of OPFRs in the global perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shi-Ming Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Rafique M, Rashid A, Tao S, Wang B, Ullah A, Lu L, Ullah H, Ali MU, Naseem W. Urinary PAHs metabolites in Karakoram Highway's heavy traffic vehicle (HTV) drivers: evidence of exposure and health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1013-1026. [PMID: 35635682 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current study features PAHs exposure on Karakoram Highway, a route of utmost importance in Pakistan. The drivers of heavy traffic vehicles (HTV) on Karakoram Highway spend long hours amid dense traffic and therefore, inevitably inhale huge amount of PAH carcinogens. The urinary metabolites of PAHs in such drivers (meeting selection criteria n = 48) and a control group (n = 49) were comparatively profiled. The higher urinary biomarkers among ninety-six percent HTV drivers were evident of PAHs exposure. We observed elevated concentrations of urinary benzo[a]pyrene metabolites (3-OH-BaP = 3.53 ± 0.62 ng g-1 creatinine and 9-OH-BaP = 3.69 ± 0.74 ng g-1 creatinine) in HTV driver's samples compared to controls (0.85 ± 0.08 and 0.31 ± 0.03 ng g-1 creatinine, respectively). Interestingly, urinary benzo[a]pyrene metabolites were detected in almost similar amount among HTV drivers irrespective of their working hours. A distinct smoking effect was manifested with rising urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene with corresponding increase in driving hours per day. These metabolites exhibited characteristic exposures to low molecular weight volatile PAHs that are commonly found in vehicular exhaust. The elevated PAH body burden was directly linked to the nature of their job and the route-long environmental pollution on Karakoram Highway. Additionally, the poor economic status and smoking also increased HTV driver's health vulnerability and significantly declined their health capacity. There was conclusive evidence that HTV drivers were exposed to PAHs during a ride on Karakoram Highway, back and forth, an aspect not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rafique
- Eco-Health Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Audil Rashid
- Eco-Health Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
- Faculty of Science, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan.
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aman Ullah
- Eco-Health Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Lun Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Habib Ullah
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollutant Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Muhammad Ubaid Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Waqas Naseem
- Department of Geology, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
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Sansom GT, Fawkes LS, Thompson CM, Losa LM, McDonald TJ, Chiu WA. Cancer risk associated with soil distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within three environmental justice neighborhoods in Houston, Texas. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:333-342. [PMID: 35246781 PMCID: PMC10216892 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Residents and advocacy groups began voicing concerns over the environmental quality located in the neighborhoods of Kashmere Gardens, Fifth Ward, and Denver Harbor in Houston, TX, following the confirmation of a cancer cluster in 2019 and another in 2021. These neighborhoods are in close proximity to a railyard and former wood treatment plant known to have utilized coal tar creosote and contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This research took core soil samples in September and October 2020 from 46 sites to assess for the presence and concentration of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) 7 Carcinogenic PAHs. Results showed the cumulative concentration of these PAHs in each sample was variable with a range of 13,767 ng/g to 328 ng/g and a mean of 2,517.2 ng/g ± 3122. A regional soil screening evaluation revealed that 40 of the 46 soil samples were in excess of the USEPAs most conservative screening levels of 1.0 × 10-6 increased cancer risk, but none exceeding levels considered actionable for remediation. This study is a fundamental first step for quantifying the environmental pollutants in this minority-majority community. Findings revealed a low risk of cancer risk based on current PAH concentrations alone but cannot assess contributions from other contaminants or from past, possibly higher, levels of contamination. Further research is needed to identify the potential casual pathways of the observed cancer cluster and to explore possible remediation needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garett T Sansom
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Leanne S Fawkes
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Courtney M Thompson
- Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, Eller Oceanography and Meteorology Building 3147, 797 Lamar St, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lyssa M Losa
- College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, Langford Architecture Building 3137, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Thomas J McDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Departments of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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10
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EL-Saeid MH, Alghamdi AG, Alzahrani AJ. Impact of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Falling Dust in Urban Area Settings: Status, Chemical Composition, Sources and Potential Human Health Risks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1216. [PMID: 36673970 PMCID: PMC9858625 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The present work is considered to investigate the sources, concentration, and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and associated health risk assessment of road dust in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The study region included an urban area, strongly affected by traffic, a bare and an industrial area. A total of 50 locations were selected for sampling and 16 different PAHs were determined. The concentration of PAHs in road dust and their estimated lifetime average daily dose (LADD) for adults (human) ranged from 0.01 to 126 ng g−1 and 1950 to 16,010 mg kg−1 day−1, respectively. The ADDing was calculated separately for children (>6), teenagers (6−12), and adults (>12) for all PAHs with each collected sample. Moreover, the average daily exposure dose by ingestion (ADDing) and average daily exposure dose by dermal absorption (ADDder) were more in children (<6 years) as compared to teenagers (6−12 years) and adults (>12 years). Likewise, total equivalency factor based on BaP (TEQBaP) calculations pointed out that PAHs having more benzene rings or having high molecular weight showed high TEQBaP as compared to low molecular weight PAHs. The data revealed that the children population is at high risk for asthma, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and immunity suppression as compared to adults in the particular area of investigated region. These outcomes of this study can be used to deliver significant policy guidelines concerning habitants of the area for possible measures for controlling PAHs contamination in Riyadh City to protect human health and to ensure environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hamza EL-Saeid
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Erdim I, Aydogdu ET, Temel E, Karasu MF, Sapmaz E. Otorhinolaryngologic Evaluation of Brick Kiln Workers: ENT Findings of Brick Kiln Workers. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:5262-5268. [PMID: 36742867 PMCID: PMC9895150 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-02031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brick kiln workers were evaluated in the field using otorhinolaryngologic and head and neck surgery (ENT) assessments. One-hundred and twenty laborers were assessed. The subjects were divided into three categories according to the work area: before the brick kiln, in the brick kiln, and after the brick kiln. Two evaluations were made, a questionnaire and an ENT examination. If structural changes were observed during the examination, the complication was deemed structural. Seventeen laborers who completed the questionnaire did not participate in the examination. A total of 103 laborers participated in the study: 29 before the brick kiln, 63 in the brick kiln, and 11 after the brick kiln. While general otologic complications were observed in 26 (25.2%) laborers, structural otologic complications were observed in 2 (1.9%). While general nasal complications were observed in 70 (68.0%) laborers, structural nasal complications were observed in 27 (26.2%). Although the general otologic and structural nasal complication rates were higher in the brick kiln group, the general, structural otologic, and nasal complication rates did not reach statistical significance among groups (p > 0.05). Both the general and structural nasal complication rates were significantly higher in laborers who had worked for more than 10 years and did not wear a mask (p < 0.01). We detected prominent nasal pathologies in brick kiln workers in our ENT-based study. These pathologies were much more common in laborers who had worked for over 10 years and did not wear a mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Erdim
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery Department, Gaziosmanpasa University Medical Faculty, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Erdal Taha Aydogdu
- Vocational High School, Gaziosmanpasa University Health Science Faculty, Erbaa, Tokat Turkey
| | - Ergin Temel
- Health High School, Gaziosmanpasa University Health Science Faculty, Erbaa, Tokat Turkey
| | | | - Emrah Sapmaz
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery Department, Gaziosmanpasa University Medical Faculty, Tokat, Turkey
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12
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Han B, Gao W, Li Q, Liu A, Gong J, Zheng Y, Wang N, Zheng L. Residues of persistent toxic substances in surface soils of Ny-Ålesund in the arctic: Occurrence, source, and ecological risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135092. [PMID: 35636608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the characteristics of persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in soil of Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic during the 10th Chinese Arctic (Arctic Ocean) scientific investigation were quantitatively analyzed. The sources and toxicity risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil was also analyzed. No obvious spatial distribution of PAHs was identified in the study area. LMW-PAHs are the main PAHs in this region, mainly tricyclic PAHs. The results of characteristic ratio method and PCA showed that the PAHs in soil mainly came from petroleum source and petroleum combustion source, and incomplete combustion of coal and wood, and atmospheric transport contributed to some extent. Ecological risk assessment results showed that the PAHs in soil did not bring toxicity risk, and the possibility of ecological risk was very low in Ny-Ålesund in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Ang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Jinwen Gong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yunchao Zheng
- China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Nengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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13
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David M, Jahan S, Hussain J, Rehman H, Cloete KJ, Afsar T, Almajwal A, Alruwaili NW, Razak S. Biochemical and reproductive biomarker analysis to study the consequences of heavy metal burden on health profile of male brick kiln workers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7172. [PMID: 35504976 PMCID: PMC9065070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to assess the effect of a heavy metal burden on general health, biochemical parameters, an antioxidant enzyme, and reproductive hormone parameters in adult male brick kiln workers from Pakistan. The study participants (n = 546) provided demographic data including general health as well as body mass index. Blood was collected to quantitatively assess hematological, biochemical, and reproductive hormone parameters as well as heavy metal concentrations using both atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). The data showed that 10% of the brick kiln workers were underweight and 10% obese (P = 0.059), with workers also reporting multiple health issues. Heavy metal concentrations utilizing AAS revealed significantly (p = 0.000) higher levels of cadmium, chromium, and nickel, while PIXE detected more than permissible levels of Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Zn, Ti (p = 0.052), Mn (p = 0.017), Fe (p = 0.055), Co (p = 0.011), Ni (p = 0.045), and Cu (p = 0.003), in the blood of kiln workers. Moreover, a significant increase in platelet count (P = 0.010), a decrease in sodium dismutase levels (p = 0.006), a major increase in reactive oxygen species (p = 0.001), and a reduction in protein content (p = 0.013) were evident. A significant increase in cortisol levels (p = 0.000) among the workers group was also observed. The concentration of LH and FSH increased significantly (p = 0.000), while that of testosterone decreased (p = 0.000) in the worker group compared with controls. A significant inverse relationship was found between cortisol, LH (r = - 0.380), and FSH (r = - 0.946), while a positive correlation between cortisol and testosterone was also evident (r = 0.164). The study concludes that increased heavy metal burden in the blood of brick kiln workers exposes them to the development of general and reproductive health problems due to compromised antioxidant enzyme levels, increased oxidative stress conditions, and a disturbing reproductive axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish David
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarwat Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javaid Hussain
- National Centre for Physics, Quaid-I-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Rehman
- Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karen J Cloete
- College of Graduate Studies, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanoscience's African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, 1 Old Faure RoadWestern Cape Province, PO Box 722, Somerset West, 7129, South Africa
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf W Alruwaili
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Hui K, Kou B, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Xu Q, Tan W. Nitrogen addition increases the ecological and human health risks of PAHs in different fractions of soil in sewage-irrigated area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151420. [PMID: 34748843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients required by soil and crops. N addition improves soil quality and fertility. However, long-term N addition changes the soil environment, which may affect the adsorption and accumulation of organic pollutants in soil. The adsorption of pollutants by the light fractions (LF) and heavy fractions (HF) of soil, and their resulting risks, might differ. In addition, several organic pollutants, especially PAHs, accumulate in farmland soil under long-term sewage irrigation. However, few studies have examined the response of PAHs to N addition in soil in sewage-irrigated areas, including whether there is a difference in the response of the LF and HF of soil. Here, a long-term experiment was carried out in farmland soils in typical sewage-irrigated areas to reveal the adsorption and accumulation of PAHs in bulk soil, LF, and HF, and the human health and ecological environment risks posed by PAHs under different levels of N addition. Under long-term N addition, the concentration of PAHs in soil increased and fluctuated from 7598 μg kg-1 to 10,414 μg kg-1. Significant differences in the PAHs concentration in the LF (5048 μg kg-1 to 1889 μg kg-1) and HF (2536 μg kg-1 to 8521 μg kg-1) and the human health and ecological risks of soil with N addition in typical sewage-irrigated areas were observed. The HF of soil was characterized by low carcinogenic and ecological risks. The results of our research provide insight into possible management actions that could be taken to enhance the environmental protection and safety of agricultural production activities, such as sustainability fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Hui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bing Kou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Yonghai Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuman Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Qigong Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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15
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Aslam R, Sharif F, Baqar M, Shahzad L. Source identification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and dust samples of Lahore City. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2459. [PMID: 35165345 PMCID: PMC8844380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During two consecutive summer and winter seasons in Lahore, the health risk of air and dust-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) was used to determine air and dust samples from various functional areas across the city. The mean ∑16PAHs were higher in air 1035.8 ± 310.7 (pg m-3) and dust 963.4 ± 289.0 (ng g-1 d.w.) during winter seasons as compared to summer seasons in air 1010.9 ± 303.3 (pg m-3) and dust matrices 945.2 ± 283.6 (ng g-1 d.w.), respectively. PAHs ring profile recognized 3 and 4 rings PAHs as most dominant in air and dust samples. Estimated results of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) highlighted high carcinogenic risk among the residents of Lahore via ingestion and dermal contact on exposure to atmospheric PAHs. The total ILCR values in air among children (summer: 9.61E - 02, winter: 2.09E - 02) and adults (summer: 1.45E - 01, winter: 3.14E - 02) and in dust, children (summer: 9.16E - 03, winter: 8.80E - 03) and adults (summer: 1.38E - 02, winter: 1.33E - 02) during the study period. The isomeric ratios in the study area revealed mixed PAH sources, including vehicular emission, petroleum, diesel and biomass combustion. As a result, it is advised that atmospheric PAHs should be monitored throughout the year and the ecologically friendly fuels be used to prevent PAHs pollution and health concerns in the city. The findings of this study are beneficial to the local regulating bodies in terms of controlling the exposure and promoting steps to reduce PAHs pollution and manage health in Lahore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Aslam
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Sharif
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Laila Shahzad
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Maharjan L, Kang S, Tripathee L, Gul C, Zheng H, Li Q, Chen P, Rai M, Santos E. Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over two distinct sites in Pakistan: Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 112:1-15. [PMID: 34955192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Much attention is drawn to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as an air pollutant due to their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, to understand the levels, seasonality, sources and potential health risk of PAHs in two distinct geographical locations at Karachi and Mardan in Pakistan, total suspended particle (TSP) samples were collected for over one year period. The average total PAH concentrations were 31.5 ± 24.4 and 199 ± 229 ng/m3 in Karachi and Mardan, respectively. The significantly lower concentration in Karachi was attributed to diffusion and dilution of the PAHs by the influence of clean air mass from the Arabian sea and high temperature, enhancing the volatilization of the particle phase PAHs to the gas phase. Conversely, the higher concentration (~6 times) in Mardan was due to large influence from local and regional emission sources. A clear seasonality was observed at both the sites, with the higher values in winter and post-monsoon due to higher emissions and less scavenging, and lower values during monsoon season due to the dilution effect. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in both sites originated from traffic and mixed combustion sources (fossil fuels and biomass). The average total BaP equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) in Karachi and Mardan were 3.26 and 34 ng/m3, respectively, which were much higher than the WHO guideline of 1 ng/m3. The average estimates of incremental lifetime cancer risk from exposure to airborne BaPeq via inhalation indicated a risk to human health from atmospheric PAHs at both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Maharjan
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Himalayan Environment Research Institute, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal.
| | - Chaman Gul
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mukesh Rai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ewerton Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe SE 49100-000, Brazil
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Berumen-Rodríguez AA, Díaz de León-Martínez L, Zamora-Mendoza BN, Orta-Arellanos H, Saldaña-Villanueva K, Barrera-López V, Gómez-Gómez A, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Díaz-Barriga F, Flores-Ramírez R. Evaluation of respiratory function and biomarkers of exposure to mixtures of pollutants in brick-kilns workers from a marginalized urban area in Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67833-67842. [PMID: 34264491 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brick-kilns are polluted environments due to the use of low-quality technologies and fuels, which generates black fumes with a large number of pollutants. The objective of this research was to analyze environmental exposure and biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, and respiratory health in brickmakers to assess the baseline state of contamination in a brick-kiln area of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Lead was quantified in soil and particulate matter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10) in brick-kiln areas. In brickmakers, lead was evaluated in whole blood and 10 hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in urine. Respiratory health was assessed by spirometry, exhaled breath condensate, and a COPD-PS questionnaire. Data association was performed by Spearman correlation. Environmental concentrations and biomarkers of exposure are presented as medians, for lead, it was 60.4 mg/kg, for PM10, it was 2663.1 μg/m3, and for PM2.5, it was 166.6 μg/m3. For blood lead, it was 1.06 μg/dL, and the summed concentration of OH-PAHs in urine was 16.1 μg/L. Spirometry values were 2.8 ± 0.6 L and 2.9 ± 1.3 L/s FEV1 and FEV 25-75 respectively. The correlation results indicate that the older the age of the workers is and the extensive period they have been working, their lung function is affected the most. The health vulnerability present in these occupational activities is high, so it is necessary to make visible, address these economic activities in Mexico, and apply surveillance systems based on the health of the worker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Abigail Berumen-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Blanca Nohemí Zamora-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Heidi Orta-Arellanos
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Kelvin Saldaña-Villanueva
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Valter Barrera-López
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Section, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Gómez
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Francisco Javier Pérez-Vázquez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Section, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Section, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México.
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18
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Raza A, Ali Z. Impact of Air Pollution Generated by Brick Kilns on the Pulmonary Health of Workers. J Health Pollut 2021; 11:210906. [PMID: 34434598 PMCID: PMC8383793 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brick kiln workers are often not aware of the health effects of their working environment and health-related respiratory problems. There have been few studies on the relationship between brick kiln pollution and its health impact on brick kiln workers. OBJECTIVES The present study measured the association of brick kiln contamination with severe respiratory problems and lung function among brick kiln workers in the Kasur district, Pakistan. METHODS Air quality variables (PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) were monitored during operations in brick kiln modulation and kiln areas. Workers (n=60) were selected for participation if they were between the ages of 18 and 60 and had been working in brick kilns for at least one year and gave consent to participate. Their lung function was measured. RESULTS The average concentrations of measured air quality variables for all working sites were found to exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) and National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) guidelines. These high values of brick kiln pollutants were associated with a significant decrease in spirometric values (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and average flow between 25% and 75% of the FVC (FEF2575)) among workers and revealed that 78.33% of workers had abnormal lung function with 5% obstructive and 95% restrictive impairments. Occurrences of pulmonary problems like frequent cough (50%), chronic cough (11.67%), frequent phlegm (21.67%), chronic phlegm (11.67%), frequent wheezing (20%), chronic wheezing (15%), shortness of breath grade-I & grade-II (38.33%) and self-reported asthma (3.33%) were also found among the workers. CONCLUSIONS Pollution from brick kiln operations was significantly high and associated with respiratory problems as well as a decrease in lung function. There was a clear correlation between pulmonary function in workers with brick kiln contamination. PARTICIPANT CONSENT Obtained. ETHICS APPROVAL This study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (Ref.1443-UZ). COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- Environmental Health and Wildlife, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- Environmental Health and Wildlife, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Alghamdi MA, Hassan SK, Al Sharif MY, Khoder MI, Harrison RM. On the nature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with sporting walkways dust: Concentrations, sources and relative health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146540. [PMID: 33794462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sporting walkways (SW) are a new innovation which may prove popular in many cities. As there is currently no information on possible health risks associated with their use, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with deposited dust sampled on SW in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, have been measured and interpreted in relation to sources and cancer risk. The average ∑PAHs (16 compounds) ranged between 1357 ng/g in residential areas and 3764 ng/g in central urban areas, with suburban areas between. The congener profile and diagnostic ratios of PAHs indicate a predominant source associated with petroleum combustion (pyrogenic source), most probably vehicular emissions. Carcinogenic potential is estimated from the sum of carcinogenic compound concentrations weighted by their individual potency relative to benzo(a)pyrene, and is found to be similar to household dust sampled in the same city, and lower than many other indoor and outdoor (road) dusts sampled across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marwan Y Al Sharif
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Air Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Ishtiaq J, Syed JH, Jadoon WA, Hamid N, Iqbal Chaudhry MJ, Shahnawaz M, Nasir J, Haider Rizvi SH, Chakraborty P, Li J, Zhang G. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at urban settings in Pakistan: Spatial variations, sources and health risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129811. [PMID: 33561720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, this study presents gaseous and particulate-bound (PM2.5) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air samples collected from eight major cities of Pakistan. Diurnal air samples (gaseous and PM2.5) were collected in summer 2014 on polyurethane foam and quartz fiber filters using high volume-active air sampler. The US-EPA enlisted 16 priority PAHs in particulate and gaseous phase were measured on gas chromatograph equipped with mass spectrometer detector. The total PAHs concentrations ranged between 188 pg m-3 (in Gilgit), and 2340 pg m-3 (in Lahore). The decreasing order of PAHs concentrations in various cities was in the following order: Lahore > Rawalpindi > Multan > Faisalabad > Karachgi > Peshawar > Quetta > Gilgit. Phenanthrene showed the highest concentration, accounted 18% of total PAHs followed by fluoranthene (12% of total PAHs). This study showed that the gaseous fractions were predominant in the ambient air. Source apportionment analysis revealed that biomass combustion, vehicular emissions and diesel combustion in power generators were the potential PAHs emissions sources. The lifetime lungs cancer risk (LLCR) was in the range of 8.28 × 10-7 to 2.09 × 10-5 depicting mild cancer risk to the residents on exposure to atmospheric PAHs. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor atmospheric PAHs throughout the year and also adopt environmentally friendly fuels to reduce PAHs pollution and health risks in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaziba Ishtiaq
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Waqar Azeem Jadoon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21130, Pakistan
| | - Naima Hamid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Muhammad Shahnawaz
- Department of Agriculture & Food Technology, Karakoram International University Main Campus University Road Gilgit (15100), Pakistan
| | - Jawad Nasir
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hussain Haider Rizvi
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering & SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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21
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Source, Characterization of Indoor Dust PAHs and the Health Risk on Chinese Children. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:199-210. [PMID: 33877536 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust are one of the common exposure sources for children worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore PAHs pollution status in indoor dust and estimate health risk on Chinese children with big data. Weighted average concentration was used to analyze source and characterization of PAHs in indoor dust based on peer-reviewed literature. According to specific inclusion criteria, 17 studies were included finally to analyze weighted average concentration. The national average concentration of Σ16PAHs was approximately 25.696 µg/g. The highest concentration of Σ16PAHs was in Shanxi (2111.667 µg/g), and the lowest was in Hong Kong (1.505 µg/g). The concentrations in Shanxi and Guangdong were higher than national level and the over standard rate was 18.18%. The concentrations of individual PAHs varied greatly across the country, and Flu in Shanxi was the highest (189.400 µg/g). The sources of PAHs varied in different regions and combustion processes played a leading role. PAHs exposure through ingestion and dermal contact was more carcinogenic than inhalation. The incremental lifetime cancer risk model indicated that children lived in Shanxi were found in the highest health risk coupled with the highest BaPE concentration (54.074 µg/g). Although PAHs concentrations of indoor dust showed a downward trend from 2005 to 2018, indoor environmental sanitation should be improved with multidisciplinary efforts. Health standard should be possibly established to minimize children exposure to PAHs in indoor dust in China.
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Davoudi M, Esmaili-Sari A, Bahramifar N, Moeinaddini M. Spatio-temporal variation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface dust of Qom metropolis, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9276-9289. [PMID: 33140304 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine seasonal variation, distribution, potential health risk, and source identification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface dust of eight urban areas of Qom. The total levels of 16 PAHs ranged from 364.83 to 739.26 ng g-1, with an average of 478.27 ng g-1. Sites 1 and 8 showed the highest (491.33 ng g-1) and lowest (465.08 ng g-1) concentrations of PAHs, respectively. The PAHs demonstrated the highest and the lowest levels in autumn (553.41 ng g-1) and summer (402.30 ng g-1), respectively. Naphthalene (Nap) showed the highest amounts in all of the areas (75.57 ng g-1). Source apportionment indicated that vehicular emissions and combustion of fossil fuels (liquid fossil fuel, crude oil, and gas) are the main sources of the PAHs. Toxic equivalency quantities (TEQs) index exhibited a mean concentration of 47.41 ng g-1, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA) together contributed more than 80% of TEQ, indicating high risk potential of these compounds. Total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) presented higher value (2.62 × 10-7) for children than for adults (2.53 × 10-7), one-fold lower than the threshold (10-6). The spatial ILCR for the study areas and seasons showed the highest cancer risk in site 2 and winter. Taken together, the carcinogenic risk of PAHs to children and adults, respectively, through direct ingestion and dermal contact pathways illustrated values close to the baseline, suggesting that more attention should be paid to the issue in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Davoudi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Esmaili-Sari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Nader Bahramifar
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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23
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Khalid S, Khanoranga. Spatio-Temporal Variations in the PAH Concentrations in the Soil Samples Collected from Functional Brick Kilns Locations in Balochistan, Pakistan. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1576747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Khalid
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khanoranga
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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24
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David M, Afzal M, Shoaib M, Aman F, Cloete KJ, Turi N, Jahan S. Study of occupational exposure to brick kiln emissions on heavy metal burden, biochemical profile, cortisol level and reproductive health risks among female workers at Rawat, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44073-44088. [PMID: 32754884 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was planned to understand the heavy metal burden and its possible actions in blood of occupational females working at brick kilns at Rawat, Pakistan. A total of 232 women were included in the study, of which 114 presented control subjects. Apart from collection of demographic data, fertility indicators and body mass index (BMI), blood was collected from subjects that was later used for the determination of heavy metal concentrations using atomic absorption spectroscopy and haematological profile. Blood was centrifuged and plasma was obtained and stored at - 20° to study biochemical variables (sodium dismutase, peroxidase, reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, protein estimation), lipid profile and cortisol concentrations among the two groups. Analysis of heavy metal in blood showed elevated levels of cadmium (3.09 ± 0.01 μg/dl), chromium (4.20 ± 0.02 μg/dl) and nickel (5.59 ± 0.03 μg/dl) in worker's group as compared with control. Increased platelet count; decreased antioxidant enzyme and increased oxidants level; increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG); decreased total protein and high-density lipoprotein (HDL); and increased cortisol levels were evident among workers as compared with the control group. The study concluded that occupational workers experience increased heavy metals burden in blood and, therefore, pose a risk to human health by causing reduction in antioxidant enzymes concentration and increase in stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish David
- Reproductive Physiology laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Reproductive Physiology laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- Reproductive Physiology laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Aman
- Reproductive Physiology laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Karen J Cloete
- iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences, National Research Foundation, PO Box 722, Somerset West, 7129, South Africa
| | - Naheed Turi
- Reproductive Physiology laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sarwat Jahan
- Reproductive Physiology laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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25
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Zhang S, Zhu N, Zheng H, Gao Y, Du H, Cai M, Meng XZ. Occurrence of seventy-nine SVOCs in tapwater of China based on high throughput organic analysis testing combined with high volume solid phase extraction. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127136. [PMID: 32460164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are ubiquitous and toxic environmental pollutants, and have recently attracted much research attention. However, their occurrence in tapwater and the associated potential health risks have not been thoroughly studied. This work examined 26 household tapwater samples collected in 26 Chinese cities during August and September 2019. Concentrations of 79 SVOCs, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorobenzenes (CBs), were determined using an emerging method of high throughput organic analysis testing combined with high volume solid phase extraction (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE). Total concentrations of PAHs, PCBs, OCPs, and CBs were in the ranges 8.70-103 ng L-1 (average 42.1 ng L-1), 61.6-434 pg L-1 (average 274 pg L-1), 13.1-266 pg L-1 (average 59.8 pg L-1), and 3.5-83.0 pg L-1 (average 13.8 pg L-1), respectively. PAHs were the dominant SVOCs, with concentrations 10-100 times those of PCBs, OCPs, and CBs. All the studied SVOCs had concentrations deemed acceptable by Chinese national tapwater standards. These measured SVOCs displayed little spatial variation across China, but were significantly correlated with the size of the economy and population of each city. The human non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with the studied SVOCs in Chinese tapwater are negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Zhang
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ningzheng Zhu
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haonan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - MingHong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
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26
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He Y, Yang C, He W, Xu F. Nationwide health risk assessment of juvenile exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water body of Chinese lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138099. [PMID: 32229384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The high emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a serious threat to the lake ecosystem and human health, and the human health risk assessment of PAH exposure is expected as an urgent project in China. This paper focused on 44 Chinese lakes in 6 lake zones to investigate the occurrence, composition and source of 19 PAHs in water body and estimate the human health risk under PAH exposure. The "List of PAH Priority Lakes" in China was generated based on the combination of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model and Monte Carlo simulation. Our results showed that the Σ17 PAHs ranged from 3.75 ng·L-1 to 368.68 ng·L-1 with a median of 55.88 ng·L-1. Low-ring PAHs were the predominant compounds. PAH profiles varied significantly at lake zone level. Diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs might derive from petroleum and coal or biomass combustion. Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent toxic concentrations (BaPeq) of the Σ17 PAHs ranged from 0.07 ng·L-1 to 2.26 ng·L-1 (0.62 ± 0.52 ng·L-1, mean ± standard deviation) with a median of 0.47 ng·L-1. Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) were the main toxic isomers. Juvenile exposure to PAHs via oral ingestion (drinking) and dermal contact (showering) had negligible and potential health risks, respectively. Juveniles were the sensitive population for PAH exposure. 15 lakes were screened into the "List of PAH Priority Lakes" in three priority levels: first priority (Level A), moderate priority (Level B) and general priority (Level C). Lake Taihu, Lake Chaohu and Lake Hongze were the extreme priority lakes. Optimizing the economic structures and reducing the combustion emissions in these areas should be implemented to reduce the population under potential health risk of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Dotel J, Gong P, Wang X, Pokhrel B, Wang C, Nawab J. Determination of dry deposition velocity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under the sub-tropical climate and its implication for regional cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114143. [PMID: 32066057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric dry deposition is a major pathway for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the atmosphere. Despite its significance in the atmospheric environment, measurements of the dry deposition velocity (VDD) and deposition fluxes (FDD) of PAHs are relatively limited. In this study, a passive dry deposition (PAS-DD) collector was co-deployed with passive air sampler polyurethane foam (PAS-PUF) from November 2015 to November 2016 in two major cities (Kathmandu and Pokhara), Nepal, to investigate the VDD and FDD of PAHs. The VDD of PAHs ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 cm s-1 and the annual average was recorded as 0.37 ± 0.08 cm s-1. On the basis of measured VDD, the FDD of ∑15PAHs in Kathmandu and Pokhara were estimated as 66 and 5 kg yr-1 respectively. According to the measured VDD of Kathmandu and Pokhara in this study, and the previously published VDD data of Toronto, Canada, where the same PAS-DD collector was used, a significant multi-linear correlation (r2 = 0.79, p < 0.05) was found between VDD of higher molecular weight (HMW with MW ≥ 228.3 and ≥ 4 rings) PAHs and meteorological parameters (precipitation and wind speed) and vapor pressure of PAHs. To the best of our knowledge, this enabled the development of an empirical model that can exhibit the combined effects of meteorological conditions on the VDD of HMW PAHs. The model was used to estimate the VDD values for major cities in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region and the maximum estimated proportion of HMW PAHs deposited by dry deposition reached up to 60% of total emissions. Although PAH emissions in the IGP region pose global risks, the results of this study highlight the considerable risk for local IGP residents, due to the large dry deposition proportion of HMW PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Dotel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Environmental Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
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28
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Norouzian Baghani A, Bahmani Z, Sorooshian A, Farzadkia M, Nabizadeh R, Delikhoon M, Barkhordari A, Rezaei Kalantary R, Golbaz S, Kermani M, Ashournejad Q, Shahsavani A. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 emitted from the largest composting facility in the Middle East. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1737823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Bahmani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdullah Barkhordari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Golbaz
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Qadir Ashournejad
- Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nazmara S, Sorooshian A, Delikhoon M, Baghani AN, Ashournejad Q, Barkhordari A, Basmehchi N, Kasraee M. Characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with dust in household evaporative coolers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113379. [PMID: 31753630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a characterization of indoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with dust (dust-PAHs) in household evaporative coolers and their associated health effects. Extensive analysis showed that the indoor dust-PAHs stemmed mostly from pyrogenic sources (vehicular emissions) with mean total concentrations limited between 131 and 429 ng g-1. The distribution pattern of PAHs based on number of rings exhibited the following order of decreasing relative abundance: 4 > 3 > 5 > 6 > 2 rings. Results indicate that the mutagenicity of dust-PAHs exceeded their carcinogenicity, but that the potential carcinogenic effects are still significant. The mean lifetime cancer risk for different age groups for three pathways based on Model 2 (dermal (1.39 × 10-1 to 1.91 × 10-2), ingestion (2.13 × 10-3 to 8.08 × 10-3) and inhalation (1.62 × 10-7 to 4.06 × 10-7)) was 7.4-146 times higher than values predicted by Model 1 (dermal (5.13 × 10-5 to 3.03 × 10-3), ingestion (9.34 × 10-5 to 1.31 × 10-3) and inhalation (7.13 × 10-20 to 1.68 × 10-20)). Hence, exposure to dust-PAHs in household evaporative coolers lead to high risk, especially for children (less than 11 years) (HQ = 2.71 × 10-20 to 54.8 and LTCRs = 7.13 × 10-20 to 1.39 × 10-1). Strategies should be considered to eliminate such pollutants to protect people, especially children, from the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects by changing household evaporative coolers with other cooling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrokh Nazmara
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mahdieh Delikhoon
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Abbas Norouzian Baghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Qadir Ashournejad
- Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdullah Barkhordari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Niloufar Basmehchi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Kasraee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alsbou E, Zaitoun MA, Alasoufi AM, Al Shra'ah A. Concentration and Source Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Street Soil of Ma'an City, Jordan. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:619-630. [PMID: 31493017 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the street soil of Ma'an City, Jordan. The probable sources of PAHs in the soils were estimated by using diagnostic ratios. PAHs were extracted from soil samples via the ultrasonic extraction method using three portions of 20 mL of n-hexane/acetone mixture. The most priority environmental protection agency 13 PAHs were determined in the extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The results showed that average concentrations of ∑13PAHs ranged from 77.0 to 917.4 ng/g, and the 3- and 4-rings PAHs were the most abundant PAHs detected in the soil samples (~ 60% of the PAH total concentrations). The ratios showed that the PAHs in Ma'an's street soil have both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis showed that the content of ∑13PAHs is directly correlated to the total organic matter (TOM) in the soil. Analysis of variance indicated that Ma'an city mostly had the same sources for ∑13PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Alsbou
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan.
| | | | - Ali M Alasoufi
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Al Shra'ah
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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31
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Chang J, Shen J, Tao J, Li N, Xu C, Li Y, Liu Z, Wang Q. The impact of heating season factors on eight PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and cancer risk in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:1413-1421. [PMID: 31726569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, 443 atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected at five sampling sites in Beijing. The concentrations of PM2.5-bound PAH8 (Chr, BaA, BbF, BkF, B[a]P, DBA, BghiP, and IND) were determined via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The annual concentration of PM2.5-bound PAH8, lifetime cancer risk, and the increasing value due to heating season factors (heating and meteorological conditions) were analyzed. The results showed that the sum concentration of PM2.5-bound PAH8 during heating season was 72.6 ng/m3 and higher than the non-heating season concentration of 4.77 ng/m3. The annual concentration was 10.6 ng/m3, which increased 5.83 ng/m3 due to heating season factors. The B[a]P annual concentration was 1.67 ng/m3 and higher than the limit of 1 ng/m3, which was 15.2 times that of non-heating season. Diesel vehicles and gasoline vehicles were the primary PAH8 sources during non-heating season, while the mixed sources of diesel vehicles, gasoline vehicles, and combustion were the dominant PAH8 sources during heating season. The most significant health hazard pollutant was B[a]P, which accounted for 72%, 74%, and 69% of the B[a]P equivalent concentration (B[a]Peq) of PAH8 during heating season, non-heating season, and throughout 2015, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk was 2.67 × 10-6, which increased 1.36 × 10-6 due to heating season factors. Therefore, heating season factors nearly doubled the annual concentration of PM2.5-bound ∑PAH8 and lifetime cancer risk. The results indicated that to protect human health, it is very important to control PM2.5-bound ∑PAH8 emissions during heating season, especially B[a]P emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Chang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Jianing Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Institute of Environmental Health, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, 100013 Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Yunpu Li
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
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32
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Madruga DG, Ubeda RM, Terroba JM, Dos Santos SG, García-Cambero JP. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a representative urban location (indoor-outdoor) from South Europe: Assessment of potential sources and cancer risk to humans. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:817-827. [PMID: 31230378 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PM10 -bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels were monitored at urban locations (outdoor/indoor) within the city of Madrid between May 2017 and April 2018. Fourteen PAH congeners were measured, potential emission sources were identified as were potential carcinogenic risks. The ΣPAHs averaged 0.577 and 0.186 ng/m3 in outdoor and indoor air, with a high linear correlation per individual mean PAH and month. The largest contributors to the ΣPAHs were the high-molecular-weight PAHs. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression results showed that emissions from diesel and vehicular processes explained 27% and 23% of the total variance of outdoor and indoor air, while combustion processes accounted for 30% and 25% in ambient and indoor air, respectively. During the cold season, biomass burning plus coal and wood combustion were additional sources of outdoor emissions. The heavy-, medium- and light-molecular-weight PAH originating from outdoor sources accounted for 72%, 80%, and ~60% of the indoor levels of the three respective PAH groups. Average BaP concentration was 0.029 and 0.016 ng/m3 in outdoor and indoor air, respectively. Estimated BaPeq concentration averaged 0.072, 0.035, and 0.027 ng/m3 for outdoor, indoor, and indoor-generated individual PAH concentrations, respectively. The estimated carcinogenic risk falls within the range of acceptable risk targeted by the US-EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Madruga
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Regina M Ubeda
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - June M Terroba
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl G Dos Santos
- Department of Atmospheric Pollution, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús P García-Cambero
- Department of Environment Toxicology, National Center for Environment Health, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Khan MW, Ali Y, De Felice F, Salman A, Petrillo A. Impact of brick kilns industry on environment and human health in Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:383-389. [PMID: 31077916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increase in population has led to the rise in the construction and manufacturing of bricks. Bricks are manufactured in brick kilns that emit very harmful gases which in turn affect the human health, environment and economy. In Pakistan, the diseases related to skin, and respiratory system have created a lot of problems for the humans and animals. According to experts and professionals, one of the main causes of the environment and health related problems is brick kiln. It is very important to identify the brick kilns and emissions that are extremely harmful for the environment and human health. Therefore, the objective of this research paper is threefold. Firstly, to identify and rank the emissions from brick kilns based on their harmful impact on human health and environment. Secondly, to rank the three types of brick kilns i.e. Traditional Brick Kilns (TBK) with coal as a fuel, Traditional Brick Kilns (TBK) with rubber as a fuel and Contemporary Brick Kilns (CBK) (technologically advanced brick kilns) based on their impact on human health and environment. Thirdly, to identify the relation of three alternative brick kilns with health and environmental problems, respectively. DEMATEL and Fuzzy-TOPSIS have used for achieving the objectives. The results show that CO2, CO and SO2 have the most harmful effects on the environment. Similarly, carcinogenic dioxin, SO2 and PM have the adverse effects on the human health. TBK in which rubber is used as a fuel is the most harmful and CBK is the safest types of brick kilns, respectively. In the light of the results, it is recommended to the government of Pakistan to formulate and implement the rules and regulations for minimizing the negative impacts of brick kilns on human health and environment. Moreover, new technologies should be used in order to reduce the harmful impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waseem Khan
- Department of Management Science & Humanities, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Pakistan.
| | - Yousaf Ali
- Department of Management Science & Humanities, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Topi, Swabi, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Fabio De Felice
- University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Cassino, Italy.
| | - Aneel Salman
- Department of Management Science, COMSATS, Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Antonella Petrillo
- University of Naples "Parthenope", Department of Engineering, Isola C4, Centro Direzionale Napoli, Napoli, Italy.
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Anh HQ, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Minh TB, Viet PH, Takahashi S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their methylated derivatives in settled dusts from end-of-life vehicle processing, urban, and rural areas, northern Vietnam: Occurrence, source apportionment, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:468-478. [PMID: 30965261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and profiles of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 15 methylated derivatives (Me-PAHs) were examined in settled dust samples collected from workplaces and living areas of an informal end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing village, and house dusts from urban and rural areas in northern Vietnam. Concentrations of total PAHs and Me-PAHs decreased in the order: ELV workplace (median 5700, range 900-18,000 ng g-1) > rural house (3700, 1800-6200 ng g-1) > urban house (1800, 620-3100 ng g-1) ≈ ELV living dusts (1000, 600-3900 ng g-1). PAHs with 4 rings or more dominated in almost all the samples, indicating the abundance of pyrogenic sources (e.g., vehicular emissions and domestic thermal processes). Levels of Me-PAHs were exceeded those of PAHs in several ELV samples, revealing specific petrogenic sources derived from vehicle processing activities. Results from source apportionment analysis have partially identified traffic emission, biomass and coal combustion, and mixed petrogenic-pyrogenic sources related to ELV waste as the major sources of PAHs and Me-PAHs in the urban, rural, and ELV areas, respectively. Daily intake doses and health risk related to PAHs and Me-PAHs in settled dusts were estimated for ELV workers and residents living in the study areas. The worst exposure scenario of dust-bound PAHs showed a potential cancer risk for the ELV workers, meanwhile, no significant non-cancer and cancer risk was expected for other exposed groups. A more comprehensive and accurate risk assessment of PAHs and related compounds should be conducted in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGAS-EU), Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Chang J, Tao J, Xu C, Li Y, Li N, Tang Z, Yang Y, Liu Z, Wang Q, Xu D. Pollution characteristics of ambient PM 2.5-bound benzo[a]pyrene and its cancer risks in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:735-741. [PMID: 30448664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to reveal the pollution characteristics of ambient PM2.5-bound benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in Beijing and to assess the lifetime cancer risk from respiratory pathway exposure. The average daily dose was evaluated by the annual concentrations of ambient PM2.5-bound B[a]P, combined with Chinese human exposure factors and the age sensitivity factors. The 70-year lifetime cancer risks of different groups were assessed by the exposure assessment and stochastic analysis method recommended by California Environmental Protection Agency. The groups were divided by age and gender. The results showed that the ambient PM2.5-bound B[a]P concentration during the cold season was 15.7 times greater than that during the warm season in Beijing. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5-bound B[a]P in outdoors and indoors were 1.67 ng/m3 and 1.04 ng/m3, respectively, which exceeded the limit of Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard. The cancer risks of PM2.5-bound B[a]P in males, females, and the general population were 9.085 × 10-6, 8.050 × 10-6, and 8.740 × 10-6, respectively. The cancer risk constituent ratios of ambient PM2.5-bound B[a]P in early life (≤16 years of age) for males, females, and the general population were 70.9%, 71.4%, and 71.3%, respectively. The males' cancer risk of PM2.5-bound B[a]P in Beijing was higher than that of the females. The early life cancer risk exposure to PM2.5-bound B[a]P should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Chang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Tao
- Institute of Environmental Health, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, 100013 Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Yunpu Li
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Na Li
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhigang Tang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Yibing Yang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
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Khpalwak W, Jadoon WA, Abdel-Dayem SM, Sakugawa H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust, Afghanistan: Implications for human health. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:517-526. [PMID: 30500712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in road and aerial dust to assess their concentration, composition profile, distribution, emission sources, and potential human health risks. Sixteen priority PAHs and Benzo [e]pyrene (BeP) were analyzed in 13 aerial dust samples from Jalalabad, and 78 road dust samples from Kabul and Jalalabad cities, Afghanistan. The mean concentration of ∑17PAHs in road dust from Kabul and Jalalabad were 427 μg kg-1 and 288 μg kg-1, respectively whereas ∑17PAHs in aerial dust from Jalalabad averaged 200 μg kg-1. Fluoranthene (Flu), Chrysene (Chr), Benzo [b]fluoranthene (BbF), Benzo [k]fluoranthene (BkF) and BeP were major individual PAH species. The composition patterns of the PAHs were dominated by 5-6-ring PAHs (51% in road dust from Kabul; 44% in road dust from Jalalabad; and 44% in aerial dust) followed by 4-ring and 2-3-ring PAHs. Source apportionment of the road dust PAHs by the molecular diagnostic ratios (MDR) and principal component analysis (PCA), indicated signatures of PAHs sources (including vehicular exhaust, coal/wood combustion and oil spill). The Benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) toxicity equivalent values (BaPeq17PAHs) for road dust were 75 μg kg-1 (Kabul) and 36 μg kg-1 (Jalalabad); and 35 μg kg-1 for aerial dust (Jalalabad). BaP and Dibenz [a,h]anthracene (DahA) together contributed > 50% of the BaPeq associated cancer risk. All incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to human exposure to road and aerial dust PAHs were in the order of 10-7, which is one-fold lower than the threshold (10-6). The noncancerous risk (Hazard Index < 1) on exposure to dust was also negligible for both subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahdatullah Khpalwak
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Nangarhar University, Afghanistan
| | | | - Sherif M Abdel-Dayem
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan; Department of Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Riaz R, Ali U, Li J, Zhang G, Alam K, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC, Malik RN. Assessing the level and sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and sediments along Jhelum riverine system of lesser Himalayan region of Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:640-652. [PMID: 30391885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lesser Himalayan Region (LHR) is an important mountain ecosystem which supports a wide range of biodiversity for native flora and fauna. Human population in this region is largely dependent upon local sources for their livelihood. Surface soil (n = 32) and sediment (n = 32) were collected from four different altitudinal ranges of LHR and analyzed for priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) recommended by USEPA. Level, sources and distribution pattern of PAHs were assessed in soil and sediments samples collected from four altitudinal zones in LHR. Total PAHs concentration level of PAHs in soil and sediments ranged from 62.79 to 1080 ng g-1 and 14.54-437.43 ng g-1, respectively. Compositional profile of PAHs in both soil and sediment were dominated by low and medium molecular weight PAHs, ranged from 18.02 to 402.18 ng g-1in soil and 0.32-96.34 ng g-1in sediments. In the context of spatial distribution trend, highest mean concentrations of PAHs in soil were recorded in zone D (sites from the rural region) and for sediments highest concentrations were detected at zone A, which includes dam sites. In all four zones, no altitudinal trend of PAHs in soil and sediments was observed. Source apportionment through receptor modelling by positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that local sources such as biomass combustion and vehicular emissions are important sources of PAHs in this region. The prevalence of monsoon atmospheric circulation system in LHR implicated that this region is also influenced by medium and long range atmospheric transportation of PAHs from neighboring countries where potential sources and high level of PAHs has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Khan Alam
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Andrew James Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, 11 Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, 11 Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Cave MR, Wragg J, Beriro DJ, Vane C, Thomas R, Riding M, Taylor C. An overview of research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in dusts and particulates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:373-390. [PMID: 30130696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings and are probably one of the most studied groups of organic chemicals in environmental research. PAHs originate mainly from anthropogenic processes, particularly from incomplete combustion of organic fuels. PAHs are distributed widely in particulate matter. Due to widespread sources and persistent characteristics, PAHs disperse through atmospheric transport and exist almost everywhere. Human beings are exposed to PAH mixtures in gaseous or particulate phases in ambient air. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of PAHs is associated with adverse health problems. This review identifies the main research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of PAHs in dusts and particulates using a new approach to carrying out a literature review where many peer-review publications have been produced. The review extracts the most important research themes from a literature search using a combination of text mining and a more detailed review of selected papers from within the identified themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Darren J Beriro
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Chistopher Vane
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK
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Guidi Nissim W, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Alvisi L, Palm E, Mancuso S, Azzarello E. Phytoremediation of sewage sludge contaminated by trace elements and organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:356-366. [PMID: 29567421 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a green technique being increasingly used worldwide for various purposes including the treatment of municipal sewage sludge (MSS). Most plants proposed for this technique have high nutrient demands, and fertilization is often required to maintain soil fertility and nutrient balance while remediating the substrate. In this context, MSS could be a valuable source of nutrients (especially N and P) and water for plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine the capacity willow (Salix matsudana, cv Levante), poplar (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra, cv Orion), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) to clean MSS, which is slightly contaminated by trace elements (TEs) and organic pollutants, and to assess their physiological response to this medium. In particular, we aimed to evaluate the TE accumulation by different species as well as the decrease of TEs and organic pollutants in the sludge after one cropping cycle and the effect of MSS on plant growth and physiology. Since MSS did not show any detrimental effect on the biomass yield of any of the species tested, it was found to be a suitable growing medium for these species. TE phytoextraction rates depended on the species, with eucalyptus showing the highest accumulation for Cr, whereas sunflower exhibited the best performance for As, Cu and Zn. At the end of the trial, some TEs (i.e. Cr, Pb and Zn), n-alkanes and PCBs showed a significant concentration decrease in the sludge for all tested species. The highest Cr decrease was observed in pots with eucalyptus (57.4%) and sunflower (53.4%), whereas sunflower showed the highest Cu decrease (44.2%), followed by eucalyptus (41.2%), poplar (16.2%) and willow (14%). A significant decrease (41.1%) of Pb in the eucalyptus was observed. Zn showed a high decrease rate with sunflower (59.5%) and poplar (52%) and to a lesser degree with willow (35.3%) and eucalyptus (25.4%). The highest decrease in n-alkanes concentration in the sludge was found in willow (98.3%) and sunflower (97.3%), whereas eucalyptus has the lowest PCBs concentration (91.8%) in the sludge compared to the beginning of the trial. These results suggest new strategies (e.g. crop rotation and intercropping) to be adopted for a better management of this phytotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werther Guidi Nissim
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laura Alvisi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Emily Palm
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elisa Azzarello
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Ma XY, Li Q, Wang XC, Wang Y, Wang D, Ngo HH. Micropollutants removal and health risk reduction in a water reclamation and ecological reuse system. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 138:272-281. [PMID: 29614455 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As reclaimed water use is increasing, its safety attracts growing attention, particularly with respect to the health risks associated with the wide range of micropollutants found in the reclaimed water. In this study, sophisticated analysis was conducted for water samples from a water reclamation and ecological reuse system where domestic wastewater was treated using an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic unit followed by a membrane bioreactor (A2O-MBR), and the reclaimed water was used for replenishing a landscape lake. A total of 58 organic micropollutants were detected in the system, consisting of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 16 phenols, 3 pesticides, and 26 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). After treatment by the A2O-MBR process, effective removal of pesticides and phenols was achieved, while when the reclaimed water entered the landscape lake, PPCPs were further removed. From the physicochemical properties of micropollutants, it could be inferred that phenols and dichlorphos (the only pesticide with considerable concentration in the influent) would have been mainly removed by biodegradation and/or volatilization in the biological treatment process. Additionally, it is probable that sludge adsorption also contributed to the removal of dichlorphos. For the predominant PPCP removal in the landscape lake, various actions, such as adsorption, biodegradation, photolysis, and ecologically mediated processes (via aquatic plants and animals), would have played significant roles. However, according to their logKoc, logKow and logD (pH = 8) values, it could be concluded that adsorption by suspended solids might be an important action. Although carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with all the detected micropollutants were at negligible levels, the hazard quotients (HQs) of PPCPs accounted for 92.03%-97.23% of the HQTotal. With the significant removal of PPCPs through the ecological processes in the landscape lake, the safety of reclaimed water use could be improved. Therefore, the introduction of ecological unit into the water reclamation and reuse system could be an effective measure for health risk reduction posed by micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Qiyuan Li
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Pokhrel B, Gong P, Wang X, Chen M, Wang C, Gao S. Distribution, sources, and air-soil exchange of OCPs, PCBs and PAHs in urban soils of Nepal. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:532-541. [PMID: 29501890 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high temperature and extensive use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), tropical cities could act as secondary sources of these pollutants and therefore received global concern. As compared with other tropical cities, studies on the air-soil exchange of OCPs, PCBs and PAHs in tropical Nepali cities remained limited. In the present study, 39 soil samples from Kathmandu (capital of Nepal) and 21 soil samples from Pokhara (second largest city in Nepal) were collected The soil concentrations of the sum of endosulfans (α- and β-endosulfans) ranged from 0.01 to 16.4 ng/g dw. Meanwhile, ∑dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) ranged from 0.01 to 6.5 ng/g dw; ∑6PCBs from 0.01 to 9.7 ng/g dw; and ∑15PAHs from 17.1 to 6219 ng/g dw. High concentrations of OCPs were found in the soil of commercial land, while, high soil PAH concentrations were found on tourist/religious and commercial land. Combined the published air concentrations, and the soil data of this study, the directions and fluxes of air-soil exchange were estimated using a fugacity model. It is clear that Nepal is a country contributing prominently to secondary emissions of endosulfans, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and low molecular weight (LMW) PCBs and PAHs. The flux for all the pollutants in Kathmandu, with ∑endosulfans up to 3553; HCB up to 5263; and ∑LMW-PAHs up to 24378 ng m-2 h-1, were higher than those in Pokhara. These high flux values indicated the high strength of Nepali soils to act as a source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balram Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Department of Natural Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Mengke Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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da Rosa Couto R, Faversani J, Ceretta CA, Ferreira PAA, Marchezan C, Basso Facco D, Garlet LP, Silva JS, Comin JJ, Bizzi CA, Flores EMM, Brunetto G. Health risk assessment and soil and plant heavy metal and bromine contents in field plots after ten years of organic and mineral fertilization. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:142-150. [PMID: 29425845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and bromine (Br) derived from organic and industrialized fertilizers can be absorbed, transported and accumulated into parts of plants ingested by humans. This study aimed to evaluate in an experiment conducted under no-tillage for 10 years, totaling 14 applications of pig slurry manure (PS), pig deep-litter (PL), dairy slurry (DS) and mineral fertilizer (MF), the heavy metal and Br contents in soil and in whether the grains produced by corn (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under these conditions could result in risk to human health. The total contents of As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Br were analyzed in samples of fertilizers, waste, soil, shoots and grains of corn and wheat. Afterwards, enrichment factor (EF), accumulation factor (AF), health risk index (HRI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and target cancer risk (TCR) were determined. Mineral fertilizer exhibited the highest As and Cr content, while the highest levels of Cu and Zn were found in animal waste. The contents of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil were below the limits established by environmental regulatory agencies. However, a significant enrichment factor was found for Cu in soil with a history of PL application. Furthermore, high Zn contents were found in shoots and grains of corn and wheat, especially when the plants were grown in soil with organic waste application. Applications of organic waste and mineral fertilizer provided high HRI and THQ for Br and Zn, posing risks to human health. The intake of corn and wheat fertilized with pig slurry manure, swine deep bed, liquid cattle manure and industrialized mineral fertilizer did not present TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael da Rosa Couto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Faversani
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Roraima (IFRR), Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Ceretta
- Departamento de Solos e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
| | | | - Carina Marchezan
- Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
| | - Daniela Basso Facco
- Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
| | - Luana Paula Garlet
- Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
| | - Jussiane Souza Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
| | - Jucinei José Comin
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Brazil.
| | - Cezar Augusto Bizzi
- Departamento de Química e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
| | - Erico Marlon Moraes Flores
- Departamento de Química e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Brunetto
- Departamento de Solos e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil.
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Arruda-Santos RHD, Schettini CAF, Yogui GT, Maciel DC, Zanardi-Lamardo E. Sources and distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons in a tropical marine protected area estuary under influence of sugarcane cultivation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:935-944. [PMID: 29275256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Goiana estuary is a well preserved marine protected area (MPA) located on the northeastern coast of Brazil. Despite its current state, human activities in the watershed represent a potential threat to long term local preservation. Dissolved/dispersed aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in water and sediments across the estuarine salt gradient. Concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons was low in all samples. According to results, aromatic hydrocarbons are associated to suspended particulate matter (SPM) carried to the estuary by river waters. An estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) was identified in the upper estuary, indicating that both sediments and contaminants are trapped prior to an occasional export to the adjacent sea. PAHs distribution in sediments were associated with organic matter and mud content. Diagnostic ratios indicated pyrolytic processes as the main local source of PAHs that are probably associated with sugarcane burning and combustion engines. Low PAH concentrations probably do not cause adverse biological effects to the local biota although their presence indicate anthropogenic contamination and pressure on the Goiana estuary MPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gilvan Takeshi Yogui
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-550, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Claudino Maciel
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-550, Brazil
| | - Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Department of Oceanography, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, Recife, PE CEP: 50740-550, Brazil.
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Zha Y, Zhang YL, Tang J, Sun K. Status, sources, and human health risk assessment of PAHs via foliar dust from different functional areas in Nanjing, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:571-582. [PMID: 29381429 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1428267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to assess and understand the potential health risk, level of contamination, composition pattern, and sources of urban foliar dust in Nanjing City with respect to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Five urban functional areas of foliar dust were analysed and the contents of 16 priority PAHs were determined. Total PAH concentrations in foliar dust ranged from 1.77 to 19.02 μg·g-1, with an average value of 6.98 μg·g-1. The PAH pattern was dominated by four and five-ring PAHs (contributing > 38% of total PAHs) in all of the five functional areas. The results indicated that the combustion of fossil fuel, coal, and biomass, as well as vehicle traffic emissions were the major sources of PAHs. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk due to PAHs in foliar dust were 8.19 × 10-6, 6.63 × 10-6, and 9.65 × 10-6 for childhood, adolescence and adulthood, respectively, indicating a high risk of cancer from exposure to foliar dust in Nanjing. Our results indicated that foliar dust might be a useful indicator of atmospheric PAH pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zha
- a College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yin L Zhang
- a College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jie Tang
- b School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui , China
| | - Kai Sun
- b School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui , China
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Li J, Zhang Z, Ma L, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Implementation of USEPA RfD and SFO for improved risk assessment of organophosphate esters (organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:21-26. [PMID: 29459132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhaozhao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Luyao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Hamid N, Syed JH, Junaid M, Mahmood A, Li J, Zhang G, Malik RN. Elucidating the urban levels, sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Pakistan: Implications for changing energy demand. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:165-175. [PMID: 29145053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the severe fuel crisis in terms of natural gas, a paradigm shift in fuel combustion (diesel, gasoline, and biomass) may increase the atmospheric emissions and associated health risks in Pakistan. Present study was aimed to investigate the concentration of fugitive PAHs in the environment (outdoor and indoor settings), associated probabilistic health risk assessment in the exposed population, and possible linkage between fuel consumption patterns and PAHs emissions in twin cities (Rawalpindi and Islamabad) of Pakistan. Results showed that the mean PAHs concentrations (air: 2390pgm-3; dust: 167ngg-1) in the indoor environment were higher than that of the outdoor environment (air: 2132pgm-3; dust: 90.0ngg-1). Further, the source apportionment PCA-MLR receptor model identified diesel and gasoline combustion as the primary PAHs sources in the urban and sub-urban settings. Estimated life cancer risk (LCR) potential via inhalation to indoor PAHs was higher with a probability of 2.0 cases per 10,000 inhabitants as compared to outdoor exposure. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model from exposure to dust bound PAHs showed risk in the order of ingestion>dermal>inhalation for various exposure pathways. Likewise, estimated daily intake (EDI) model reflects that PAHs in surface dust enter into the human body mainly through the respiratory system because EDI for breathing was reported higher than that of oral intake. Therefore, adoption of sustainable fuels is recommended to meet the energy requirements and to reduce PAHs emissions and related health risks in the twin cities of Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Hamid
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Pokhrel B, Gong P, Wang X, Wang C, Gao S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere of Nepal: Distribution, sources, seasonal trends, and cancer risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1583-1590. [PMID: 29054643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban areas have always been a global concern, as these areas are considered to be the source region. Despite studies on the concentrations of PAHs in water, soils and sediments, knowledge of the distribution patterns, seasonality and sources of PAHs in urban areas of Nepal remains limited. In this study, polyurethane foam passive air samplers were used to measure gas-phase PAH concentrations over different land types in three major cities of Nepal-namely, Kathmandu (the capital) and Pokhara (both densely populated cities), and Hetauda (an agricultural city). The average concentrations of ∑15PAHs in ng/m3 were 16.1±7.0 (6.4-28.6), 14.1±6.2 (6.8-29.4) and 11.1±9.0 (4.1-38.0) in Kathmandu, Pokhara and Hetauda, respectively. Molecular diagnostic ratio analysis suggested that fossil fuel combustion was a common PAH source for all three cities. In addition to this, coal combustion in Kathmandu, vehicle emissions in Pokhara, and grass/wood combustion in Hetauda were also possible sources of PAHs. In terms of cancer risk from PAH inhalation, a religious site with intense incense burning, a brick production area where extensive coal combustion is common, and a market place with heavy traffic emission, were associated with a higher risk than other areas. There were no clear seasonal trends in atmospheric PAHs. The estimated cancer risk due to inhalation of gas-phase PAHs exceeded the USEPA standard at >90% of the sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balram Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaoping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Qian QZ, Cao XK, Liu HY, Zheng GY, Qian QQ, Shen FH. TNFR/TNF-α signaling pathway regulates apoptosis of alveolar macrophages in coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:1302-1310. [PMID: 29416696 PMCID: PMC5787440 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the role of TNFR/TNF-α signalingin apoptosis among alveolar macrophages (AM) and its relevance to the development of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). Purified alveolar macrophages (AMs) were prepared from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid harvested from 366 CWP patients and 120 healthy subjects enrolled inthe study. The purified AMs were then divided into control, SOD, anti-TNFR, TNFR and NFkB inhibitor groups and analyzed for apoptosis usingflow cytometry (sub-diploid peak) and western blotting (Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 expression). We found thatAM apoptosis washigher amongCWP patients than thehealthycontrols. Expression ofBcl-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 was higher inAMs from CWP patientsthan in those from the controlsand correlated with increased AM apoptosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses suggested that CWP grade, initial exposure time, exposure time inyears, and CWP onset agewereall associated with altered levels of Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-8. Inhibition of TNFR/TNF-α signaling usinganti-TNFR antibody, SOD or NFkB inhibitionreduced AM apoptosisand decreased Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 expression. These data suggestinhibition of a TNFR/TNF-α signaling pathway is a potentiallyeffective means ofalleviating CWP by inhibiting AM apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zeng Qian
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Ke Cao
- College of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Ying Zheng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Qiang Qian
- Department of Neurology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital Affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Hai Shen
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, P.R. China
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Keshavarzi B, Abbasi H. S, Moore F, Delshab H, Soltani N. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Street Dust of Bushehr City, Iran: Status, Source, and Human Health Risk Assessment. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1354897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajjad Abbasi H.
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Naghmeh Soltani
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Rashid A, Tao S, Uddin I, Kamal A. Petrol filling workers as biomonitor of PAH exposure and functional health capacity in resource-limited settings of city Rawalpindi, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17881-17887. [PMID: 28616739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study from Pakistan to report the exposure of petrol filling workers (n = 120) to naphthalene (Nap) and pyrene (Pyr) in relation to their functional capacities and health outcome. A group of non-exposed subjects (controls n = 46) was also recruited for comparison. The perceived health risk of the exposed workers was monitored using a questionnaire based on the self-reporting survey. The observed physical anomalies related to the health disorder included the acidity after meals, eye redness, appetite loss, skin lesions, and dryness of oral cavity, while those related to neurasthenic symptoms included the body aches, energy loss, twitching, fatigue, sleeplessness, fainting, and irritability. Mean Nap level observed in the exposed group (106 μg L-1) was significantly correlated (r = 0.49; p < 0.01) with cigarette smoking, while the average Pyr concentration (19.18 μg L-1) was associated with job duration. Workers exposed for 6 h per day or more had significantly high prevalence of physical disorders (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.28-6.09). Neurasthenic symptoms were found in 65% of the subjects and were associated with years of involvement in job. Ten years or more work duration at petrol pumps could be associated with a substantial development of neurasthenic effects (OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.23-6.34). In conclusion, the subjects ascribed the disturbances in physical and neurological behavior to their occupation (petrol filling) and also rated their overall health and functional capacity as poor. To promote health of petrol pump workers, reduction in work hours and provision of masks and gloves could be introduced as occupational health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audil Rashid
- EcoHealth Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan.
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ikhtiar Uddin
- EcoHealth Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | - Atif Kamal
- EcoHealth Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
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