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Qiu T, Fang Q, Zeng X, Zhang X, Fan X, Zang T, Cao Y, Tu Y, Li Y, Bai J, Huang J, Liu Y. Short-term exposures to PM 2.5, PM 2.5 chemical components, and antenatal depression: Exploring the mediating roles of gut microbiota and fecal short-chain fatty acids. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 277:116398. [PMID: 38677066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PM2.5 and its chemical components increase health risks and are associated with depression and gut microbiota. However, there is still limited evidence on whether gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) mediate the association between PM2.5, PM2.5 chemical components, and antenatal depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of maternal gut microbiota in correlations between short-term exposure to PM2.5, short-term exposure to PM2.5 chemical components, and antenatal depression. METHODS Demographic information and stool samples were collected from 75 pregnant women in their third trimester. Their exposure to PM2.5 and PM2.5 chemical components was measured. Participants were divided into the non-antenatal depression group or the antenatal depression group according to the cut-off of 10 points on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The gut microbiota were analyzed using the 16 S rRNA-V3/V4 gene sequence, and the concentration of PM2.5 and its chemical components was calculated using the Tracking Air Pollution in China (TAP) database. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze SCFAs in stool samples. In order to assess the mediating effects of gut microbiota and SCFAs, mediation models were utilized. RESULTS There were significant differences between gut microbial composition and SCFAs concentrations between the non-antenatal depression group and the antenatal depression group. PM2.5 and its chemical components were positively associated with EPDS scores and negatively associated with genera Enterococcus and Enterobacter. Genera Candidatus_Soleaferrea (β = -7.21, 95%CI -11.00 to -3.43, q = 0.01) and Enterococcus (β = -2.37, 95%CI -3.87 to -0.87, q = 0.02) were negatively associated with EPDS scores, indicating their potential protective effects against antenatal depression. There was no significant association between SCFAs and EPDS scores. The mediating role of Enterococcus between different lagged periods of PM2.5, PM2.5 chemical component exposure, and antenatal depression was revealed. For instance, Enterococcus explained 29.23% (95%CI 2.16-87.13%, p = 0.04) of associations between PM2.5 exposure level at the day of sampling (lag 0) and EPDS scores. CONCLUSION Our study highlights that Enterococcus may mediate the associations between PM2.5, PM2.5 chemical components, and antenatal depression. The mediating mechanism through which the gut microbiota influences PM2.5-induced depression in pregnant women still needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlai Qiu
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qingbo Fang
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xueer Zeng
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China; Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Tianzi Zang
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yanan Cao
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yiming Tu
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jinbing Bai
- Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Center for Women's and Children's Health Research, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Deng M, Wang C, Yang C, Li X, Cheng H. Nitrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics, formation mechanism, and source apportionment of nitrate aerosols in Wuhan, Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:170715. [PMID: 38331296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and formation mechanisms of nitrate in PM2.5 is important for effective and precise prevention and control of particulate matter pollution. In this study, we detected stable nitrogen and oxygen isotope signatures of NO- 3 (expressed as δ15N-NO- 3 and δ18O-NO3-) in PM2.5 samples in Wuhan, the largest city in central China. The sources and formation pathways of NO3- were quantitatively analyzed using the modified version of the Bayesian isotope mixing (MixSIR) model, and the regional transport characteristics of NO3- were analyzed using the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) method. The results showed that NO3- significantly contributed to the ambient PM2.5 pollution and its driving effect increased with the gradient of pollution level. The average δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- values were 4.7 ± 0.9 ‰ and 79.7 ± 2.9 ‰, respectively. δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- were more enriched in winter and increased dramatically in heavily polluted days. The reaction pathway of NO2 + OH dominated nitrate formation in summer, while the reaction pathway of N2O5+ H2O dominated in other seasons and contributed more in polluted days than clean days. The contributions of vehicle emission, coal combustion, biomass burning, biogenic soil emission, and ship emission sources to NO3- were 26.4 %, 23.4 %, 22.8 %, 15.3 %, and 12.1 %, respectively. In addition to local emissions, air mass transport from the northern China had a significant impact on particulate NO3- in Wuhan. Overall, we should pay special attention to vehicle and ship emissions and winter coal combustion emissions in future policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cimou Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunmian Yang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Wang Y, Xing C, Cai B, Qiu W, Zhai J, Zeng Y, Zhang A, Shi S, Zhang Y, Yang X, Fu TM, Shen H, Wang C, Zhu L, Ye J. Impact of antioxidants on PM 2.5 oxidative potential, radical level, and cytotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169555. [PMID: 38157913 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Antioxidants are typically seen as agents that mitigate environmental health risks due to their ability to scavenge free radicals. However, our research presents a paradox where these molecules, particularly those within lung fluid, act as prooxidants in the presence of airborne particulate matter (PM2.5), thus enhancing PM2.5 oxidative potential (OP). In our study, we examined a range of antioxidants found in the respiratory system (e.g., vitamin C, glutathione (GSH), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)), in plasma (vitamin A, vitamin E, and β-carotene), and in food (tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)). We aimed to explore antioxidants' prooxidant and antioxidant interactions with PM2.5 and the resulting OP and cytotoxicity. We employed OH generation assays and electron paramagnetic resonance assays to assess the pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative effects of antioxidants. Additionally, we assessed cytotoxicity interaction using a Chinese hamster ovary cell cytotoxicity assay. Our findings revealed that, in the presence of PM2.5, all antioxidants except vitamin E significantly increased the PM2.5 OP by generating more OH radicals (OH generation rate: 0.16-24.67 pmol·min-1·m-3). However, it's noteworthy that these generated OH radicals were at least partially neutralized by the antioxidants themselves. Among the pro-oxidative antioxidants, vitamin A, β-carotene, and TBHQ showed the least ability to quench these radicals, consistent with their observed impact in enhancing PM2.5 cytotoxicity (PM2.5 LC50 reduced to 91.2 %, 88.8 %, and 75.1 % of PM2.5's original level, respectively). Notably, vitamin A and TBHQ-enhanced PM2.5 OP were strongly associated with the presence of metals and organic compounds, particularly with copper (Cu) contributing significantly (35 %) to TBHQ's pro-oxidative effect. Our study underscores the potential health risks associated with the interaction between antioxidants and ambient pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunbo Xing
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baohua Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinghao Zhai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Antai Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shao Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Sun X, Zhao T, Tang G, Bai Y, Kong S, Zhou Y, Hu J, Tan C, Shu Z, Xu J, Ma X. Vertical changes of PM 2.5 driven by meteorology in the atmospheric boundary layer during a heavy air pollution event in central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159830. [PMID: 36343804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regional PM2.5 transport is a crucial factor affecting air quality, and the meteorological mechanism in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) has not been fully understood over the receptor region in the regional transport of air pollutants. Based on the intensive vertical measurements of air pollutants and meteorology in the ABL during a transport-induced heavy air pollution event in Xiangyang, an urban site over a receptor region in central China, we investigated the meteorological mechanism in vertical PM2.5 changes in the ABL for heavy air pollution over the receptor region. Driven by northerly winds, regional PM2.5 transport was built from upstream northern China to downstream central China, where the observed ABL structures were unstable throughout the air pollution event. We assessed the ABL structures with meteorological and PM2.5 profiles at growth, maintenance, and dissipation stages, and elucidated the mechanism of regional PM2.5 transport inducing air pollution over the receptor region with the contribution of thermal and mechanical factors. The regional PM2.5 transport was concentrated in the upper ABL over the downwind receptor region with high PM2.5 concentrations at altitudes of 600-800 m, where the transported PM2.5 peaks were downwards mixed by vertical wind shear, forming the vertical PM2.5 transport from the upper ABL to near-surface in the growth stage; the weakened winds and less unstable structures in the ABL favored the sustained pollution with slight vertical PM2.5 changes in the maintenance stage, which was dominated by thermal factors with 87 % contribution; the removal of PM2.5 was triggered by increasing winds from the upper ABL, activating the dissipation of heavy PM2.5 pollution with the mechanical effect accounting for 60 % in the dissipation stage. These findings could improve our understanding of ABL's influence on air pollution over the receptor region with implications for the regional transport of air pollutants in environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongqing Bai
- Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou 350011, China
| | - Chenghao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuozhi Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jiaping Xu
- Jiangsu Climate Center, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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5
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Deng M, Chen D, Zhang G, Cheng H. Policy-driven variations in oxidation potential and source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Wuhan, central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158255. [PMID: 36028034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China has implemented several control measures to mitigate PM2.5 pollution and improve air quality, such as the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (APPCAP). To comprehensively assess the changes in ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the corresponding health risk with the implementation of APPCAP, this study examined PM2.5 samples collected in Wuhan in 2012/2013 and 2018 for water-soluble ions, carbonaceous fractions, and elements, respectively. Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay was used to determine the oxidation potential (OP) of PM2.5. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the multiple linear regression (MLR) model were used to analyze PM2.5 sources and the contribution of each source to the OP of PM2.5. The results showed that PM2.5 concentrations in Wuhan decreased significantly, however, there was little change in the health risk and a significant increase in intrinsic toxicity. DTTv (the volume-normalized dithiothreitol) showed high correlations (r > 0.5, p < 0.01) with water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic carbon (OC), secondary ions (NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+), and elements. Compared to 2012/2013, the contribution of vehicle emissions and secondary aerosol sources to PM2.5 increased significantly in 2018. Biomass burning sources significantly contribute to DTTv in the summer and autumn, and secondary aerosol sources significantly contribute to DTTv in winter. The human health impacts from coal combustion sources remained high, while vehicle emission sources increased. In the context of decreasing PM2.5 concentrations, the role of vehicle emissions health impacts is increasingly significant due to the large increment in vehicle ownership and high inherent OP. Therefore, targeting vehicle emissions for control is of great importance for human health and needs to be given great attention in future policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Danhong Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Cong L, Zhou S, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang M. Rainfall characteristics significantly affect the scavenging of water-soluble ions attached to leaves. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114238. [PMID: 36323152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation is considered the most effective way to remove particulate matter from the leaves of plants. Changes in rainfall characteristics can affect the scavenging processes of particulate matter from leaves. In order to better understand the dynamics of PM scavenging during rainfall, especially the water-soluble ions components, leaves from the 11 plant species (trees, shrubs, terrestrial herbs, wetland plants) from the Olympic park were sampled and used in indoor experiments. During the experiments, the rainfall intensity was set at 30 mm/h, 45 mm/h, and 60 mm/h, and the duration was divided into 0-20 min, 20-40 min, and 40-60 min. The sampled plant leaves were set in the experiments at 1 m and 3 m height from the ground. Concentrations and compositions of nine water-soluble ions of rainfall samples were analyzed in this experiment. The results revealed that SO42-, Ca2+, and Na+ were the most abundant ionic species removed from the leaves, and NO3- ranked fourth, followed by Cl-, Mg2+ K+, NH4+, and F-. The ions concentration of rainfall samples decreased when the rain intensity increased from 30 to 45 mm/h and when the rain intensity increased to 60 mm/h. The efficiency of scavenging during different rainfall durations depends on the ionic species. Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO42- concentrations increased with the increase in rainfall duration, whereas those of NH4+, K+, and Cl- decreased. The effect of leaf height on ions concentration of rainfall samples was also different among the ionic species: Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NO3-, and F- concentrations were significantly higher at 1 m compared with 3 m. The principal component analysis of ions in rainfall samples revealed two main sources of particulate matter in our study. One is from vehicle exhaust and industrial and agricultural pollution. The other is agricultural combustion and ground dust sources. The results of the above study can provide a basis and theoretical support for the establishment of urban cleaning systems and the prevention of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cong
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shijun Zhou
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenming Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Characteristics and Weekend Effect of Air Pollution in Eastern Jilin Province. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using the hourly monitoring data of pollutants from 16 automatic atmospheric monitoring stations in eastern Jilin Province from 2015 to 2020, this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution laws of CO, SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and O3 in eastern Jilin Province. At the same time, the regional transport pathways of pollutants were analyzed using the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model; the potential source contribution function (PSCF) analyzed the potential source area of PM2.5. Finally, the “weekend effect” of CO, NO2, PM2.5, and O3 was analyzed. The results showed that the six pollutants showed a downward trend year by year. The concentrations of O3, PM10, and PM2.5 were higher in northwest Jilin, and the concentrations of SO2 and CO were higher in southwest Jilin. Except for CO, the seasonal variation of pollutants was pronounced. Except for O3, most pollutants had the highest concentration in winter. Hourly variation analysis described that SO2 and O3 had only one peak in a day, and the other four pollutants showed “double peak” hourly variation characteristics. The study area was mainly affected by the airflow pathway from northwest and southwest. The weight potential source contribution function (WPSCF) high-value area of PM2.5 was northwest and southwest. O3 showed a “negative weekend effect”, and NO2 and CO showed a “positive weekend effect”.
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Zhang Z, Yan Y, Kong S, Deng Q, Qin S, Yao L, Zhao T, Qi S. Benefits of refined NH 3 emission controls on PM 2.5 mitigation in Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:151957. [PMID: 34838911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is one of the most crucial precursors of secondary inorganic aerosols. However, its emission control is still weakness over China. NH3 emission inventories of 2015 with and without considering a set of refined emission reduction strategies covering seven major NH3 emission sources were constructed in Central China. GEOS-Chem model simulations were conducted to quantify the benefits of NH3 emission reduction on PM2.5 mitigation in four typical months (January, April, July and October). The results showed that these control strategies could reduce approximately 47.0% (152 Gg) of the total NH3 emissions in Hubei Province, with the agricultural (livestock and fertilizer application) source being reduced the most (133 Gg). NH3 had a significant nonlinear relationship with sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and PM2.5. NH3 emission reduction exerted less effect on sulfate mitigations (the annual average sensitivity was 4.5%), but it obviously alleviated nitrate, ammonium and thus PM2.5, with the annual average sensitivities of 81.9%, 34.8% and 22.0%, respectively. The average provincial concentrations of PM2.5 were alleviated by 11.2% in January, 10.6% in October, 10.2% in April and 9.3% in July through NH3 emission reduction by 47.0%. The reduction benefits were more pronounced in high NH3 emission areas, such as Yichang, with the PM2.5 reduction of 14.4% in January. This research could provide scientific support for formulating NH3 emission reduction policies to further mitigate PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Qimin Deng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Si Qin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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9
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He Z, Liu P, Zhao X, He X, Liu J, Mu Y. Responses of surface O 3 and PM 2.5 trends to changes of anthropogenic emissions in summer over Beijing during 2014-2019: A study based on multiple linear regression and WRF-Chem. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150792. [PMID: 34619192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the implementation of air pollution control actions, anthropogenic emissions in Beijing have changed in recent years. Understanding the impact of changes in anthropogenic emissions on O3 and PM2.5 trends is helpful for developing air quality management strategies. Herein, we investigated the variations of air pollutants in summer over Beijing using long-term data sets from 2014 to 2019, and explored the responses of O3 and PM2.5 trends to changes in anthropogenic emissions based on multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis and WRF-Chem model. The results indicated a significant decrease in PM2.5, but a near constant level of O3 during 2014-2019. The decrease rate of PM2.5, which was lower than that of SO2, might be due to the effect of NO2 on atmospheric PM2.5. Both the slightly increasing correlations between PM2.5 and NO2 and the WRF-Chem model simulations implied that atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing is trending to be more sensitive to NOx than SO2. The emissions of NOx and VOCs from industry and transportation were found to make great contribution to O3 production in Beijing. Due to the titration of NOx in VOC-limited regime, the relatively low emission ratios of NOx and VOCs from industry and transportation in Beijing provided convincing evidence for the persistently high O3 concentrations during 2014-2019. However, the noticeable increase of the O3 trends in other areas (e.g., Hebei, Tianjin) could be explained by the significant decline in the emission ratios of NOx and VOCs from anthropogenic emissions especially industry during 2014-2019. Controlling the emission of NOx can substantially reduce PM2.5 pollution, but may aggravate O3 pollution, and thus effective VOC emission control strategies need to be considered for simultaneously controlling O3 and PM2.5 pollution in Beijing and other regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouming He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Regional Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Regional Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Regional Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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10
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van Donkelaar A, Hammer MS, Bindle L, Brauer M, Brook JR, Garay MJ, Hsu NC, Kalashnikova OV, Kahn RA, Lee C, Levy RC, Lyapustin A, Sayer AM, Martin RV. Monthly Global Estimates of Fine Particulate Matter and Their Uncertainty. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15287-15300. [PMID: 34724610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Annual global satellite-based estimates of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are widely relied upon for air-quality assessment. Here, we develop and apply a methodology for monthly estimates and uncertainties during the period 1998-2019, which combines satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth, chemical transport modeling, and ground-based measurements to allow for the characterization of seasonal and episodic exposure, as well as aid air-quality management. Many densely populated regions have their highest PM2.5 concentrations in winter, exceeding summertime concentrations by factors of 1.5-3.0 over Eastern Europe, Western Europe, South Asia, and East Asia. In South Asia, in January, regional population-weighted monthly mean PM2.5 concentrations exceed 90 μg/m3, with local concentrations of approximately 200 μg/m3 for parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. In East Asia, monthly mean PM2.5 concentrations have decreased over the period 2010-2019 by 1.6-2.6 μg/m3/year, with decreases beginning 2-3 years earlier in summer than in winter. We find evidence that global-monitored locations tend to be in cleaner regions than global mean PM2.5 exposure, with large measurement gaps in the Global South. Uncertainty estimates exhibit regional consistency with observed differences between ground-based and satellite-derived PM2.5. The evaluation of uncertainty for agglomerated values indicates that hybrid PM2.5 estimates provide precise regional-scale representation, with residual uncertainty inversely proportional to the sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada
| | - Melanie S Hammer
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Liam Bindle
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jeffery R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P8, Canada
| | - Michael J Garay
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - N Christina Hsu
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Olga V Kalashnikova
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Ralph A Kahn
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Colin Lee
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada
| | - Robert C Levy
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Alexei Lyapustin
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
| | - Andrew M Sayer
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, United States
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland 21046, United States
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada
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11
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Industrial Source Contributions and Health Risk Assessment of Fine Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during Spring and Late Summer in the Baoshan Area, Shanghai. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine the chemical characteristics, possible sources, and health risks of fine particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Baoshan area of Shanghai. Here, ambient particles with five-size ranges were collected during the spring and late summer of 2017. The PAHs were determined by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results showed that the average mass concentration of 13 species of PAHs in spring and in late summer was 4.83 (1.88~12.1) ng/m3 and 4.27 (2.09~5.75) ng/m3 in Total Suspended Particles (TSPs), respectively. The higher PAH ratios (PM1.1/TSPs) indicated that PAHs are mainly concentrated in PM1.1, especially in late summer. The values of BaA/(BaA+CHR) were under 0.50 and IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP) were in range from 0.20 to 0.50 for TSP and PM1.1, suggesting that petroleum combustion and diesel emissions could be considered as key sources of PAHs, which tend to be associated with PM1.1. Moreover, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in PM1.1 identified the main PH sources, which include stationary and diesel emissions. The air mass backward trajectories and wind direction analysis showed that air masses were mainly derived from marine sources across the local industry area in late summer. Individual Carcinogenic Risk Inhalation (ILCR) was over 10−6 among the total six age groups in both of the sampling periods in TSPs, indicating the possible carcinogenic risk, especially for children and the young age group. Toxic PAHs belong to Heavy Molecular Weight (HMW) PAHs, especially Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Compared with PM1.1–2.0, the Combustion-Derived PAHs group (COMPAHs) and Carcinogenic PAHs (CANPAHs) were highly concentrated in PM1.1. Stationary sources, such as the developed steel industry, made a great contribution to the level of PAHs, especially in late summer.
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12
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Liu X, Jiang N, Zhang R, Yu X, Li S, Miao Q. Composition analysis of PM 2.5 at multiple sites in Zhengzhou, China: implications for characterization and source apportionment at different pollution levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59329-59344. [PMID: 33009610 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zhengzhou is one of the most heavily polluted cities in China. This study collected samples of PM2.5 (atmospheric fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) at five sites in different functional areas of Zhengzhou in 2016 to investigate the chemical properties and sources of PM2.5 at three pollution levels, i.e., PM2.5 ≤ 75 μg/m3 (non-pollution, NP), 75 μg/m3 < PM2.5 ≤ 150 μg/m3 (moderate pollution, MP), and PM2.5 > 150 μg/m3 (heavy pollution, HP). Chemical analysis was conducted, and source categories and potential source region were identified for PM2.5 at different pollution levels. The health risks of toxic elements were evaluated. Results showed that the average PM2.5 concentration in Zhengzhou was 119 μg/m3, and the sum of the concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ increased with the aggravation of pollution level (23, 42, and 114 μg/m3 at NP, MP, and HP days, respectively). Positive Matrix Factorization analysis indicated that secondary aerosols, coal combustion, vehicle traffic, industrial processes, biomass burning, and dust were the main sources of PM2.5 at three pollution levels, and accounted for 38.4%, 21.6%, 16.7%, 7.4%, 7.7%, and 8.1% on HP days, respectively. Trajectory clustering analysis showed that close-range transport was one of the dominant factors on HP days in Zhengzhou. The potential source areas were mainly located in Xinxiang, Kaifeng, Xuchang, and Pingdingshan. Significant risks existed in the non-carcinogenic risk of As (1.4-2.3) for children at three pollution levels and the non-carcinogenic risk of Pb (1.0-1.4) for children with NP and MP days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xue Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shengli Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qingqing Miao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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13
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Gong L, Yang Q, Liu CWB, Wang X, Zeng HL. Assessment of 12 Essential and Toxic Elements in Whole Blood of Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women Living in Wuhan of China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2121-2130. [PMID: 32780203 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposures to toxic trace elements and deficiencies of essential elements during pregnancy are associated to various birth complications. Assessment of the trace elements in pregnant women living in specific areas is important for biomonitoring. A total of 196 healthy pregnant women absent of pregnancy complications living in Wuhan of China and 210 healthy non-pregnant women were enrolled. The whole blood were collected. The toxic element chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb) and essential elements magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were determined by using a inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)-based method. All the metal(loid)s, except for Cd, Hg, and Tl, showed different levels in whole blood of the pregnant women compared with the non-pregnant women (p < 0.05), among which Mg, Fe, As, and Pb were lower while Ca, Cr, Mn, Cu, and Zn were higher. Moreover, whole blood levels of Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn showed significant variations among different gestational ages, while As and Cd showed significant variations among different maternal ages. In addition, Fe-Mg, Fe-Zn, Cu-Ca, and Hg-As were found to be correlated positively in whole blood of the pregnant women, while Fe-Ca, Zn-Ca, and Fe-Cu were correlated negatively. The systematic information of toxic and essential elements in whole blood of pregnant women living in Wuhan of China can provide important guidance for the supplementation of essential elements during pregnancy and for biomonitoring of environmental overexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Chang-Wen-Bo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Long Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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14
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Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Metal Elements in PM2.5 in Central Liaoning’s Urban Agglomeration. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the source and health risk of metal elements in PM2.5, a field study was conducted from May to December 2018 in the central region of the Liaoning province, China, including the cities of Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, Benxi, Yingkou, Liaoyang, and Tieling. 24 metal elements (Na, K, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Pb, Bi, Al, Sr, Mg, Ti, Ca, Fe, Ba, and Si) in PM2.5 were measured by ICP-MS and ICP-OES. They presented obvious seasonal variations, with the highest levels in winter and lowest in summer for all seven cities. The sum of 24 elements were ranged from to in these cities. The element mass concentration ratio was the highest in Yingkou in the spring (26.15%), and the lowest in Tieling in winter (3.63%). The highest values of elements in PM2.5 were mostly found in Anshan and Fushun among the studied cities. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modelling revealed that coal combustion, industry, traffic emission, soil dust, biomass burning, and road dust were the main sources of measured elements in all cities except for Yingkou. In Yingkou, the primary sources were identified as coal combustion, metal smelting, traffic emission, soil dust, and sea salt. Health risk assessment suggested that Mn had non-carcinogenic risks for both adults and children. As for Cr, As, and Cd, there was carcinogenic risks for adults and children in most cities. This study provides a clearer understanding of the regional pollution status of industrial urban agglomeration.
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15
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Shen L, Zhao T, Wang H, Liu J, Bai Y, Kong S, Zheng H, Zhu Y, Shu Z. Importance of meteorology in air pollution events during the city lockdown for COVID-19 in Hubei Province, Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142227. [PMID: 32920418 PMCID: PMC7473012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the 21-year climatological mean over the same period during 2000-2020, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom exponent (AE) during the COVID-19 lockdown (January 24-February 29, 2020) decreased and increased, respectively, in most regions of Central-Eastern China (CEC). The AOD (AE) values decreased (increased) by 39.2% (29.4%) and 31.0% (45.3%) in Hubei and Wuhan, respectively, because of the rigorous restrictions. These inverse changes reflected the reduction of total aerosols in the air and the contribution of the increase in fine-mode particles during the lockdown. The surface PM2.5 had a distinct spatial distribution over CEC during the lockdown, with high concentrations in North China and East China. In particular, relatively high PM2.5 concentrations were notable in the lower flatlands of Hubei Province in Central China, where six PM2.5 pollution events were identified during the lockdown. Using the observation data and model simulations, we found that 50% of the pollution episodes were associated with the long-range transport of air pollutants from upstream CEC source regions, which then converged in the downstream Hubei receptor region. However, local pollution was dominant for the remaining episodes because of stagnant meteorological conditions. The long-range transport of air pollutants substantially contributed to PM2.5 pollution in Hubei, reflecting the exceptional importance of meteorology in regional air quality in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Honglei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Jane Liu
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G3, Canada
| | - Yongqing Bai
- Institute of Heavy Rain, China Meteorological Administration, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhuozhi Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of the China Meteorological Administration, PREMIC, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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16
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Evolution of Aerosols in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Elevated Layers during a Severe, Persistent Haze Episode in a Central China Megacity. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol vertical profiling is crucial to understand the formation mechanism and evolution processes of haze, which have not yet been comprehensively clarified. In this study, we investigated a severe, persistent haze event in Wuhan (30.5° N, 114.4° E), China during 5–18 January 2013 by the use of a polarization lidar, a Cimel sun photometer, meteorological datasets, and the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, focusing on the time–height evolution of aerosols in both the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and elevated layers. During the haze period, the integrated particle depolarization ratio was 0.05 ± 0.02, and the fine mode fraction reached 0.91 ± 0.03, indicating haze particles were rather spherical and predominately submicron, that is, of anthropogenic nature. Compared with the clear period, columnar aerosol optical depth at 500 nm tripled to 1.32 ± 0.31, and the strongest enhancement in aerosol concentration occurred from near the ground to an altitude of 1.2 km during the haze period. The daytime evolution of aerosol vertical distribution in the ABL exhibited a distinct pattern under haze weather. Abundant particles accumulated below 0.5 km in the morning hours due to stable meteorological conditions, including a strong surface-based inversion (4.4–8.1 °C), late development (from 1000–1100 LT) of the convective boundary layer, and weak wind (<4 m∙s−1) in the lowermost troposphere. In the afternoon, improved ventilation delivered an overall reduction in boundary layer aerosols but was insufficient to eliminate haze. Particularly, the morning residual layer had an optical depth of 0.29–0.56. It influenced air quality indirectly by weakening convective activities in the morning and directly through the fumigation process around noon, suggesting it may be an important element in aerosol–ABL interactions during consecutive days with haze. Our lidar also captured the presence of the elevated aerosol layers (EALs) embodying regional/long-range transport. Most of the EALs were observed to subside to <1.2 km and exacerbate the pollution level. Backward trajectory analysis and lidar data revealed the EALs originated from the transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the Sichuan Basin, China, and of dust from the deserts in the northwest. They were estimated to contribute ~19% of columnar aerosol-loading, pointing to a non-negligible role of transport during the intense pollution episode. The results could benefit the complete understanding of aerosol–ABL interactions under haze weather and air quality forecasting and control in Wuhan.
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Chen C, Huang L, Shi J, Zhou Y, Wang J, Yao X, Gao H, Liu Y, Xing J, Liu X. Atmospheric outflow of anthropogenic iron and its deposition to China adjacent seas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141302. [PMID: 32858287 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of iron (Fe) can increase marine primary productivity, consequently affect ocean biogeochemical cycles and climate change. In this study, we develop an adaptor to generate anthropogenic Fe emission inventories for China in 2012 and 2016 via anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions from Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) using local source-specific mass fractions of Fe in PM2.5. Using the generated emission inventories, we simulated Fe concentrations as well as dry deposition fluxes to China marginal seas using a WRF-CMAQ model during four campaign periods. The simulated Fe concentrations are in good agreement with observations except for those in presence of severe dust-intrusion events (NMB -13% ~ -27%), indicating a reasonably good performance of the generated Fe emissions and leaving the large underestimation of Fe concentrations mainly due to nature dust emissions. Simulated Fe concentrations over China marginal seas are in the range of 62-6.5 × 102 ng m-3, providing 2.0-12.5 μg m-2 d-1 to the seas during the study periods. We also found that inputs of total Fe in PM2.5 to the seas in presence of dust-intrusion events are 3 and 13 times larger than those in presence of haze events or on less polluted days. Due to lower Fe solubility in nature mineral aerosols than in anthropogenic aerosols, dry deposition fluxes of bioavailable Fe on haze days almost double that in dust days. The total anthropogenic emissions of Fe over China in 2012 and 2016 are estimated as 5.5 × 102 Gg and 3.3 × 102 Gg, respectively. Iron and steel industry are the dominant sources of Fe, accounting for 59-63% of the total anthropogenic Fe emissions. Geotropically, stronger emissions per area were distributed in eastern China, e.g., 2.3 to 15.4 ng m-2 s-1 in eastern China versus <0.4 ng m-2 s-1 in western China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jinhui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environment Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environment Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environment Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yayong Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environment Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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18
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Wang Q, Fang J, Shi W, Dong X. Distribution characteristics and policy-related improvements of PM 2.5 and its components in six Chinese cities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115299. [PMID: 32818727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the distribution characteristics and possible sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its components, as well as policy-related pollution reduction in the Chinese cities of Jinan, Shijiazhuang (SJZ), Chengdu, Wuxi, Wuhan, and Harbin (HRB). PM2.5 samples were collected using mid-volume samplers during the autumn of 2017 in all six cities. The samples were analyzed to determine the ambient PM2.5 compositions, including the concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs), carbonaceous aerosols, and elements concentrations. The chemical ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon and nitrate to sulfate as well as the enrichment factors of elements were calculated to establish the possible sources of PM2.5 in all six cities. The highest PM2.5 concentration was 152 μg/m3 in SJZ, while the lowest concentration was 47 μg/m3 in HRB. During the sampling period in these six cities, the PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the World Health Organization recommended daily average air quality guidelines by 2.4-6.1 times, and WSIIs, carbonaceous aerosols, and elements accounted for 31.8%-61.6%, 9.8%-35.1%, and 0.9%-2.5% of the PM2.5, respectively. In 2013, the Chinese government formulated the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) for controlling air pollution, and effective measures have been implemented since then. Compared with previous studies conducted during 2009-2013 before the implementation of the APPCAP, the concentrations of PM2.5 and most of its components decreased to varying degrees, and large changes in the chemical ratios of PM2.5 components were observed. These results indicate that PM2.5 sources vary among these six cities and that China has improved the ambient air quality in these cities through the implementation of air pollution control policies. The APPCAP have achieved considerable results in continuously reducing pollution concentrations, although the air pollution concentrations observed in this study remain high compared with those of other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wanying Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Yin Z, Huang X, He L, Cao S, Zhang JJ. Trends in ambient air pollution levels and PM 2.5 chemical compositions in four Chinese cities from 1995 to 2017. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:6396-6410. [PMID: 33209477 PMCID: PMC7656343 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-19-crh-aq-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth analysis of the specific evolution of air pollution in a given city can provide a better understanding of the chronic effects of air pollution on human health. In this study, we reported trends in ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants [sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3)] from 1995 to 2017 and PM2.5 composition for the period of 2000–2017 in Guangzhou, Wuhan, Chongqing, and Lanzhou. We provided socio-economic indicators to help explain the pollution trends. SO2 and PM (including PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations showed a downward trend in recent years with the most notable reduction in SO2 in Chongqing and PM2.5 in Guangzhou. There was an overall flat trend for NO2, while O3 showed an upward trend in recent years except in Lanzhou. The majority of PM2.5 mass was SO42− (6.0–30 µg/m3) and organic carbon (6.0–38 µg/m3), followed by NO3− (2.0–12 µg/m3), elemental carbon (2.1–12 µg/m3), NH4+ (1.0–10 µg/m3), K+ (0.2–2.0 µg/m3), and Cl− (0.2–1.9 µg/m3). Except for secondary inorganic aerosols in Wuhan, annual average concentrations of all PM2.5 constituents showed a declining trend after 2013, corresponding to the trend of PM2.5. The secondary sources in PM2.5 were found to be most prominent in Wuhan, while the most abundant EC and Cl− in Lanzhou was attributed to the use of coal. Despite temporal and spatial variabilities across the four cities, coal combustion, traffic emissions, and secondary pollution have been the major sources of PM2.5 pollution. These trends in ambient air pollution levels and PM2.5 composition may help understand changes in health outcomes measured at different times within the time period of 1995–2017 in the four cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Yin
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Suzhen Cao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of Environment & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA.,Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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Pollution Characteristics, Chemical Compositions, and Population Health Risks during the 2018 Winter Haze Episode in Jianghan Plain, Central China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To determine the pollution characteristics, chemical compositions, and population health risks of PM2.5 at different pollution levels, PM2.5 samples were intensively collected during the long-lasting winter haze episode from 13–23 January 2018 in Xiantao in Jianghan Plain (JHP), central China. The higher PM2.5 levels during the severe pollution period were dominated by the WNW-NNE air-masses, whereas the lower PM2.5 concentrations during other pollution periods were mainly affected by the NE, S, and NW air-masses. The NO3−/SO42− and OC/EC ratios indicated a mixed contribution of intensive vehicle exhaust and secondary formation. The enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index for assessing the PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s contamination levels were positively correlated. Ingestion is the dominant exposure pathway of PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s for children and adults, followed by inhalation and dermal contact. As, Cr, and Pb may pose carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, whereas Sb and V may only pose non-carcinogenic risks for children and adults. The population health risks may not depend on the pollution levels but depend on the PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s concentrations. PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s may pose much higher population health risks for adults compared to children. More attentions should be paid to the population health risks of PM2.5-bound metal(loid)s during a long-lasting winter haze episode in JHP.
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Analysis of Pollution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Main Pollutants in the Atmosphere of Shenyang City. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most concerning environmental problems in cities. Hourly data on pollutant concentrations from 11 automatic atmospheric monitoring stations and meteorological data in Shenyang from 2017 to 2019 were used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation rules of CO (carbon monoxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), O3 (ozone), PM2.5 and PM10 (PM particles with an aerodynamic diameters of not more than 2.5 µm and 10 µm) and their relationships with meteorological parameters. Meanwhile, the regional transmission route of pollutants was analyzed by the hybrid single particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The results showed that the concentration of O3 in the northern area of the city was higher than that in the south; CO, SO2 and NO2 were relatively high in the urban center; and PM2.5 and PM10 were relatively high in the southwest. The average concentration of pollutants was lowest in 2019. The concentration of O3 was the highest in spring, while CO showed no significant variations between different seasons. The remaining pollutant concentrations appeared to be high in winter and low in summer. The cumulative concentrations of the six pollutants were the highest in March, and relatively low in July–September. The diurnal concentration variations of O3, CO and SO2 exhibited a “single peak,” while others showed a “double peak and double valley.” Temperature was positively correlated with O3 concentration and negatively correlated with others. Wind speed was negatively correlated with the concentration of PM2.5, NO2, and O3. The air quality of the main urban area in spring and summer was mainly affected by the coastal air flow, while it was mostly affected by the northwest air flow in autumn and winter.
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Characterization, Pollution Sources, and Health Risk of Ionic and Elemental Constituents in PM2.5 of Wuhan, Central China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5 samples from Wuhan, China were collected during a winter period of February and a summer period of August in 2018. The average PM2.5 mass concentration in winter reached 112 μg/m3—about two-fold higher than that found in summer. Eight ionic species constituted 1/3 of PM2.5, whereas more than 85% represented secondary ionic aerosols (NO3−, SO42− and NH4+). Higher ratios of NO3−/SO42− (0.95–2.62) occurred in winter and lower ratios (0.11–0.42) occurred in summer showing the different contribution for mobile and stationary sources. Seventeen elemental species constituted about 10% of PM2.5, with over 95% Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, K and Zn. Higher K-concentration occurred in winter indicating greater contribution from biomass and firework-burning. Carcinogenic risks by Cr, As, Cd, Ni and Pb in PM2.5 indicated that about 6.94 children and 46.5 adults among per million may risk getting cancer via inhalation during surrounding winter atmospheric sampling, while about 5.41 children and 36.6 adults have the same risk during summer. Enrichment factors (EFs) and elemental ratios showed that these hazardous elements were mainly from anthropogenic sources like coal and oil combustion, gasoline and diesel vehicles.
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Kang J, Liao J, Xu S, Xia W, Li Y, Chen S, Lu B. Associations of exposure to fine particulate matter during pregnancy with maternal blood glucose levels and gestational diabetes mellitus: Potential effect modification by ABO blood group. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 198:110673. [PMID: 32361495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have examined the relationships between prenatal fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the results were inconsistent. Furthermore, the possible effect modification by ABO blood group has not been explored. OBJECTIVES To assess the associations of PM2.5 exposures during pregnancy with maternal glucose levels as well as GDM, and further to evaluate the potential effect modification by ABO blood group. METHODS Between January 2013 and January 2015, 4783 pregnant women were enrolled in our study based on a birth cohort in Wuhan. Daily PM2.5 exposure levels for each woman during pregnancy were estimated using a spatial-temporal land-use regression model. Linear regressions with general estimating equations (GEE) were performed to assess the associations between trimester-specific PM2.5 exposures and maternal glucose levels. Modified Poisson regressions with GEE analyses were used to evaluate the impacts of PM2.5 exposures during each trimester on the risk of GDM. The associations of PM2.5 exposure during the whole study period with glucose levels and GDM were estimated using multiple linear regression model and modified Poisson regression model, respectively. We conducted a stratified analysis to explore the potential effect modification by ABO blood group. RESULTS Among all the 4783 participants, 394 (8.24%) had GDM. Exposure to PM2.5 was found to be positively associated with elevated fasting glucose level during the whole study period [0.382 mg/dL, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.179-0.586, per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5], the first trimester (0.154 mg/dL ,95% CI: 0.017-0.291) and the second trimester (0.541 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.390-0.692). No statistically significant results were observed between PM2.5 and 1-h and 2-h glucose levels during any study period. Increased risks of GDM for each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 levels were observed during the whole study period [relative risk (RR): 1.120, 95% CI: 1.021-1.228] and the first trimester (RR: 1.074, 95% CI: 1.012-1.141), but not the second trimester (RR: 1.035, 95% CI: 0.969-1.106). Stratified analysis indicated that the associations of PM2.5 exposures with GDM were more pronounced among pregnant women with blood group A, but no significant effect modifications were observed. CONCLUSION Our study enriched epidemiological evidence linking PM2.5 exposures during pregnancy to elevated maternal glucose levels and increased risk of GDM. More importantly, we first highlighted that the impact of PM2.5 on GDM might be greater among pregnant women with blood group A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jiaqiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.
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24
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Characteristics of Carbonaceous Matter in Aerosol from Selected Urban and Rural Areas of Southern Poland. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to obtain a detailed picture of the spatial and seasonal variability of carbonaceous matter in southern Poland. Particulate matter (PM) samples from eight selected urban and rural background sites were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) (thermal-optical method, “eusaar_2” protocol), and the content of secondary (SOC) and primary organic carbon (POC) was estimated. The OC and EC dynamics were further studied using each of the thermally-derived carbon fractions (OC1–4, PC, and EC1–4). Clear spatiotemporal variability of carbonaceous compounds concentrations was observed, with higher levels recorded during the heating season. The considered measurement sites differed particularly in the shares of SOC and POC, with higher values of POC contents especially in rural areas. In terms of the content of carbon fractions, the analyzed sites showed roughly the same characteristics, with PC, OC4, and OC2 as dominant fractions of OC and with clear dominance of EC3 and EC2 over other EC fractions. The results obtained as part of this work may be a valuable source of information about the actual status of the carbonaceous matter, which remains one of the least known components of atmospheric PM.
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Mao X, Hu X, Wang Y, Xia W, Zhao S, Wan Y. Temporal trend of arsenic in outdoor air PM 2.5 in Wuhan, China, in 2015-2017 and the personal inhalation of PM-bound arsenic: implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:21654-21665. [PMID: 32279249 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic in fine air particulate matter (PM2.5) has been identified as an important factor responsible for the morbidity of lung cancer, which has increased sharply in many regions of China. Some reports in China have shown that arsenic in the air exceeds the ambient air quality standard value, while long-term airborne arsenic concentrations in central China and human exposure via inhalation of PM-bound arsenic (inhalable airborne PM) have not been well characterized. In this study, 579 outdoor air PM2.5 samples from Wuhan, a typical city in central China, were collected from 2015 to 2017, and arsenic was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Personal exposure to PM-bound arsenic via inhalation and urinary arsenic concentration were also measured. The concentrations of arsenic in PM2.5 were in the range of 0.42-61.6 ng/m3 (mean 8.48 ng/m3). The average concentration of arsenic in 2015 (10.7 ng/m3) was higher than that in 2016 (6.81 ng/m3) and 2017 (8.18 ng/m3), exceeded the standard value. The arsenic concentrations in spring and winter were higher than those in summer and autumn. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found among different sites. The daily intake of arsenic inhalation based on PM10 samples collected by personal samplers (median, 10.8 ng/m3) was estimated. Urban residents inhaled higher levels of PM-bound arsenic than rural residents. Daily intake of arsenic via inhalation accounted for a negligible part (< 1%) of the total daily intake of arsenic (calculated based on excreted urinary arsenic); however, potential associations between the adverse effects (e.g., lung adenocarcinoma) and inhaled PM-bound arsenic require more attention, particularly for those who experience in long-term exposure. This study is the first report of a 3-year temporal trend of airborne PM2.5-bound arsenic in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Mao
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Hu
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng N, Zhang C, Jing D, Li W, Guo T, Wang Q, Li S. An integrated chemical mass balance and source emission inventory model for the source apportionment of PM 2.5 in typical coastal areas. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 92:118-128. [PMID: 32430115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The source apportionment of PM2.5 is essential for pollution prevention. In view of the weaknesses of individual models, we proposed an integrated chemical mass balance-source emission inventory (CMB-SEI) model to acquire more accurate results. First, the SEI of secondary component precursors (SO2, NOx, NH3, and VOCs) was compiled to acquire the emission ratios of these sources for the precursors. Then, a regular CMB simulation was executed to obtain the contributions of primary particle sources and secondary components (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, and SOC). Afterwards, the contributions of secondary components were apportioned into primary sources according to the source emission ratios. The final source apportionment results combined the contributions of primary sources by CMB and SEI. This integrated approach was carried out via a case study of three coastal cities (Zhoushan, Taizhou, and Wenzhou; abbreviated WZ, TZ, and ZS) in Zhejiang Province, China. The regular CMB simulation results showed that PM2.5 pollution was mainly affected by secondary components and mobile sources. The SEI results indicated that electricity, industrial production and mobile sources were the largest contributors to the emission of PM2.5 gaseous precursors. The simulation results of the CMB-SEI model showed that PM2.5 pollution in the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province presented complex pollution characteristics dominated by mobile sources, electricity production sources and industrial production sources. Compared to the results of the CMB and SEI models alone, the CMB-SEI model completely apportioned PM2.5 to primary sources and simultaneously made the results more accurate and reliable in accordance with local industrial characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Deji Jing
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tianjiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Sujing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Zhang X, Geng Y, Shao S, Song X, Fan M, Yang L, Song J. Decoupling PM 2.5 emissions and economic growth in China over 1998-2016: A regional investment perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136841. [PMID: 31991271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It is crucial to decouple economic growth from environmental pollution in China. This study aims to evaluate China's decoupling level between PM2.5 emissions and economic growth from a regional investment perspective. Using the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces for the period of 1998-2016, this study combines decomposition analysis with decoupling analysis to identify the roles of conventional factors and three novel investment factors in the mitigation and decoupling of PM2.5 emissions in China and its four sub-regions. The results show that China's PM2.5 emissions were weakly decoupled to economic growth during the period of 1998-2016, as well as in China's four sub-regions. At the national level, investment scale played the dominant role while investment structure had a marginal effect in mitigating the decoupling level. In contrast, emission intensity was the largest driver in promoting the decoupling effect. At the regional level, emission intensity and investment efficiency accelerated the regional decoupling level, but the coupling effect from investment scale in the western region far exceeded those in other three sub-regions. At the provincial level, the investment structure of Inner Mongolia and investment scales of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia had the greatest impacts on PM2.5 emission growth. Finally, several policy recommendations are raised for China to mitigate its PM2.5 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Geng
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shuai Shao
- School of Urban and Regional Science, Institute of Finance and Economics Research, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Song
- China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meiting Fan
- School of Urban and Regional Science, Institute of Finance and Economics Research, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lili Yang
- School of International Economics and Trade, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Jiekun Song
- School of Economics and Management, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
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Zhao J, Mi X, Zhao L, Midgley AC, Tang H, Tian M, Yan H, Wang K, Wang R, Wan Y, Kong D, Mao H, Wang T. Validation of PM 2.5 model particle through physicochemical evaluation and atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE -/- mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110308. [PMID: 32058168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 particles are regarded as prominent risk factors that contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. However, the composition of PM2.5 is rather complicated. This study aimed to provide a model particle that simulates the behavior of actual PM2.5, for subsequent use in exploring mechanisms and major complications arising from PM2.5. To establish model particles of PM2.5, a series of monodisperse SiO2 microspheres with different average grain diameters were mixed according to the size distribution of actual PM2.5. The organic carbon (OC) was removed from PM2.5 and coated onto the SiO2 model particle, to formulate simulant PM2.5. Results showed that the size distribution of the model particle was highly approximate to that of the PM2.5 core. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) composition profile of the simulated PM2.5 were approximate to PM2.5, and loading efficiency was approximately 80%-120%. Furthermore, compared to the control, SiO2-only model particle had negligible cytotoxicity on cell viability and oxidative stress of HUVECs, and marginal effect on the lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice. In contrast, simulated PM2.5 exhibited similar cytotoxic and detrimental effects on lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic plaque formation with actual PM2.5. Traffic-related PM2.5 had negative effects on endothelial function and led to the formation of atherosclerosis via oxidative stress. The simulated PM2.5 simulated the outcomes of actual PM2.5 exposure. Here, we show that SiO2 particle model cores coated with OC could significantly assist in the evaluation of the effects of specific organic compositions bound on PM2.5, specifically in the context of environmental health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhao
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xingyan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Hepatology, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Adam C Midgley
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haoyu Tang
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengya Tian
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hongyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yajuan Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Deling Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Center for Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Liao W, Zhou J, Zhu S, Xiao A, Li K, Schauer JJ. Characterization of aerosol chemical composition and the reconstruction of light extinction coefficients during winter in Wuhan, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125033. [PMID: 31610462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate light extinction contributions of aerosol chemical constituents and their impacts on atmospheric visibility, the PM2.5 and its chemical components, light scattering (bsp) and absorption (bap) were continuously measured in Wuhan from January to February 2018. The average of PM2.5 concentration, bsp and bap were 96.5 ± 13.7 μg m-3, 564 ± 124 Mm-1 and 44 ± 8 Mm-1 during polluted days, respectively, which was about 2.0, 2.1 and 1.6 times higher than those of clean days, respectively. Compared with the clean days, the increase of the mass concentrations of SNA (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) during polluted days was higher than those of organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon, indicated the increase of SNA was the main cause of air pollution. The PM2.5 concentration threshold was 66 μg m-3, corresponding to the visibility lower than 10 km. The revised Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) algorithm was used to reconstruct the light extinction coefficient (bext) in Wuhan. The sum of light extinction coefficients of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 and organic matter (OM) accounted for 70.5% and 83.9% of bext during clean and polluted days, respectively. The backward trajectory and potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis revealed that regional transport accounted for 55.6% of the total airflow, which originated from south, northwest and west of Wuhan. The increases of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 concentrations, emitted from local vehicle exhaust and coal combustion, and their hygroscopic growth in ambient were the major causes of pollution in Wuhan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Liao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Jiabin Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Shengjie Zhu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Safety Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Anshan Xiao
- Sinopec Research Institute of Safety Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kuan Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Liu Q, Lu Z, Xiong Y, Huang F, Zhou J, Schauer JJ. Oxidative potential of ambient PM 2.5 in Wuhan and its comparisons with eight areas of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134844. [PMID: 31704396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) is a good indicator for assessing health risk associated with exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5, <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter). In this study, 24-h ambient PM2.5 samples were collected at three sampling sites throughout selected months of 2012 in Wuhan, Central China. Water soluble ions, metals, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), levoglucosan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, and dicarboxylic acids were determined. The dithiothreitol (DTT) assay was used to characterize the oxidative potential of PM2.5. Linear regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to link OP to the individual redox-active components originating from diverse emission sources. The OP results from the three sites in Wuhan, combined with the findings from eight other field studies of OP conducted in China, were compiled in order to compare the OP data in developed countries. The average, normalized OP levels for volume and mass at the three sampling sites in Wuhan were in the range of 1.8-8.2 nmol min-1 m-3 and 18.2-52.8 nmol min-1 mg-1, respectively. The differences in OP levels across sampling sites depended on the temporal and spatial differences in redox-active components of PM2.5. Results from linear regression and PCA showed that the redox-active components emitted from secondary inorganic aerosols as well as secondary organic aerosols were associated with the volume normalized OP in Wuhan. Two notable findings are illustrated by synthesizing the OP results observed at multi-sites across China. Of the nine field studies conducted in China, the lowest measured mass-normalized OP levels are significantly higher than the highest OP levels from field studies conducted in developed continents. China shares the same sources responsible for OP (e.g., secondary sources, fuel combustion, biomass burning, and dust emissions) with several other countries in developed continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Zhaojie Lu
- College of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fan Huang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiabin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - James J Schauer
- College of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Optical Properties of Aerosols and Chemical Composition Apportionment under Different Pollution Levels in Wuhan during January 2018. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the aerosol optical properties under different pollution levels and their impacting factors, hourly organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble ion (WSI) concentrations in PM2.5 were observed by using monitoring for aerosols and gases (MARGA) and a semicontinuous OC/EC analyzer (Model RT-4) in Wuhan from 9 to 26 January 2018. The aerosol extinction coefficient (bext) was reconstructed using the original Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environment (IMPROVE) formula with a modification to include sea salt aerosols. A good correlation was obtained between the reconstructed bext and measured bext converted from visibility. bext presented a unimodal distribution on polluted days (PM2.5 mass concentrations > 75 μg⋅m−3), peaking at 19:00. bext on clean days (PM2.5 mass concentrations < 75 μg⋅m−3) did not change much during the day, while on polluted days, it increased rapidly starting at 12:00 due to the decrease of wind speed and increase of relative humidity (RH). PM2.5 mass concentrations, the aerosol scattering coefficient (bscat), and the aerosol extinction coefficient increased with pollution levels. The value of bext was 854.72 Mm−1 on bad days, which was 4.86, 3.1, 2.29, and 1.28 times of that obtained on excellent, good, acceptable, and poor days, respectively. When RH < 95%, bext exhibited an increasing trend with RH under all pollution levels, and the higher the pollution level, the bigger the growth rate was. However, when RH > 95%, bext on acceptable, poor and bad days decreased, while bext on excellent and good days still increased. The overall bext in Wuhan in January was mainly contributed by NH4NO3 (25.2%) and organic matter (20.1%). The contributions of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 to bext increased significantly with pollution levels. On bad days, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 contributed the most to bext, accounting for 38.2% and 27.0%, respectively.
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Spatial Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on PM 2.5 Concentration in China's Inland Cities: A Case Study from Chengdu Plain Economic Zone. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010074. [PMID: 31861873 PMCID: PMC6981823 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), one of the main sources of air pollution, has increasingly become a concern of the people and governments in China. Examining the socioeconomic factors influencing on PM2.5 concentration is important for regional prevention and control. Previous studies mainly concentrated on the economically developed eastern coastal cities, but few studies focused on inland cities. This study selected Chengdu Plain Economic Zone (CPEZ), an inland region with heavy smog, and used spatial econometrics methods to identify the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 concentration and the socioeconomic factors underlying it from 2006 to 2016. Moran’s index indicates that PM2.5 concentration in CPEZ does have spatial aggregation characteristics. In general, the spatial clustering from the fluctuation state to the stable low state decreased by 1% annually on average, from 0.190 (p < 0.05) in 2006 to 0.083 (p < 0.1) in 2016. According to the results of the spatial Durbin model (SDM), socioeconomic factors including population density, energy consumption per unit of output, gross domestic product (GDP), and per capita GDP have a positive effect on PM2.5 concentration, while greening rate and per capita park space have a negative effect. Additionally, those factors have identified spatial spillover effects on PM2.5 concentration. This study could be a reference and support for the formulation of more efficient air pollution control policies in inland cities.
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Zeng X, Kong S, Zheng S, Cheng Y, Wu F, Niu Z, Yan Q, Wu J, Zheng H, Zheng M, Zeng XC, Chen N, Xu K, Zhu B, Yan Y, Qi S. Variation of airborne DNA mass ratio and fungal diversity in fine particles with day-night difference during an entire winter haze evolution process of Central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133802. [PMID: 31756794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Airborne fungi are a primary component of bioaerosols and proved to impact human health and climatic change. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the essential component of most living organisms with relatively stable physicochemical properties. Little is known about day-night and pollution-episode differences of DNA mass ratio and fungal community in fine particles (PM2.5) during serious winter haze events in China. Here we collected twenty-nine PM2.5 samples every day and night during an entire winter haze evolution process in a megacity of Central China, Wuhan. DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing methods were adopted to analyze fungal community. Results showed that mass ratio of DNA in PM2.5 (RD/P %) changed with pollution process and showed significant negative correlations with PM2.5 concentration (r = -0.72, P < 0.05) and temperature (r = -0.74, P < 0.05). RD/P became lower (4.40 × 10-4%) after haze episodes than before (7.16 × 10-4%). RD/P of night-samples (1.98 × 10-4-4.97 × 10-4%) were all lower than those for day-samples (3.05 × 10-4-9.99 × 10-4%) for the same period. The fungal species richness became much lower (76 operational taxonomic units (OTUs)) after haze episodes than before (198 OTUs). The species richness of night-samples (119-537 OTUs) were all higher than those of day-samples (71-198 OTUs) for the same period. The OTUs specially owned by night-samples were also more than those by day-samples. Fungal community diversity showed random variations. The fungal community composition of each sample was classified from phylum to genus level. Pathogenic fungi accounted for 8.60% of the entire fungal community. The significantly enriched fungal taxa in the night-sample group (29 taxa) were also much more than that in the day-sample group (9 taxa), which could explain the higher species richness of airborne fungi community in the night during the haze evolution episodes. These findings may serve as an important reference or inspiration to other aerosol studies focusing on human health and behavior of aerosols in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fangqi Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhenzhen Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xian-Chun Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Hubei Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Hubei Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Hubei Environmental Monitoring Centre, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Mu G, Fan L, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Ma J, Yang S, Wang B, Xiao L, Ye Z, Shi T, Yuan J, Chen W. Personal exposure to PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lung function alteration: Results of a panel study in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:458-465. [PMID: 31154218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure has been associated with lung function decline, but impact of PM2.5 constituents especially for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on lung function is unclear among community population. We enrolled 224 Chinese participants who participated in two study periods (2014-2015 and 2017-2018) of the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort as a panel, and quantified the associations of personal PM2.5 and sixteen PM2.5-bound PAHs with lung function levels as well as lung function change in three years by linear mixed models. Diagnostic ratios were calculated to identify potential sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Wuhan and Zhuhai separately. In single-constituent models, we found that each one interquartile-range increase of naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluoranthene and pyrene were associated with 26.82, 60.99, 45.25 and 23.37 mL decline in FVC respectively; while fluoranthene and pyrene were associated with 27.43 and 15.49 mL decline in FEV1 respectively. Similar results were observed in consitituent-PM2.5 joint models and single-constituent residual models. Persistently long-term high levels of three HMW-PAHs (benzo[a]anthracene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, and benzo[ghi]perylene) were associated with 214.65, 226.13, and 265.00 mL decline in FVC decline in three years, compared with persistently low exposure level groups. The associations were different between Wuhan and Zhuhai. The results of diagnostic ratios suggested the differences in PAH emissions between two cities. Our findings provide evidence that both short- and long-term PM2.5-bound PAH exposures might affect lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Mu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Lieyang Fan
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Yuewei Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jixuan Ma
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Lili Xiao
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Tingming Shi
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban and Suburban Atmospheres in Central China: Spatiotemporal Patterns, Source Implications, and Health Risk Assessment. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
: Ambient aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) are hazardous air pollutants and the main precursors of ozone (O3). In this study, the characteristics of ambient AHs were investigated at an urban site (Ziyang, ZY) and a suburban site (Jiangxia, JX) in Wuhan, Central China, in 2017. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to investigate the sources of AHs, and a health risk assessment was applied to estimate the effects of AHs on human health. The concentrations of total AHs at ZY (2048 ± 1364 pptv) were comparable (p > 0.05) to that (2023 ± 1015 pptv) at JX. Source apportionment results revealed that vehicle exhaust was the dominant source of both, total AHs, and toluene, contributing 51.9 ± 13.1% and 49.3 ± 9.5% at ZY, and 44.7 ± 12.6% and 43.2 ± 10.2% at JX, respectively. Benzene was mainly emitted from vehicle exhaust at ZY (50.2 ± 15.5%), while it was mainly released from biomass and coal burning sources at JX (50.6 ± 16.7%). The health risk assessment results indicated that AHs did not have a significant non-carcinogenic risk, while the carcinogenic risks of benzene exceeded the regulatory limits set by the USEPA for adults (1 × 10−6) at both sites. Hence, controlling the emissions of vehicular and biomass/coal burning sources will be an effective way to reduce ambient AHs and the health risk of benzene exposure in this region. These findings will enhance our knowledge of ambient AHs in Central China and be helpful for local governments to formulate air pollution control strategies.
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Zeng HL, Liu CWB, Lu J, Wang X, Cheng L. Analysis of urinary trace element levels in general population of Wuhan in central China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27823-27831. [PMID: 31342348 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trace element distribution in the human body varies across regions and countries due to their different living environment and lifestyle. Thus, it is of great significance to investigate the reference level of trace element in a specific population. Wuhan is the largest metropolitan area in central China with highly developed heavy industries. This study aimed at determining the reference urinary distribution in general populations of Wuhan for nine trace elements (Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Se, Cd, Hg, Tl, Pb), and analyzed their associations with age, sex, and the kidney function. In total, 226 healthy adults not exposed to these trace elements were recruited, and the first-morning urine specimens were analyzed by using ICP-MS-based method. Our results showed higher urinary levels for As and Cd in Wuhan population when compared with other countries, while other element levels were almost equivalent. Sex difference existed for urinary Cu, Mn, As, Tl, and Pb. And urinary Cd, Tl, and Pb levels were associated with the glomerular filtration rate. Almost all these urinary elements showed significant inter-correlations, especially for Cu but except for Mn. This study provides systematic information regarding urinary trace element levels in residents of Wuhan in central China, and shall be of importance for future environmental and occupational biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Long Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chang-Wen-Bo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang H, Mao Z, Huang K, Wang X, Cheng L, Zeng L, Zhou Y, Jing T. Multiple exposure pathways and health risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s for children living in fourth-tier cities in Hubei Province. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:517-524. [PMID: 31158597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past, most research focused on the children living near a typical contaminated area but ignored the health risks of children living in the fourth or fifth tier cities without typical contaminated sources. These cities are now facing a series of problems, such as serious environmental pollution, undeveloped health system and so on. Furthermore, the development of modern logistics for food delivery has altered lifestyles that directly impact diets and eating patterns. In this study, multiple exposure pathways and health risks of children to heavy metal(loid)s were studied based on questionnaire-based surveys and field sampling of soil, dust, fine particulates, drinking water and food. We found that Pb, Cd and Mn levels in environmental samples were very high indicating a serious pollution problem. Inhalation exposure via aerosol particles was the most important pathway and was greater than exposure by food ingestion. The hazard index for Mn via aerosol particles was >1 even at the 5th percentile and Mn levels in urine was 10 times higher than those of people living in typical contaminated areas. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for all metal(loid)s was also higher than the threshold at the 95th percentile. This study highlights health risks to children living in fourth tier cities and the importance of air pollution control to protect heavy metal exposure for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Kai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Lingshuai Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yikai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Tao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Observation and Source Apportionment of Trace Gases, Water-Soluble Ions and Carbonaceous Aerosol During a Haze Episode in Wuhan. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10070397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As the new core region of the haze pollution, the terrain effect of sub-basin and water networks over the Twin-Hu Basin (THB) in the Yangtze River Middle-Reach (YRMR) had great impacts on the variations and distributions of air pollutants. In this study, trace gases (NH3, HNO3, and HCl), water-soluble ions (WSIs), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were measured in PM2.5 from 9 January to 27 January 2018, in Wuhan using monitoring for aerosols and gases (MARGA) and a semi-continuous OC/EC analyzer (Model RT-4). The characteristics of air pollutants during a haze episode were discussed, and the PM2.5 sources were quantitatively analyzed on haze and non-haze days using the principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) model. The average PM2.5 concentration was 122.61 μg·m−3 on haze days, which was 2.20 times greater than it was on non-haze days. The concentrations of secondary water soluble ions (WSIs) including NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+ increased sharply on haze days, which accounted for 91.61% of the total WSIs and were 2.43 times larger than the values on non-haze days. The heterogeneous oxidation reactions of NO2 and SO2 during haze episodes were proven to be the major sources of sulfate and nitrate in PM2.5. On haze days, the concentrations of EC, primary organic carbon (POC), and secondary organic carbon (SOC) were 1.68, 1.69, and 1.34 times larger than those on non-haze days, the CO, HNO3, and NH3 concentrations enhanced and relatively low SO2, O3, and HNO2 levels were observed on haze days. The diurnal variations of different pollutants distinctly varied on haze days. The PM2.5 in Wuhan primarily originated from the secondary formation, combustion, dust, industry, and vehicle exhaust sources. The source contributions of the secondary formation + combustion sources to PM2.5 on haze days were 2.79 times larger than the level on non-haze days. The contribution of the vehicle exhaust + combustion source on haze days were 0.59 times the value on non-haze days. This description is supported by a summary of how pollutant concentrations and patterns vary in the THB compared to the variations in other pollution regions in China, which have been more completely described.
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Zeng HL, Li H, Lu J, Guan Q, Cheng L. Assessment of 12 Metals and Metalloids in Blood of General Populations Living in Wuhan of China by ICP-MS. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:344-353. [PMID: 30140990 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of trace element levels in general population from the specific area is of importance for nutritional and occupational monitoring. In the current study, baseline blood levels of 12 toxic and/or essential metals and metalloids, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg), in general populations (n = 477) of Wuhan in central China were investigated by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The geometric means for As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, Tl, Mn, and Cu were measured as 2.25, 0.70, 17.84, 1.90, 0.36, < 0.05, 12.40, and 783.76 μg/L, respectively. The geometric means for Zn, Ca, Fe, and Mg were 5.85, 56.66, 488.98, and 39.44 mg/L, respectively. We found the men had higher blood As, Pb, Hg, Zn, Fe, and Mg levels but had lower blood Cu and Ca levels than the women (p < 0.05). Age-related difference were found for blood Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Pb, Mn, As, Cd, and Hg levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, many metal concentrations were found correlated, with the strongest correlations between the pairs Fe-Mg (r = 0.57), Fe-Zn (r = 0.42), As-Hg (r = 0.46), Ca-Cu (r = 0.34), Pb-Hg (r = 0.36), Pb-Cd (r = 0.31), Pb-As (r = 0.25), and Ca-Fe (r = - 0.23). Compared with reports from other countries, most of our results were consistent, except that As Pb, Hg, Mn, and Cu showed different blood levels with European, Korea, or Beijing areas. Our study would be of importance for nutritional, environmental, and/or occupational monitoring of these metals in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Long Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huijun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Wang J, Wang S, Li S. Examining the spatially varying effects of factors on PM 2.5 concentrations in Chinese cities using geographically weighted regression modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:792-803. [PMID: 30851589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Whilst numerous studies have explored the spatial patterns and underlying causes of PM2.5, little attention has been paid to the spatial heterogeneity of the factors affecting PM2.5. In this study, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was used to explore the strength and direction of nexus between various factors and PM2.5 in Chinese cities. A comprehensive interpretive framework was established, composed of 18 determinants spanning the three categories of natural conditions, socioeconomic factors, and city features. Our results indicate that PM2.5 concentration levels were spatially heterogeneous and markedly higher in cities in eastern China than in cities in the west of the country. Based on the results of GWR, significant spatial heterogeneity was identified in both the direction and strength of the determinants at the local scale. Among all of the natural variables, elevation was found to be statistically significant with its effects on PM2.5 in 95.60% of the cities and it correlated negatively with PM2.5 in 99.63% cities, with its effect gradually weakening from the eastern to the western parts of China. The variable of built-up areas emerged as the strongest variable amongst the socioeconomic variables studied; it maintained a positive significant relationship in cities located in the Pearl River Delta and surrounding areas, while in other cities it exhibited a negative relationship to PM2.5. The highest coefficients were located in cities in northeast China. As the strongest variable amongst the six landscape factors, patch density maintained a positive relationship in part of cities. While in cities in the northeast regions, patch density exhibited a negative relationship with PM2.5, revealing that increasing urban fragmentation was conducive to PM2.5 reductions in those regions. These empirical results provide a basis for the formulation of targeted and differentiated air quality improvement measures in the task of regional PM2.5 governances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shaojian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Shijie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Geo-simulation, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Ma X, Jia H, Sha T, An J, Tian R. Spatial and seasonal characteristics of particulate matter and gaseous pollution in China: Implications for control policy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:421-428. [PMID: 30825767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
By employing the air pollution data including particular matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) measured over 130 cities in China from April 2014 to March 2015, the spatial and seasonal variations of air pollution are analyzed. The 9 representative regions including Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei (BTH), Yangze River Delta (YRD), central China (CC), Sichuan Basin (SB), northeast China (NEC), northwest China (NWC), Pearl River Delta (PRD), Yungui Plateau (YP), and Tibet, are chose to quantify the conditions of PM and gaseous pollution. According to the magnitudes of PM2.5 from high to low, the regions are listed in sequence as BTH, CC, SB, YRD, NEC, NWC, PRD, YP, and Tibet. The spatial patters of gaseous pollutants except O3 are generally consistent with PM's. The CO maximum is found in BTH and NWC while the O3 maximum in YRD, PRD, and Tibet. The seasonal cycles of SO2 and NO2 are quite similar to that of PM, but the SO2 is overall higher than NO2 in winter over the northern China while the opposite is true over the southern China. The O3 concentrations are generally low in winter, but high in spring and summer due to active photochemical reaction when temperature is high. The percentage of haze days (daily PM2.5 exceeds NAAQS Grade II, i.e. 75 μg m-3) to the entire year is 45, 32 and 29%, respectively over BTH, CC, and SB, three most PM pollution regions during the study period. Although the most severe haze region occurs in BTH (139 days) from annual mean, the most severe winter in SB (54 days) owing to its basin landform and high air pollutant emissions. In contrary to PM pollution, gaseous pollution in China are overall quite trivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Hailing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Tong Sha
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Junlin An
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD)/Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Liu H, Liao J, Jiang Y, Zhang B, Yu H, Kang J, Hu C, Li Y, Xu S. Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter and the risk of fetal distress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:253-258. [PMID: 30529920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal life exposure to fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm, PM2.5) has been linked with increased risk of adverse fetal development and birth outcomes in previous studies. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the association of maternal PM2.5 with the risk of fetal distress, which is a harmful fetal status and may lead to fetal brain damage, even fetal death. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine the association between maternal PM2.5 and fetal distress among 7835 mother-infant pairs from a birth cohort, in Wuhan, China, 2013-2015. The individual daily PM2.5 level was assessed using land use regression model. We evaluated the association of maternal PM2.5 level over the whole pregnancy with fetal distress by logistic regression model, and estimated the risk between PM2.5 exposure in specific trimester and fetal distress using generalized estimating equations. We observed that per 10 µg/m3 change of maternal PM2.5 level over the whole pregnancy was associated with 25% increased risk of fetal distress (95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.44). Further, we found PM2.5 level in the 2nd trimester, but not in the 1st and 3rd trimesters, was associated with fetal distress. Stratified analyses indicated that the association was only significant among infants who were born in cold seasons. Our study suggested that PM2.5 exposure during the whole pregnancy exhibited significant associations with the risk of fetal distress, and exposure in the 2nd trimester maybe the susceptible window. Further stratified analyses indicated that birth season is a possible modifier in the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaqiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yangqian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Huifang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Jiawei Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China.
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Cao G, Bi J, Ma Z, Shao Z, Wang J. Seasonal Characteristics of the Chemical Composition of Fine Particles in Residences of Nanjing, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1066. [PMID: 30934562 PMCID: PMC6466138 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical composition is important for human exposure as people spend most of their time indoors. However, few studies have investigated the multiseasonal characteristics of indoor PM2.5 and its chemical composition in China. In this study, the chemical composition of PM2.5 samples in residences was analyzed over four seasons in Nanjing, China. Indoor water-soluble ions exhibited similar seasonal variations (winter > autumn > summer > spring) to those from outdoors (winter > autumn > spring > summer) except in summer. Whereas, indoor metallic elements exhibited a different seasonal pattern from that of outdoors. The highest concentrations of indoor metallic elements were observed in summer when the outdoor concentrations were low. The different seasonal variations of the chemical composition between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 indicated that people should consider both indoor and outdoor sources to reduce their exposure to air pollutants in different seasons. The carcinogenic risks for metallic elements were within the acceptable levels, while manganese (Mn) was found to have potential noncarcinogenic risk to humans. More attention should be paid to the pollution of Mn in the study area in the future. Moreover, the cumulative effect of noncarcinogenic PM2.5-bound elements should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Zhijuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China.
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Zhao Z, Lv S, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Shen L, Xu S, Yu J, Hou J, Jin C. Characteristics and source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Jiaxing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7497-7511. [PMID: 30659487 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein we investigated the morphology, chemical characteristics, and source apportionment of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples collected from five sites in Jiaxing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that soot aggregates and coal-fired fly ash were generally the most abundant components in the samples. All the samples were analyzed gravimetrically for mass concentrations and their various compositions were determined. Our results revealed that the PM2.5 concentrations in the samples were in the following order: winter > spring > autumn > summer. The PM2.5 concentrations in winter and spring were higher than those in autumn and summer, except for inorganic elements. Carbonaceous species and water-soluble inorganic ions were the most abundant components in the samples, accounting for 26.17-50.44% and 34.27-49.6%, respectively. The high secondary organic carbon/organic carbon ratio indicated that secondary organic pollution in Jiaxing was severe. The average ratios of NO3-/SO42-, ranging from 1.01 to 1.25 at the five sites, indicated that mobile pollution sources contributed more to the formation of PM2.5 than stationary sources. The BeP/(BeP + BaP) ratio (0.52-0.71) in samples reflected the influence of transportation from outside of Jiaxing. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified eight main pollution sources: secondary nitrates (26.95%), secondary sulfates (15.49%), secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (19.64%), vehicle exhaust (15.67%), coal combustion (8.6%), fugitive dust (7.7%), ships and heavy oil (5.23%), biomass burning, and other sources (0.91%). Therefore, PM2.5 pollution in Jiaxing during the winter and spring seasons was more severe than that in the summer and autumn. Secondary aerosols were the most important source of PM2.5 pollution; therefore, focus should be placed on controlling gaseous precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhao
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Sheng Lv
- Jiaxing Environmental Monitoring Station, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Qianbiao Zhao
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shi Xu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingwen Hou
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chengyu Jin
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Zhang Y, Zheng H, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Xing X, Qi S. Fine particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at an urban site of Wuhan, central China: Characteristics, potential sources and cancer risks apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:319-327. [PMID: 30557806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Levels, compositions, sources, and cancer risks of fine particle (PM2.5)-bound PAHs were investigated at an urban site of Wuhan, Central China. Totally 115 PM2.5 samples collected during four seasons from 2014 to 2015 were analyzed for 16 USEPA priority PAHs. The annual average of PM2.5 and total PAHs were 106 ± 41.7 μg m-3 and 25.1 ± 19.4 ng m-3, respectively. The seasonal levels of PM2.5 and PAHs varied in a similar trend, with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer. PM2.5-bound PAHs under different pollution level was discussed and the highest average PAH levels were found at a moderate (115-150 μg m-3) air quality level. Three sources including coal combustion and biomass burning, petrogenic source, and vehicle emissions were extracted and quantified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, accounting for 22.7 ± 21.3%, 34.4 ± 29.0% and 42.9 ± 31.3% of the total PAHs, respectively. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) and the concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) were combined to explore the geographic origins of PAHs. The spatial distributions of coal combustion and biomass burning, petrogenic source, and vehicle emissions were well correlated with medium molecular weight (MMW), low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, respectively. Results of PSCF and CWT indicated that the long-distance transport form north of Wuhan as far as northern and eastern of China was higher than that from the southern China while the contribution of local areas was higher than those from the long-range transport. The overall lifetime lung cancer risk (LLCR) via inhalation exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs was estimated as 3.03 × 10-4, with vehicle emissions contributed 57.1% (1.6 × 10-4) to the total risk on average, followed by coal combustion and biomass burning (31.0%, 9.6 × 10-5), and petrogenic source (11.9%, 3.6 × 10-5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Zhanjiang Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Zhanjiang, 524002, China
| | - Zezhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Yu S, Liu W, Xu Y, Yi K, Zhou M, Tao S, Liu W. Characteristics and oxidative potential of atmospheric PM 2.5 in Beijing: Source apportionment and seasonal variation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:277-287. [PMID: 30199673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PM2.5 (particulate matter with the aerodynamic diameter Dp < 2.5 μm) was hypothesized to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce oxidative stress associated with inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. In the current study, PM2.5 concentrations, water-soluble ions and elements, carbonaceous components and ROS activity characterized by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay were determined for the PM2.5 samples collected in Beijing, China, over a whole year. Source apportionments of PM2.5 and DTT activity were also performed. The mean ± standard deviation of PM2.5, DTTm (mass-normalized DTT activity) and DTTv (volume-normalized DTT activity) were 113.8 ± 62.7 μg·m-3, 0.13 ± 0.10 nmol·μg-1·min-1 and 12.26 ± 6.82 nmol·m-3·min-1, respectively. The seasonal averages of DTTm and DTTv exhibited peak values during the local summer. Organic carbon (OC), NO3-, SO42-, NH4+ and elemental carbon (EC) were the dominant components in the constituents tested. Higher concentrations of carbonaceous components occurred in autumn and winter compared with spring and summer. Based on the positive matrix factorization model (PMF), the simulation results of source apportionment for PM2.5 in Beijing, obtained using the annual data, identified the main categories as follows: dust, coal combustion, secondary sulfate and industrial emissions, vehicle emissions and secondary nitrates. Most detected constituents exhibited significantly positive correlations with DTTv (p < 0.01). The results corresponding to multiple linear regression (MLR) between DTTv activity and source contribution to PM2.5 manifested the sensitivity sequence of DTTv activity for the resolved sources as vehicle emissions > secondary sulfate and industrial emissions > coal combustion > dust. CAPSULE Based on a descending sequence of relative contribution, the diagnostic sources of DTTv activity in PM2.5 from Beijing included primarily vehicle emissions, secondary sulfates and industrial emissions, coal combustion, and dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuangYu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WeiJian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - YunSong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kan Yi
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface and Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Li H, Wang D, Cui L, Gao Y, Huo J, Wang X, Zhang Z, Tan Y, Huang Y, Cao J, Chow JC, Lee SC, Fu Q. Characteristics of atmospheric PM 2.5 composition during the implementation of stringent pollution control measures in shanghai for the 2016 G20 summit. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1121-1129. [PMID: 30340258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To reduce air pollution within a 300 km radius from Hangzhou (the capital city of Zhejiang Province in East China) for the 2016 G20 summit (9/4-9/5), the 14-day (8/24-9/6) stringent pollution control measures were implemented in Shanghai. Changes in atmospheric concentrations during the same 14-day period from 2014 to 2016 were examined at two Supersites, i.e., urban Pudong site (PD) and Dianshan Lake regional site (DSL). Up to 50% reductions were found for PM2.5, with 13.1% and 9.7% reductions for SO2 and NO2, respectively. No apparent improvements were found for 8-h average O3 concentrations. Large reductions were also found for SO42- (51.4%), NO3- (68.8%), and NH4+ (84.4%), on average. Elevated coefficient of divergence values (0.52-0.56) suggested that pollutant sources differed at the two sites. Biomass burning, resuspended dust, combustion, iron and steel industry, sea salt, secondary aerosol, and vehicle exhaust were identified at the DSL site by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Secondary aerosol and vehicle exhaust accounted for 45.7% of PM2.5 mass, followed 11.2%-13.7% each by industry, resuspended dust, and coal and oil combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Gao
- Chu Hai College of Higher Education, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - Juntao Huo
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinning Wang
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, China.
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PM 2.5-Bound Toxic Elements in an Urban City in East China: Concentrations, Sources, and Health Risks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16010164. [PMID: 30626168 PMCID: PMC6339068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of PM2.5-bound trace elements have increased in China, with increasing anthropogenic emissions. In this study, long-term measurements of PM2.5-bound trace elements were conducted from January 2014 to January 2015 in the urban city of Jinan, east China. A positive matrix factorization model (PMF) and health risk assessment were used to evaluate the sources and health risks of these elements, respectively. Compared with most Chinese megacities, there were higher levels of arsenic, manganese, lead, chromium, and zinc in this city. Coal combustion, the smelting industry, vehicle emission, and soil dust were identified as the primary sources of all the measured elements. Heating activities during the heating period led to a factor of 1.3–2.8 higher concentrations for PM2.5 and all measured elements than those during the non-heating period. Cumulative non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of the toxic elements exceeded the safety levels by 8–15 and 10–18 times, respectively. Arsenic was the critical element having the greatest health risk. Coal combustion caused the highest risk among the four sources. This work provides scientific data for making targeted policies to control air pollutants and protect human health.
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Qin J, Mbululo Y, Yang M, Yuan Z, Nyihirani F, Zheng X. Chemical Composition and Deposition Fluxes of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions on Dry and Wet Deposition Samples in Wuhan, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16010132. [PMID: 30621337 PMCID: PMC6339243 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of PM2.5 concentration, dry and wet deposition of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII) and their deposition flux was carried out. During sampling, a total number of 31 samples of PM2.5, five wet deposition samples and seven dry deposition samples were collected. The analyses results showed that the average concentration of PM2.5 was 122.95 µg/m³ whilst that of WSII was 51.63 µg/m³, equivalent to 42% of the total mass of PM2.5. The correlation coefficients between WSII in samples of PM2.5 was significant (r = 0.50 and p-value of 0.0019). Ions of SO 4 2 - , NO 3 - , Cl - , and NH 4 + were dominant in the entire samples (PM2.5, dry and wet depositions), nevertheless, the average concentration of both SO 4 2 - and Cl - were below the China environmental quality standard for surface water. The ratio of dominant anions in wet deposition ( SO 4 2 - / NO 3 - ) was 1.59, whilst that for dry deposition ( SO 4 2 - / Cl - ) was 1.4, indicating that acidity was mainly derived from sulphate. In the case of dominant cations, the dry and wet deposition ratios ( Ca 2 + / NH 4 + ) were 1.36 and 1.37, respectively, suggesting the alkaline substances were mainly dominated by calcium salts. Days with higher recorded concentrations of PM2.5 were accompanied by dry and warm boundary layer structure, weak low-level wind and strong inversion layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qin
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yassin Mbululo
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Muyi Yang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zhengxuan Yuan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Fatuma Nyihirani
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Centre for Environment, Poverty and Sustainable Development, Mzumbe University, P.O. Box 83, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Xiang Zheng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Wang H, Qiao B, Zhang L, Yang F, Jiang X. Characteristics and sources of trace elements in PM 2.5 in two megacities in Sichuan Basin of southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1577-1586. [PMID: 30077406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To characterize major trace elements in PM2.5 and associated sources in two megacities, Chengdu (CD) and Chongqing (CQ), in Sichuan Basin of southwest China, daily PM2.5 samples were collected at one urban site in each city from October 2014 to July 2015 and were analyzed for their contents of thirteen trace elements including four crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, and Ti), eight trace metals (K, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, and V), and As. Multiple approaches including correlation analysis, enrichment factor, principal component analysis, and conditional probability function (CPF) were applied to identify potential sources of these elements. Most of the measured trace elements in Sichuan Basin were found to have lower concentrations than in the other regions of China. K and Fe were the most abundant elements at CD with an annual mean concentrations of 720 ± 357 and 456 ± 248 ng m-3, accounting for 34.6% and 21.9% of the total analyzed trace elements, respectively. Ca presented the highest concentration among all of the elements at CQ with annual mean of 824 ± 633 ng m-3 (29.1% of the total). Crustal elements had the highest concentrations in spring while heavy metals had distinct seasonal variations typically with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer. Ti and Al were identified to be primarily from soil while most of the analyzed heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni) and As were from anthropogenic sources associated with coal combustion, industrial emission from glassmaking production and iron/steel manufacturing, and non-exhaust vehicle emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Baoqing Qiao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
| | - Xia Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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