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Domingo JL, Nadal M, Rovira J. Regulatory compliance of PCDD/F emissions by a municipal solid waste incinerator. A case study in Sant Adrià de Besòs, Catalonia, Spain. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2024; 59:273-279. [PMID: 38966951 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2024.2375902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Despite incineration is an important emission source of toxic pollutants, such as heavy metals and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), it is still one of the most widely used methods for the management of municipal solid waste. The current paper summarizes the results of a 20-year follow-up study of the emissions of PCDD/Fs by a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in Sant Adrià de Besòs (Catalonia, Spain). Samples of ambient air, soils and herbage were periodically collected near the facility and the content of PCDD/Fs was analyzed. In the last (2017) survey, mean levels in soil were 3.60 ng WHO-TEQ/kg (range: 0.40-10.6), being considerably higher than the mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs in soil samples collected near other MSWIs in Catalonia. Moreover, air PCDD/F concentrations were even higher than those found in a previous (2014) survey, as they increased from 0.026 to 0.044 pg WHO-TEQ/m3. Ultimately, the PCDD/F exposure would be associated to a cancer risk (2.5 × 10-6) for the population living in the surrounding area. Globally, this information indicates that the MSWI of Sant Adrià de Besòs could have had a negative impact on the environment and potentially on public health, being an example of a possible inappropriate management for years. The application of Best Available Techniques to minimize the emission of PCDD/Fs and other chemicals is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Liu L, Chen X, Yin W, Wu H, Huang J, Yang Y, Gao Z, Huang J, Fu J, Han J. Identification and verification of PCDD/Fs indicators from four typical large-scale municipal solid waste incinerations with large sample size in China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 172:101-107. [PMID: 37898042 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring PCDD/Fs emissions from municipal solid waste incinerations (MSWIs) is of paramount importance, yet it can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. Predictive models offer an alternative approach for estimating their levels. However, robust models specific to PCDD/Fs were lacking. In this study, we collected 190 PCDD/Fs samples from 4 large-scale MSWIs in China, with the average PCDD/Fs levels and TEQ levels of 0.987 ng/m3 and 0.030 ng TEQ/m3, respectively. We developed and evaluated predictive models, including traditional statistical methods, e.g., linear regression (LR) as well as machine learning models such as back propagation-artificial neural networks (BP ANN) and random forest (RF). Correlation analysis identified 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF, 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF were better indicator congeners for PCDD/Fs estimation (R2 > 0.9, p < 0.001). The predictive results favored the RF model, exhibiting a high R2 value and low root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Additionally, the RF model showed excellent prediction ability during external validation, with low absolute relative error (ARE) of 10.9 %-12.6 % for the three indicator congeners in the normal PCDD/F TEQ levels group (<0.1 ng TEQ/m3) and slightly higher ARE values (13.8 %-17.9 %) for the high PCDD/F TEQ levels group (>0.1 ng TEQ/m3). In conclusion, our findings strongly support the RF model's effectiveness in predicting PCDD/Fs TEQ emission from MSWIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xichao Chen
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenhua Yin
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Shenzhen Energy Environment, Co., LTD, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Shenzhen Energy Environment, Co., LTD, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jinqiong Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jianping Fu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jinglei Han
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510000, China.
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3
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Santa-Marina L, Barroeta Z, Irizar A, Alvarez JI, Abad E, Muñoz-Arnanz J, Jiménez B, Ibarluzea J, Urbieta N, Jimeno-Romero A, Zubero MB, Lertxundi A. Characterization of PCDD/F and dl-PCB levels in air in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115901. [PMID: 37072078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This research examines the levels and trends of pollutants, specifically 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs and 12 dl-PCBs, in the air measured in the province of Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain). The study used PCDD/Fs, dl-PCB, and the sum of dioxin-like compounds as separate response variables. A total of 113 air samples were collected and analyzed using the method described in the European Standard (EN-1948:2006) from two industrial areas. The results were analyzed using non-parametric test to assess the variability of these pollutants based on different factors (year, season and day of the week) and General Linear Models to assess the weight of each factor. The study found that the toxic equivalents (TEQs) for PCDD/Fs were 12.29 fg TEQm-3 and for dl-PCBs were 1.63 fg TEQm-3, which were in a similar range or lower than those observed in other national and international studies in industrial areas. The results showed temporal variations, with higher levels of PCDD/Fs in autumn-winter than in spring-summer and higher levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs during weekdays than on weekends. The industrial area where the energy recovery plant (ERP) will be located had higher levels of air pollutants due to the presence of two PCDD/Fs emitting industries nearby, as indicated by the Spanish Registry of Polluting Emission Sources. Both industrial areas showed similar profiles of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, with the PCDD/F profiles dominated by OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF in terms of concentrations and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD in terms of TEQs. The dl-PCB profiles were dominated by PCB 118, PCB 105, and PCB 77 in terms of concentrations and PCB 126 in terms of TEQs. The findings of this study can serve as an indicator of the potential impact of ERP on the health of the resident population and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Santa-Marina
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Subdirectorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Avenida Navarra 4, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ziortza Barroeta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Amaia Irizar
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jon Iñaki Alvarez
- Public Health Laboratory of the Basque Government, Bizkaia Technology Park, Ibaizabal Bidea, Building 502, 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ibarluzea
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Subdirectorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Avenida Navarra 4, 20013, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20008, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nerea Urbieta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alba Jimeno-Romero
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miren Begoña Zubero
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Aitana Lertxundi
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development, Paseo Doctor Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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Zhang B, Guo M, Liang M, Gu J, Ding G, Xu J, Shi L, Gu A, Ji G. PCDD/F and DL-PCB exposure among residents upwind and downwind of municipal solid waste incinerators and source identification. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 331:121840. [PMID: 37201569 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental and human impacts associated with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) exposure from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) is challenging because information on ambient and dietary exposure levels, spatial characteristics, and potential exposure routes is limited. In this study, 20 households from two villages located on the upwind and downwind sides of a MSWI were selected to characterize the concentration and spatial distribution of PCDD/F and DL-PCB compounds in ambient and food samples, such as dust, air, soil, chicken, egg, and rice samples. The source of exposure was identified using congener profiles and principal component analysis. Overall, the dust and rice samples had the highest and lowest mean dioxin concentrations, respectively. Significant differences were observed (p < 0.01) in PCDD/F concentrations in chicken samples and DL-PCB concentrations in rice and air samples between the upwind and downwind villages. The exposure assessment indicated that the primary risk source was dietary exposure, especially from eggs, which had a PCDD/F toxic equivalency (TEQ) range of 0.31-14.38 pg TEQ/kg body weight (bw)/day, leading to adults in one household and children in two households exceeding the World Health Organization-defined threshold of 4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day. Chicken was the main contributor to the differences between upwind and downwind exposure. Based on the established congener profiles, the exposure routes of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from the environment to food to humans were clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Min Guo
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Mengyuan Liang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Gangdou Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, 010018, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guixiang Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China.
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5
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Siddiqua A, Hahladakis JN, Al-Attiya WAKA. An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dumping. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58514-58536. [PMID: 35778661 PMCID: PMC9399006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Landfilling is one of the most common waste management methods employed in all countries alike, irrespective of their developmental status. The most commonly used types of landfills are (a) municipal solid waste landfill, (b) industrial waste landfill, and (c) hazardous waste landfill. There is, also, an emerging landfill type called "green waste landfill" that is, occasionally, being used. Most landfills, including those discussed in this review article, are controlled and engineered establishments, wherein the waste ought to abide with certain regulations regarding their quality and quantity. However, illegal and uncontrolled "landfills" (mostly known as open dumpsites) are, unfortunately, prevalent in many developing countries. Due to the widespread use of landfilling, even as of today, it is imperative to examine any environmental- and/or health-related issues that have emerged. The present study seeks to determine the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling by adopting a desk review design. It is revealed that landfilling is associated with various environmental pollution problems, namely, (a) underground water pollution due to the leaching of organic, inorganic, and various other substances of concern (SoC) contained in the waste, (b) air pollution due to suspension of particles, (c) odor pollution from the deposition of municipal solid waste (MSW), and (d) even marine pollution from any potential run-offs. Furthermore, health impacts may occur through the pollution of the underground water and the emissions of gases, leading to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of the exposed population living in their vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Siddiqua
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Waste Management (FEWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Wadha Ahmed K A Al-Attiya
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Peng J, Jiang Y, Ai C, Liu Y, Lin X, Zhou J, Zhang J. Body burden and influencing factors of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in male workers from a municipal waste incineration plant in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119272. [PMID: 35413407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) have aroused public concern around the world. However, biomonitoring evidence regarding the influence of MSWIs on the human body burden of PCDD/Fs is scarce. The aim of this study is to investigate the human body burden levels of PCDD/Fs in MSWI workers and to further explore the potential influencing factors, including duration of occupation and dietary habits, on the PCDD/F levels. A total of 98 paired serum samples from MSWI workers and non-MSWI workers were collected. Seventeen 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDD/Fs in the serums were analyzed using an isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatograph/high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS). The results showed that the mean levels of toxic equivalent (TEQ)-PCDD/Fs for the MSWI workers and the control group were 18.28 pg TEQ g-1 lipid and 5.81 pg TEQ g-1 lipid, respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of PCDD/Fs existed in the incinerator workers compared with the control subjects after adjustment of the confounding factors. OCDD was the most abundant congener in both the MSWI workers and the control subjects, accounting for 82.2% and 89.4% of the ∑17PCDD/Fs, respectively. The serum levels of PCDFs in the MSWI workers increased with the duration of occupation (β = 0.498, P = 0.031), and a higher total concentration of PCDD/Fs were present in senior workers classified as production supervisors than routine operation staff (β = 8.809, P = 0.008). No significant relationship was found between the PCDD/F concentrations and dietary habits. This study was the first to explore the associations between the body burden of PCDD/Fs and occupational exposure as well as dietary intake of MSWI workers in China. The findings provide scientific information for health risk assessments of human exposure to PCDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Peng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Chunyan Ai
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, 518017, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xiaoshi Lin
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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Impact Assessment of Waste Odor Source Locations on Pedestrian-Level Exposure Risk. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12050528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Poor wind environment in residential areas leads to the accumulation of odor from domestic waste, affecting pedestrian health. A reasonable arrangement of waste collection points can reduce pedestrian exposure risks. This study aims to investigate the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) dispersion and residents’ exposure risk at the pedestrian level for five different locations of waste collection points in a residential building array. Simulation results are consistent with the benchmark wind tunnel experiment, validating that the used turbulence model and numerical methods show good agreement with the predictions of the aforementioned problem. Results indicate that the dimensionless concentration of H2S and personal intake fraction in a residential area are lower when the collection point is at the corner of the building array periphery. When the collection point is located in the middle of the periphery of the building array or between two adjacent buildings in the center of the array, the local dimensionless concentration of H2S is 50 at the pedestrian level, and the personal intake fraction is three orders of magnitude higher than that at the corner of the building array periphery. The findings provide a reference for the layout of waste collection points in high-density residential areas and reduction in outdoor exposure risk.
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8
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Li R, Han Z, Shen H, Qi F, Sun D. Volatile sulfur compound emissions and health risk assessment from an A 2/O wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148741. [PMID: 34323741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anoxic/anaerobic/oxic (A2/O) wastewater treatment has emerged as a major process for treatment of domestic wastewater. One of the issues with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is that volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are discharged from them and pose numerous health risks. This study characterized VSC emissions at the water-air interface and concentrations of ambient air exposure from different treatment units in an A2/O WWTP. AERMOD modeling was used to simulate the atmospheric behaviors of discharged VSCs. Results demonstrated that VSC emission fluxes and exposure concentrations had followed a descending order of pretreatment>biological treatment>advanced treatment. Emissions were affected by sulfate concentrations and chemical oxygen demand in the wastewater, and control strategies based on these values were proposed. The AERMOD results indicated that the majority of the total hydrogen sulfide (87%) and methyl mercaptan (65%) emissions came from the primary sedimentation tank, while the majority of dimethyl sulfide (81%), carbon disulfide (84%), and dimethyl disulfide (93%) were emitted from the oxic area. MT and DMS were the main odorous components of the VSCs in ambient air based on the indicator of odor activity values. Noncancer health risks, determined by having a hazard quotient >1, of the measured VSCs were beyond acceptable limits. Overall, efforts should be made to minimize noncancer health risks as individuals are exposed to VSCs not only in treatment units but also in areas surrounding WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhangliang Han
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hanzhang Shen
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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9
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Zhao F, Zhu L, Wang Z, Hou Y, Chen J, Wang C, Xu D. Experimental and Numerical Investigation into the Heat- and Mass-Transfer Processes of n-Butane Adsorption on Activated Carbon. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17162-17172. [PMID: 34278103 PMCID: PMC8280664 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the adsorption parameters of n-butane vapor on an absorbent were tested following the fixed-bed method. According to the corresponding experiments, the maximum adsorption capacity and breakthrough time of activated carbon (AC) are 0.2674 g·g-1 and 924 min, respectively. According to the two-energy-state model formula and the classical adsorption heat formula, the values of theoretical and actual adsorption heat of AC adsorbing n-butane are 5.48 and 5.56 kJ·mol-1, respectively. The model for adsorption of n-butane by an AC fixed bed is based on the analytical solutions to the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. The model is built using porous media zone in ANSYS Fluent, the implementation of the model into ANSYS Fluent under user-defined functions (UDFs) is also described, the mass source term Si and energy source term S T are loaded into Fluent through UDF, and then the mass- and heat-transfer processes of AC in the absorption of n-butane are simulated. Furthermore, the predictions by ANSYS Fluent are compared with in situ experimental data, and the deviation rate of breakthrough time and temperature of six monitoring points is less than 5%. The results verify the accuracy and feasibility of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Therefore, the model can be used to predict the engineering application of the adsorption of organic gases by various porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- SINOPEC
Research Institute of Safety Engineering, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Yan Hou
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Jiaqing Chen
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
- College
of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Danyun Xu
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
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10
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van Drooge BL, Abalos M, Abad E, Adrados MA, Gomez A, Gallés P, Grimalt JO. Qualitative and quantitative changes in traffic and waste incineration PCDD/Fs in urban air and soils under different seasonal conditions (Metropolitan Area of Barcelona). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142149. [PMID: 33207451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A sampling and analysis scheme was implemented to discriminate between inputs of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) at low concentrations in urban areas. Ambient air and soils were sampled and analyzed in five stations in the Metropolitan area of Barcelona (2018-2019); one located in a reference urban traffic site and four in the area of influence of an integrated waste management facility (IWMF) that included a solid waste incinerator. Seasonality was the main factor determining the PCDD/F composition, and involved lower values in the warmer months. This seasonal effect was related to enhanced photooxidation of PCDDs compared to PCDFs and faster depletion of the less chlorinated congeners due to volatility at higher ambient temperature; consistent with the compounds' octanol-air partition coefficients. The ratio 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobenzofuran/1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorobenzofuran allowed, for the first time, identifying cases of preferential contributions of IWMF and traffic inputs, i.e. values of 0.06 and 0.32, respectively. Combination of this ratio with the airborne PCDD/F levels illustrated that the quantitative PCDD/F levels were not a useful criterion for elucidation between IWMF and traffic inputs. PCDD/Fs levels in soils ranged between 9.0 and 22 pg WHO-TEQ/g in the two sites closest to the IWMF, while the other sites, including the traffic site, showed values between 0.8 and 1.9 pg WHO-TEQ/g. The levels in the former group were higher than those observed in other urban areas and above 5 pg WHO-TEQ/g, which is a limit reference value in several European countries. The C7 and C8 observed congener distributions in all soils examined were different from those in the air samples and similar to those reported in sewage sludge from waste water treatment plants, not showing influences from IWMF or traffic PCDD/F inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuela Abalos
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esteban Abad
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel A Adrados
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Gomez
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Lesseps, 1, 08023 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Gallés
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Lesseps, 1, 08023 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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11
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Medina-Mijangos R, Seguí-Amórtegui L. Technical-economic analysis of a municipal solid waste energy recovery facility in Spain: A case study. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:254-266. [PMID: 33091838 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to carry out a technical-economic analysis of an energy recovery facility (ERF) located in Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, Spain through a methodology based on social Cost-Benefit analysis, which considers the private impacts and externalities (social and environmental impacts) to determine the Total Benefit (the difference between revenues and costs) and decide if it is both operationally and economically profitable. The ERF plays an important role in Barcelona and its environs in generating energy, preventing the residual waste from being sent to landfills and therefore helping to comply with the objectives fixed by the European Commission. The key point of this work is the identification, frequency, quantification and monetary valuation of the impacts generated by the ERF, such as infrastructure costs, sale of energy, CO2 emissions, the effects on public health, among others; providing a guide to future researchers and policymakers interested in the economic valuation of MSW management systems. Applying the methodology, it can be seen that the facility is both operationally (BP = 9.86 €/ton) and economically (BT = 23.97 €/ton) profitable. The results show that the ERF has high private costs, however, due to its high revenues from the sale of energy and services, the facility is operationally profitable, but with a low private benefit per ton treated. Externalities play an important role since they increase the Total Benefit and make the ERF more economic reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubí Medina-Mijangos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Carrer de Jordi Girona, 1, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luis Seguí-Amórtegui
- Faculty of Business and Communication, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, Av. de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
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12
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Yousefian F, Hassanvand MS, Nodehi RN, Amini H, Rastkari N, Aghaei M, Yunesian M, Yaghmaeian K. The concentration of BTEX compounds and health risk assessment in municipal solid waste facilities and urban areas. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110068. [PMID: 32846179 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, human exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), along with their respective risk assessment is studied in four major units (n = 14-point sources) of the largest municipal solid waste management facilities (MSWF) in Iran. The results were compared with four urban sites in Tehran, capital of Iran. Workers at the pre-processing unit are exposed to the highest total BTEX (151 μg m-3). In specific, they were exposed to benzene concentrations of 11 μg m-3. Moreover, the total BTEX (t-BTEX) concentrations measured over the conveyor belt was 198 μg m-3 at most, followed by trommel (104), and active landfills (43). The mean concentration of ambient t-BTEX in Tehran is 100 μg m-3. On average, xylenes and toluene have the highest concentrations in both on-site and urban environments, with mean values of 24 and 21, and 41 and 37 μg m-3, respectively. Even though the non-carcinogenic risk of occupational exposure is negligible, BTEX is likely to increase the chance of carcinogenic risks (1.7E-05) for workers at the pre-processing unit. A definite carcinogenic risk of 1.3E-04, and non-carcinogenic effect, of HI = 1.6 were observed in one urban site. With the exception of the pre-processing unit, the citizens of Tehran had higher exposure to BTEX. Overall, BTEX concentrations in the largest MSWF of Iran remains an issue of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yousefian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heresh Amini
- Environmental Epidemiology Group, Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Aghaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Solid Waste Management (CSWM), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Trends of Polychlorinated Compounds in the Surroundings of a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator in Mataró (Catalonia, Spain): Assessing Health Risks. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040111. [PMID: 33266363 PMCID: PMC7712533 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Since 2008, the environmental levels of polychlorinated compounds near a municipal solid waste incinerator in Mataró (Catalonia, Spain) have been periodically monitored. The present study aimed at updating the data regarding the temporal changes occurred between 2015 and 2017, when air and soil samples were collected again, and the concentrations of the same chemical pollutants (i.e., polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) were analysed. Furthermore, the health risks associated with their human exposure were also evaluated. The levels of all the contaminants in soil were far below the threshold established by regional and national legislations, also being lower than those observed in previous surveys. A similar trend was also noted for PCDD/Fs in air samples, while airborne PCBs were the only group of chemicals whose levels significantly increased. In any case, the global assessment of the data regarding the different pollutants and matrices indicates that there has not been a general increase in the environmental pollution around the facility. In addition, the environmental exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs by the population living nearby is still clearly lower than the dietary intake of these same chemical pollutants.
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Mazzucco W, Costantino C, Restivo V, Alba D, Marotta C, Tavormina E, Cernigliaro A, Macaluso M, Cusimano R, Grammauta R, Tramuto F, Scondotto S, Vitale F. The Management of Health Hazards Related to Municipal Solid Waste on Fire in Europe: An Environmental Justice Issue? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6617. [PMID: 32932886 PMCID: PMC7558387 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Landfilling should be the last option in an integrated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management approach. In the European Union (EU), the policy framework to protect the environment and the public health against the impact of health hazards related to urban solid waste management has been consistently implemented in recent decades. A growing interest in the negative impact of fires in waste landfills on the environment and people's health was reported in some European countries. In Italy, an increasing occurrence of arsons in MSW and landfills has been reported in recent years. During the summer of 2012, a multi-site arson occurred in the Palermo Municipal solid waste landfill of Bellolampo (western Sicily), giving rise to an environmental emergency of public health concern. Local health authorities reacted by creating an inter-institutional multidisciplinary task force with the aim to implement measures to prevent and control the risk of exposure by delimiting a protection area to be taken under strict monitoring. Environmental and epidemiological investigations were put in place by air, soil, and farm product sampling. A syndromic surveillance of the exposed population was conducted as well. The air monitoring stations system in place detected an increase in the concentrations of dioxins and dioxin-like substances with the PM10 highest emission pick documented within the first 24 h and estimated at about 60 μg/m3. Levels of heavy metals above the limits permitted by law were detected in the top- and sub-soil samples collected within the two landfill sampling sites and also in other nearby sites. Non-conforming concentration values of dioxins and dioxin-like substances were detected in samples taken from farms, milk, and water. The health syndromic surveillance did not document any daily increase in the notification of emergency admissions related to acute respiratory diseases or any other health effect potentially related to the waste arson, but these findings were limited by the non-systematic collection of data. The experience reported in the present case report, as declined within the European Union policy framework and in the view of environmental justice, documented the need to structure a permanent collaboration between the different institutional actors involved in environmental and public health protection activities in order to develop specific protocols to manage events related to the occurrence of waste-related environmental emergencies or disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Mazzucco
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (W.M.); (C.C.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (F.T.); (F.V.)
- Clinical Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Unit, Palermo University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Claudio Costantino
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (W.M.); (C.C.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (F.T.); (F.V.)
| | - Vincenzo Restivo
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (W.M.); (C.C.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (F.T.); (F.V.)
| | - Davide Alba
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (W.M.); (C.C.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (F.T.); (F.V.)
| | - Claudia Marotta
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (W.M.); (C.C.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (F.T.); (F.V.)
| | - Elisa Tavormina
- Department of Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory, Regional Health Authority, Sicilian Region, 90145 Palermo, Italy; (E.T.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Achille Cernigliaro
- Department of Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory, Regional Health Authority, Sicilian Region, 90145 Palermo, Italy; (E.T.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Maurizio Macaluso
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | | | - Rosario Grammauta
- Institute for the Study of Anthropogenic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council, 91021 Torretta Granitola (Trapani), Italy;
| | - Fabio Tramuto
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (W.M.); (C.C.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (F.T.); (F.V.)
| | - Salvatore Scondotto
- Department of Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory, Regional Health Authority, Sicilian Region, 90145 Palermo, Italy; (E.T.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (W.M.); (C.C.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (F.T.); (F.V.)
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15
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Herrero M, Rovira J, Marquès M, Nadal M, Domingo JL. Human exposure to trace elements and PCDD/Fs around a hazardous waste landfill in Catalonia (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136313. [PMID: 31923676 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous waste landfills (HWLs) usually mean the end of non-reusable, non-recyclable and non-recoverable wastes derived from industrial activities. A number of hazardous compounds and toxic elements, such as PCDD/Fs, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb and As, is associated to these wastes. The HWL of Castellolí (Catalonia, Spain) treats a variety of hazardous wastes, which include bottom ashes from waste incinerators and asbestos potentially containing those toxicants. In 2007, our group began a surveillance program inside the HWL and in nearby villages focused on assessing the environmental levels of PCDD/Fs and toxic elements. Here we summarize the most updated results, corresponding to data from samples collected between 2015 and 2018. The levels of most trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) in soils, as well as those of Cd and Pb in air, were significantly higher (p < 0.01) inside the HWL than outside. However, no relevant differences were noted in the concentrations of trace elements when comparing the results of villages near the HWL with those located farther. With respect to PCDD/Fs, a progressive decrease was observed between the first (2007) and most recent (2018) surveys. The human health risks associated with the exposure to trace elements and PCDD/Fs exposure were within acceptable ranges according to national and international legislations (HQ < 1 and Cancer risk < 10-5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Herrero
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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16
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Shi X, Zheng G, Shao Z, Gao D. Effect of source-classified and mixed collection from residential household waste bins on the emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135478. [PMID: 31753499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of domestic waste classification following the principles of reduction, recycling, and harmlessness is an effective method to improve the urban and rural environments and to promote resource recycling. However, in many developing countries, the community residents lack awareness of the benefits of classified collection, which leads to a lack of initiative to classify MSW. To make the people realize the importance of MSW classification and increase the classification dynamics, Suzhou, China was taken as an example in this study, and residential areas were selected as sampling sites for classified and mixed collection of domestic waste. The main components of the odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the dustbins via different disposal modes were determined by sampling in spring, summer, autumn, and winter. In addition, the ozone formation potential (OFP) and human health risk assessment of the VOCs were analyzed. Halogenated compounds were the major pollutants from the household waste dustbins of the residential areas. However, aromatic compounds contributed the most to the OFP of the VOCs. The OFP of VOCs reached the highest peak in summer, which was 1.02 × 103 μg/m3. Furthermore, more attention needs to be paid in classifying waste to reduce the concentration of OFP. Although there was a carcinogenic risk in spring and summer, it declined after waste classification. Compared with mixed collection, the source-classified collection of garbage had advantages in terms of controlling the emission of VOCs, ozone formation potential, and human health risk. These results could provide the evidence demonstrating the advantages of waste classification and attract people's attention. Furthermore, the results can also provide impetus to those countries, where separate collection of waste has not yet been implemented, to improve the enthusiasm for classification and the integrity of waste classification system. Residents should be encouraged to classify household waste in residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Shi
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhuze Shao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ding Gao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Zang T, Yan B, Wei C. Distribution Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds and Contribution to Ozone Formation in a Coking Wastewater Treatment Plant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020553. [PMID: 31952237 PMCID: PMC7013769 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ozone pollution, which can be caused by photochemical reactions, has become a serious problem. The ozone formation potential (OFP) is used to describe the photochemical reactivity. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are main precursors of ozone formation, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important sources of VOCs. Therefore, it is necessary to study the concentration level and OFP of VOCs from WWTPs. In this work, a coking WWTP with anaerobic-oxic-oxic (A/O/O) processes in Shaoguan city, Guangdong province, China, was selected to investigate the characteristics of VOCs at wastewater treatment areas and office areas. The OFP of VOCs was estimated by the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) coefficient method. Results showed that 17 VOCs were detected, and the total concentration of VOCs was the highest at the raw water tank (857.86 μg m-3). The benzene series accounted for 69.0%-86.9% and was the main component of VOCs in the WWTP. Based on OFP data, the top six VOCs contributing most to the OFP were m-xylene, toluene, p-xylene, o-xylene, styrene, and benzene. This study provides field data and information on the environmental risk of VOCs for coking companies and environmental departments. We found that the priority control sources of VOCs were wastewater treatment units because of their larger OFP contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (T.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (T.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Yan
- The Environmental Research Institute, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510031, China;
| | - Chaohai Wei
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-39380588
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18
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Hernandez-Betancur JD, Ruiz-Mercado GJ. SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR END-OF-LIFE CHEMICAL RELEASES AND POTENTIAL EXPOSURE. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2019; 26:157-163. [PMID: 32704467 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the chemical risk to environment and human health is an important issue when a waste management strategy and a control risk system is analyzed and selected. This is even more important at the end-of-life (recycling, recovery and disposal) scenario for a chemical due to the uncertainty in respect of the most susceptible receptors (e.g., workers), pathways (e.g., groundwater), routes (e.g., inhalation) and hazard (e.g., cancer) associated to a chemical exposure. Hence, selecting a group of sustainability performance indicators for estimating the chemical risk when evaluating end-of-life scenarios is a crucial task. Therefore, this manuscript focuses on a critical analysis of the sustainability indicators taxonomy which are used to assess chemical risk to the environment and human health during end-of-life scenarios. The insights from performing an extensive literature search in the largest database of peer-reviewed literature provide that chemical intake, hazard quotient, hazard index, and carcinogenic risk have been the most commonly used for human health chemical risk. In addition, previous research has been less focused on environment chemical risk, with ecological risk index being the most widely used indicator for. The most employed human health chemical risk sustainability indicators are part of a methodology suggested by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose D Hernandez-Betancur
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, hosted by Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Gerardo J Ruiz-Mercado
- Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268, USA
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19
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Tait PW, Brew J, Che A, Costanzo A, Danyluk A, Davis M, Khalaf A, McMahon K, Watson A, Rowcliff K, Bowles D. The health impacts of waste incineration: a systematic review. Aust N Z J Public Health 2019; 44:40-48. [PMID: 31535434 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waste incineration is increasingly used to reduce waste volume and produce electricity. Several incinerators have recently been proposed in Australia and community groups are concerned about health impacts. An overview of the evidence on health effects has been needed. METHOD A systematic review of English language literature for waste incinerators and health using PRISMA methodology. RESULTS A range of adverse health effects were identified, including significant associations with some neoplasia, congenital anomalies, infant deaths and miscarriage, but not for other diseases. Ingestion was the dominant exposure pathway for the public. Newer incinerator technologies may reduce exposure. DISCUSSION Despite these findings, diverse chemicals, poor study methodologies and inconsistent reporting of incinerator technology specifications precludes firmer conclusions about safety. CONCLUSION Older incinerator technology and infrequent maintenance schedules have been strongly linked with adverse health effects. More recent incinerators have fewer reported ill effects, perhaps because of inadequate time for adverse effects to emerge. A precautionary approach is required. Waste minimisation is essential. Implications for public health: Public health practitioners can offer clearer advice about adverse health effects from incinerators. We suggest improved research design and methods to make future studies more robust and comparable. We offer ideas for better policy and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Tait
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory.,Public Health Association of Australia, Australian Capital Territory
| | - James Brew
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Angelina Che
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Adam Costanzo
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Andrew Danyluk
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Meg Davis
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Ahmed Khalaf
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Kathryn McMahon
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Alastair Watson
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Kirsten Rowcliff
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Devin Bowles
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian Capital Territory.,Council of Academic Public Health Institutions Australasia, Australian Capital Territory
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Mazzucco W, Tavormina E, Macaluso M, Marotta C, Cusimano R, Alba D, Costantino C, Grammauta R, Cernigliaro A, Scondotto S, Vitale F. Do emissions from landfill fires affect pregnancy outcomes? A retrospective study after arson at a solid waste facility in Sicily. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027912. [PMID: 31278100 PMCID: PMC6615803 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In response to public health concern about effects of arson at solid waste management plants in July 2012, we analysed vital statistics data to evaluate any potential effect on pregnancies at different gestational ages of pollutants emitted from the landfill on fire. SETTING A community living near the largest landfill plant in Sicily. PARTICIPANTS The study group comprised 551 births, live births and stillbirths from pregnancies of mothers residing in the extra-urban exposed area, conceived during a 40 week period during which the highest fire's peak might have influenced pregnancy. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Birth outcomes (gestational age <37 and <32 weeks, low birth weight, very low birth weight and small for gestational age) in the study group were compared with the ones of a reference group of women residing in areas of Sicily with similarly low population density and industrial development. RESULTS Among singleton live births we observed a three-fold increase in risk of very preterm birth between the extra-urban area and the remaining low inhabitants density and unindustrialised areas for births whose pregnancies were in the third trimester (OR adjusted for maternal age and infant gender=3.41; 95% CI 1.04 to 11.16). There was an excess of very low birth weight singleton infants in the study group as compared with the reference group, which was limited to births to mothers exposed during periconception period (OR adjusted for maternal age and infant gender=4.64; 95% CI 1.04 to 20.6) and first trimester (OR adjusted for maternal age and infant gender=3.66; 95% CI 1.11 to 12.1). The association estimates were imprecise due to the small number of outcomes recorded. CONCLUSIONS The study documented an excess of very preterm and very low birth weight among infants born to mothers exposed to the landfill fire emissions during conception or early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Mazzucco
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
- Clinical Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Unit, Palermo University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisa Tavormina
- Department of Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory, Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Macaluso
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Claudia Marotta
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Cusimano
- Clinical Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Unit, Palermo University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Davide Alba
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantino
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Rosario Grammauta
- Institute for the Study of Anthropogenic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council, National Research Council, Torretta Granitola (Trapani), Italy
| | - Achille Cernigliaro
- Department of Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory, Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Scondotto
- Department of Health Services and Epidemiological Observatory, Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
- Clinical Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Unit, Palermo University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
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21
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Zhou W, Guan Z, Zhao M, Li J. Characteristics and mechanism of toluene removal from gas by novelty array double dielectric barrier discharge combined with TiO 2/Al 2O 3 catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:766-773. [PMID: 30965247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new reactor of array double dielectric barrier discharge (DDBD) combined with catalysis was prepared, and the effect of different factors on removal efficiency of toluene at pilot scale were investigated. The possible degradation mechanism was explored. The results indicate that the removal efficiency of toluene in the exhaust gas decreases with the increasing of the toluene initial concentration and the gas flow rate, but increases with the increasing of the specific energy density. When the air relative humidity is 55%, the removal efficiency of toluene is higher than that of the relative humidity by 85%. The results of XPS, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis show that the main intermediate products of removing toluene by DDBD combined with TiO2/Al2O3 catalyst are phenol, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, N-benzyl formamide, dimethyl terephthalate, dimethyl isophthalate and other substances. There are five possible pathways to degrade toluene by DDBD combined with TiO2/Al2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zheng Guan
- Environmental Science Research and Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Mengge Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jiwu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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22
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Yao XZ, Ma RC, Li HJ, Wang C, Zhang C, Yin SS, Wu D, He XY, Wang J, Zhan LT, He R. Assessment of the major odor contributors and health risks of volatile compounds in three disposal technologies for municipal solid waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 91:128-138. [PMID: 31203934 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal plants pose serious odor pollution and health risks. In this study, the emission of volatile organic compounds and carbon disulfide was compared in the main processing units of three disposal methods, i.e., landfilling, eco-mechanical biological treatment (EMBT) and anaerobic fermentation in a MSW disposal plant. Among the detected volatile compounds (VCs), the top ten odor compounds were methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, carbon disulfide, styrene, m-xylene, 4-ethyltoluene, ethylbenzene, 2-hexyl ketone and n-hexane in the MSW disposal plant. Sulfur compounds were the main source of odor at the majority of sampling sites, and aromatic compounds were the dominant odor substrates at the tipping unit and sorting system of EMBT, while 2-hexanone was the major odor substrate at the tipping unit (AT) and sorting system (AS) of anaerobic fermentation and the landfill working surface. At AS and AT, the lifetime cancer risk values for 1,2-dichloroethane and trichloroethylene exceeded the carcinogenic risk value (>1.0E-04), and the hazard index values of naphthalene, trichloroethylene and acrolein all exceeded the acceptable level (>1). Therefore, special attention should be paid to VC emissions from MSW disposal facilities, and protection measures should be adopted for on-site workers to minimize health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Zhi Yao
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruo-Chan Ma
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hua-Jun Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shan-Shan Yin
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donglei Wu
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Yue He
- School of Accounting, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Zhejiang Hongcheng Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Liang-Tong Zhan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruo He
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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23
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Nie E, Zheng G, Gao D, Chen T, Yang J, Wang Y, Wang X. Emission characteristics of VOCs and potential ozone formation from a full-scale sewage sludge composting plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:664-672. [PMID: 31096396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the major components of the odor emitted from sewage sludge composting plants and are generally associated with odorous nuisances and health risks. However, few studies have considered the potential ozone generation caused by VOCs emitted from sewage sludge composting plants. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a full-scale composting plant. Five major treatment units of the composting plant were chosen as the monitoring locations, including the dewatered room, dewatered sludge, blender room, fermentation workshop, and product units. The fermentation workshop units displayed the highest concentration of VOC emissions at 2595.7 ± 1367.3 μg.m-3, followed by the blender room, product, dewatered sludge, and dewatered room units, whose emissions ranged from 142.2 ± 86.8 μg.m-3 to 2107.6 ± 1045.6 μg.m-3. The detected VOC families included oxygenated compounds, alkanes, alkenes, sulfide compounds, halogenated compounds, and aromatic compounds. Oxygenated compounds, particularly acetone, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. Principal component analysis revealed that the dewatered room and dewatered sludge units clustered closely, as indicated by their similar component emissions. The product units differed from the other sampling units, as their typical compounds were methanethiol, styrene, carbon disulfide, and hexane, all of which were the products of the latter stages of composting. Among the treatment units, the fermentation workshop units had the highest propylene equivalent (propy-equiv) concentration. Dimethyl disulfide and limonene were the major contributors. Limonene had the highest propy-equiv concentration, which contributed to the increased atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air. To control the secondary environmental pollution caused by the VOC emissions during sewage sludge composting, the emission of limonene and dimethyl disulfide must be controlled from the blender room and fermentation workshop units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqi Nie
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ding Gao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junxing Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuewei Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiankai Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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24
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Kwon HO, Kim CS, Lee YS, Choi MB. Abundance of diet-derived polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in the bodies and nests of the yellow-legged hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax and risks to human health in South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:1033-1039. [PMID: 30841377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Detecting polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in an organism's environment is ecologically significant. In particular, the detection of PCDD/Fs in organisms consumed as food suggests the possibility of human health risks. In South Korea, there is a unique custom in which social wasps, such as hornets, have been used as ingredients in traditional liquor. Thus, we investigated the concentrations and patterns of PCDD/Fs for the most common social wasps, the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax), and estimated human health risks based on potential dietary exposure in traditional liquor made from the polluted wasps and their nests. The mean concentration of ∑17 PCDD/Fs in the wasps and nests of V. v. nigrithorax was 33.59 pg/g (median 25.31 pg/g), corresponding to 0.65 pg World Health Organization - Toxic equivalency factor (WHO-TEQ/g) (median 0.49 pg WHO-TEQ/g). The levels of ∑17 PCDD/Fs from the nests of V. v. nigrithorax were higher than those in the adults and larvae. As a result of this risk assessment, the daily intake of traditional liquor made with these wasps and their nests was found to be below safety levels; however, there could still be a possibility for health risks due to the detection of PCDD/Fs from organism. Therefore, continuous monitoring of environmental contaminants, including PCDD/Fs in wasps and nests, is required in order to evaluate human health risks associated with the consumption of traditional liquor made with these biological substances. In addition, the results of this study can be used to calculate dietary exposure to PCDD/Fs and the extent of risk to food in which the organism is consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ok Kwon
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Chul-Su Kim
- Environmental Analysis Center (UEAC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Unist gil 50, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Se Lee
- Environmental Analysis Center (UEAC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Unist gil 50, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Bo Choi
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daehakro 80, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Williams B, Douglas P, Roca Barcelo A, Hansell AL, Hayes E. Estimating Aspergillus fumigatus exposure from outdoor composting activities in England between 2005 and 14. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 84:235-244. [PMID: 30691898 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioaerosols, ubiquitous in ambient air, are released in elevated concentrations from composting facilities with open-air processing areas. However, spatial and temporal variability of bioaerosols, particularly in relation to meteorology, is not well understood. Here we model relative concentrations of Aspergillus fumigatus at each postcode-weighted centroid within 4 km of 217 composting facilities in England between 2005 and 2014. Facilities were geocoded with the aid of satellite imagery. Data from existing bioaerosol modelling literature were used to build emission profiles in ADMS. Variation in input parameters between each modelled facility was reduced to a minimum. Meteorological data for each composting facility was derived from the nearest SCAIL-Agriculture validated meteorological station. According to our results, modelled exposure risk was driven primarily by wind speed, direction and time-varying emissions factors incorporating seasonal fluctuations in compostable waste. Modelled A.fumigatus concentrations decreased rapidly from the facility boundary and plateaued beyond 1.5-2.0 km. Where multiple composting facilities were within 4 km of each other, complex exposure risk patterns were evident. More long-term bioaerosol monitoring near facilities is needed to help improve exposure estimation and therefore assessment of any health risks to local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Williams
- Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Faculty of Environment and Technology, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - P Douglas
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Population Health and Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LR, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - A Roca Barcelo
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - A L Hansell
- UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Directorate of Public Health and Primary Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK; Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, George Davies Centre University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - E Hayes
- Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Faculty of Environment and Technology, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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26
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Hao Y, Li Y, Wang T, Hu Y, Sun H, Matsiko J, Zheng S, Wang P, Zhang Q. Distribution, seasonal variation and inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1907-1918. [PMID: 28447232 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution, seasonal variation and potential inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the atmosphere of Beijing, using passive air samplers equipped with polyurethane foam disks. Concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs, ΣPCBs and ΣPBDEs ranged from 8.4 to 179 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m3, 38.6-139 and 1.5-176 pg/m3, respectively. PCDFs showed higher air concentrations than those of PCDDs, indicating the influence of industrial activities and other combustion processes. The non-Aroclor congener, PCB-11, was detected in air (12.3-99.4 pg/m3) and dominated the PCB congener profiles (61.7-71.5% to ∑PCBs). The congener patterns of PBDEs showed signatures from both penta-BDE and octa-BDE products. Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs at the industrial and residential sites were higher than those at rural site, indicating human activities in urban area as potential sources. Higher air concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were observed in summer, which could be associated with atmospheric deposition process, re-volatilization from soil surface and volatilization from use of technical products, respectively. Results of inhalation exposure and cancer risk showed that atmospheric PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and PBDEs did not cause high risks to the local residents of Beijing. This study provides further aid in evaluating emission sources, influencing factors and potential inhalation risks of the persistent organic pollutants to human health in mega-cities of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Thanh Wang
- MTM Research Center, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Yongbiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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27
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Nie E, Zheng G, Shao Z, Yang J, Chen T. Emission characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds produced during municipal solid waste composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 79:188-195. [PMID: 30343745 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste degradation during composting generates volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can pose health risks the staff at the composting site and people living nearby. This problem restricts the widespread application of composting techniques. The characteristics of VOCs emitted from different units at a composting plant and the health risks posed were investigated in this study. A total of 44 VOCs (including alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds, halogenated compounds, oxygenated compounds, and sulfur-containing compounds) were identified and quantified. The highest VOC concentration (15484.1 ± 785.3 µg/m3) was found in primary fermentation, followed by the tipping unit (10302.1 ± 1334.8 µg/m3), composting product (4693.6 ± 1024.3 µg/m3), secondary fermentation (929.9 ± 105.2 µg/m3), and plant boundary (370.4 ± 75.8 µg/m3). The mean VOC concentration was 6356.0 µg/m3. The main compounds emitted during primary fermentation were oxygenated and those emitted from the tipping unit were alkenes. Health risk assessments indicate that VOCs did not pose unacceptable non-carcinogenic risks i.e., the HR values were <1 and carcinogenic risks (CR) values were <1.0 × 10-4. These results indicate that VOC emissions do not pose health risks to the staff at the composting site or to people living nearby. However, the cumulative non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks posed by the VOC mixture were high, especially for the primary fermentation unit emissions. Therefore, protecting the staff working near the primary fermentation unit should be a priority. Measures should be taken to minimize cumulative non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks because people are exposed to a mixture of VOCs mixture rather than to a single type of VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqi Nie
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhuze Shao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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28
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Paolini V, Petracchini F, Segreto M, Tomassetti L, Naja N, Cecinato A. Environmental impact of biogas: A short review of current knowledge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:899-906. [PMID: 29652205 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1459076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The social acceptance of biogas is often hampered by environmental and health concerns. In this study, the current knowledge about the impact of biogas technology is presented and discussed. The survey reports the emission rate estimates of the main greenhouse gases (GHG), namely CO2, CH4 and N2O, according to several case studies conducted over the world. Direct emissions of gaseous pollutants are then discussed, with a focus on nitrogen oxides (NOx); evidences of the importance of suitable biomass and digestate storages are also reported. The current knowledge on the environmental impact induced by final use of digestate is critically discussed, considering both soil fertility and nitrogen release into atmosphere and groundwater; several case studies are reported, showing the importance of NH3 emissions with regards to secondary aerosol formation. The biogas upgrading to biomethane is also included in the study: with this regard, the methane slip in the off-gas can significantly reduce the environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Paolini
- a National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research , Monterotondo , Italy
| | - Francesco Petracchini
- a National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research , Monterotondo , Italy
| | - Marco Segreto
- a National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research , Monterotondo , Italy
| | - Laura Tomassetti
- a National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research , Monterotondo , Italy
| | - Nour Naja
- b Boston Northeastern University , Chemical Engineering Department , Boston, Massachusetts , USA
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- a National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research , Monterotondo , Italy
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Rovira J, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Concentrations of trace elements and PCDD/Fs around a municipal solid waste incinerator in Girona (Catalonia, Spain). Human health risks for the population living in the neighborhood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:34-45. [PMID: 29471189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously to the modernization of the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) of Campdorà (Girona, Catalonia, Spain) two sampling campaigns (2015 and 2016) were conducted. In each campaign, 8 soil and 4 air samples (PM10 and total particle phase and gas phase) were collected. The levels of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl and V, and PCDD/Fs were analysed at different distances and wind directions around the MSWI. Environmental levels of trace elements and PCDD/Fs were used to assess exposure and health risks (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) for the population living around the facility. In soils, no significant differences were observed for trace elements and PCDD/Fs between both campaigns. In air, significant higher levels of As, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl and V were detected in 2016. Regarding soil levels, only Cd (distances) and As, Cu, Mn, and Ni (wind directions) showed significant differences. No differences were noted in the concentrations of trace elements and PCDD/Fs in air levels with respect to distances and directions to the MSWI. No differences were registered in air levels (elements and PCDD/Fs) between points influenced by MSWI emissions and background point. However some differences in congener profile were noted regarding from where back-trajectories come from (HYSPLIT model results), pointing some influence of Barcelona metropolitan area. The concentrations of trace elements and PCDD/Fs were similar -or even lower- than those reported around other MSWIs in Catalonia and various countries. Non-carcinogenic risks were below the safety limit (HQ<1). In turn, carcinogenic risks due to exposure to trace elements and PCDD/Fs were in acceptable ranges, according to national and international standard regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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Vinceti M, Malagoli C, Werler MM, Filippini T, De Girolamo G, Ghermandi G, Fabbi S, Astolfi G, Teggi S. Adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with changing patterns of exposure to the emissions of a municipal waste incinerator. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:444-451. [PMID: 29574254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste incinerators emissions contain pollutants that, despite their low concentration, might adversely affect reproductive health. In the present study, we examined rates of miscarriage and birth defects among women who resided or were employed in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator plant from 2003 to 2013. In 2009, a progressive shutdown of the old incineration lines and operation of a new line caused considerably higher atmospheric release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly of dioxins, due to these irregular operating conditions, technological renovation, and increased capacity. We used dioxin emission levels, based on a dispersion model, to define exposure status of the residing population to air pollutants emitted by the waste incinerator. In women who resided in areas characterized by higher emission exposures compared with a referent area, the relative risk (RR) of miscarriage was 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80-1.32) based on 62 cases overall, with little evidence of a dose-response relation. RRs were similarly null for both 2003-2008 and 2010-2013 periods (RR 1.12 (95% CI 0.80-1.53) and 0.98 (95% CI 0.63-1.48), respectively). Concerning birth defects in the offspring of women residing in the exposed area, no evidence of increased risk emerged, since the prevalence ratio at birth was 0.64 (95% CI 0.29-1.26), with comparable results in the 2003-2008 and 2010-2013 period. Corresponding analyses carried out in municipal residents who worked in the exposed area confirmed these findings. We also did not detect abnormally high rates of miscarriage and birth defects in the exposed cohorts in the single year 2009. Overall, these results do not suggest an effect of exposure to the emissions of the municipal solid waste incinerator we investigated on two indicators of reproductive health. However, the limited statistical stability of the estimates and the absence of individual-based information on some potential confounders suggest caution in the interpretation of study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN Research Center of Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology and Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- CREAGEN Research Center of Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology and Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Martha M Werler
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN Research Center of Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology and Center for Neurosciences and Neurotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianfranco De Girolamo
- Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Communication, Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Grazia Ghermandi
- School of Environmental Engineering and Department of Engineering 'Enzo Ferrari', University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Fabbi
- School of Environmental Engineering and Department of Engineering 'Enzo Ferrari', University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianni Astolfi
- IMER Registry, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sergio Teggi
- School of Environmental Engineering and Department of Engineering 'Enzo Ferrari', University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Xue Y, Cheng L, Chen X, Zhai X, Wang W, Zhang W, Bai Y, Tian H, Nie L, Zhang S, Wei T. Emission characteristics of harmful air pollutants from cremators in Beijing, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194226. [PMID: 29718907 PMCID: PMC5931459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of corpse cremation generates numerous harmful air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and heavy metals. These pollutants could have severe effects on the surrounding environment and human health. Currently, the awareness of the emission levels of harmful air pollutants from cremators and their emission characteristics is insufficient. In this study, we obtained the emission characteristics of flue gas from cremators in Beijing and determined the localized emission factors and emission levels of harmful air pollutants based on actual monitoring data from nine typical cremators. The results show that the emissions of air pollutants from the cremators that directly discharge flue gas exceed the emission standards of China and Beijing. The installation of a flue gas post-treatment system could effectively reduce gaseous pollutants and the emission levels of PM. After being equipped with a flue gas post-treatment system, the emission concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO2 and VOCs from the cremators are reduced by 97.6, 99.2, 19.6, 85.2 and 70.7%, respectively. Moreover, the emission factors of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO2 and VOCs are also reduced to 12.5, 9.3, 3.0, 164.1, 8.8 and 19.8 g/body. Although the emission concentration of VOCs from the cremators is not high, they are one of major sources of “odor” in the crematories and demand more attention. Benzene, a chemical that can seriously harm human health, constitutes the largest proportion (~50%) of the chemical components of VOCs in the flue gas from the cremators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Linglong Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control of Ministry of Civil Affairs, 101 Institute of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control of Ministry of Civil Affairs, 101 Institute of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control of Ministry of Civil Affairs, 101 Institute of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (HT)
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Babaoshan funeral parlor, Beijing, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (HT)
| | - Lei Nie
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, China
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wei
- Babaoshan funeral parlor, Beijing, China
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Domingo JL, Rovira J, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M. High cancer risks by exposure to PCDD/Fs in the neighborhood of an Integrated Waste Management Facility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:63-68. [PMID: 28686896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2014, we conducted a study aimed at screening the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and various trace elements in air and soil samples collected in an urban area of Sant Adrià de Besòs (Barcelona, Spain) in the vicinity of an Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWMF). It consists of a mechanical-biological treatment plant (MBT) and an old municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI). Human health risks for the population living in the area were also assessed. The most worrying result was the high cancer risks estimated for the area (2.5×10-6). In March 2017, we have carried out a new survey to check if the authorities had taken the necessary and urgent measures to reduce the environmental concentrations of PCDD/Fs -and the human health risks- until acceptable levels. Although the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in soils are currently lower (mean value: 1.66 vs. 3.6ng WHO-TEQ/kg in 2014), they are still are notably higher than those found near other MSWIs of Catalonia. In turn, the levels of PCDD/Fs in air are even higher than in 2014 (mean value: 0.044 vs. 0.026pgWHO-TEQ/m3 in 2014), being also the highest detected in similar zones of Catalonia. The current cancer risk due to PCDD/F exposure for the residents in the neighborhood of the IWMF is 2.3×10-6, a worrying fact as the 10-6 threshold continues to be exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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Machete F. Environmental health risks associated with e-waste exposure in Badplaas, Carolina and Elukwatini landfills, Republic of South Africa. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION & DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/20421338.2017.1355602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fannie Machete
- Department of Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Florida Park Science Campus, South Africa
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Mustafa MF, Liu Y, Duan Z, Guo H, Xu S, Wang H, Lu W. Volatile compounds emission and health risk assessment during composting of organic fraction of municipal solid waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 327:35-43. [PMID: 28038430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of mechanically sorted organic fraction (MSOF) of municipal solid waste in composting facilities is among the major contributors of volatile compounds (VCs) generation and emission, causes nuisance problems and health risks on site as well as in the vicinages. The aim of current study was to determine the seasonal (summer and winter) variation and human health risk assessment of VCs in the ambient air of different processing units in MSOF at composting plant in China. Average concentration of VCs was 58.50 and 138.03mg/m3 in summer and winter respectively. Oxygenated compounds were found to be the highest concentration (46.78-91.89mg/m3) with ethyl alcohol as the major specie (43.90-85.31mg/m3) in the two seasons respectively. Nevertheless, individual non-carcinogenic (Hazard relation i.e HR<1) and carcinogenic risk (CR<1.0E-04) of the quantified VCs were within acceptable limit except naphthalene at biofilter unit. In addition, cumulative non-carcinogenic risk exceeded from the threshold limit both in summers and winters in all units except at biofilter unit during winter. Furthermore cumulative carcinogenic risk also exceeded at same unit during the summer season. Therefore special attention should be made to minimize cumulative non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk as people are well exposed to mixture of compounds, not to individual.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanjun Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenhan Duan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanwen Guo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sai Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Li J, Lv Z, Du L, Li X, Hu X, Wang C, Niu Z, Zhang Y. Emission characteristic of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from medical waste incinerators (MWIs) in China in 2016: A comparison between higher emission levels of MWIs and lower emission levels of MWIs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:437-444. [PMID: 27939438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emission characteristic of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from 12 medical waste incinerators (MWIs) which have a total yearly capacity of 523 440 ton medical waste and accounted for 8.1% of total yearly capacity of 246 MWIs in China were studied. The congeners profile, emissions and toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ) indicators of PCDD/Fs in stack gas from two groups of MWIs were researched, and the possible formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs from MWIs were preliminarily discussed. The results of present study were summarized as follows. (1) The total concentrations and TEQ of PCDD/Fs in stack gas from MWIs were 0.516-122.803 ng Nm-3 and 0.031-3.463 ng I-TEQ Nm-3, respectively. (2) 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H7CDF, O8CDD, O8CDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H7CDD were the indicatory PCDD/Fs of MWI source, which could be used to apportion the sources of PCDD/Fs in environmental medium in China. (3) The emission factors of PCDD/Fs from MWIs ranged from 32.7 to 4900.0 ng I-TEQ ton-1 with a mean of 1923.6 ng I-TEQ ton-1. (4) The gas emissions of PCDD/Fs from researched 12 MWIs and all of MWIs in China in 2016 were 37.742 and 465.951 mg I-TEQ year-1, respectively. (5) 1,2,3,7,8,9-H6CDF and 1,2,3,4,7,8-H6CDF were effective TEQ indicators for the real-time monitoring of the PCDD/Fs emission. (6) The congeners profile and factor composition of PCDD/Fs in stack gas from two groups of MWIs were researched based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, and the possible formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs from MWIs were preliminarily discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiwei Lv
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lei Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuepeng Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Korucu MK. PCDD/F contamination on surface soil in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator: is it possible a different trend? ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:45. [PMID: 28039661 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to investigate the contamination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) on surface soils in the vicinity of the first hazardous waste incinerator of Turkey. In the study, 24 soil samples were taken from a 1625-m-radius circle whose center is the stack of the incinerator. This process was repeated 1 year later. Since the acquired average PCDD/F concentrations of the two sampling campaigns (0.05 and 0.02 ng WHO-toxic equivalent (TEQ)/kg) were meaningfully low compared to the related literatures, a new sampling campaign was carried out to control this inconsistency, but this time in a foreign laboratory (0.56 ng WHO-TEQ/kg). In the same period, eight gas samples were taken from the stack under different operational conditions of the facility. According to the evaluations of the findings, the geographical-meteorological data of the study area and the specific operational conditions of the facility corroborate the concentrations of the first and the second soil samplings rather than the third one. The major underlying reason for the inconsistency of the soil concentrations may be the fact that the data analysis procedures used by the laboratories are different. The author suggests a hypothesis which argues that the soils in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator may have significantly lower concentration levels than in related literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Kemal Korucu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Li J, Dong H, Sun J, Nie J, Zhang S, Tang J, Chen Z. Composition profiles and health risk of PCDD/F in outdoor air and fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration and adjacent villages in East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:876-882. [PMID: 27432723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In present study, composition profiles and health risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in outdoor air and fly ash from domestic waste treatment center (DWTC) were studied. In addition, the composition profiles and health risk of PCDD/F in outdoor air from adjacent villages were researched and used to quantitatively analyze the difference between onsite workers and adjacent villagers. Moreover, the difference between old intake method and new inhalation dosimetry method in the process of assessing the health risk of PCDD/Fs in outdoor air was quantitatively compared and analyzed. The results of this study were summarized as follows. (1) The 95th percentile carcinogenic risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic risk (non-CR) for onsite workers and adjacent villagers were much lower than the threshold values of 10(-6) and 1.0, respectively, suggesting no potential health risk. (2) The 95th percentile CR for onsite workers was 1.27×10(-8) and was 64.8 times higher than that of adjacent villagers (1.99×10(-10)). (3) The 95th percentile non-CR for onsite workers and adjacent villagers were 1.37×10(-4) and 1.31×10(-7), respectively. (3) Accidental ingestion of fly ash was the largest contributor to CR and non-CR for onsite workers, contributing 62.98% and 64.04% to CR and non-CR, respectively. (4) The CR and non-CR of PCDD/Fs in outdoor air for onsite workers and adjacent villagers which calculated by old intake method was much higher than the results from new inhalation dosimetry method. The results quantitatively showed the levels and potential risks of PCDD/Fs posed by a DWTC site, which can be helpful to predict the influence from DWTC sites and promote the management of DWTC in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Han Dong
- Caoxian No.1 Senior High School, Heze 274400, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Jihua Nie
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Public Health Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jinshun Tang
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Jiangsu Levei Testing Company Limited, Wuxi 214000, China.
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Gallego E, Roca FJ, Perales JF, Guardino X, Gadea E, Garrote P. Impact of formaldehyde and VOCs from waste treatment plants upon the ambient air nearby an urban area (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:369-380. [PMID: 27300568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Roca
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Francisco Perales
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Guardino
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enrique Gadea
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pedro Garrote
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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